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Murray J, Martin DE, Hosking S, Orr-Burks N, Hogan RJ, Tripp RA. Probenecid Inhibits Influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) Viruses In Vitro and in Mice. Viruses 2024; 16:152. [PMID: 38275962 PMCID: PMC10821351 DOI: 10.3390/v16010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) viruses cause infection in birds and humans. Several H5N1 and H7N9 variants are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. H5N1 is a highly infectious bird virus infecting primarily poultry, but unlike other AIs, H5N1 also infects mammals and transmits to humans with a case fatality rate above 40%. Similarly, H7N9 can infect humans, with a case fatality rate of over 40%. Since 1996, there have been several HPAI outbreaks affecting humans, emphasizing the need for safe and effective antivirals. We show that probenecid potently inhibits H5N1 and H7N9 replication in prophylactically or therapeutically treated A549 cells and normal human broncho-epithelial (NHBE) cells, and H5N1 replication in VeroE6 cells and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackelyn Murray
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | | | - Sarah Hosking
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Nichole Orr-Burks
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
- TrippBio, Inc., Jacksonville, FL 32256, USA;
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2
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Kirk NM, Liang Y, Ly H. Comparative Pathology of Animal Models for Influenza A Virus Infection. Pathogens 2023; 13:35. [PMID: 38251342 PMCID: PMC10820042 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models are essential for studying disease pathogenesis and to test the efficacy and safety of new vaccines and therapeutics. For most diseases, there is no single model that can recapitulate all features of the human condition, so it is vital to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each. The purpose of this review is to describe popular comparative animal models, including mice, ferrets, hamsters, and non-human primates (NHPs), that are being used to study clinical and pathological changes caused by influenza A virus infection with the aim to aid in appropriate model selection for disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; (N.M.K.); (Y.L.)
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3
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Liang Y. Pathogenicity and virulence of influenza. Virulence 2023; 14:2223057. [PMID: 37339323 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2223057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses, including four major types (A, B, C, and D), can cause mild-to-severe and lethal diseases in humans and animals. Influenza viruses evolve rapidly through antigenic drift (mutation) and shift (reassortment of the segmented viral genome). New variants, strains, and subtypes have emerged frequently, causing epidemic, zoonotic, and pandemic infections, despite currently available vaccines and antiviral drugs. In recent years, avian influenza viruses, such as H5 and H7 subtypes, have caused hundreds to thousands of zoonotic infections in humans with high case fatality rates. The likelihood of these animal influenza viruses acquiring airborne transmission in humans through viral evolution poses great concern for the next pandemic. Severe influenza viral disease is caused by both direct viral cytopathic effects and exacerbated host immune response against high viral loads. Studies have identified various mutations in viral genes that increase viral replication and transmission, alter tissue tropism or species specificity, and evade antivirals or pre-existing immunity. Significant progress has also been made in identifying and characterizing the host components that mediate antiviral responses, pro-viral functions, or immunopathogenesis following influenza viral infections. This review summarizes the current knowledge on viral determinants of influenza virulence and pathogenicity, protective and immunopathogenic aspects of host innate and adaptive immune responses, and antiviral and pro-viral roles of host factors and cellular signalling pathways. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of viral virulence factors and virus-host interactions is critical for the development of preventive and therapeutic measures against influenza diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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4
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Docherty CAH, Fernando AJ, Rosli S, Lam M, Dolle RE, Navia MA, Farquhar R, La France D, Tate MD, Murphy CK, Rossi AG, Mansell A. A novel dual NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1455. [PMID: 37360982 PMCID: PMC10288073 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Inflammasomes induce maturation of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, whose activity is associated with the pathophysiology of a wide range of infectious and inflammatory diseases. As validated therapeutic targets for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, there has been intense interest in developing small-molecule inhibitors to target inflammasome activity and reduce disease-associated inflammatory burden. Methods We examined the therapeutic potential of a novel small-molecule inhibitor, and associated derivatives, termed ADS032 to target and reduce inflammasome-mediated inflammation in vivo. In vitro, we characterised ADS032 function, target engagement and specificity. Results We describe ADS032 as the first dual NLRP1 and NLRP3 inhibitor. ADS032 is a rapid, reversible and stable inflammasome inhibitor that directly binds both NLRP1 and NLRP3, reducing secretion and maturation of IL-1β in human-derived macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells in response to the activation of NLPR1 and NLRP3. ADS032 also reduced NLRP3-induced ASC speck formation, indicative of targeting inflammasome formation. In vivo, ADS032 reduced IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the serum of mice challenged i.p. with LPS and reduced pulmonary inflammation in an acute model of lung silicosis. Critically, ADS032 protected mice from lethal influenza A virus challenge, displayed increased survival and reduced pulmonary inflammation. Conclusion ADS032 is the first described dual inflammasome inhibitor and a potential therapeutic to treat both NLRP1- and NLRP3-associated inflammatory diseases and also constitutes a novel tool that allows examination of the role of NLRP1 in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum AH Docherty
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Anuruddika J Fernando
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation ResearchQueen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarterEdinburghUK
| | - Sarah Rosli
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Maggie Lam
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Roland E Dolle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiophysicsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | | | | | | | - Michelle D Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | | | - Adriano G Rossi
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation ResearchQueen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarterEdinburghUK
| | - Ashley Mansell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious DiseasesHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
- Department of Molecular and Translational SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
- Adiso TherapeuticsConcordMAUSA
