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Sandoval C, Nisson K, Fregoso OI. HIV-1 Vpr-induced DNA damage activates NF-κB through ATM-NEMO independent of cell cycle arrest. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.23.541990. [PMID: 37292767 PMCID: PMC10245860 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.541990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral accessory genes enhance replication through diverse mechanisms. HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr modulates the host DNA damage response (DDR) at multiple steps through DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, the degradation of host proteins, and both the activation and repression of DDR signaling. Vpr also alters host and viral transcription; however, the connection between Vpr-mediated DDR modulation and transcriptional activation remains unclear. Here, we determined the cellular consequences of Vpr-induced DNA damage using Vpr mutants that allow us to separate the ability of Vpr to induce DNA damage from cell cycle arrest and other DDR phenotypes including host protein degradation and repression of DDR. RNA-sequencing of cells expressing Vpr or Vpr mutants identified that Vpr alters cellular transcription through mechanisms both dependent and independent of cell cycle arrest. In tissue-cultured U2OS cells and primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), Vpr-induced DNA damage activates the ATM-NEMO pathway and alters cellular transcription via NF-κB/RelA signaling. HIV-1 infection of primary MDMs validated Vpr-dependent NF-κB transcriptional activation during infection. Both virion delivered and de novo expressed Vpr induced DNA damage and activated ATM-NEMO dependent NF-κB transcription, suggesting that engagement of the DDR and transcriptional reprogramming can occur during early and late stages of viral replication. Together, our data identifies a mechanism by which Vpr activates NF-κB through DNA damage and the ATM-NEMO pathway, which occur independent of cell cycle arrest. We propose this is essential to overcoming restrictive environments, such as in macrophages, to enhance viral transcription and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Sandoval
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Karly Nisson
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Oliver I. Fregoso
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Ferrara G, Longobardi C, Sgadari MF, Restucci B, Iovane G, Ciarcia R, Pagnini U, Montagnaro S. Apoptosis is mediated by FeHV-1 through the intrinsic pathway and interacts with the autophagic process. Virol J 2023; 20:295. [PMID: 38087282 PMCID: PMC10716993 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although FeHV-1 is a primary feline pathogen, little is known about its interactions with host cells. Its relationship with several cellular pathways has recently been described, whereas its interplay with the apoptotic process, unlike other herpesviruses, has not yet been clarified. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether FeHV-1 induces apoptosis in its permissive cells, as well as the pathway involved and the effects of induction and inhibition of apoptosis on viral replication. METHODS Monolayers of CRFK cells were infected at different times with different viral doses. A cytofluorimetric approach allowed the quantification of cells in early and late apoptosis. All infections and related controls were also subjected to Western blot analysis to assess the expression of apoptotic markers (caspase 3-8-9, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, NF-κB). An inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) and an inducer (ionomycin) were used to evaluate the role of apoptosis in viral replication. Finally, the expression of autophagy markers during the apoptosis inhibition/induction and the expression of apoptosis markers during autophagy inhibition/induction were evaluated to highlight any crosstalk between the two pathways. RESULTS FeHV-1 triggered apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Caspase 3 cleavage was evident 48 h after infection, indicating the completeness of the process at this stage. While caspase 8 was not involved, caspase 9 cleavage started 24 h post-infection. The expression of other mitochondrial damage markers also changed, suggesting that apoptosis was induced via the intrinsic pathway. NF- κB was up-regulated at 12 h, followed by a gradual decrease in levels up to 72 h. The effects of apoptosis inhibitors and inducers on viral replication and autophagy were also investigated. Inhibition of caspases resulted in an increase in viral glycoprotein expression, higher titers, and enhanced autophagy, whereas induction of apoptosis resulted in a decrease in viral protein expression, lower viral titer, and attenuated autophagy. On the other hand, the induction of autophagy reduced the cleavage of caspase 3. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we established how FeHV-1 induces the apoptotic process, contributing to the understanding of the relationship between FeHV-1 and this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy.
