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Rohilla A, Singh AK, Koleske B, Srikrishna G, Bishai WR. Structure-based virtual screening and in vitro validation of inhibitors of cyclic dinucleotide phosphodiesterases ENPP1 and CdnP. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0201223. [PMID: 38095464 PMCID: PMC10783014 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02012-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In this paper, we describe novel inhibitors of cyclic dinucleotide phosphodiesterase enzymes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) (CdnP) and mammals (ENPP1). The phosphodiesterase enzymes hydrolyze cyclic dinucleotides, such as 2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP and c-di-AMP, which are stimulator of interferon gene (STING) agonists. By blocking the hydrolysis of STING agonists, the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-STING-IRF3 pathway is potentiated. There is strong evidence in tuberculosis and in cancer biology that potentiation of the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway leads to improved M.tb clearance and also improved antitumor responses in cancer. In addition to the identification of novel inhibitors and their biochemical characterization, we provide proof-of-concept evidence that our E-3 inhibitor potentiates the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway in both macrophage cell lines and also in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Rohilla
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alok Kumar Singh
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin Koleske
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Geetha Srikrishna
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William R. Bishai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Chvatal-Medina M, Lopez-Guzman C, Diaz FJ, Gallego S, Rugeles MT, Taborda NA. Molecular mechanisms by which the HIV-1 latent reservoir is established and therapeutic strategies for its elimination. Arch Virol 2023; 168:218. [PMID: 37530901 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir, composed of cells harboring the latent, integrated virus, is not eliminated by antiretroviral therapy. It therefore represents a significant barrier to curing the infection. The biology of HIV-1 reservoirs, the mechanisms of their persistence, and effective strategies for their eradication are not entirely understood. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which HIV-1 reservoirs develop, the cells and compartments where the latent virus resides, and advancements in curative therapeutic strategies. We first introduce statistics and relevant data on HIV-1 infection, aspects of pathogenesis, the role of antiretroviral therapy, and the general features of the latent HIV reservoir. Then, the article is built on three main pillars: The molecular mechanisms related to latency, the different strategies for targeting the reservoir to obtain a cure, and the current progress in immunotherapy to counteract said reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Chvatal-Medina
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carolina Lopez-Guzman
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco J Diaz
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Salomon Gallego
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia.
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Campus Medellin, Envigado, Colombia.
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3
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Moretti S, Schietroma I, Sberna G, Maggiorella MT, Sernicola L, Farcomeni S, Giovanetti M, Ciccozzi M, Borsetti A. HIV-1-Host Interaction in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT): Effects on Local Environment and Comorbidities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12193. [PMID: 37569570 PMCID: PMC10418605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract causes severe CD4+ T-cell depletion and disruption of the protective epithelial barrier in the intestinal mucosa, causing microbial translocation, the main driver of inflammation and immune activation, even in people living with HIV (PLWH) taking antiretroviral drug therapy. The higher levels of HIV DNA in the gut compared to the blood highlight the importance of the gut as a viral reservoir. CD4+ T-cell subsets in the gut differ in phenotypic characteristics and differentiation status from the ones in other tissues or in peripheral blood, and little is still known about the mechanisms by which the persistence of HIV is maintained at this anatomical site. This review aims to describe the interaction with key subsets of CD4+ T cells in the intestinal mucosa targeted by HIV-1 and the role of gut microbiome and its metabolites in HIV-associated systemic inflammation and immune activation that are crucial in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Ivan Schietroma
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Sberna
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Maria Teresa Maggiorella
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Leonardo Sernicola
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Stefania Farcomeni
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
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4
