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James J, Coelho A, Lahore GF, Hernandez CM, Forster F, Malissen B, Holmdahl R. Redox Regulation of LAT Enhances T Cell-Mediated Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:499. [PMID: 38671946 PMCID: PMC11047684 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The positional cloning of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (Ncf1) gene, advocating that a low oxidative burst drives autoimmune disease, demands an understanding of the underlying molecular causes. A cellular target could be T cells, which have been shown to be regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the pathways by which ROS mediate T cell signaling remain unclear. The adaptor molecule linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is essential for coupling T cell receptor-mediated antigen recognition to downstream responses, and it contains several cysteine residues that have previously been suggested to be involved in redox regulation. To address the possibility that ROS regulate T cell-dependent inflammation through LAT, we established a mouse strain with cysteine-to-serine mutations at positions 120 and 172 (LATSS). We found that redox regulation of LAT through C120 and C172 mediate its localization and phosphorylation. LATSS mice had reduced numbers of double-positive thymocytes and naïve peripheral T cells. Importantly, redox insensitivity of LAT enhanced T cell-dependent autoimmune inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This effect was reversed on an NCF1-mutated (NCF1m1j), ROS-deficient, background. Overall, our data show that LAT is redox-regulated, acts to repress T cell activation, and is targeted by ROS induced by NCF1 in antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime James
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.J.); (A.C.); (G.F.L.); (C.M.H.); (F.F.)
| | - Ana Coelho
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.J.); (A.C.); (G.F.L.); (C.M.H.); (F.F.)
| | - Gonzalo Fernandez Lahore
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.J.); (A.C.); (G.F.L.); (C.M.H.); (F.F.)
| | - Clara M. Hernandez
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.J.); (A.C.); (G.F.L.); (C.M.H.); (F.F.)
| | - Florian Forster
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.J.); (A.C.); (G.F.L.); (C.M.H.); (F.F.)
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d’Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, 13288 Marseille, France;
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.J.); (A.C.); (G.F.L.); (C.M.H.); (F.F.)
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2
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Metabolic regulation and function of T helper cells in neuroinflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:581-598. [PMID: 36068310 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are initiated by pathogenic immune cells invading the central nervous system (CNS). Autoreactive CD4+ T helper cells are critical players that orchestrate the immune response both in MS and in other neuroinflammatory autoimmune diseases including animal models that have been developed for MS. T helper cells are classically categorized into different subsets, but heterogeneity exists within these subsets. Untangling the more complex regulation of these subsets will clarify their functional roles in neuroinflammation. Here, we will discuss how differentiation, immune checkpoint pathways, transcriptional regulation and metabolic factors determine the function of CD4+ T cell subsets in CNS autoimmunity. T cells rely on metabolic reprogramming for their activation and proliferation to meet bioenergetic demands. This includes changes in glycolysis, glutamine metabolism and polyamine metabolism. Importantly, these pathways were recently also implicated in the fine tuning of T cell fate decisions during neuroinflammation. A particular focus of this review will be on the Th17/Treg balance and intra-subset functional states that can either promote or dampen autoimmune responses in the CNS and thus affect disease outcome. An increased understanding of factors that could tip CD4+ T cell subsets and populations towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype will be critical to better understand neuroinflammatory diseases and pave the way for novel treatment paradigms.
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3
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Wang L, Cao Z, Wang Z, Guo J, Wen J. Reactive oxygen species associated immunoregulation post influenza virus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927593. [PMID: 35967412 PMCID: PMC9373727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An appropriate level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is necessary for cell proliferation, signaling transduction, and apoptosis due to their highly reactive character. ROS are generated through multiple metabolic pathways under a fine-tuned control between oxidant and antioxidant signaling. A growing number of evidence has proved their highly relevant role in modulating inflammation during influenza virus infection. As a network of biological process for protecting organism from invasion of pathogens, immune system can react and fight back through either innate immune system or adaptive immune system, or both. Herein, we provide a review about the mechanisms of ROS generation when encounter influenza virus infection, and how the imbalanced level of ROS influences the replication of virus. We also summarize the pathways used by both the innate and adaptive immune system to sense and attack the invaded virus and abnormal levels of ROS. We further review the limitation of current strategies and discuss the direction of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States,UCLA Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Institute, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zheng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jimin Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States,UCLA Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Institute, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States,UCLA Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Institute, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Jing Wen,
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4
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P2 Receptors: Novel Disease Markers and Metabolic Checkpoints in Immune Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070983. [PMID: 35883539 PMCID: PMC9313346 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) and P2 receptors are novel emerging regulators of T-lymphocyte responses. Cellular ATP is released via multiple pathways and accumulates at sites of tissue damage and inflammation. P2 receptor expression and function are affected by numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with diverse disease conditions. Stimulation by released nucleotides (purinergic signalling) modulates several T-lymphocyte functions, among which energy metabolism. Energy metabolism, whether oxidative or glycolytic, in turn deeply affects T-cell activation, differentiation and effector responses. Specific P2R subtypes, among which the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), are either up- or down-regulated during T-cell activation and differentiation; thus, they can be considered indexes of activation/quiescence, reporters of T-cell metabolic status and, in principle, markers of immune-mediated disease conditions.