| | - Consiglia Longobardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Sgadari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
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Bo Z, Li X, Wang S, Zhang C, Guo M, Cao Y, Zhang X, Wu Y. Suppression of NF-κB signaling by Pseudorabies virus DNA polymerase processivity factor UL42 via recruiting SOCS1 to promote the ubiquitination degradation of p65. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109896. [PMID: 37931575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κB pathway is a critical signaling involved in the regulation of the inflammatory and innate immune responses. Previous studies have shown that Pseudorabies Virus (PRV), a porcine alpha herpesvirus, could lead to the phosphorylation and nucleus translocation of p65 while inhibiting the expression of NF-κB-dependent inflammatory cytokines, which indicated that there may be unknown mechanisms downstream of p65 that downregulate the activation of NF-κB signaling. Here, we found that PRV DNA polymerase factor UL42 inhibited TNFα-, LPS-, IKKα-, IKKβ-, and p65-mediated transactivation of NF-κB signaling, which demonstrated UL42 worked either at or downstream of p65. In addition, it was found that the DNA-binding activity of UL42 was required for inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Importantly, it was revealed that UL42 could induce the ubiquitination degradation of p65 by upregulating the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). Additionally, it was found that UL42 could promote the K6/K29-linked ubiquitination of p65. Finally, knockdown of SOCS1 attenuated the replication of PRV and led to a significant increase of the inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our findings uncovered a novel mechanism that PRV-UL42 could upregulated SOCS1 to promote the ubiquitination degradation of p65 to prevent excessive inflammatory response during PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Bo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shixu Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mengjiao Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yongzhong Cao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Salazar S, Luong KTY, Koyuncu OO. Cell Intrinsic Determinants of Alpha Herpesvirus Latency and Pathogenesis in the Nervous System. Viruses 2023; 15:2284. [PMID: 38140525 PMCID: PMC10747186 DOI: 10.3390/v15122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha herpesvirus infections (α-HVs) are widespread, affecting more than 70% of the adult human population. Typically, the infections start in the mucosal epithelia, from which the viral particles invade the axons of the peripheral nervous system. In the nuclei of the peripheral ganglia, α-HVs establish a lifelong latency and eventually undergo multiple reactivation cycles. Upon reactivation, viral progeny can move into the nerves, back out toward the periphery where they entered the organism, or they can move toward the central nervous system (CNS). This latency-reactivation cycle is remarkably well controlled by the intricate actions of the intrinsic and innate immune responses of the host, and finely counteracted by the viral proteins in an effort to co-exist in the population. If this yin-yang- or Nash-equilibrium-like balance state is broken due to immune suppression or genetic mutations in the host response factors particularly in the CNS, or the presence of other pathogenic stimuli, α-HV reactivations might lead to life-threatening pathologies. In this review, we will summarize the molecular virus-host interactions starting from mucosal epithelia infections leading to the establishment of latency in the PNS and to possible CNS invasion by α-HVs, highlighting the pathologies associated with uncontrolled virus replication in the NS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orkide O. Koyuncu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.); (K.T.Y.L.)
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5
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Romero N, Tishchenko A, Verhamme R, Wuerzberger-Davis SM, Van Waesberghe C, Nauwynck HJ, Miyamoto S, Favoreel HW. Several Alphaherpesviruses Interact Similarly with the NF-κB Pathway and Suppress NF-κB-Dependent Gene Expression. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0142123. [PMID: 37466427 PMCID: PMC10434116 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01421-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesvirus infection is associated with attenuation of different aspects of the host innate immune response that is elicited to confine primary infections at the mucosal epithelia. Here, we report that infection of epithelial cells with several alphaherpesviruses of different species, including herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), feline alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), and bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) results in the inactivation of the responses driven by the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, considered a pillar of the innate immune response. The mode to interact with and circumvent NF-κB-driven responses in infected epithelial cells is seemingly conserved in human, feline, and porcine alphaherpesviruses, consisting of a persistent activation of the NF-κB cascade but a potent repression of NF-κB-dependent transcription activity, which relies on replication of viral genomes. However, BoHV-1 apparently deviates from the other investigated members of the taxon in this respect, as BoHV-1-infected epithelial cells do not display the persistent NF-κB activation observed for the other alphaherpesviruses. In conclusion, this study suggests that inhibition of NF-κB transcription activity is a strategy used by several alphaherpesviruses to prevent NF-κB-driven responses in infected epithelial cells. IMPORTANCE The current study provides a side-by-side comparison of the interaction of different alphaherpesviruses with NF-κB, a key and central player in the (proinflammatory) innate host response, in infected nontransformed epithelial cell lines. We report that all studied viruses prevent expression of the hallmark NF-κB-dependent gene IκB, often but not always via similar strategies, pointing to suppression of NF-κB-dependent host gene expression in infected epithelial cells as a common and therefore likely important aspect of alphaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Romero
