1
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Wang J, Li L, Lin S. Active viral infection during blooms of a dinoflagellate indicates dinoflagellate-viral co-adaptation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0115623. [PMID: 37874280 PMCID: PMC10686096 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01156-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study represents the first that investigates in situ virus infection in dinoflagellate blooms. Our findings reveal highly similar viral assemblages that infected the bloom species Prorocentrum shikokuense and a co-adapted metabolic relationship between the host and the viruses in the blooms, which varied between the prolonged and the short-lived blooms of the same dinoflagellate species. These findings fill the gap in knowledge regarding the identity and behavior of viruses in a dinoflagellate bloom and shed light on what appears to be the complex mode of infection. The novel insight will be potentially valuable for fully understanding and modeling the role of viruses in regulating blooms of dinoflagellates and other algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Senjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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2
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Frelet-Barrand A. Lactococcus lactis, an Attractive Cell Factory for the Expression of Functional Membrane Proteins. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020180. [PMID: 35204681 PMCID: PMC8961550 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins play key roles in most crucial cellular processes, ranging from cell-to-cell communication to signaling processes. Despite recent improvements, the expression of functionally folded membrane proteins in sufficient amounts for functional and structural characterization remains a challenge. Indeed, it is still difficult to predict whether a protein can be overproduced in a functional state in some expression system(s), though studies of high-throughput screens have been published in recent years. Prokaryotic expression systems present several advantages over eukaryotic ones. Among them, Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) has emerged in the last two decades as a good alternative expression system to E. coli. The purpose of this chapter is to describe L. lactis and its tightly inducible system, NICE, for the effective expression of membrane proteins from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Frelet-Barrand
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR 6174, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, CEDEX, 25030 Besançon, France
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3
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Moreno-Altamirano MMB, Kolstoe SE, Sánchez-García FJ. Virus Control of Cell Metabolism for Replication and Evasion of Host Immune Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:95. [PMID: 31058096 PMCID: PMC6482253 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been significant advances in the understanding of the cross-talk between metabolism and immune responses. It is now evident that immune cell effector function strongly depends on the metabolic pathway in which cells are engaged in at a particular point in time, the activation conditions, and the cell microenvironment. It is also clear that some metabolic intermediates have signaling as well as effector properties and, hence, topics such as immunometabolism, metabolic reprograming, and metabolic symbiosis (among others) have emerged. Viruses completely rely on their host's cell energy and molecular machinery to enter, multiply, and exit for a new round of infection. This review explores how viruses mimic, exploit or interfere with host cell metabolic pathways and how, in doing so, they may evade immune responses. It offers a brief outline of key metabolic pathways, mitochondrial function and metabolism-related signaling pathways, followed by examples of the mechanisms by which several viral proteins regulate host cell metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Maximina B Moreno-Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Simon E Kolstoe
- School of Health Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Zara V, Ferramosca A, Günnewig K, Kreimendahl S, Schwichtenberg J, Sträter D, Çakar M, Emmrich K, Guidato P, Palmieri F, Rassow J. Mimivirus-Encoded Nucleotide Translocator VMC1 Targets the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:5233-5245. [PMID: 30261167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mimivirus (Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus) was the first giant DNA virus identified in an amoeba species. Its genome contains at least 979 genes. One of these, L276, encodes a nucleotide translocator with similarities to mitochondrial metabolite carriers, provisionally named viral mitochondrial carrier 1 (VMC1). In this study, we investigated the intracellular distribution of VMC1 upon expression in HeLa cells and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that VMC1 is specifically targeted to mitochondria and to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Newly synthesized VMC1 binds to the mitochondrial outer-membrane protein Tom70 and translocates through the import channel formed by the β-barrel protein Tom40. Derivatization of the four cysteine residues inside Tom40 by N-ethylmaleimide caused a delay in translocation but not a complete occlusion. Cell viability was not reduced by VMC1. Neither the mitochondrial membrane potential nor the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species was affected. Similar to endogenous metabolite carriers, mimivirus-encoded VMC1 appears to act as a specific translocator in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Due to its permeability for deoxyribonucleotides, VMC1 confers to the mitochondria an opportunity to contribute nucleotides for the replication of the large DNA genome of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Zara
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferramosca
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Kathrin Günnewig