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5
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Brassington K, Chan S, De Luca S, Dobric A, Almerdasi S, Mou K, Seow H, Oseghale O, Bozinovski S, Selemidis S, Vlahos R. Ebselen abolishes vascular dysfunction in influenza A virus-induced exacerbations of cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:537-555. [PMID: 35343564 PMCID: PMC9069468 DOI: 10.1042/cs20211090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are susceptible to respiratory infections which exacerbate pulmonary and/or cardiovascular complications, increasing their likelihood of death. The mechanisms driving these complications remain unknown but increased oxidative stress has been implicated. Here we investigated whether influenza A virus (IAV) infection, following chronic cigarette smoke (CS) exposure, worsens vascular function and if so, whether the antioxidant ebselen alleviates this vascular dysfunction. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to either room air or CS for 8 weeks followed by inoculation with IAV (Mem71, 1 × 104.5 pfu). Mice were treated with ebselen (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (5% w/v CM-cellulose in water) daily. Mice were culled 3- and 10-days post-infection, and their lungs lavaged to assess inflammation. The thoracic aorta was excised to investigate endothelial and smooth muscle dilator responses, expression of key vasodilatory and oxidative stress modulators, infiltrating immune cells and vascular remodelling. CS increased lung inflammation and caused significant vascular endothelial dysfunction, which was worsened by IAV infection. CS-driven increases in vascular oxidative stress, aortic wall remodelling and suppression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were not affected by IAV infection. CS and IAV infection significantly enhanced T cell recruitment into the aortic wall. Ebselen abolished the exaggerated lung inflammation, vascular dysfunction and increased T cell infiltration in CS and IAV-infected mice. Our findings showed that ebselen treatment abolished vascular dysfunction in IAV-induced exacerbations of CS-induced lung inflammation indicating it may have potential for the treatment of cardiovascular comorbidities seen in acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Brassington
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Stanley M.H. Chan
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Simone N. De Luca
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Aleksandar Dobric
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Suleman A. Almerdasi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Kevin Mou
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Huei Jiunn Seow
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Osezua Oseghale
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
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6
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Huang Y, Si X, Shao M, Teng X, Xiao G, Huang H. Rewiring mitochondrial metabolism to counteract exhaustion of CAR-T cells. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:38. [PMID: 35346311 PMCID: PMC8960222 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short persistence and early exhaustion of T cells are major limits to the efficacy and broad application of immunotherapy. Exhausted T and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells upregulate expression of genes associated with terminated T cell differentiation, aerobic glycolysis and apoptosis. Among cell exhaustion characteristics, impaired mitochondrial function and dynamics are considered hallmarks. Here, we review the mitochondrial characteristics of exhausted T cells and particularly discuss different aspects of mitochondrial metabolism and plasticity. Furthermore, we propose a novel strategy of rewiring mitochondrial metabolism to emancipate T cells from exhaustion and of targeting mitochondrial plasticity to boost CAR-T cell therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Si
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mi Shao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Teng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China. .,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China.
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7
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Zoccarato A, Nabeebaccus AA, Oexner RR, Santos CXC, Shah AM. The nexus between redox state and intermediary metabolism. FEBS J 2021; 289:5440-5462. [PMID: 34496138 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not just a by-product of cellular metabolic processes but act as signalling molecules that regulate both physiological and pathophysiological processes. A close connection exists in cells between redox homeostasis and cellular metabolism. In this review, we describe how intracellular redox state and glycolytic intermediary metabolism are closely coupled. On the one hand, ROS signalling can control glycolytic intermediary metabolism by direct regulation of the activity of key metabolic enzymes and indirect regulation via redox-sensitive transcription factors. On the other hand, metabolic adaptation and reprogramming in response to physiological or pathological stimuli regulate intracellular redox balance, through mechanisms such as the generation of reducing equivalents. We also discuss the impact of these intermediary metabolism-redox circuits in physiological and disease settings across different tissues. A better understanding of the mechanisms regulating these intermediary metabolism-redox circuits will be crucial to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zoccarato
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Adam A Nabeebaccus
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Rafael R Oexner
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Celio X C Santos
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Ajay M Shah
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK
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8
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Abstract
The cytosolic selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1, TXNRD1), and to some extent mitochondrial TrxR2 (TXNRD2), can be inhibited by a wide range of electrophilic compounds. Many such compounds also yield cytotoxicity toward cancer cells in culture or in mouse models, and most compounds are likely to irreversibly modify the easily accessible selenocysteine residue in TrxR1, thereby inhibiting its normal activity to reduce cytosolic thioredoxin (Trx1, TXN) and other substrates of the enzyme. This leads to an oxidative challenge. In some cases, the inhibited forms of TrxR1 are not catalytically inert and are instead converted to prooxidant NADPH oxidases, named SecTRAPs, thus further aggravating the oxidative stress, particularly in cells expressing higher levels of the enzyme. In this review, the possible molecular and cellular consequences of these effects are discussed in relation to cancer therapy, with a focus on outstanding questions that should be addressed if targeted TrxR1 inhibition is to be further developed for therapeutic use. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosveta Gencheva
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; .,Department of Selenoprotein Research, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest 1122, Hungary
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9
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Abstract
Recent evidence supports the notion that mitochondrial metabolism is necessary for T cell activation, proliferation, and function. Mitochondrial metabolism supports T cell anabolism by providing key metabolites for macromolecule synthesis and generating metabolites for T cell function. In this review, we focus on how mitochondrial metabolism controls conventional and regulatory T cell fates and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Steinert
- Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA;
| | - Karthik Vasan
- Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA;
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA;
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10
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Tauffenberger A, Magistretti PJ. Reactive Oxygen Species: Beyond Their Reactive Behavior. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:77-87. [PMID: 33439432 PMCID: PMC7829243 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis plays a critical role in how an organism will develop and age. Disruption of this fragile equilibrium is often associated with health degradation and ultimately, death. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been closely associated with health decline and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. ROS were first identified as by-products of the cellular activity, mainly mitochondrial respiration, and their high reactivity is linked to a disruption of macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA. More recent research suggests more complex function of ROS, reaching far beyond the cellular dysfunction. ROS are active actors in most of the signaling cascades involved in cell development, proliferation and survival, constituting important second messengers. In the brain, their impact on neurons and astrocytes has been associated with synaptic plasticity and neuron survival. This review provides an overview of ROS function in cell signaling in the context of aging and degeneration in the brain and guarding the fragile balance between health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Tauffenberger
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Abstract
Metabolic pathways and redox reactions are at the core of life. In the past decade(s), numerous discoveries have shed light on how metabolic pathways determine the cellular fate and function of lymphoid and myeloid cells, giving rise to an area of research referred to as immunometabolism. Upon activation, however, immune cells not only engage specific metabolic pathways but also rearrange their oxidation-reduction (redox) system, which in turn supports metabolic reprogramming. In fact, studies addressing the redox metabolism of immune cells are an emerging field in immunology. Here, we summarize recent insights revealing the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the differential requirement of the main cellular antioxidant pathways, including the components of the thioredoxin (TRX) and glutathione (GSH) pathways, as well as their transcriptional regulator NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), for proliferation, survival and function of T cells, B cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Muri
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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12
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Masuelli L, Benvenuto M, Focaccetti C, Ciuffa S, Fazi S, Bei A, Miele MT, Piredda L, Manzari V, Modesti A, Bei R. Targeting the tumor immune microenvironment with "nutraceuticals": From bench to clinical trials. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107700. [PMID: 33045254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of immune effector cells in the tissue microenvironment during neoplastic progression is critical in determining tumor growth outcomes. On the other hand, tumors may also avoid immune system-mediated elimination by recruiting immunosuppressive leukocytes and soluble factors, which coordinate a tumor microenvironment that counteracts the efficiency of the antitumor immune response. Checkpoint inhibitor therapy results have indicated a way forward via activation of the immune system against cancer. Widespread evidence has shown that different compounds in foods, when administered as purified substances, can act as immunomodulators in humans and animals. Although there is no universally accepted definition of nutraceuticals, the term identifies a wide category of natural compounds that may impact health and disease statuses and includes purified substances from natural sources, plant extracts, dietary supplements, vitamins, phytonutrients, and various products with combinations of functional ingredients. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of nutraceuticals with a special focus on the cancer microenvironment, highlighting the conceptual benefits or drawbacks and subtle cell-specific effects of nutraceuticals for envisioning future therapies employing nutraceuticals as chemoadjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Benvenuto
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, via di Sant'Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Focaccetti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; Department of Human Science and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University Rome, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Ciuffa
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Fazi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Bei
- Medical School, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Martino Tony Miele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Piredda
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Manzari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Modesti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; CIMER, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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13
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Abstract
T cells are an essential component of the immune system that provide antigen-specific acute and long lasting immune responses to infections and tumors, ascertain the maintenance of immunological tolerance and, on the flipside, mediate autoimmunity in a variety of diseases. The activation of T cells through antigen recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) results in transient and sustained Ca2+ signals that are shaped by the opening of Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane and cellular organelles. The dynamic regulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations controls a variety of T cell functions on the timescale of seconds to days after signal initiation. Among the more recently identified roles of Ca2+ signaling in T cells is the regulation of metabolic pathways that control the function of many T cell subsets. In this review, we discuss how Ca2+ regulates several metabolic programs in T cells such as the activation of AMPK and the PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 pathway, aerobic glycolysis, mitochondrial metabolism including tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle function and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), as well as lipid metabolism.
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14
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Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapies aiming to enhance T cell responses have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. However, although a small fraction of patients develops durable anti-tumor responses, the majority of patients display only transient responses, underlying the need for finding auxiliary approaches. Tumor microenvironment poses a major metabolic barrier to efficient anti-tumor T cell activity. As it is now well accepted that metabolism regulates T cell fate and function, harnessing metabolism may be a new strategy to potentiate T cell-based immunotherapies.