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Olson RM, Gornalusse G, Whitmore LS, Newhouse D, Tisoncik-Go J, Smith E, Ochsenbauer C, Hladik F, Gale M. Innate immune regulation in HIV latency models. Retrovirology 2022; 19:15. [PMID: 35804422 PMCID: PMC9270781 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immunity and type 1 interferon (IFN) defenses are critical for early control of HIV infection within CD4 + T cells. Despite these defenses, some acutely infected cells silence viral transcription to become latently infected and form the HIV reservoir in vivo. Latently infected cells persist through antiretroviral therapy (ART) and are a major barrier to HIV cure. Here, we evaluated innate immunity and IFN responses in multiple T cell models of HIV latency, including established latent cell lines, Jurkat cells latently infected with a reporter virus, and a primary CD4 + T cell model of virologic suppression. RESULTS We found that while latently infected T cell lines have functional RNA sensing and IFN signaling pathways, they fail to induce specific interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in response to innate immune activation or type 1 IFN treatment. Jurkat cells latently infected with a fluorescent reporter HIV similarly demonstrate attenuated responses to type 1 IFN. Using bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing we applied a functional genomics approach and define ISG expression dynamics in latent HIV infection, including HIV-infected ART-suppressed primary CD4 + T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our observations indicate that HIV latency and viral suppression each link with cell-intrinsic defects in specific ISG induction. We identify a set of ISGs for consideration as latency restriction factors whose expression and function could possibly mitigate establishing latent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Olson
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Germán Gornalusse
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Leanne S. Whitmore
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Dan Newhouse
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Elise Smith
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Christina Ochsenbauer
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Michael Gale
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
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5
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T-cell evasion and invasion during HIV-1 infection: The role of HIV-1 Tat protein. Cell Immunol 2022; 377:104554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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Acchioni C, Palermo E, Sandini S, Acchioni M, Hiscott J, Sgarbanti M. Fighting HIV-1 Persistence: At the Crossroads of "Shoc-K and B-Lock". Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111517. [PMID: 34832672 PMCID: PMC8622007 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), integrated HIV-1 proviral DNA cannot be eradicated from an infected individual. HAART is not able to eliminate latently infected cells that remain invisible to the immune system. Viral sanctuaries in specific tissues and immune-privileged sites may cause residual viral replication that contributes to HIV-1 persistence. The “Shock or Kick, and Kill” approach uses latency reversing agents (LRAs) in the presence of HAART, followed by cell-killing due to viral cytopathic effects and immune-mediated clearance. Different LRAs may be required for the in vivo reactivation of HIV-1 in different CD4+ T cell reservoirs, leading to the activation of cellular transcription factors acting on the integrated proviral HIV-1 LTR. An important requirement for LRA drugs is the reactivation of viral transcription and replication without causing a generalized immune activation. Toll-like receptors, RIG-I like receptors, and STING agonists have emerged recently as a new class of LRAs that augment selective apoptosis in reactivated T lymphocytes. The challenge is to extend in vitro observations to HIV-1 positive patients. Further studies are also needed to overcome the mechanisms that protect latently infected cells from reactivation and/or elimination by the immune system. The Block and Lock alternative strategy aims at using latency promoting/inducing agents (LPAs/LIAs) to block the ability of latent proviruses to reactivate transcription in order to achieve a long term lock down of potential residual virus replication. The Shock and Kill and the Block and Lock approaches may not be only alternative to each other, but, if combined together (one after the other), or given all at once [namely “Shoc-K(kill) and B(block)-Lock”], they may represent a better approach to a functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Acchioni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Enrico Palermo
- Istituto Pasteur Italia—Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Silvia Sandini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Marta Acchioni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - John Hiscott
- Istituto Pasteur Italia—Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4990-3266
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8
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Gokavi J, Sadawarte S, Shelke A, Kulkarni-Kale U, Thakar M, Saxena V. Inhibition of miR-155 Promotes TGF-β Mediated Suppression of HIV Release in the Cervical Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112266. [PMID: 34835072 PMCID: PMC8624372 DOI: 10.3390/v13112266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β has been shown to play a differential role in either restricting or aiding HIV infection in different cell types, however its role in the cervical cells is hitherto undefined. Among females, more than 80% of infections occur through heterosexual contact where cervicovaginal mucosa plays a critical role, however the early events during the establishment of infection at female genital mucosa are poorly understood. We earlier showed that increased TGF-β level has been associated with cervical viral shedding in the HIV infected women, however a causal relationship could not be examined. Therefore, here we first established an in vitro cell-associated model of HIV infection in the cervical epithelial cells (ME-180) and demonstrated that TGF-β plays an important role as a negative regulator of HIV release in the infected cervical epithelial cells. Inhibition of miR-155 upregulated TGF-β signaling and mRNA expression of host restriction factors such as APOBEC-3G, IFI-16 and IFITM-3, while decreased the HIV release in ME-180 cells. To conclude, this is the first study to decipher the complex interplay between TGF-β, miR-155 and HIV release in the cervical epithelial cells. Collectively, our data suggest the plausible role of TGF-β in promoting HIV latency in cervical epithelial cells which needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Gokavi
- Division of Immunology and Serology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Sharwari Sadawarte
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; (S.S.); (A.S.); or (U.K.-K.)