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health–Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Tishchenko
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health–Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruth Verhamme
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health–Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shelly M. Wuerzberger-Davis
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cliff Van Waesberghe
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health–Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health–Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health–Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Pan L, Xue Y, Wang K, Zheng X, Islam A, Tapryal N, Chakraborty A, Bacsi A, Ba X, Hazra TK, Boldogh I. Nei-like DNA glycosylase 2 selectively antagonizes interferon-β expression upon respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105028. [PMID: 37423306 PMCID: PMC10403741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the antiviral response, cells activate the expressions of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory mediators to control viral spreading. Viral infections can impact DNA integrity; however, how DNA damage repair coordinates antiviral response remains elusive. Here we report Nei-like DNA glycosylase 2 (NEIL2), a transcription-coupled DNA repair protein, actively recognizes the oxidative DNA substrates induced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection to set the threshold of IFN-β expression. Our results show that NEIL2 antagonizes nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) acting on the IFN-β promoter early after infection, thus limiting gene expression amplified by type I IFNs. Mice lacking Neil2 are far more susceptible to RSV-induced illness with an exuberant expression of proinflammatory genes and tissue damage, and the administration of NEIL2 protein into the airway corrected these defects. These results suggest a safeguarding function of NEIL2 in controlling IFN-β levels against RSV infection. Due to the short- and long-term side effects of type I IFNs applied in antiviral therapy, NEIL2 may provide an alternative not only for ensuring genome fidelity but also for controlling immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yaoyao Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Xu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Azharul Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Nisha Tapryal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Attila Bacsi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Xueqing Ba
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tapas K Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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7
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Zhou Q, Zhang L, Lin Q, Liu H, Ye G, Liu X, Jiao S, Li J, Tang Y, Shi D, Huang L, Weng C. Pseudorabies Virus Infection Activates the TLR-NF-κB Axis and AIM2 Inflammasome To Enhance Inflammatory Responses in Mice. J Virol 2023; 97:e0000323. [PMID: 36877049 PMCID: PMC10062126 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00003-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection activates inflammatory responses to release robust proinflammatory cytokines, which are critical for controlling viral infection and clearance of PRV. However, the innate sensors and inflammasomes involved in the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines during PRV infection remain poorly studied. In this study, we report that the transcription and expression levels of some proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), are upregulated in primary peritoneal macrophages and in mice during PRV infection. Mechanistically, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR3, TLR4, and TLR5 were induced by the PRV infection to enhance the transcription levels of pro-IL-1β, pro-IL-18, and gasdermin D (GSDMD). Additionally, we found that PRV infection and transfection of its genomic DNA triggered AIM2 inflammasome activation, apoptosis-related speckle-like protein (ASC) oligomerization, and caspase-1 activation to enhance the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, which was mainly dependent on GSDMD, but not GSDME, in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings reveal that the activation of the TLR2-TLR3-TRL4-TLR5-NF-κB axis and AIM2 inflammasome, as well as GSDMD, is required for proinflammatory cytokine release, which resists the PRV replication and plays a critical role in host defense against PRV infection. Our findings provide novel clues to prevent and control PRV infection. IMPORTANCE PRV can infect several mammals, including pigs, other livestock, rodents, and wild animals, causing huge economic losses. As an emerging and reemerging infectious disease, the emergence of PRV virulent isolates and increasing human PRV infection cases indicate that PRV is still a high risk to public health. It has been reported that PRV infection leads to robust release of proinflammatory cytokines through activating inflammatory responses. However, the innate sensor that activates IL-1β expression and the inflammasome involved in the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines during PRV infection remain poorly studied. In this study, our findings reveal that, in mice, activation of the TLR2-TLR3-TRL4-TLR5-NF-κB axis and AIM2 inflammasome, as well as GSDMD, is required for proinflammatory cytokine release during PRV infection, and it resists PRV replication and plays a critical role in host defense against PRV infection. Our findings provide novel clues to prevent and control PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Zhou
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Longfeng Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Qihong Lin
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guangqiang Ye