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15
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Geltink RIK, Kyle RL, Pearce EL. Unraveling the Complex Interplay Between T Cell Metabolism and Function. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 36:461-488. [PMID: 29677474 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism drives function, on both an organismal and a cellular level. In T cell biology, metabolic remodeling is intrinsically linked to cellular development, activation, function, differentiation, and survival. After naive T cells are activated, increased demands for metabolic currency in the form of ATP, as well as biomass for cell growth, proliferation, and the production of effector molecules, are met by rewiring cellular metabolism. Consequently, pharmacological strategies are being developed to perturb or enhance selective metabolic processes that are skewed in immune-related pathologies. Here we review the most recent advances describing the metabolic changes that occur during the T cell lifecycle. We discuss how T cell metabolism can have profound effects on health and disease and where it might be a promising target to treat a variety of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon I Klein Geltink
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany;
| | - Ryan L Kyle
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany;
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany;
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16
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Zou Z, Chang H, Li H, Wang S. Induction of reactive oxygen species: an emerging approach for cancer therapy. Apoptosis 2018; 22:1321-1335. [PMID: 28936716 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a group of ions and molecules, include hydroxyl radicals (·OH), alkoxyl radicals, superoxide anion (O2·-), singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Hydroxyl radicals and alkoxyl radicals are extremely and highly reactive species respectively. Endogenous ROS are mainly formed in mitochondrial respiratory chain. Low levels of ROS play important roles in regulating biological functions in mammalian cells. However, excess production of ROS can induce cell death by oxidative damaging effects to intracellular biomacromolecules. Cancer cell death types induced by ROS include apoptotic, autophagic, ferroptotic and necrotic cell death. Since abnormal metabolism in cancer cells, they have higher ROS content compared to normal cells. The higher endogenous ROS levels in cancer cells endow them more susceptible to the ROS-induction treatment. Indeed, some anticancer drugs currently used in clinic, such as molecular targeted drugs and chemotherapeutic agents, effectively kill cancer cells by inducing ROS generation. In addition, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is mainly based on induction of ROS burst to kill cancer cells. The mechanism of cell death induced by radiotherapy using ionizing radiation also refers to ROS production. Moreover, ROS play an important role in tumor immune therapy. Altogether, combining above traditional treatments with ROS-induced agents will be considered as a promising strategy in cancer therapy. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of the anticancer effects of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhi Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China. .,Joint Laboratory of Laser Oncology with Cancer Center of Sun Yat-sen University, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Haocai Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haolong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songmao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Franchina DG, Dostert C, Brenner D. Reactive Oxygen Species: Involvement in T Cell Signaling and Metabolism. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:489-502. [PMID: 29452982 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T cells are a central component of defenses against pathogens and tumors. Their effector functions are sustained by specific metabolic changes that occur upon activation, and these have been the focus of renewed interest. Energy production inevitably generates unwanted products, namely reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have long been known to trigger cell death. However, there is now evidence that ROS also act as intracellular signaling molecules both in steady-state and upon antigen recognition. The levels and localization of ROS contribute to the redox modeling of effector proteins and transcription factors, influencing the outcome of the T cell response. We discuss here how ROS can directly fine-tune metabolism and effector functions of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide G Franchina
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Catherine Dostert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dirk Brenner
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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18
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate redox signaling necessary for numerous cellular functions. Yet, high levels of ROS in cells and tissues can cause damage and cell death. Therefore, regulation of redox homeostasis is essential for ROS-dependent signaling that does not incur cellular damage. Cells achieve this optimal balance by coordinating ROS production and elimination. In this Minireview, we discuss the mechanisms by which proliferating cancer and T cells maintain a carefully controlled redox balance. Greater insight into such redox biology may enable precisely targeted manipulation of ROS for effective medical therapies against cancer or immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Kong
- From the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- From the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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19
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Li Z, Xu X, Leng X, He M, Wang J, Cheng S, Wu H. Roles of reactive oxygen species in cell signaling pathways and immune responses to viral infections. Arch Virol 2016; 162:603-610. [PMID: 27848013 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several biological processes as well as infectious agents, physiological or environmental stress, and perturbed antioxidant response can promote oxidative stress. Oxidative stress usually happens when cells are exposed to more electrically charged reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2 or O2-. ROS are well known for being both beneficial and deleterious. Recent studies have indicated that ROS are deleterious to cells, leading to programmed cell death (PCD) at high concentrations. At low concentrations, however, ROS can act as signaling molecules in a variety of cellular processes. In this review, we present an update of our current understanding of the role and regulation of reactive oxygen species in various viral infections, cellular signaling pathways and immune responses. We then discuss how the antioxidant defense system acts as an antiviral effector to limit cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Juye Street 4899, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
- Sinovet (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaituo Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaoqin Xu
- Jiangyan Animal Health Inspection Institute, Jiangguan Road 251, Taizhou, 225529, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Leng
- Level 2 Laboratory of Medical Animal of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Minghui He
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Juye Street 4899, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Jiangke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Juye Street 4899, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Juye Street 4899, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Sinovet (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaituo Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China.
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20