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreimendahl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Schwichtenberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dina Sträter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Mahmut Çakar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kerstin Emmrich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Guidato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Joachim Rassow
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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5
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Deeg CM, Chow CET, Suttle CA. The kinetoplastid-infecting Bodo saltans virus (BsV), a window into the most abundant giant viruses in the sea. eLife 2018; 7:33014. [PMID: 29582753 PMCID: PMC5871332 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant viruses are ecologically important players in aquatic ecosystems that have challenged concepts of what constitutes a virus. Herein, we present the giant Bodo saltans virus (BsV), the first characterized representative of the most abundant group of giant viruses in ocean metagenomes, and the first isolate of a klosneuvirus, a subgroup of the Mimiviridae proposed from metagenomic data. BsV infects an ecologically important microzooplankton, the kinetoplastid Bodo saltans. Its 1.39 Mb genome encodes 1227 predicted ORFs, including a complex replication machinery. Yet, much of its translational apparatus has been lost, including all tRNAs. Essential genes are invaded by homing endonuclease-encoding self-splicing introns that may defend against competing viruses. Putative anti-host factors show extensive gene duplication via a genomic accordion indicating an ongoing evolutionary arms race and highlighting the rapid evolution and genomic plasticity that has led to genome gigantism and the enigma that is giant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph M Deeg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cheryl-Emiliane T Chow
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Curtis A Suttle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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6
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Kariithi HM, Yao X, Yu F, Teal PE, Verhoeven CP, Boucias DG. Responses of the Housefly, Musca domestica, to the Hytrosavirus Replication: Impacts on Host's Vitellogenesis and Immunity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:583. [PMID: 28424677 PMCID: PMC5380684 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hytrosaviridae family members replicate in the salivary glands (SGs) of their adult dipteran hosts and are transmitted to uninfected hosts via saliva during feeding. Despite inducing similar gross symptoms (SG hypertrophy; SGH), hytrosaviruses (SGHVs) have distinct pathobiologies, including sex-ratio distortions in tsetse flies and refusal of infected housefly females to copulate. Via unknown mechanism(s), SGHV replication in other tissues results in reduced fecundity in tsetse flies and total shutdown of vitellogenesis and sterility in housefly females. We hypothesized that vitellogenesis shutdown was caused by virus-induced modulation of hormonal titers. Here, we used RNA-Seq to investigate virus-induced modulation of host genes/pathways in healthy and virus-infected houseflies, and we validated expression of modulated genes (n = 23) by RT-qPCR. We also evaluated the levels and activities of hemolymph AMPs, levels of endogenous sesquiterpenoids, and impacts of exogenous hormones on ovarian development in viremic females. Of the 973 housefly unigenes that were significantly modulated (padj ≤ 0.01, log2FC ≤ -2.0 or ≥ 2.0), 446 and 527 genes were downregulated and upregulated, respectively. While the most downregulated genes were related to reproduction (embryogenesis/oogenesis), the repertoire of upregulated genes was overrepresented by genes related to non-self recognition, ubiquitin-protease system, cytoskeletal traffic, cellular proliferation, development and movement, and snRNA processing. Overall, the virus, Musca domestica salivary gland hytrosavirus (MdSGHV), induced the upregulation of various components of the siRNA, innate antimicrobial immune, and autophagy pathways. We show that MdSGHV undergo limited morphogenesis in the corpora allata/corpora cardiaca (CA/CC) complex of M. domestica. MdSGHV replication in CA/CC potentially explains the significant reduction of hemolymph sesquiterpenoids levels, the refusal to mate, and the complete shutdown of egg development in viremic females. Notably, hormonal rescue of vitellogenesis did not result in egg production. The mechanism underlying MdSGHV-induced sterility has yet to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationNairobi, Kenya.,Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and AgricultureVienna, Austria
| | - Xu Yao
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fahong Yu
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Biotechnology Research, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Peter E Teal
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA, ARSGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chelsea P Verhoeven
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Drion G Boucias
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
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7
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Popkov VA, Zorova LD, Korvigo IO, Silachev DN, Jankauskas SS, Babenko VA, Pevzner IB, Danilina TI, Zorov SD, Plotnikov EY, Zorov DB. Do Mitochondria Have an Immune System? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:1229-1236. [PMID: 27908248 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The question if mitochondria have some kind of immune system is not trivial. The basis for raising this question is the fact that bacteria, which are progenitors of mitochondria, do have an immune system. The CRISPR system in bacteria based on the principle of RNA interference serves as an organized mechanism for destroying alien nucleic acids, primarily those of viral origin. We have shown that mitochondria are also a target for viral attacks, probably due to a related organization of genomes in these organelles and bacteria. Bioinformatic analysis performed in this study has not given a clear answer if there is a CRISPR-like immune system in mitochondria. However, this does not preclude the possibility of mitochondrial immunity that can be difficult to decipher or that is based on some principles other than those of CRISPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Popkov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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8