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5
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Thomas PG, Shubina M, Balachandran S. ZBP1/DAI-Dependent Cell Death Pathways in Influenza A Virus Immunity and Pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 442:41-63. [PMID: 31970498 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family of negative-sense RNA viruses. The greatest diversity of IAV strains is found in aquatic birds, but a subset of strains infects other avian as well as mammalian species, including humans. In aquatic birds, infection is largely restricted to the gastrointestinal tract and spread is through feces, while in humans and other mammals, respiratory epithelial cells are the primary sites supporting productive replication and transmission. IAV triggers the death of most cell types in which it replicates, both in culture and in vivo. When well controlled, such cell death is considered an effective host defense mechanism that eliminates infected cells and limits virus spread. Unchecked or inopportune cell death also results in immunopathology. In this chapter, we discuss the impact of cell death in restricting virus spread, supporting the adaptive immune response and driving pathogenesis in the mammalian respiratory tract. Recent studies have begun to shed light on the signaling pathways underlying IAV-activated cell death. These pathways, initiated by the pathogen sensor protein ZBP1 (also called DAI and DLM1), cause infected cells to undergo apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. We outline mechanisms of ZBP1-mediated cell death signaling following IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS 351, 262 Danny Thomas Place, 38105, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Maria Shubina
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Room 224 Reimann Building, 333 Cottman Ave., 19111, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Room 224 Reimann Building, 333 Cottman Ave., 19111, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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6
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Zhu C, Zhang M, Fu W, He Y, Yang Y, Zhang L, Yuan S, Jiang L, Xu J, Zhang X. Comparison of H7N9 and H9N2 influenza infections in mouse model unravels the importance of early innate immune response in host protection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941078. [PMID: 36034707 PMCID: PMC9414078 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of infection with influenza A virus is determined by a complex virus-host interaction. A new H7N9 virus of avian origin crossed the species barrier to infect humans, causing high mortality and emerged as a potential pandemic threat. The mechanisms underlying the virulence and pathogenicity of H7N9 virus remains elusive. H7N9 virus originated from a genetic assortment that involved the avian H9N2 virus, which was the donor of the six internal genes. Unlike the H7N9 virus, the H9N2 virus caused only mild phenotype in infected mice. In this study, we used the mouse infection model to dissect the difference in the host response between the H7N9 and H9N2 viruses. Through analyzing transcriptomics of infected lungs, we surprisingly found that the H9N2 infection elicited an earlier induction of innate immunity than H7N9 infection. This finding was further corroborated by an immunohistochemical study demonstrating earlier recruitment of macrophage to the H9N2-infected lung than the H7N9-infected lung, which could occur as early as 6 hours post infection. In contrast, H7N9 infection was characterized by a late, strong lung CD8+ T cell response that is more robust than H9N2 infection. The different pattern of immune response may underlie more severe lung pathology caused by H7N9 infection compared to H9N2 infection. Finally, we could show that co-infection of the H9N2 virus protected mice from the challenge of both H7N9 and PR8 viruses, thereby strengthening the importance of the induction of an early innate immunity in the host’s defense against influenza infection. Collectively, our study unraveled a previously unidentified difference in host response between H7N9 and H9N2 infection and shed new insight on how virus-host interaction shapes the in vivo outcome of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuisong Zhu
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Science and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Fu
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongquan He
- Human Disease Genes Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Institute of Laboratory Medicine,Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Linxia Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Songhua Yuan
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Science and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyan Zhang, ; Jianqing Xu,
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Science and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyan Zhang, ; Jianqing Xu,
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7
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Mudd PA, Crawford JC, Turner JS, Souquette A, Reynolds D, Bender D, Bosanquet JP, Anand NJ, Striker DA, Martin RS, Boon ACM, House SL, Remy KE, Hotchkiss RS, Presti RM, O'Halloran JA, Powderly WG, Thomas PG, Ellebedy AH. Distinct inflammatory profiles distinguish COVID-19 from influenza with limited contributions from cytokine storm. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:sciadv.abe3024. [PMID: 33187979 PMCID: PMC7725462 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We pursued a study of immune responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza patients. Compared to patients with influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited largely equivalent lymphocyte counts, fewer monocytes, and lower surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class II expression on selected monocyte populations. Furthermore, decreased HLA-DR on intermediate monocytes predicted severe COVID-19 disease. In contrast to prevailing assumptions, very few (7 of 168) patients with COVID-19 exhibited cytokine profiles indicative of cytokine storm syndrome. After controlling for multiple factors including age and sample time point, patients with COVID-19 exhibited lower cytokine levels than patients with influenza. Up-regulation of IL-6, G-CSF, IL-1RA, and MCP1 predicted death in patients with COVID-19 but were not statistically higher than patients with influenza. Single-cell transcriptional profiling revealed profound suppression of interferon signaling among patients with COVID-19. When considered across the spectrum of peripheral immune profiles, patients with COVID-19 are less inflamed than patients with influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Mudd
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aisha Souquette
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Reynolds
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Diane Bender
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - James P Bosanquet
- Department of Critical Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nitin J Anand
- Department of Critical Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Striker
- Department of Critical Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - R Scott Martin
- Department of Critical Care, Missouri Baptist Medical Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stacey L House
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth E Remy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard S Hotchkiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jane A O'Halloran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - William G Powderly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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8