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Diebold L, Chandel NS. Mitochondrial ROS regulation of proliferating cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:86-93. [PMID: 27154978 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Once thought of exclusively as damaging molecules, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are becoming increasingly appreciated for the role they play in cellular signaling through redox biology. Notably, mitochondria are a major source of ROS within a cell (mROS). Mounting evidence now clearly shows that mROS are critical for intracellular redox signaling by which they contribute to a plethora of cellular processes such as proliferation. mROS are essential for physiological cell proliferation, particularly by the regulation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) under hypoxia. mROS are also vital mediators of growth factor signaling cascades such as angiotensin II (Ang II) and T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Pathological proliferative diseases such as cancer utilize mROS to their advantage, aberrantly activating growth factor signaling cascades and perpetuating angiogenesis under hypoxia. This review discusses how mROS positively regulate mitogenic cellular signaling through redox biology, which is critical for both physiological and pathological proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Diebold
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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21
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McIver ZA, Grayson JM, Coe BN, Hill JE, Schamerhorn GA, Ohulchanskyy TY, Linder MK, Davies KS, Weiner RS, Detty MR. Targeting T Cell Bioenergetics by Modulating P-Glycoprotein Selectively Depletes Alloreactive T Cells To Prevent Graft-versus-Host Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1631-41. [PMID: 27456485 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes play a central role in many human immunologic disorders, including autoimmune and alloimmune diseases. In hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, acute graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) is caused by an attack on the recipient's tissues from donor allogeneic T cells. Selectively depleting GVHD-causing cells prior to transplant may prevent GVHD. In this study, we evaluated 24 chalcogenorhodamine photosensitizers for their ability to selectively deplete reactive T lymphocytes and identified the photosensitizer 2-Se-Cl, which accumulates in stimulated T cells in proportion to oxidative phosphorylation. The photosensitizer is also a potent stimulator of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Enhanced P-gp activity promotes the efficient removal of photosensitizer not sequestered in mitochondria and protects resting lymphocytes that are essential for antipathogen and antitumor responses. To evaluate the selective depletion of alloimmune responses, donor C57BL/6 splenocytes were cocultured for 5 d with irradiated BALB/c splenocytes and then photodepleted (PD). PD-treated splenocytes were infused into lethally irradiated BALB/c (same-party) or C3H/HeJ (third-party) mice. Same-party mice that received PD-treated splenocytes at the time of transplant lived 100 d without evidence of GVHD. In contrast, all mice that received untreated primed splenocytes and third-party mice that received PD-treated splenocytes died of lethal GVHD. To evaluate the preservation of antiviral immune responses, acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection was used. After photodepletion, expansion of Ag-specific naive CD8(+) T cells and viral clearance remained fully intact. The high selectivity of this novel photosensitizer may have broad applications and provide alternative treatment options for patients with T lymphocyte-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah A McIver
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157;
| | - Jason M Grayson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Benjamin N Coe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Jacqueline E Hill
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | | | - Tymish Y Ohulchanskyy
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260; and
| | - Michelle K Linder
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Kellie S Davies
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Roy S Weiner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Michael R Detty
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260; Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260; and
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22
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Langston PK, Yang M, Bierbach U, Parsonage D, Poole LB, Price MJ, Grayson JM. Au-ACRAMTU-PEt3 Alters Redox Balance To Inhibit T Cell Proliferation and Function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:1984-94. [PMID: 26209624 PMCID: PMC4854305 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although T cells play a critical role in protection from viruses, bacteria, and tumors, they also cause autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Unwanted T cell responses during organ transplant, graft-versus-host disease, and allergies are also major clinical problems. Although drugs are available to suppress unwanted immune responses, they have limited efficacy with serious side effects. Thus, new therapeutics limiting T cell activation, proliferation, and function can make an immediate clinical impact. To identify new suppressors of lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and function, we examined the immunosuppressive activity of gold(I) analogs of platinum-acridine antitumor agents. We found that the gold complex Au-ACRAMTU-PEt3 is a potent suppressor of murine and human T cell activation. Preincubation with Au-ACRAMTU-PEt3 suppresses the proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells at a similar concentration as pharmaceutical grade cyclosporine A. Au-ACRAMTU-PEt3 pretreatment decreases the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-17 by human and murine CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. When mice were treated with Au-ACRAMTU-PEt3 during viral infection, the expansion of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells was decreased 10-fold and viral load was elevated. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Au-ACRAMTU-PEt3 has potent immunosuppressive activity that could be used to suppress immune responses during transplantation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kent Langston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Mu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109; and
| | - Ulrich Bierbach
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109; and
| | - Derek Parsonage
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Madeline J Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Jason M Grayson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101;
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23
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Mahmoudi M, Zamani Taghizadeh Rabe S, Balali-Mood M, Karimi G, Memar B, Rahnama M, Tabasi N, Khazaee M, Riahi-Zanjani B. Immunotoxicity induced in mice by subacute exposure to berberine. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:255-62. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1058306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine,
| | | | | | | | - Bahram Memar
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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24
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Okoye I, Wang L, Pallmer K, Richter K, Ichimura T, Haas R, Crouse J, Choi O, Heathcote D, Lovo E, Mauro C, Abdi R, Oxenius A, Rutschmann S, Ashton-Rickardt PG. RETRACTED: T cell metabolism. The protein LEM promotes CD8⁺ T cell immunity through effects on mitochondrial respiration. Science 2015; 348:995-1001. [PMID: 25883318 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa7516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protective CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunity requires a massive expansion in cell number and the development of long-lived memory cells. Using forward genetics in mice, we identified an orphan protein named lymphocyte expansion molecule (LEM) that promoted antigen-dependent CD8(+) T cell proliferation, effector function, and memory cell generation in response to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Generation of LEM-deficient mice confirmed these results. Through interaction with CR6 interacting factor (CRIF1), LEM controlled the levels of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and respiration, resulting in the production of pro-proliferative mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS). LEM provides a link between immune activation and the expansion of protective CD8(+) T cells driven by OXPHOS and represents a pathway for the restoration of long-term protective immunity based on metabolically modified cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Okoye
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lihui Wang
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Richter
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takahuru Ichimura