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Palmieri F, Monné M. Discoveries, metabolic roles and diseases of mitochondrial carriers: A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2362-78. [PMID: 26968366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial carriers (MCs) are a superfamily of nuclear-encoded proteins that are mostly localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane and transport numerous metabolites, nucleotides, cofactors and inorganic anions. Their unique sequence features, i.e., a tripartite structure, six transmembrane α-helices and a three-fold repeated signature motif, allow MCs to be easily recognized. This review describes how the functions of MCs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Homo sapiens and Arabidopsis thaliana (listed in the first table) were discovered after the genome sequence of S. cerevisiae was determined in 1996. In the genomic era, more than 50 previously unknown MCs from these organisms have been identified and characterized biochemically using a method consisting of gene expression, purification of the recombinant proteins, their reconstitution into liposomes and transport assays (EPRA). Information derived from studies with intact mitochondria, genetic and metabolic evidence, sequence similarity, phylogenetic analysis and complementation of knockout phenotypes have guided the choice of substrates that were tested in the transport assays. In addition, the diseases associated to defects of human MCs have been briefly reviewed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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9
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Yan M, Liu L, Liang Q, He J, Weng S, He J, Xu X. A mitochondrial outer membrane-localized protein encoded by White spot syndrome virus. Virus Genes 2016; 52:290-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Anand SK, Tikoo SK. Viruses as modulators of mitochondrial functions. Adv Virol 2013; 2013:738794. [PMID: 24260034 PMCID: PMC3821892 DOI: 10.1155/2013/738794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles with diverse roles including energy production and distribution, apoptosis, eliciting host immune response, and causing diseases and aging. Mitochondria-mediated immune responses might be an evolutionary adaptation by which mitochondria might have prevented the entry of invading microorganisms thus establishing them as an integral part of the cell. This makes them a target for all the invading pathogens including viruses. Viruses either induce or inhibit various mitochondrial processes in a highly specific manner so that they can replicate and produce progeny. Some viruses encode the Bcl2 homologues to counter the proapoptotic functions of the cellular and mitochondrial proteins. Others modulate the permeability transition pore and either prevent or induce the release of the apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria. Viruses like Herpes simplex virus 1 deplete the host mitochondrial DNA and some, like human immunodeficiency virus, hijack the host mitochondrial proteins to function fully inside the host cell. All these processes involve the participation of cellular proteins, mitochondrial proteins, and virus specific proteins. This review will summarize the strategies employed by viruses to utilize cellular mitochondria for successful multiplication and production of progeny virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K. Anand
- Vaccine & Infection Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
| | - Suresh K. Tikoo
- Vaccine & Infection Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7E 5E3
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11
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Anand SK, Gaba A, Singh J, Tikoo SK. Bovine adenovirus 3 core protein precursor pVII localizes to mitochondria, and modulates ATP synthesis, mitochondrial Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:442-452. [PMID: 24123521 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.057059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses modulate the functions of mitochondria by translocating viral proteins to the mitochondria. Subcellular fractionation and sensitivity to proteinase K/Triton X-100 treatment of mitochondrial fractions of bovine adenovirus (BAdV)-3-infected/transfected cells suggested that core protein pVII localizes to the mitochondria and contains a functional mitochondrial localization signal. Moreover, mitochondrial localization of BAdV-3 pVII appears to help in the retention of mitochondrial Ca(2+), inducing a significant increase in the levels of ATP and maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in transfected cells. In contrast, mitochondrial localization of BAdV-3 pVII has no significant effect on the levels of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species production in the transfected cells. Consistent with these results, expression of pVII in transfected cells treated with staurosporine decreased significantly the activation of caspase-3. Our results suggested that BAdV-3 pVII localizes to mitochondria, and interferes with apoptosis by inhibiting loss of the MMP and by increasing mitochondrial Ca(2+) and ATP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Anand
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Amit Gaba
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jaswant Singh
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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12