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Jodele S, Köhl J. Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:2832-2848. [PMID: 32643798 PMCID: PMC7361469 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an ancient part of innate immunity sensing highly pathogenic coronaviruses by mannan‐binding lectin (MBL) resulting in lectin pathway activation and subsequent generation of the anaphylatoxins (ATs) C3a and C5a as important effector molecules. Complement deposition on endothelial cells and high blood C5a serum levels have been reported in COVID‐19 patients with severe illness, suggesting vigorous complement activation leading to systemic thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Complement regulator gene variants prevalent in African‐Americans have been associated with a higher risk for severe TMA and multi‐organ injury. Strikingly, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)‐infected African‐Americans suffer from high mortality. These findings allow us to apply our knowledge from other complement‐mediated diseases to COVID‐19 infection to better understand severe disease pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the multiple aspects of complement activation, regulation, crosstalk with other parts of the immune system, and the options to target complement in COVID‐19 patients to halt disease progression and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonata Jodele
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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9
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Silent Infection of B and CD8 + T Lymphocytes by Influenza A Virus in Children with Tonsillar Hypertrophy. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01969-19. [PMID: 32075928 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01969-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause more than 2 million annual episodes of seasonal acute respiratory infections (ARI) and approximately 500,000 deaths worldwide. Depending on virus strain and host immune status, acute infections by IAV may reach sites other than the respiratory tract. In the present study, IAV RNA and antigens were searched for in tissues of palatine tonsils and adenoids removed from patients without ARI symptoms. A real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) screening revealed that 8 tissue samples from 7 patients out of 103 were positive for IAV. Positive samples were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) and 3 of 8 tissues yielded complete IAV pH1N1 genomes, whereas in 5 samples, the PB1 gene was not fully assembled. Phylogenetic analysis placed tonsil-derived IAV in clusters clearly segregated from contemporaneous Brazilian viruses. Flow cytometry of dispersed tissue fragments and serial immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded sections of naturally infected biopsies indicated that CD20+ B lymphocytes, CD8+ T lymphocytes, and CD11c+ cells are susceptible to IAV infection. We sought to investigate whether these lymphoid tissues could be sites of viral replication and sources of viable virus particles. MDCK cells were inoculated with tissue lysates, enabling recovery of one IAV isolate confirmed by immunofluorescence, reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and NGS. The data indicate that lymphoid tissues not only harbor expression of IAV proteins but also contain infectious virus. Asymptomatic long-term infection raises the possibility of IAV shedding from tonsils, which may have an impact on host-to-host transmission.IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) infections are important threats to human health worldwide. Although extensively studied, some aspects of virus pathogenesis and tissue tropism remain unclear. Here, by different strategies, we describe the asymptomatic infection of human lymphoid organs by IAV in children. Our results indicate that IAV was not only detected and isolated from human tonsils but displayed unique genetic features in comparison with those of contemporaneous IAVs circulating in Brazil and detected in swabs and nasal washes. Inside the tissue microenvironment, immune cells were shown to be carrying IAV antigens, especially B and T CD8+ lymphocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that human lymphoid tissues can be sites of silent IAV infections with possible impact on virus shedding to the population.
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10
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11
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H7N9 influenza A virus activation of necroptosis in human monocytes links innate and adaptive immune responses. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:442. [PMID: 31165725 PMCID: PMC6549191 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that avian influenza A H7N9 virus preferentially infected CD14+ monocyte in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which led to apoptosis. To better understand H7N9 pathogenesis in relation to monocyte cell death, we showed here that extensive phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein occurred concurrently with the activation of caspases-8, -9 and -3 in H7N9-infected monocytes at 6 h post infection (hpi), indicating that apoptosis and necroptosis pathways were simultaneously activated. The apoptotic morphology was readily observed in H7N9-infected monocytes with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while the pan-caspase inhibitor, IDN6556 (IDN), accelerated cell death through necroptosis as evidenced by the increased level of pMLKL accompanied with cell swelling and plasma membrane rupture. Most importantly, H7N9-induced cell death could only be stopped by the combined treatment of IDN and necrosulfonamide (NSA), a pMLKL membrane translocation inhibitor, but not by individual inhibition of caspase or RIPK3. Our data further showed that activation of apoptosis and necroptosis pathways in monocytes differentially contributed to the immune response of monocytes upon H7N9 infection. Specifically, caspase inhibition significantly enhanced, while RIPK3 inhibition reduced the early expression of type I interferons and cytokine/chemokines in H7N9-infected monocytes. Moreover, culture supernatants from IDN-treated H7N9-infected monocyte promoted the expression of co-stimulatory molecule CD80, CD83 and CD86 on freshly isolated monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDCs) and enhanced the capacity of MDCs to induce CD3+ T-cell proliferation in vitro. In contrast, these immune stimulatory effects were abrogated by using culture supernatants from H7N9-infected monocyte with RIPK3 inhibition. In conclusion, our findings indicated that H7N9 infection activated both apoptosis and necroptosis in monocytes. An intact RIPK3 activity is required for upregulation of innate immune responses, while caspase activation suppresses the immune response.
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12
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Wang WH, Erazo EM, Ishcol MRC, Lin CY, Assavalapsakul W, Thitithanyanont A, Wang SF. Virus-induced pathogenesis, vaccine development, and diagnosis of novel H7N9 avian influenza A virus in humans: a systemic literature review. J Int Med Res 2019; 48:300060519845488. [PMID: 31068040 PMCID: PMC7140199 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519845488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) caused human infections in 2013 in China.