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Robert Haas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Josh Crouse
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Onjee Choi
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dean Heathcote
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elena Lovo
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Claudio Mauro
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Rutschmann
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Philip G Ashton-Rickardt
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK. Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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25
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Tkachev V, Goodell S, Opipari AW, Hao LY, Franchi L, Glick GD, Ferrara JLM, Byersdorfer CA. Programmed death-1 controls T cell survival by regulating oxidative metabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5789-800. [PMID: 25972478 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coinhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) maintains immune homeostasis by negatively regulating T cell function and survival. Blockade of PD-1 increases the severity of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but the interplay between PD-1 inhibition and T cell metabolism is not well studied. We found that both murine and human alloreactive T cells concomitantly upregulated PD-1 expression and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. This PD-1(Hi)ROS(Hi) phenotype was specific to alloreactive T cells and was not observed in syngeneic T cells during homeostatic proliferation. Blockade of PD-1 signaling decreased both mitochondrial H2O2 and total cellular ROS levels, and PD-1-driven increases in ROS were dependent upon the oxidation of fatty acids, because treatment with etomoxir nullified changes in ROS levels following PD-1 blockade. Downstream of PD-1, elevated ROS levels impaired T cell survival in a process reversed by antioxidants. Furthermore, PD-1-driven changes in ROS were fundamental to establishing a cell's susceptibility to subsequent metabolic inhibition, because blockade of PD-1 decreased the efficacy of later F1F0-ATP synthase modulation. These data indicate that PD-1 facilitates apoptosis in alloreactive T cells by increasing ROS in a process dependent upon the oxidation of fat. In addition, blockade of PD-1 undermines the potential for subsequent metabolic inhibition, an important consideration given the increasing use of anti-PD-1 therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tkachev
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Stefanie Goodell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Anthony W Opipari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | | | - Gary D Glick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - James L M Ferrara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Craig A Byersdorfer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
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26
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Abstract
Oxidative stress refers to elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause damage to lipids, proteins and DNA. Oxidative stress has been linked to a myriad of pathologies. However, elevated ROS also act as signaling molecules in the maintenance of physiological functions--a process termed redox biology. In this review we discuss the two faces of ROS--redox biology and oxidative stress--and their contribution to both physiological and pathological conditions. Redox biology involves a small increase in ROS levels that activates signaling pathways to initiate biological processes, while oxidative stress denotes high levels of ROS that result in damage to DNA, protein or lipids. Thus, the response to ROS displays hormesis, given that the opposite effect is observed at low levels compared with that seen at high levels. Here, we argue that redox biology, rather than oxidative stress, underlies physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schieber
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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27
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Gammaherpesvirus latency differentially impacts the generation of primary versus secondary memory CD8+ T cells during subsequent infection. J Virol 2014; 88:12740-51. [PMID: 25142586 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02106-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Unlike laboratory animals, humans are infected with multiple pathogens, including the highly prevalent herpesviruses. The purpose of these studies was to determine the effect of gammaherpesvirus latency on T cell number and differentiation during subsequent heterologous viral infections. Mice were first infected with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a model of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and then after latency was established, they were challenged with the Armstrong strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The initial replication of LCMV was lower in latently infected mice, and the maturation of dendritic cells was abated. Although the number of LCMV-specific effector CD8(+) T cells was not altered, they were skewed to a memory phenotype. In contrast, LCMV-specific effector CD4(+) T cells were increased in latently infected mice compared to those in mice infected solely with LCMV. When the memory phase was reached, latently infected mice had an LCMV-specific memory T cell pool that was increased relative to that found in singly infected mice. Importantly, LCMV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells had decreased CD27 and increased killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) expression. Upon secondary challenge, LCMV-specific secondary effector CD8(+) T cells expanded and cleared the infection. However, the LCMV-specific secondary memory CD8(+) T cell pool was decreased in latently infected animals, abrogating the boosting effect normally observed following rechallenge. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ongoing gammaherpesvirus latency affects the number and phenotype of primary versus secondary memory CD8(+) T cells during acute infection. IMPORTANCE CD8(+) T cells are critical for the clearance of intracellular pathogens, including viruses, certain bacteria, and tumors. However, current models for memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation are derived from pathogen-free laboratory mice challenged with a single pathogen or vaccine vector. Unlike laboratory animals, all humans are infected with multiple acute and chronic pathogens, including the highly prevalent herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex viruses (HSV), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The purpose of these studies was to determine the effect of gammaherpesvirus latency on T cell number and differentiation during subsequent heterologous viral infections. We observed that ongoing gammaherpesvirus latency affects the number and phenotype of primary versus secondary memory CD8(+) T cells during acute infection. These results suggest that unlike pathogen-free laboratory mice, infection or immunization of latently infected humans may result in the generation of T cells with limited potential for long-term protection.
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28