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Steen A, Wiederhold E, Gandhi T, Breitling R, Slotboom DJ. Physiological adaptation of the bacterium Lactococcus lactis in response to the production of human CFTR. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M000052MCP200. [PMID: 21742800 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m000052-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical and biophysical characterization of CFTR (the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) is thwarted by difficulties to obtain sufficient quantities of correctly folded and functional protein. Here we have produced human CFTR in the prokaryotic expression host Lactococcus lactis. The full-length protein was detected in the membrane of the bacterium, but the yields were too low (< 0.1% of membrane proteins) for in vitro functional and structural characterization, and induction of the expression of CFTR resulted in growth arrest. We used isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation based quantitative proteomics to find out why production of CFTR in L. lactis was problematic. Protein abundances in membrane and soluble fractions were monitored as a function of induction time, both in CFTR expression cells and in control cells that did not express CFTR. Eight hundred and forty six proteins were identified and quantified (35% of the predicted proteome), including 163 integral membrane proteins. Expression of CFTR resulted in an increase in abundance of stress-related proteins (e.g. heat-shock and cell envelope stress), indicating the presence of misfolded proteins in the membrane. In contrast to the reported consequences of membrane protein overexpression in Escherichia coli, there were no indications that the membrane protein insertion machinery (Sec) became overloaded upon CFTR production in L. lactis. Nutrients and ATP became limiting in the control cells as the culture entered the late exponential and stationary growth phases but this did not happen in the CFTR expressing cells, which had stopped growing upon induction. The different stress responses elicited in E. coli and L. lactis upon membrane protein production indicate that different strategies are needed to overcome low expression yields and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Steen
- Department of Biochemistry Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Steen A, Wiederhold E, Gandhi T, Breitling R, Slotboom DJ. Physiological Adaptation of the Bacterium Lactococcus lactis in Response to the Production of Human CFTR. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011. [DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m000052-mcp201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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14
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Traba J, Satrústegui J, del Arco A. Adenine nucleotide transporters in organelles: novel genes and functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1183-206. [PMID: 21207102 PMCID: PMC11114886 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, cellular energy in the form of ATP is produced in the cytosol via glycolysis or in the mitochondria via oxidative phosphorylation and, in photosynthetic organisms, in the chloroplast via photophosphorylation. Transport of adenine nucleotides among cell compartments is essential and is performed mainly by members of the mitochondrial carrier family, among which the ADP/ATP carriers are the best known. This work reviews the carriers that transport adenine nucleotides into the organelles of eukaryotic cells together with their possible functions. We focus on novel mechanisms of adenine nucleotide transport, including mitochondrial carriers found in organelles such as peroxisomes, plastids, or endoplasmic reticulum and also mitochondrial carriers found in the mitochondrial remnants of many eukaryotic parasites of interest. The extensive repertoire of adenine nucleotide carriers highlights an amazing variety of new possible functions of adenine nucleotide transport across eukaryotic organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Traba
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa UAM-CSIC, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Cohen D, Adamovich Y, Reuven N, Shaul Y. Hepatitis B virus activates deoxynucleotide synthesis in nondividing hepatocytes by targeting the R2 gene. Hepatology 2010; 51:1538-46. [PMID: 20155784 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes liver diseases from acute hepatitis to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Currently, more than 350 million people are chronic HBV carriers, with devastating prognosis. HBV is a small enveloped noncytopathic virus, containing a circular partially double-stranded DNA genome, and exhibits strong tropism for human liver cells. Infected individuals (acute and chronic) secrete about 10(7) to 10(11) virions per day to the bloodstream, with each infected cell releasing 50-300 viruses per day. HBV infects nondividing hepatocytes and replicates by reverse-transcribing the pregenomic RNA to DNA in the host cells. The level of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) in nondividing cells is too low to support viral replication and enable the high yield of secreted virions. Here, we report production of dNTPs by viral-dependent transcription activation of R2, the key component of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), and show that this process is critical for the HBV life-cycle. This was found in an established HBV-positive cell line and was reproduced by HBV DNA-transduced cells, in both culture and mice. Furthermore, the viral hepatitis B X protein is essential in activating R2 expression by blocking access of Regulatory factor x1, a repressor of the R2 gene. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that the hepatitis B X protein is critical in infecting nonproliferating hepatocytes, which contain a low dNTP level. In addition, we provide molecular evidence for a new mechanism of HBV-host cell interaction where RNR-R2, a critical cell-cycle gene, is selectively activated in nonproliferating cells. This mechanism may set the stage for formulating a new category of anti-HBV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Cohen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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16