Phylogenetic analyses indicate that H7N9 AIV is a novel reassortant strain with
pandemic potential. We conducted a systemic review regarding virus-induced
pathogenesis, vaccine development, and diagnosis of H7N9 AIV infection in
humans. We followed PRISMA guidelines and searched PubMed, Web of Science, and
Google Scholar to identify relevant articles published between January 2013 and
December 2018. Pathogenesis data indicated that H7N9 AIV belongs to low
pathogenic avian influenza, which is mostly asymptomatic in avian species;
however, H7N9 induces high mortality in humans. Sporadic human infections have
recently been reported, caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses
detected in poultry. H7N9 AIVs resistant to adamantine and oseltamivir cause
severe human infection by rapidly inducing progressive acute community-acquired
pneumonia, multiorgan dysfunction, and cytokine dysregulation; however,
mechanisms via which the virus induces severe syndromes remain unclear. An H7N9
AIV vaccine is lacking; designs under evaluation include synthesized peptide,
baculovirus-insect system, and virus-like particle vaccines. Molecular diagnosis
of H7N9 AIVs is suggested over conventional assays, for biosafety reasons.
Several advanced or modified diagnostic assays are under investigation and
development. We summarized virus-induced pathogenesis, vaccine development, and
current diagnostic assays in H7N9 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hung Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Esmeralda Merari Erazo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Max R Chang Ishcol
- Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Chih-Yen Lin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Wanchai Assavalapsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sheng-Fan Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung
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13
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In Vivo Characterization of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) and (H7N9) Viruses Isolated from Canadian Travelers. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020193. [PMID: 30813415 PMCID: PMC6409709 DOI: 10.3390/v11020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H7N9 viruses pose a severe threat to public health through zoonotic infection, causing severe respiratory disease in humans. While HPAI H5N1 human infections have typically been reported in Asian countries, avian H7N9 human infections have been reported mainly in China. However, Canada reported a case of fatal human infection by the HPAI H5N1 virus in 2014, and two cases of human illness associated with avian H7N9 virus infection in 2015. While the genomes of the causative viruses A/Alberta/01/2014 (H5N1) (AB14 (H5N1)) and A/British Columbia/1/2015 (H7N9) (BC15 (H7N9)) are reported, the isolates had not been evaluated for their pathogenicity in animal models. In this study, we characterized the pathogenicity of AB14 (H5N1) and BC15 (H7N9) and found that both strain isolates are highly lethal in mice. AB14 (H5N1) caused systemic viral infection and erratic proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in different organs. In contrast, BC15 (H7N9) replicated efficiently only in the respiratory tract, and was a potent inducer for proinflammatory cytokine genes in the lungs. Our study provides experimental evidence to complement the specific human case reports and animal models for evaluating vaccine and antiviral candidates against potential influenza pandemics.
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14
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Horman WSJ, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K, Bean AGD, Layton DS. The Drivers of Pathology in Zoonotic Avian Influenza: The Interplay Between Host and Pathogen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1812. [PMID: 30135686 PMCID: PMC6092596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of zoonotic strains of avian influenza (AI) that cause high rates of mortality in people has caused significant global concern, with a looming threat that one of these strains may develop sustained human-to-human transmission and cause a pandemic outbreak. Most notable of these viral strains are the H5N1 highly pathogenic AI and the H7N9 low pathogenicity AI viruses, both of which have mortality rates above 30%. Understanding of their mechanisms of infection and pathobiology is key to our preparation for these and future viral strains of high consequence. AI viruses typically circulate in wild bird populations, commonly infecting waterfowl and also regularly entering commercial poultry flocks. Live poultry markets provide an ideal environment for the spread AI and potentially the selection of mutants with a greater propensity for infecting humans because of the potential for spill over from birds to humans. Pathology from these AI virus infections is associated with a dysregulated immune response, which is characterized by systemic spread of the virus, lymphopenia, and hypercytokinemia. It has been well documented that host/pathogen interactions, particularly molecules of the immune system, play a significant role in both disease susceptibility as well as disease outcome. Here, we review the immune/virus interactions in both avian and mammalian species, and provide an overview or our understanding of how immune dysregulation is driven. Understanding these susceptibility factors is critical for the development of new vaccines and therapeutics to combat the next pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S J Horman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel S Layton
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, VIC, Australia
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15
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New Threats from H7N9 Influenza Virus: Spread and Evolution of High- and Low-Pathogenicity Variants with High Genomic Diversity in Wave Five. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00301-18. [PMID: 29563296 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00301-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H7N9 virus has caused five infection waves since it emerged in 2013. The highest number of human cases was seen in wave 5; however, the underlying reasons have not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, the geographical distribution, phylogeny, and genetic evolution of 240 H7N9 viruses in wave 5, including 35 new isolates from patients and poultry in nine provinces, were comprehensively analyzed together with strains from first four waves. Geographical distribution analysis indicated that the newly emerging highly pathogenic (HP) and low-pathogenicity (LP) H7N9 viruses were cocirculating, causing human and poultry infections across China. Genetic analysis indicated that dynamic reassortment of the internal genes among LP-H7N9/H9N2/H6Ny and HP-H7N9, as well as of the surface genes, between the Yangtze and Pearl River Delta lineages resulted in at least 36 genotypes, with three major genotypes (G1 [A/chicken/Jiangsu/SC537/2013-like], G3 [A/Chicken/Zhongshan/ZS/2017-like], and G11 [A/Anhui/40094/2015-like]). The HP-H7N9 genotype likely evolved from G1 LP-H7N9 by the insertion of a KRTA motif at the cleavage site (CS) and then evolved into 15 genotypes with four different CS motifs, including PKGKRTAR/G, PKGKRIAR/G, PKRKRAAR/G, and PKRKRTAR/G. Approximately 46% (28/61) of HP strains belonged to G3. Importantly, neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor (NAI) resistance (R292K in NA) and mammalian adaptation (e.g., E627K and A588V in PB2) mutations were found in a few non-human-derived HP-H7N9 strains. In summary, the enhanced prevalence and diverse genetic characteristics that occurred with mammalian-adapted and NAI-resistant mutations may have contributed to increased numbers of human infections in wave 5.IMPORTANCE The highest numbers of human H7N9 infections were observed during wave 5 from October 2016 to September 2017. Our results showed that HP-H7N9 and LP-H7N9 had spread virtually throughout China and underwent dynamic reassortment with different subtypes (H7N9/H9N2 and H6Ny) and lineages (Yangtze and Pearl River Delta lineages), resulting in totals of 36 and 3 major genotypes, respectively. Notably, the NAI drug-resistant (R292K in NA) and mammalian-adapted (e.g., E627K in PB2) mutations were found in HP-H7N9 not only from human isolates but also from poultry and environmental isolates, indicating increased risks for human infections. The broad dissemination of LP- and HP-H7N9 with high levels of genetic diversity and host adaptation and drug-resistant mutations likely accounted for the sharp increases in the number of human infections during wave 5. Therefore, more strategies are needed against the further spread and damage of H7N9 in the world.