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Isaguliants M, Smirnova O, Ivanov AV, Kilpelainen A, Kuzmenko Y, Petkov S, Latanova A, Krotova O, Engström G, Karpov V, Kochetkov S, Wahren B, Starodubova E. Oxidative stress induced by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase modulates the enzyme's performance in gene immunization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2111-9. [PMID: 23881028 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV-1 infection induces chronic oxidative stress. The resultant neurotoxicity has been associated with Tat protein. Here, we for the first time describe the induction of oxidative stress by another HIV-1 protein, reverse transcriptase (RT). Expression of HIV-1 RT in human embryonic kidney cells generated potent production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), detected by the fluorescence-based probes. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that expression of RT in HEK293 cells induced a 10- to 15-fold increased transcription of the phase II detoxifying enzymes human NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), indicating the induction of oxidative stress response. The capacity to induce oxidative stress and stress response appeared to be an intrinsic property of a vast variety of RTs: enzymatically active and inactivated, bearing mutations of drug resistance, following different routes of processing and presentation, expressed from viral or synthetic expression-optimized genes. The total ROS production induced by RT genes of the viral origin was found to be lower than that induced by the synthetic/expression-optimized or chimeric RT genes. However, the viral RT genes induced higher levels of ROS production and higher levels of HO-1 mRNA than the synthetic genes per unit of protein in the expressing cell. The capacity of RT genes to induce the oxidative stress and stress response was then correlated with their immunogenic performance. For this, RT genes were administered into BALB/c mice by intradermal injections followed by electroporation. Splenocytes of immunized mice were stimulated with the RT-derived and control antigens and antigen-specific proliferation was assessed by IFN-γ/IL-2 Fluorospot. RT variants generating high total ROS levels induced significantly stronger IFN-γ responses than the variants inducing lower total ROS, while high levels of ROS normalized per unit of protein in expressing cell were associated with a weak IFN-γ response. Poor gene immunogenicity was also associated with a high (per unit of protein) transcription of antioxidant response element (ARE) dependent phase II detoxifying enzyme genes, specifically HO-1. Thus, we have revealed a direct link between the propensity of the microbial proteins to induce oxidative stress and their immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isaguliants
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden; DI Ivanovsky Institute of Virology; Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Athina Kilpelainen
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yulia Kuzmenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Stefan Petkov
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Latanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Krotova
- DI Ivanovsky Institute of Virology; Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Gunnel Engström
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vadim Karpov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Britta Wahren
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizaveta Starodubova
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
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Kesarwani P, Murali AK, Al-Khami AA, Mehrotra S. Redox regulation of T-cell function: from molecular mechanisms to significance in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1497-534. [PMID: 22938635 PMCID: PMC3603502 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to have effects on T-cell function and proliferation. Low concentrations of ROS in T cells are a prerequisite for cell survival, and increased ROS accumulation can lead to apoptosis/necrosis. The cellular redox state of a T cell can also affect T-cell receptor signaling, skewing the immune response. Various T-cell subsets have different redox statuses, and this differential ROS susceptibility could modulate the outcome of an immune response in various disease states. Recent advances in T-cell redox signaling reveal that ROS modulate signaling cascades such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and JAK/STAT pathways. Also, tumor microenvironments, chronic T-cell stimulation leading to replicative senescence, gender, and age affect T-cell susceptibility to ROS, thereby contributing to diverse immune outcomes. Antioxidants such as glutathione, thioredoxin, superoxide dismutase, and catalase balance cellular oxidative stress. T-cell redox states are also regulated by expression of various vitamins and dietary compounds. Changes in T-cell redox regulation may affect the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Many strategies to control oxidative stress have been employed for various diseases, including the use of active antioxidants from dietary products and pharmacologic or genetic engineering of antioxidant genes in T cells. Here, we discuss the existence of a complex web of molecules/factors that exogenously or endogenously affect oxidants, and we relate these molecules to potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kesarwani
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Sena LA, Chandel NS. Physiological roles of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Mol Cell 2013; 48:158-67. [PMID: 23102266 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1801] [Impact Index Per Article: 163.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Historically, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) were thought to exclusively cause cellular damage and lack a physiological function. Accumulation of ROS and oxidative damage have been linked to multiple pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cancer, and premature aging. Thus, mROS were originally envisioned as a necessary evil of oxidative metabolism, a product of an imperfect system. Yet few biological systems possess such flagrant imperfections, thanks to the persistent optimization of evolution, and it appears that oxidative metabolism is no different. More and more evidence suggests that mROS are critical for healthy cell function. In this Review, we discuss this evidence following some background on the generation and regulation of mROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Sena
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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31
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Sena LA, Li S, Jairaman A, Prakriya M, Ezponda T, Hildeman DA, Wang CR, Schumacker PT, Licht JD, Perlman H, Bryce PJ, Chandel NS. Mitochondria are required for antigen-specific T cell activation through reactive oxygen species signaling. Immunity 2013; 38:225-36. [PMID: 23415911 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 881] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is widely appreciated that T cells increase glycolytic flux during activation, but the role of mitochondrial flux is unclear. Here, we have shown that mitochondrial metabolism in the absence of glucose metabolism is sufficient to support interleukin-2 (IL-2) induction. Furthermore, we used mice with reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) production in T cells (T-Uqcrfs(-/-) mice) to show that mitochondria are required for T cell activation to produce mROS for activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and subsequent IL-2 induction. These mice could not induce antigen-specific expansion of T cells in vivo, but Uqcrfs1(-/-) T cells retained the ability to proliferate in vivo under lymphopenic conditions. This suggests that Uqcrfs1(-/-) T cells were not lacking bioenergetically but rather lacked specific ROS-dependent signaling events needed for antigen-specific expansion. Thus, mitochondrial metabolism is a critical component of T cell activation through the production of complex III ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Sena
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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32
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Antioxidant treatment regulates the humoral immune response during acute viral infection. J Virol 2012; 87:2577-86. [PMID: 23255789 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02714-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) following antigen receptor ligation is critical to promote cellular responses. However, the effect of antioxidant treatment on humoral immunity during a viral infection was unknown. Mice were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and treated with Mn(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin chloride (MnTBAP), a superoxide dismutase mimetic, from days 0 to 8 postinfection. On day 8, at the peak of the splenic response in vehicle-treated mice, virus-specific IgM and IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASC) were decreased 22- and 457-fold in MnTBAP-treated animals. By day 38, LCMV-specific IgG ASC were decreased 5-fold in the bone marrow of drug-treated mice, and virus-specific antibodies were of lower affinity. Interestingly, antioxidant treatment had no effect on the number of LCMV-specific IgG memory B cells. In addition to decreases in ASC, MnTBAP treatment decreased the number of functional virus-specific CD4(+) T cells. The decreased numbers of ASC observed on day 8 in drug-treated mice were due to a combination of Bim-mediated cell death and decreased proliferation. Together, these data demonstrate that ROI regulate antiviral ASC expansion and have important implications for understanding the effects of antioxidants on humoral immunity during infection and immunization.