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Legendre M, Audic S, Poirot O, Hingamp P, Seltzer V, Byrne D, Lartigue A, Lescot M, Bernadac A, Poulain J, Abergel C, Claverie JM. mRNA deep sequencing reveals 75 new genes and a complex transcriptional landscape in Mimivirus. Genome Res 2010; 20:664-74. [PMID: 20360389 DOI: 10.1101/gr.102582.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mimivirus, a virus infecting Acanthamoeba, is the prototype of the Mimiviridae, the latest addition to the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. The Mimivirus genome encodes close to 1000 proteins, many of them never before encountered in a virus, such as four amino-acyl tRNA synthetases. To explore the physiology of this exceptional virus and identify the genes involved in the building of its characteristic intracytoplasmic "virion factory," we coupled electron microscopy observations with the massively parallel pyrosequencing of the polyadenylated RNA fractions of Acanthamoeba castellanii cells at various time post-infection. We generated 633,346 reads, of which 322,904 correspond to Mimivirus transcripts. This first application of deep mRNA sequencing (454 Life Sciences [Roche] FLX) to a large DNA virus allowed the precise delineation of the 5' and 3' extremities of Mimivirus mRNAs and revealed 75 new transcripts including several noncoding RNAs. Mimivirus genes are expressed across a wide dynamic range, in a finely regulated manner broadly described by three main temporal classes: early, intermediate, and late. This RNA-seq study confirmed the AAAATTGA sequence as an early promoter element, as well as the presence of palindromes at most of the polyadenylation sites. It also revealed a new promoter element correlating with late gene expression, which is also prominent in Sputnik, the recently described Mimivirus "virophage." These results-validated genome-wide by the hybridization of total RNA extracted from infected Acanthamoeba cells on a tiling array (Agilent)--will constitute the foundation on which to build subsequent functional studies of the Mimivirus/Acanthamoeba system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Legendre
- Structural & Genomic Information Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR2589, Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology IFR88, Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, FR-13288 Marseille, France
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Abstract
Mimivirus, a virus infecting amoebae of the acanthamoeba genus, is the prototype member of the Mimiviridae, the latest addition to the family of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses, already including the Poxviridae, the Iridoviridae, the Asfarviridae, and the Phycodnaviridae. Because of the size of its particle-a fiber-covered icosahedral protein capsid 0.75 microm in diameter-Mimivirus was initially mistaken for a parasitic bacterium. Its 1.2-Mb genome sequence encodes more than 900 proteins, many of them associated with functions never before encountered in a virus, such as four aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These findings revived the debate about the origin of DNA viruses and their possible role in the emergence of the eukaryotic nucleus. The recent isolation of a new type of satellite virus, called a virophage, associated with a second strain of Mimivirus, confirmed its unique position within the virus world. Post-genomic studies are now in progress, slowly shedding some light on the physiology of the most complex virus isolated to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Claverie
- Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory, CNRS-UPR 2589, IFR-88, Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 934, FR-13288 Marseille, France.
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Schlegel S, Klepsch M, Gialama D, Wickström D, Slotboom DJ, de Gier JW. Revolutionizing membrane protein overexpression in bacteria. Microb Biotechnol 2009; 3:403-11. [PMID: 21255339 PMCID: PMC3815807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2009.00148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Escherichia coli is the most widely used expression host for overexpression trials of membrane proteins. Usually, different strains, culture conditions and expression regimes are screened for to identify the optimal overexpression strategy. However, yields are often not satisfactory, especially for eukaryotic membrane proteins. This has initiated a revolution of membrane protein overexpression in bacteria. Recent studies have shown that it is feasible to (i) engineer or select for E. coli strains with strongly improved membrane protein overexpression characteristics, (ii) use bacteria other than E. coli for the expression of membrane proteins, (iii) engineer or select for membrane protein variants that retain functionality but express better than the wild‐type protein, and (iv) express membrane proteins using E. coli‐based cell‐free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Schlegel
- Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Dissecting the unique nucleotide specificity of mimivirus nucleoside diphosphate kinase. J Virol 2009; 83:7142-50. [PMID: 19439473 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00511-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of the Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus genome revealed the first virus-encoded nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK), an enzyme that is central to the synthesis of RNA and DNA, ubiquitous in cellular organisms, and well conserved among the three domains of life. In contrast with the broad specificity of cellular NDKs for all types of ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides, the mimivirus enzyme exhibits a strongly preferential affinity for deoxypyrimidines. In order to elucidate the molecular basis of this unique substrate specificity, we determined the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus NDK alone and in complex with various nucleotides. As predicted from a sequence comparison with cellular NDKs, the 3D structure of the mimivirus enzyme exhibits a shorter Kpn loop, previously recognized as a main feature of the NDK active site. The structure of the viral enzyme in complex with various nucleotides also pinpointed two residue changes, both located near the active site and specific to the viral NDK, which could explain its stronger affinity for deoxynucleotides and pyrimidine nucleotides. The role of these residues was explored by building a set of viral NDK variants, assaying their enzymatic activities, and determining their 3D structures in complex with various nucleotides. A total of 26 crystallographic structures were determined at resolutions ranging from 2.8 A to 1.5 A. Our results suggest that the mimivirus enzyme progressively evolved from an ancestral NDK under the constraints of optimizing its efficiency for the replication of an AT-rich (73%) viral genome in a thymidine-limited host environment.