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16
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Huang CG, Lee LA, Wu YC, Hsiao MJ, Horng JT, Kuo RL, Huang CH, Lin YC, Tsao KC, Chen MC, Chen TC, Shih SR. A pilot study on primary cultures of human respiratory tract epithelial cells to predict patients' responses to H7N9 infection. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14492-14508. [PMID: 29581859 PMCID: PMC5865685 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infections frequently lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in humans. We aimed to investigate whether primary cultures of human respiratory tract epithelial cells are helpful to understand H7N9 virus pathogenesis and tissue tropism, and to evaluate how patient-related characteristics can affect the host's response to infection. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells (isolated from two different donors) and primary epithelial cells (harvested from 27 patients undergoing airway surgery) were experimentally infected with H7N9 and/or H1N1pdm for 72 h. After virus infection, the culture media were collected for viral RNA quantitation and cytokine detection. Both H7N9 and H1N1pdm viruses replicated and induced a cytokine response differently for each donor in the normal human bronchial epithelial model. H7N9 replicated equivalently in epithelial cells harvested from the inferior turbinate and paranasal sinus, and those from the larynx and bronchus, at 72 h post-infection. Viral RNA quantity at 72 h was significantly higher in patients aged 21-64 years than in patients aged ≥ 65 years; however, no effects of sex, medical comorbidities, and obesity were noted. H7N9-infected cultured cells released multiple cytokines within 72 h. Levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α were associated differently with patient-related characteristics (such as age, sex, obesity, and medical comorbidities). In the era of precision medicine, these findings illustrate the potential utility of this primary culture approach to predict a host's response to H7N9 infection or to future infection by newly emerging viral infections, and to dissect viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Guei Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Ang Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Cheng Wu
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Jen Hsiao
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jim-Tong Horng
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Rei-Lin Kuo
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Heng Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Chu Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Chien Tsao
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Min-Chi Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Public Health and Biostatistics Consulting Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Pathology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Tian J, Jiao X, Wang X, Geng J, Wang R, Liu N, Gao X, Griffin N, Shan F. Novel effect of methionine enkephalin against influenza A virus infection through inhibiting TLR7-MyD88-TRAF6-NF-κB p65 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 55:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Fiore-Gartland A, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Agan AA, Mistry AJ, Thomas PG, Matthay MA, Hertz T, Randolph AG. Cytokine Profiles of Severe Influenza Virus-Related Complications in Children. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1423. [PMID: 29163498 PMCID: PMC5681736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Effective immunomodulatory therapies for children with life-threatening “cytokine storm” triggered by acute influenza infection are lacking. Understanding the immune profiles of children progressing to severe lung injury and/or septic shock could provide insight into pathogenesis. Objectives To compare the endotracheal and serum cytokine profiles of children with influenza-related critical illness and to identify their associations with severe influenza-associated complications. Methods Children with influenza-related critical illness were enrolled across 32 hospitals in development (N = 171) and validation (N = 73) cohorts (December 2008 through May 2016). Concentrations of 42 cytokines were measured in serum and endotracheal samples and clustered into modules of covarying cytokines. Relative concentrations of cytokines and cytokine modules were tested for associations with acute lung injury (ALI), shock requiring vasopressors, and death/ECMO. Measurements and main results Modules of covarying cytokines were more significantly associated with disease severity than individual cytokines. In the development cohort, increased levels of a serum module containing IL6, IL8, IL10, IP10, GCSF, MCP1, and MIP1α [shock odds ratio (OR) = 3.37, family-wise error rate (FWER) p < 10−4], and decreased levels of a module containing EGF, FGF2, SCD40L, and PAI-1 (shock OR = 0.43, FWER p = 0.002), were both associated with ALI, shock, and death-ECMO independent of age and bacterial coinfection. Both of these associations were confirmed in the validation cohort. Endotracheal and serum cytokine associations differed markedly and were differentially associated with clinical outcomes. Conclusion We identified strong positive and negative associations of cytokine modules with the most severe influenza-related complications in children, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of influenza-related critical illness in children. Effective therapies may need to target mediators of both inflammation and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari
- Department of Pediatrics, Bone Marrow Transplantation, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Anna A Agan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anushay J Mistry
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Tomer Hertz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Adrienne G Randolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Cho J, Yi H, Jang EY, Lee MS, Lee JY, Kang C, Lee CH, Kim K. Mycophenolic mofetil, an alternative antiviral and immunomodulator for the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:298-304. [PMID: 29017920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus results in a high incidence of mortality in humans. Severe complications from infection are often associated with hypercytokinemia. However, current neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) have several limitations including the appearance of oseltamivir-resistant H5N1 virus and the inability to completely ameliorate hyper-immune responses. To overcome these limitations, we evaluated the anti-viral activity of mycophenolic mofetil (MMF) against A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) virus infection using MDCK cells and mice. The IC50 of MMF (0.94 μM) was comparable to that of zanamivir (0.87 μM) in H5N1 virus-infected MDCK cells based on ELISA. Time-course assays demonstrated that MMF completely inhibited H5N1 viral mRNA replication and protein expression for approximately 8 h after the initiation of treatment. In addition, MMF treatment protected 100% of mice, and lung viral titers were substantially reduced. The anti-viral mechanism of MMF against H5N1 virus infection was further confirmed to depend on the inhibition of cellular inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) by exogenous guanosine, which inhibits viral mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, IL-1β, IFN-β, IL-6, and IP-10 mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated in MDCK cells with MMF treatment. These results indicated that MMF could represent a novel inhibitor of viral replication and a potent immunomodulator for the treatment of H5N1 virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyung Cho
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajung Yi
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Seon Lee
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science and Technology, Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease Vector Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Kang
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoon Kim