| | - Anant Shelke
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; (S.S.); (A.S.); or (U.K.-K.)
| | - Urmila Kulkarni-Kale
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; (S.S.); (A.S.); or (U.K.-K.)
| | - Madhuri Thakar
- Division of Immunology and Serology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Vandana Saxena
- Division of Immunology and Serology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411026, India; (J.G.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence:
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The Combination of Venetoclax and Ixazomib Selectively and Efficiently Kills HIV-Infected Cell Lines but Has Unacceptable Toxicity in Primary Cell Models. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00138-21. [PMID: 33827940 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00138-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiapoptotic protein BCL2 inhibits death of HIV-infected cells. Previously, we showed that the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax selectively kills acutely HIV-infected cells and reduces HIV DNA in latently infected CD4 T cells ex vivo after reactivation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28. However, there is a need to identify a combination therapy with venetoclax and a clinically relevant latency reversal agent. Ixazomib is an oral proteasome inhibitor which we have shown reactivates latent HIV and predisposes reactivated cells to cell death. Here, we determined that the combination of venetoclax and ixazomib kills more latently HIV-infected cells and leads to greater reduction in HIV replication than either treatment alone in vitro in a T cell model. However, combination treatment of ex vivo CD4 T cells from antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed, HIV-positive participants resulted in unanticipated and unacceptable nonspecific toxicity in primary cells. Therefore, while we show proof of concept that multiple agents can enhance selective killing of HIV-infected cells, the combination of venetoclax and ixazomib has unacceptable toxicity in primary cells, and so further investigation is needed to identify a clinically relevant latency reversal agent to combine with venetoclax as a novel strategy to reduce the size of the HIV reservoir.IMPORTANCE A cure for HIV would require eliminating cells that contain the virus in a latent form from the body. Current antiretroviral medications are unable to rid the body of latently infected cells. Here, we show that a combination of investigational agents-ixazomib plus venetoclax-which reactivate latent virus and predispose infected cells to apoptosis may reduce latent virus in a T cell model, but at the expense of nonspecific toxicity in primary cells.
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10
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Jeremiah SS, Miyakawa K, Matsunaga S, Nishi M, Kudoh A, Takaoka A, Sawasaki T, Ryo A. Cleavage of TANK-Binding Kinase 1 by HIV-1 Protease Triggers Viral Innate Immune Evasion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:643407. [PMID: 33986734 PMCID: PMC8110901 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-I interferons (IFN-I) are the innate immune system’s principal defense against viral infections. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has evolved several ways to suppress or evade the host’s innate immunity in order to survive and replicate to sustain infection. Suppression of IFN-I is one among the multiple escape strategies used by HIV-1 to prevent its clearance. HIV-1 protease which helps in viral maturation has also been observed to cleave host cellular protein kinases. In this study we performed a comprehensive screening of a human kinase library using AlphaScreen assay and identified that TANK binding kinase-1 (TBK1) was cleaved by HIV-1 protease (PR). We demonstrate that PR cleaved TBK1 fails to phosphorylate IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), thereby reducing the IFN-I promoter activity and further reveal that the PR mediated suppression of IFN-I could be counteracted by protease inhibitors (PI) in vitro. We have also revealed that mutations of HIV-1 PR that confer drug resistance to PIs reduce the enzyme’s ability to cleave TBK1. The findings of this study unearth a direct link between HIV-1 PR activity and evasion of innate immunity by the virus, the possible physiological relevance of which warrants to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsunaga
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nishi
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kudoh
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akinori Takaoka
- Division of Signaling in Cancer and Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Division of Cell-Free Life Science, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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11