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Velthuis AJWT. Large virus for an even bigger task: can the mimivirus close the gene-therapy vector void? Future Virol 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.09.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy holds exceptional biotechnological and medical potential, but it has not been able to unite efficient delivery with reliability over the years. Dependable genetic elements are often large and do not, quite simply, fit into the present line of efficient vectors or require therapy combinations to carefully regulate genetic constructs. Recently, however, a discovery in virology – the field of study that has produced the most efficient vectors to date – uncovered a virus with a threefold higher coding capacity than any previously described virus and, thus, can be envisioned to stimulate the development of a new line of vectors, which could combine the transfer of large, stable and reliable genetic elements with the efficiency associated with viruses. However, extensive further research is, required in order to probe the potential of this virus and verify the current hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aartjan JW te Velthuis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands and, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
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Byrne D, Grzela R, Lartigue A, Audic S, Chenivesse S, Encinas S, Claverie JM, Abergel C. The polyadenylation site of Mimivirus transcripts obeys a stringent 'hairpin rule'. Genome Res 2009; 19:1233-42. [PMID: 19403753 DOI: 10.1101/gr.091561.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mimivirus, a giant DNA virus infecting Acanthamoeba, is revealing an increasing list of unique features such as a 1.2-Mb genome with numerous genes not found in other viruses, a uniquely conserved promoter signal, and a particle of unmatched complexity using two distinct portals for genome delivery and packaging. Herein, we contribute a further Mimivirus distinctive feature discovered by sequencing a panel of viral cDNAs produced for probing the structure of Mimivirus transcripts. All Mimivirus mRNAs are polyadenylated at a site coinciding exactly with unrelated, but strongly palindromic, genomic sequences. The analysis of 454 Life Sciences (Roche) FLX cDNA tags (150,651) confirmed this finding for all Mimivirus genes independent of their transcription timings and expression levels. The absence of a suitable palindromic signal between adjacent genes results in transcripts encompassing multiple ORFs in the same or even in opposite orientations. Surprisingly, Mimivirus tRNAs are expressed as polyadenylated messengers, including an ORF/tRNA composite mRNA. To our knowledge, both the nature and the stringency of the "hairpin rule" defining the location of polyadenylation sites are unique, raising once more the question of Mimivirus's evolutionary origin. The precise molecular mechanisms implementing the hairpin rule into the 3'-end processing of Mimivirus pre-mRNAs remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Byrne
- Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory, CNRS-UPR 2589, IFR-88, Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 934, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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Ogata H, Claverie JM. Unique genes in giant viruses: regular substitution pattern and anomalously short size. Genome Res 2007; 17:1353-61. [PMID: 17652424 PMCID: PMC1950904 DOI: 10.1101/gr.6358607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Large DNA viruses, including giant mimivirus with a 1.2-Mb genome, exhibit numerous orphan genes possessing no database homologs or genes with homologs solely in close members of the same viral family. Due to their solitary nature, the functions and evolutionary origins of those genes remain obscure. We examined sequence features and evolutionary rates of viral family-specific genes in three nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) lineages. First, we showed that the proportion of family-specific genes does not correlate with sequence divergence rate. Second, position-dependent nucleotide statistics were similar between family-specific genes and the remaining genes in the genome. Third, we showed that the synonymous-to-nonsynonymous substitution ratios in those viruses are at levels comparable to those estimated for vertebrate proteomes. Thus, the vast majority of family-specific genes do not exhibit an accelerated evolutionary rate, and are thus likely to specify functional polypeptides. On the other hand, these family-specific proteins exhibit several distinct properties: (1) they are shorter, (2) they include a larger fraction of predicted transmembrane proteins, and (3) they are enriched in low-complexity sequences. These results suggest that family-specific genes do not correspond to recent horizontal gene transfer. We propose that their characteristic features are the consequences of the specific evolutionary forces shaping the viral gene repertoires in the context of their parasitic lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ogata
- Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory CNRS-UPR 2589, IBSM Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 934 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.
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