- Division of Viral Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Jin JH, Cheng JL, He ZR, Ren YC, Yu XH, Song Y, Yang HM, Yang YL, Liu T, Zhang GZ. Different Origins of Newcastle Disease Virus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein Modulate the Replication Efficiency and Pathogenicity of the Virus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1607. [PMID: 28878757 PMCID: PMC5572326 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the exact effects of different origins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein to the biological characteristics of the virus, we systematically studied the correlation between the HN protein and NDV virulence by exchanging the HN of velogenic or lentogenic NDV strains with the HN from other strains of different virulence. The results revealed that the rSG10 or rLaSota derivatives bearing the HN gene of other viruses exhibited decreased or increased hemadsorption (HAd), neuraminidase and fusion promotion activities. In vitro and in vivo tests further showed that changes in replication level, tissue tropism and virulence of the chimeric viruses were also consistent with these biological activities. These findings demonstrated that the balance among three biological activities caused variation in replication and pathogenicity of the virus, which was closely related to the origin of the HN protein. Our study highlights the importance of the HN glycoprotein in modulating the virulence of NDV and contributes to a more complete understanding of the virulence of NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jin-Long Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zi-Rong He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Ying-Chao Ren
- Diagnostic and Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Hui-Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yan-Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China.,Diagnostic and Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
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21
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22
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Fedson DS. Treating the host response to emerging virus diseases: lessons learned from sepsis, pneumonia, influenza and Ebola. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:421. [PMID: 27942512 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.11.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing threat of epidemic or pandemic diseases that could be caused by influenza, Ebola or other emerging viruses. It will be difficult and costly to develop new drugs that target each of these viruses. Statins and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been effective in treating patients with sepsis, pneumonia and influenza, and a statin/ARB combination appeared to dramatically reduce mortality during the recent Ebola outbreak. These drugs target (among other things) the endothelial dysfunction found in all of these diseases. Most scientists work on new drugs that target viruses, and few accept the idea of treating the host response with generic drugs. A great deal of research will be needed to show conclusively that these drugs work, and this will require the support of public agencies and foundations. Investigators in developing countries should take an active role in this research. If the next Public Health Emergency of International Concern is caused by an emerging virus, a "top down" approach to developing specific new drug treatments is unlikely to be effective. However, a "bottom up" approach to treatment that targets the host response to these viruses by using widely available and inexpensive generic drugs could reduce mortality in any country with a basic health care system. In doing so, it would make an immeasurable contribution to global equity and global security.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Fedson
- Formerly, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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23
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Chan LLY, Bui CTH, Mok CKP, Ng MMT, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW, Chan RWY. Evaluation of the human adaptation of influenza A/H7N9 virus in PB2 protein using human and swine respiratory tract explant cultures. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35401. [PMID: 27739468 PMCID: PMC5064379 DOI: 10.1038/srep35401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel avian H7N9 virus emerged in China in 2013 resulting in a case fatality rate of around 39% and continues to pose zoonotic and pandemic risk. Amino acid substitutions in PB2 protein were shown to influence the pathogenicity and transmissibility of H7N9 following experimental infection of ferrets and mice. In this study, we evaluated the role of amino acid substitution PB2-627K or compensatory changes at PB2-591K and PB2-701N, on the tropism and replication competence of H7N9 viruses for human and swine respiratory tracts using ex vivo organ explant cultures. Recombinant viruses of A/Shanghai/2/2013 (rgH7N9) and its mutants with PB2-K627E, PB2-K627E + Q591K and PB2-K627E + D701N were generated by plasmid-based reverse genetics. PB2-E627K was essential for efficient replication of rgH7N9 in ex vivo cultures of human and swine respiratory tracts. Mutant rgPB2-K627E + D701N replicated better than rgPB2-K627E in human lung but not as well as rgH7N9 virus. The rgPB2-K627E mutant failed to replicate in human type I-like pneumocytes (ATI) and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (PMϕ) at 37 °C while the compensatory mutant rgPB2-K627E + Q591K and rgPB2-K627E + D701N had partly restored replication competence in PMϕ. Our results demonstrate that PB2-E627K was important for efficient replication of influenza H7N9 in both human and swine respiratory tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa L. Y. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christine T. H. Bui
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K. P. Mok
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mandy M. T. Ng
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael C. W. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Renee W. Y. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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24
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Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for developing severe influenza virus infection, making vaccination of utmost importance for this high-risk population. However, vaccinated obese animals and adults have decreased neutralizing antibody responses. In these studies, we tested the hypothesis that the addition of either alum or a squalene-based adjuvant (AS03) to an influenza vaccine would improve neutralizing antibody responses and protect obese mice from challenge. Our studies demonstrate that adjuvanted vaccine does increase both neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibody levels compared to vaccine alone. Although obese mice mount significantly decreased virus-specific antibody responses, both the breadth and the magnitude of the responses against hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are decreased compared to the responses in lean mice. Importantly, even with a greater than fourfold increase in neutralizing antibody levels, obese mice are not protected against influenza virus challenge and viral loads remain elevated in the respiratory tract. Increasing the antigen dose affords no added protection, and a decreasing viral dose did not fully mitigate the increased mortality seen in obese mice. Overall, these studies highlight that, while the use of an adjuvant does improve seroconversion, vaccination does not fully protect obese mice from influenza virus challenge, possibly due to the increased sensitivity of obese animals to infection. Given the continued increase in the global obesity epidemic, our findings have important implications for public health. Vaccination is the most effective strategy for preventing influenza virus infection and is a key component for pandemic preparedness. However, vaccines may fail to provide optimal protection in high-risk groups, including overweight and obese individuals. Given the worldwide obesity epidemic, it is imperative that we understand and improve vaccine efficacy. No work to date has investigated whether adjuvants increase the protective capacity of influenza vaccines in the obese host. In these studies, we show that adjuvants increased the neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibody responses during vaccination of lean and obese mice to levels considered “protective,” and yet, obese mice still succumbed to infection. This vulnerability is likely due to a combination of factors, including the increased susceptibility of obese animals to develop severe and even lethal disease when infected with very low viral titers. Our studies highlight the critical public health need to translate these findings and better understand vaccination in this increasing population.