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Singh V, Dashti A, Mavigner M, Chahroudi A. Latency Reversal 2.0: Giving the Immune System a Seat at the Table. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 18:117-127. [PMID: 33433817 PMCID: PMC7985101 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-020-00540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW For most people living with HIV (PLWH), treatment with effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) results in suppression of viremia below the limit of detection of clinical assays, immune reconstitution, reduced immune activation, avoidance of opportunistic infections, and progression to AIDS. However, ART alone is not curative, and HIV persists in a non-replicating, latent form. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on non-specific latency reversal approaches (LRA 1.0) and summarize recent advances in latency reversal strategies that target specific signaling pathways within CD4+ T cells or other immune cells to induce expression of latent HIV (immune-based latency reversal, or LRA 2.0). RECENT FINDINGS The HIV reservoir is primarily composed of latently infected CD4+ T cells carrying integrated, replication-competent provirus that can give rise to rebound viremia if ART is stopped. Myeloid lineage cells also contribute to HIV latency in certain tissues; we focus here on CD4+ T cells as a sufficient body of evidence regarding latency reversal in myeloid cells is lacking. The immunomodulatory LRA 2.0 approaches we describe include pattern recognition receptor agonists, immune checkpoint inhibitors, non-canonical NF-kB stimulation, and transient CD8+ lymphocyte depletion, along with promising combination strategies. We highlight recent studies demonstrating robust latency reversal in nonhuman primate models. While significant strides have been made in terms of virus reactivation from latency, initial hopes for latency reversal alone to result in a reduction of infected cells, through viral cytopathic effect or an unboosted immune system, have not been realized and it seems clear that even effective latency reversal strategies will need to be paired with an approach that facilitates immune recognition and clearance of cells containing reactivated virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidisha Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amir Dashti
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maud Mavigner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Berthelot JM, Lioté F, Maugars Y, Sibilia J. Lymphocyte Changes in Severe COVID-19: Delayed Over-Activation of STING? Front Immunol 2020; 11:607069. [PMID: 33335532 PMCID: PMC7736628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon recognition of microbial DNA or self-DNA, the cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) of the host catalyzes the production of the cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP. cGAMP is the main activator of STING, stimulator of interferon genes, leading to interferon synthesis through the STING-TBK1-IRF3 pathway. STING is also a hub for activation of NF-κB and autophagy. The present review details the striking similarities between T and B cell responses in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and both animal or human models of STING gain of function (SAVI syndromes: STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy). Those similarities may be further clues for a delayed activation of STING in severe COVID-19 patients, due to DNA damages following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2) infection and unusual role of STING in SARS-CoV-2 control. In early stages, Th2 differentiation are noticed in both severe COVID-19 and SAVI syndromes; then, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells functional exhaustion/senescent patterns due to TCR hyper-responsiveness are observed. T cell delayed over-responses can contribute to pneumonitis and delayed cytokine secretion with over-production of IL-6. Last, STING over-activation induces progressive CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphopenia in SAVI syndromes, which parallels what is observed in severe COVID-19. ACE2, the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2, is rarely expressed in immune cells, and it has not been yet proven that some human lymphocytes could be infected by SARS-CoV-2 through CD147 or CD26. However, STING, expressed in humans T cells, might be triggered following excessive transfer of cGAMP from infected antigen presenting cells into activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells lymphocytes. Indeed, those lymphocytes highly express the cGAMP importer SLC19A1. Whereas STING is not expressed in human B cells, B cells counts are much less affected, either in COVID-19 or SAVI syndromes. The recognition of delayed STING over-activation in severe COVID-19 patients could prompt to target STING with specific small molecules inhibitors already designed and/or aspirin, which inhibits cGAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Lioté
- Rheumatology Department & Inserm UMR 1132 (centre Viggo Petersen), Hôpital Lariboisière, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yves Maugars
- Rheumatology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Jean Sibilia
- Service de rhumatologie, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, RESO: Centre de Reference des Maladies Autoimmunes Systemiques Rares Est Sud-Ouest, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Universite de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Kumar S, Batra H, Singh S, Chawla H, Singh R, Katpara S, Hussain AW, Das BK, Lodha R, Kabra SK, Luthra K. Effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on human immunodeficiency virus 1 specific antibody responses in subtype-C infected children. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1289-1299. [PMID: 32915123 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective antibody responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection evolve only in a fraction of infected individuals by developing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and/or effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 chronically infected adults and children on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) showed a reduction in ADCC activity and improvement in HIV-1 specific neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses. Early initiation of cART in infected adults is found to be beneficial in reducing the viral load and delaying disease progression. Herein, we longitudinally evaluated the effect of cART on HIV-1 specific plasma ADCC and nAb responses in a cohort of 20 perinatally HIV-1 subtype-C infected infants and children ≤2 years of age, pre-cART and up to 1 year post-cART initiation. Significant reductions in HIV-1 specific plasma ADCC responses to subtype-C and subtype-B viruses and improvement in HIV-1 neutralization were observed in HIV-1 infected children 1 year post-cART initiation. A positive correlation between reduction in viral load and the loss of ADCC response was observed. This study provides information aiding the understanding of the effects of early initiation of cART on antibody effector functions and viral neutralization in HIV-1 infected children, which needs to be further evaluated in large cohorts of HIV-1 infected children on cART to plan future intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Centre, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Batra
- Department of Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshi Chawla
- Present address: Biological Sciences and the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanket Katpara
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul Wahid Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bimal Kumar Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Landman SL, Ressing ME, van der Veen AG. Balancing STING in antimicrobial defense and autoinflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:1-14. [PMID: 32563552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of microbes is crucial for eliciting an effective immune response. Innate immune receptors survey the intracellular and extracellular environment for signs of a microbial infection. When they detect a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), such as viral DNA, they alarm the cell about the ongoing infection. The central signaling hub in sensing of viral DNA is the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Upon activation, STING induces downstream signaling events that ultimately result in the production of type I interferons (IFN I), important cytokines in antimicrobial defense, in particular towards viruses. In this review, we describe the molecular features of STING, including its upstream sensors and ligands, its sequence and structural conservation, common polymorphisms, and its localization. We further highlight how STING activation requires a careful balance: its activity is essential for antiviral defense, but unwanted activation through mutations or accidental recognition of self-derived DNA causes autoinflammatory diseases. Several mechanisms, such as post-translational modifications, ensure this balance by fine-tuning STING activation. Finally, we discuss how viruses evade detection of their genomes by either exploiting cells that lack a functional DNA sensing pathway as a niche or by interfering with STING activation through viral evasion molecules. Insight into STING's exact mechanisms in health and disease will guide the development of novel clinical interventions for microbial infections, autoinflammatory diseases, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L Landman
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Ressing
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Annemarthe G van der Veen
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Takahama S, Yamamoto T. Pattern Recognition Receptor Ligands as an Emerging Therapeutic Agent for Latent HIV-1 Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:216. [PMID: 32457851 PMCID: PMC7225283 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were first identified as molecular sensors that transduce signals from specific structural patterns derived from pathogens; their underlying molecular mechanisms of recognition and signal transduction are well-understood. To date, more than 20 pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) have been reported in humans, some of which are membrane-bound, similar to TLRs, whereas others are cytosolic, including retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), and stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Clinically, PRR ligands have been developed as vaccine adjuvants to activate innate immunity and enhance subsequent antigen-specific immune responses. Recently, PRR ligands have been used as direct immunostimulators to enhance immune responses against infectious diseases and cancers. HIV-1 remains one of the world's most significant public health challenges. Without the elimination of HIV-1 latently infected cells, patients require lifelong combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), while research aimed at a functional cure for HIV-1 infection continues. Based on the concept of "shock and kill," a latency-reversing agent (LRA) has been developed to reactivate latently infected cells and induce cell death. However, previous research has shown that LRAs have limited efficacy in the eradication of these reservoirs in vivo. Besides, PRR ligands with anti-retroviral drugs have been developed for use in HIV treatment for these years. This mini-review summarizes the current understanding of the role of PRR ligands in AIDS research, suggests directions for future research, and proposes potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokichi Takahama
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Aging and Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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