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuang Jiao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yandong Tang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Huang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Xu W, Yan P, Zhou Z, Yao J, Pan H, Jiang L, Bo Z, Ni B, Sun M, Gao S, Huan C. HDAC6 Triggers the ATM-Dependent DNA Damage Response To Promote PRV Replication. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0213222. [PMID: 36951571 PMCID: PMC10101138 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02132-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection is modulated by various cellular host factors. In this study, we investigated the role of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) in this process. We determined HDAC6 expression in vitro and performed gene knockout, pharmacological inhibition analyses, immunofluorescence assays, and statistical analyses. We found that the pharmacological and genetic inhibition of HDAC6 significantly decreased PRV replication, whereas its overexpression promoted PRV replication. Additionally, we demonstrated that PRV infection can induce the phosphorylation of histone H2AX and lead to DNA damage response (DDR), and the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) inhibitor KU55933 inhibits DDR and PRV infection. Mechanistically, the HDAC6 inhibitor tubacin and HDAC6 knockout can decrease DDR. The results of this study suggested that HDAC6 may be a crucial factor in PRV-induced ATM-dependent DDR to promote PRV replication. IMPORTANCE Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a member of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae of the family Herpesviridae. PRV infection in swine can lead to high morbidity and mortality of swine, causing huge economic losses. In particular, PRV variants can cause severe damage to the nervous and respiratory systems of humans, revealing that PRV may be a potential zoonotic pathogen. Vaccines for PRV have been developed that can delay or reduce the epidemic, but they currently cannot eliminate this disease completely. Therefore, studies should investigate new targets for the prevention and control of PRV infection. In this study, we demonstrated that HDAC6 can induce ataxia telangiectasia mutated-dependent DNA damage response to foster PRV replication, indicating that HDAC6 is a therapeutic target for PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyin Xu
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Zhou
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingting Yao
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haochun Pan
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Luyao Jiang
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zongyi Bo
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bo Ni
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Changchao Huan
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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9
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Yu PL, Wu R, Cao SJ, Wen YP, Huang XB, Zhao S, Lang YF, Zhao Q, Lin JC, Du SY, Yu SM, Yan QG. Pseudorabies virus exploits N 6-methyladenosine modification to promote viral replication. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1087484. [PMID: 36819040 PMCID: PMC9936159 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1087484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the pathogenic virus of porcine pseudorabies (PR), belonging to the Herpesviridae family. PRV has a wide range of hosts and in recent years has also been reported to infect humans. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the major pathway of RNA post-transcriptional modification. Whether m6A modification participates in the regulation of PRV replication is unknown. Methods Here, we investigated that the m6A modification was abundant in the PRV transcripts and PRV infection affected the epitranscriptome of host cells. Knockdown of cellular m6A methyltransferases METTL3 and METTL14 and the specific binding proteins YTHDF2 and YTHDF3 inhibited PRV replication, while silencing of demethylase ALKBH5 promoted PRV output. The overexpression of METTL14 induced more efficient virus proliferation in PRV-infected PK15 cells. Inhibition of m6A modification by 3-deazaadenosine (3-DAA), a m6A modification inhibitor, could significantly reduce viral replication. Results and Discussion Taken together, m6A modification played a positive role in the regulation of PRV replication and gene expression. Our research revealed m6A modification sites in PRV transcripts and determined that m6A modification dynamically mediated the interaction between PRV and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lun Yu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - San-Jie Cao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Huang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Fei Lang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ju-Chun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sen-Yan Du
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu-Min Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi-Gui Yan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Qi-Gui Yan, ✉
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10
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Dihydromyricetin Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Multiplication In Vitro by Regulating NF-κB Signaling Pathway and Apoptosis. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020111. [PMID: 36851415 PMCID: PMC9961748 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infections have caused huge economic losses to the breeding industry worldwide, especially pig husbandry. PRV could threaten human health as an easily ignored zoonotic pathogen. The emergence of new mutants significantly reduced the protective effect of vaccination, indicating an urgent need to develop specific therapeutic drugs for PRV infection. In this study, we found that dihydromyricetin (DMY) could dose-dependently restrain PRV infection in vitro with an IC50 of 161.34 μM; the inhibition rate of DMY at a concentration of 500 μM was 92.16 %. Moreover, the mode of action showed that DMY directly inactivated PRV virion and inhibited viral adsorption and cellular replication. DMY treatment could improve PRV-induced abnormal changes of the NF-κB signaling pathway and excessive inflammatory response through regulation of the contents of IκBα and p-P65/P65 and the transcriptional levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). Furthermore, DMY promoted the apoptosis of PRV-infected cells through the regulation of the expressions of Bax and Bcl-xl and the transcriptional levels of Caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, thereby limiting the production of progeny virus. These findings indicated that DMY could be a candidate drug for the treatment of PRV infection.