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25
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Meliopoulos VA, Karlsson EA, Schultz-Cherry S. What can imaging tell us about influenza virus transmission and protection? Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of zoonotic influenza infections is a constant threat to public health. One of the major determinants of pandemic potential is the ability to transmit from animal to human and/or human to human via respiratory droplets. Understanding viral tropism and spread is crucial for predicting which viruses represent the most threatening to human health. Recently, a replication-competent influenza reporter virus was described that permitted in vivo imaging and visualization of infection in ferrets for the first time. This review will focus on the applications of luminescent reporter viruses toward understanding transmission of influenza viruses and development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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26
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Cyclophilin A protects mice against infection by influenza A virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28978. [PMID: 27354005 PMCID: PMC4926061 DOI: 10.1038/srep28978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies indicate that Cyclophilin A (CypA) impairs the replication of influenza A virus in vitro. To further evaluate the antiviral functions of CypA and explore its mechanism, transgenic mice with overexpression of CypA by two specific promoters with SPC (CypA-SPC) or CMV (CypA-CMV) were developed. After challenge with the A/WSN/33(H1N1) influenza virus, CypA-SPC and CypA-CMV transgenic mice displayed nearly 2.5- and 3.8-fold stronger disease resistance to virus infection, respectively, compared to wild-type animals. Virus replication, pathological lesions and inflammatory cytokines were substantially reduced in both lines of transgenic mice. In addition, after infection there was an upregulation of genes associated with cell migration, immune function, and organ development; and a downregulation of genes associated with the positive regulation of immune cells and apoptosis in the peritoneal macrophages of CypA-overexpressing transgenic mice (CypA+). These results indicate that CypA is a key modulator of influenza virus resistance in mice, and that CypA+ mice constitutes an important model to study the roles of CypA in the regulation of immune responses and infections.
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Reassessing the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome during pathogenic influenza A virus infection via temporal inhibition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27912. [PMID: 27283237 PMCID: PMC4901306 DOI: 10.1038/srep27912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome NLRP3 is activated by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) during infection, including RNA and proteins from influenza A virus (IAV). However, chronic activation by danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) can be deleterious to the host. We show that blocking NLRP3 activation can be either protective or detrimental at different stages of lethal influenza A virus (IAV). Administration of the specific NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 to mice from one day following IAV challenge resulted in hypersusceptibility to lethality. In contrast, delaying treatment with MCC950 until the height of disease (a more likely clinical scenario) significantly protected mice from severe and highly virulent IAV-induced disease. These findings identify for the first time that NLRP3 plays a detrimental role later in infection, contributing to IAV pathogenesis through increased cytokine production and lung cellular infiltrates. These studies also provide the first evidence identifying NLRP3 inhibition as a novel therapeutic target to reduce IAV disease severity.
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28
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Bi Y, Liu J, Xiong H, Zhang Y, Liu D, Liu Y, Gao GF, Wang B. A new reassortment of influenza A (H7N9) virus causing human infection in Beijing, 2014. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26624. [PMID: 27230107 PMCID: PMC4882526 DOI: 10.1038/srep26624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A 73-year-old man was confirmed to have an influenza A (H7N9) virus infection, and the causative agent A/Beijing/02/2014(H7N9) virus was isolated. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the virus belonged to a novel genotype, which probably emerged and further reassorted with other H9 or H7 viruses in poultry before transmitting to humans. This virus caused a severe infection with high levels of cytokines and neutralizing antibodies. Eventually, the patient was cured after serially combined treatments. Taken together, our findings indicated that this novel genotype of the human H7N9 virus did not evolve directly from the first Beijing isolate A/Beijing/01/2013(H7N9), suggesting that the H7N9 virus has not obtained the ability for human-to-human transmissibility and the virus only evolves in poultry and then infects human by direct contact. Hence, the major measures to prevent human H7N9 virus infection are still to control and standardize the live poultry trade. Early antiviral treatment with combination therapies, including mechanical ventilation, nutrition support and symptomatic treatment, are effective for H7N9 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Haofeng Xiong
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Network Information Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - George F Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
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29
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The Hemagglutinin Stem-Binding Monoclonal Antibody VIS410 Controls Influenza Virus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2118-31. [PMID: 26787699 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02457-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of severe influenza are associated with pulmonary complications, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and no antiviral drugs of proven value for treating such complications are currently available. The use of monoclonal antibodies targeting the stem of the influenza virus surface hemagglutinin (HA) is a rapidly developing strategy for the control of viruses of multiple HA subtypes. However, the mechanisms of action of these antibodies are not fully understood, and their ability to mitigate severe complications of influenza has been poorly studied. We evaluated the effect of treatment with VIS410, a human monoclonal antibody targeting the HA stem region, on the development of ARDS in BALB/c mice after infection with influenza A(H7N9) viruses. Prophylactic administration of VIS410 resulted in the complete protection of mice against lethal A(H7N9) virus challenge. A single therapeutic dose of VIS410 given 24 h after virus inoculation resulted in dose-dependent protection of up to 100% of mice inoculated with neuraminidase inhibitor-susceptible or -resistant A(H7N9) viruses. Compared to the outcomes in mock-treated controls, a single administration of VIS410 improved viral clearance from the lungs, reduced virus spread in lungs in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in a lower lung injury score, reduced the extent of the alteration in lung vascular permeability and protein accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and improved lung physiologic function. Thus, antibodies targeting the HA stem can reduce the severity of ARDS and show promise as agents for controlling pulmonary complications in influenza.
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30
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Virlogeux V, Yang J, Fang VJ, Feng L, Tsang TK, Jiang H, Wu P, Zheng J, Lau EHY, Qin Y, Peng Z, Peiris JSM, Yu H, Cowling BJ. Association between the Severity of Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Infections and Length of the Incubation Period. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148506. [PMID: 26885816 PMCID: PMC4757028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In early 2013, a novel avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) virus emerged in China, and has caused sporadic human infections. The incubation period is the delay from infection until onset of symptoms, and varies from person to person. Few previous studies have examined whether the duration of the incubation period correlates with subsequent disease severity. METHODS AND FINDINGS We analyzed data of period of exposure on 395 human cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in China in a Bayesian framework using a Weibull distribution. We found a longer incubation period for the 173 fatal cases with a mean of 3.7 days (95% credibility interval, CrI: 3.4-4.1), compared to a mean of 3.3 days (95% CrI: 2.9-3.6) for the 222 non-fatal cases, and the difference in means was marginally significant at 0.47 days (95% CrI: -0.04, 0.99). There was a statistically significant correlation between a longer incubation period and an increased risk of death after adjustment for age, sex, geographical location and underlying medical conditions (adjusted odds ratio 1.70 per day increase in incubation period; 95% credibility interval 1.47-1.97). CONCLUSIONS We found a significant association between a longer incubation period and a greater risk of death among human H7N9 cases. The underlying biological mechanisms leading to this association deserve further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Virlogeux
- Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 15 parvis René Descartes, 69007 Lyon, France
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155# Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Vicky J. Fang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155# Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tim K. Tsang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155# Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Peng Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jiandong Zheng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155# Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Eric H. Y. Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155# Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhibin Peng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155# Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155# Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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31
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Othumpangat S, Noti JD, McMillen CM, Beezhold DH. ICAM-1 regulates the survival of influenza virus in lung epithelial cells during the early stages of infection. Virology 2015; 487:85-94. [PMID: 26499045 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is an inducible cell surface glycoprotein that is expressed on many cell types. Influenza virus infection enhanced ICAM-1 expression and messenger RNA levels. Human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpC) and nasal epithelial cells, on exposure to different strains of influenza virus (H1N1, H3N2, and H9N1) showed significant increase in ICAM-1 gene expression (p<0.001) along with the ICAM-1 protein levels (surface and secreted). Depleting ICAM-1 in HBEpC with ICAM-1 siRNA and subsequently infecting with H1N1 showed increased viral copy numbers. Influenza virus infection in HBEpC resulted in up-regulation of NF-ĸB protein and the lack of ICAM-1 decreased NF-ĸB activity in NF-ĸB luciferase reporter assay. Addition of exogenous IL-1β to HBEpC induced the ICAM-1 expression and decreased matrix gene copy number. Taken together, HBEpC induced ICAM-1 plays a key role in modulating the influenza virus survival possibly through the NF-ĸB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekumar Othumpangat
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - John D Noti
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cynthia M McMillen
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Donald H Beezhold
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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32
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The role of C5a in acute lung injury induced by highly pathogenic viral infections. Emerg Microbes Infect 2015; 4:e28. [PMID: 26060601 PMCID: PMC4451266 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complement system, an important part of innate immunity, plays a critical role in pathogen clearance. Unregulated complement activation is likely to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) induced by highly pathogenic virus including influenza A viruses H5N1, H7N9, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus. In highly pathogenic virus-induced acute lung diseases, high levels of chemotactic and anaphylatoxic C5a were produced as a result of excessive complement activaiton. Overproduced C5a displays powerful biological activities in activation of phagocytic cells, generation of oxidants, and inflammatory sequelae named "cytokine storm", and so on. Blockade of C5a signaling have been implicated in the treatment of ALI induced by highly pathogenic virus. Herein, we review the literature that links C5a and ALI, and review our understanding of the mechanisms by which C5a affects ALI during highly pathogenic viral infection. In particular, we discuss the potential of the blockade of C5a signaling to treat ALI induced by highly pathogenic viruses.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey J. Cunnington
- Section of Paediatrics, Medical School Building, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
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