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11
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Insights into the Anti-inflammatory and Antiviral Mechanisms of Resveratrol. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:7138756. [PMID: 35990040 PMCID: PMC9391165 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7138756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring stilbene phytoalexin phenolic compound, which has been extensively studied on its biological activity. It has been widely accepted that resveratrol possesses anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. In this review, we summarize the anti-inflammatory dosages and mechanism and antiviral mechanism of resveratrol. Since viral infections are often accompanied by inflammation, we propose that the NF-κB signaling pathway is a key and common molecular mechanism of resveratrol to exert anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. For future studies, we believe that resveratrol's anti-inflammatory and antiviral mechanisms can consider the upstream signaling molecules of the NF-κB signaling pathway. For resveratrol antivirus, future studies can be conducted on the interaction of resveratrol with key proteins or important enzymes of the virus. In addition, we also think that the clinical application of resveratrol is very important. In short, resveratrol is a promising anti-inflammatory and antiviral drug, and research on it needs to be expanded.
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12
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Romero N, Wuerzberger-Davis SM, Van Waesberghe C, Jansens RJ, Tishchenko A, Verhamme R, Miyamoto S, Favoreel HW. Pseudorabies Virus Infection Results in a Broad Inhibition of Host Gene Transcription. J Virol 2022; 96:e0071422. [PMID: 35730976 PMCID: PMC9278110 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00714-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a porcine alphaherpesvirus that belongs to the Herpesviridae family. We showed earlier that infection of porcine epithelial cells with PRV triggers activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway, a pivotal signaling axis in the early immune response. However, PRV-induced NF-κB activation does not lead to NF-κB-dependent gene expression. Here, using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), we show that PRV does not disrupt the ability of NF-κB to interact with its κB target sites. Assessing basal cellular transcriptional activity in PRV-infected cells by quantitation of prespliced transcripts of constitutively expressed genes uncovered a broad suppression of cellular transcription by PRV, which also affects the inducible expression of NF-κB target genes. Host cell transcription inhibition was rescued when viral genome replication was blocked using phosphonoacetic acid (PAA). Remarkably, we found that host gene expression shutoff in PRV-infected cells correlated with a substantial retention of the NF-κB subunit p65, the TATA box binding protein, and RNA polymerase II-essential factors required for (NF-κB-dependent) gene transcription-in expanding PRV replication centers in the nucleus and thereby away from the host chromatin. This study reveals a potent mechanism used by the alphaherpesvirus PRV to steer the protein production capacity of infected cells to viral proteins by preventing expression of host genes, including inducible genes involved in mounting antiviral responses. IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses are highly successful pathogens that cause lifelong persistent infections of their host. Modulation of the intracellular environment of infected cells is imperative for the success of virus infections. We reported earlier that a DNA damage response in epithelial cells infected with the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) results in activation of the hallmark proinflammatory NF-κB signaling axis but, remarkably, that this activation does not lead to NF-κB-induced (proinflammatory) gene expression. Here, we report that PRV-mediated inhibition of host gene expression stretches beyond NF-κB-dependent gene expression and in fact reflects a broad inhibition of host gene transcription, which correlates with a substantial recruitment of essential host transcription factors in viral replication compartments in the nucleus, away from the host chromatin. These data uncover a potent alphaherpesvirus mechanism to interfere with production of host proteins, including proteins involved in antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Romero
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shelly M. Wuerzberger-Davis
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cliff Van Waesberghe
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert J. Jansens
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Tishchenko
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruth Verhamme
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Li X, Chen S, Zhang L, Niu G, Zhang X, Yang L, Ji W, Ren L. Coinfection of Porcine Circovirus 2 and Pseudorabies Virus Enhances Immunosuppression and Inflammation through NF-κB, JAK/STAT, MAPK, and NLRP3 Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084469. [PMID: 35457287 PMCID: PMC9029761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are economically important pathogens in swine. PCV2 and PRV coinfection can cause more severe neurological and respiratory symptoms and higher mortality of piglets. However, the exact mechanism involved in the coinfection of PRV and PCV2 and its pathogenesis remain unknown. Here, porcine kidney cells (PK-15) were infected with PCV2 and/or PRV, and then the activation of immune and inflammatory pathways was evaluated to clarify the influence of the coinfection on immune and inflammatory responses. We found that the coinfection of PCV2 and PRV can promote the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNK), p38, and nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) pathways, thus enhancing the expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interferon-λ1 (IFN-λ1), interferon-stimulated gene (ISG15), interleukin 6 (IL6), and interleukin 1β (IL1β). Meanwhile, PCV2 and PRV also inhibit the expression and signal transduction of IFN-β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. In addition, PCV2 and PRV infection can also weaken extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity. These results indicate that the regulations of cellular antiviral immune responses and inflammatory responses mediated by NF-κB, JAK/STAT, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and NLRP3 pathways, contribute to immune escape of PCV2 and PRV and host antiviral responses.
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14
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Ma Y, Tian S, Wan Q, Kong Y, Liu C, Tian K, Ning H, Xu X, Qi B, Yang G. Peptidomic Analysis on Mouse Lung Tissue Reveals AGDP as a Potential Bioactive Peptide against Pseudorabies Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063306. [PMID: 35328729 PMCID: PMC8951067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection could cause severe histopathological damage via releasing multiple factors, including cytokines, peptides, etc. Here, peptidomic results showed that 129 peptides were identified in PRV-infected mouse lungs and were highly involved in the process of PRV infection. The role of one down-regulated biological peptide (designated as AGDP) during PRV infection was investigated. To verify the expression profiles of AGDP in response to PRV infection, the expression level of the precursor protein of AGDP mRNA was significantly decreased in PRV-infected mouse lungs and cells. The synthesized AGDP-treating cells were less susceptible to PRV challenges than the controls, as demonstrated by the decreased virus production and gE expression. AGDP not only inhibited the expression of TNF-α and IL-8 but also appeared to suppress the extracellular release of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) by inhibiting the output of nuclear HMGB1 in cells. AGDP could also inhibit the degradation of IκBα and the phosphorylation levels of P65 after PRV infection. In total, our results revealed many meaningful peptides involved in PRV infection, thereby enhancing the current understanding of the host response to PRV infection, and how AGDP may serve as a promising candidate for developing novel anti-PRV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Shimao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Qianhui Wan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Yingying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Ke Tian
- College of JIN SHAN, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Hongya Ning
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Baomin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Guihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Ye G, Liu H, Zhou Q, Liu X, Huang L, Weng C. A Tug of War: Pseudorabies Virus and Host Antiviral Innate Immunity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030547. [PMID: 35336954 PMCID: PMC8949863 DOI: 10.3390/v14030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-specific innate immunity can initiate host antiviral innate immune responses within minutes to hours after the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, the natural immune response is the first line of defense for the host to resist the invaders, including viruses, bacteria, fungi. Host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the infected cells or bystander cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of invading pathogens and initiate a series of signal cascades, resulting in the expression of type I interferons (IFN-I) and inflammatory cytokines to antagonize the infection of microorganisms. In contrast, the invading pathogens take a variety of mechanisms to inhibit the induction of IFN-I production from avoiding being cleared. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) belongs to the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, genus Varicellovirus. PRV is the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease (AD, pseudorabies). Although the natural host of PRV is swine, it can infect a wide variety of mammals, such as cattle, sheep, cats, and dogs. The disease is usually fatal to these hosts. PRV mainly infects the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in swine. For other species, PRV mainly invades the PNS first and then progresses to the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to acute death of the host with serious clinical and neurological symptoms. In recent years, new PRV variant strains have appeared in some areas, and sporadic cases of PRV infection in humans have also been reported, suggesting that PRV is still an important emerging and re-emerging infectious disease. This review summarizes the strategies of PRV evading host innate immunity and new targets for inhibition of PRV replication, which will provide more information for the development of effective inactivated vaccines and drugs for PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Fundamental Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (G.Y.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Hongyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Fundamental Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (G.Y.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Fundamental Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (G.Y.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Fundamental Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (G.Y.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Fundamental Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (G.Y.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Division of Fundamental Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (G.Y.); (H.L.); (Q.Z.); (X.L.); (L.H.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence:
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