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Crump KE, Juneau DG, Poole LB, Haas KM, Grayson JM. The reversible formation of cysteine sulfenic acid promotes B-cell activation and proliferation. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2152-64. [PMID: 22674013 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR) ligation generates reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) that play a role in cellular responses. Although ROIs can oxidize all macromolecules, it was unclear which modifications control B-cell responses. In this study, we demonstrate the importance of the first oxidation product of cysteine, sulfenic acid, and its reversible formation in B-cell activation. Upon BCR crosslinking, B cells increase ROI levels with maximal production occurring within 15 min. Increased ROIs preceded elevated cysteine sulfenic acid, which localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Analysis of individual proteins revealed that the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) SHP-1, SHP-2, and PTEN, as well as actin, were modified to sulfenic acid following BCR ligation. Additionally, we used 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone), a compound that covalently reacts with sulfenic acid to prevent its further oxidation or reduction, to determine the role of reversible cysteine sulfenic acid formation in regulating B-cell responses. Dimedone incubation resulted in a concentration-dependent block in anti-IgM-induced cell division, accompanied by a failure to induce capacitative calcium entry (CCE), and maintain tyrosine phosphorylation. These studies illustrate that reversible cysteine sulfenic acid formation is a mechanism by which B cells modulate pathways critical for activation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Crump
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) generated in response to receptor stimulation play an important role in cellular responses. However, the effect of increased H(2)O(2) on an antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell response was unknown. Following T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, the expression and oxidation of peroxiredoxin II (PrdxII), a critical antioxidant enzyme, increased in CD8(+) T cells. Deletion of PrdxII increased ROI, S phase entry, division, and death during in vitro division. During primary acute viral and bacterial infection, the number of effector CD8(+) T cells in PrdxII-deficient mice was increased, while the number of memory cells were similar to those of the wild-type cells. Adoptive transfer of P14 TCR transgenic cells demonstrated that the increased expansion of effector cells was T cell autonomous. After rechallenge, effector CD8(+) T cells in mutant animals were more skewed to memory phenotype than cells from wild-type mice, resulting in a larger secondary memory CD8(+) T cell pool. During chronic viral infection, increased antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells accumulated in the spleens of PrdxII mutant mice, causing mortality. These results demonstrate that PrdxII controls effector CD8(+) T cell expansion, secondary memory generation, and immunopathology.
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Thayer TC, Delano M, Liu C, Chen J, Padgett LE, Tse HM, Annamali M, Piganelli JD, Moldawer LL, Mathews CE. Superoxide production by macrophages and T cells is critical for the induction of autoreactivity and type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2011; 60:2144-51. [PMID: 21715554 PMCID: PMC3142064 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their dissipation in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis have garnered considerable controversy. Our recent work has demonstrated the importance of NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity for type 1 diabetes development and modulating T-cell autoreactivity. We previously linked decreased monocyte ROS with diabetes resistance in the alloxan-resistant mouse, and NOD-Ncf1(m1J) mice with a genetic ablation of NOX activity had reduced and delayed type 1 diabetes compared with NOD mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To determine the required cellular sources of ROS that are necessary for type 1 diabetes initiation, we used antibody depletion and adoptive transfer experiments into NOD and NOD-Scid females, respectively. After receiving treatment, female mice were monitored for hyperglycemia and overt diabetes. RESULTS Depletion of macrophages and neutrophils fully protected NOD mice from type 1 diabetes. However, elimination of neutrophils alone showed no significant reduction or delay. Type 1 diabetes induction in NOD-Scid mice by adoptive transfer with NOD-Ncf1(m1J) splenocytes was significantly delayed compared with NOD splenocytes, suggesting macrophage ROS and modulation of effector responses are critical for diabetes. The adaptive immune response was also altered by the absence of NOX activity, as purified T cells from NOD-Ncf1(m1J) mice exhibited delayed transfer kinetics. Cotransfer experiments demonstrated the defect was intrinsic to NOX-deficient CD8(+) T cells. After stimulation, cytotoxic T cells exhibited decreased effector function in the absence of superoxide production. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the impaired autoreactive response of NOX-deficient NOD-Ncf1(m1J) immune system results from an alteration in the antigen-presenting cell-T-cell axis rather than failure of neutrophils to act as effector cells and that ROS signaling is important for the initiation of β-cell-directed autoimmunity by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri C. Thayer
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Delano
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lindsey E. Padgett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama–Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hubert M. Tse
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama–Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mani Annamali
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jon D. Piganelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lyle L. Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
- Corresponding author: Clayton E. Mathews,
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Abstract
The interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts is regulated by reciprocal survival strategies, including competition for essential nutrients. Though paradoxical, mammalian hosts have learned to take advantage of amino acid catabolism for controlling pathogen invasion and, at the same time, regulating their own immune responses. In this way, ancient catabolic enzymes have acquired novel functions and evolved into new structures with highly specialized functions, which go beyond the struggle for survival. In this review, we analyze the evidence supporting a critical role for the metabolism of various amino acids in regulating different steps of both innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Kurtulus S, Tripathi P, Opferman JT, Hildeman DA. Contracting the 'mus cells'--does down-sizing suit us for diving into the memory pool? Immunol Rev 2010; 236:54-67. [PMID: 20636808 PMCID: PMC2907539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of T-cell homeostasis is critical for normal functioning of the immune system. After thymocyte selection, T cells enter the peripheral lymphoid organs, where they are maintained as naive cells. Transient disruption of homeostasis occurs when naive T cells undergo antigen-driven expansion and acquire effector functions. Effector T cells then either undergo apoptosis (i.e. contraction at the population level) or survive to become memory cells. This apoptotic process is crucial: it resets T-cell homeostasis, promotes protective immunity, and limits autoimmunity. Although initial studies using in vitro models supported a role for death receptor signaling, more recent in vivo studies have implicated Bcl-2 family members as being critical for the culling of T-cell responses. While several Bcl-2 family members likely contribute to T-cell contraction, the pro-apoptotic molecule Bim and its anti-apoptotic antagonist Bcl-2 are essential regulators of the process. This review discusses the progress made in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying contraction of T-cell responses and how some cells avoid this cell death and become memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Kurtulus
- Division of Immunobiology in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati and Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Pulak Tripathi
- Division of Immunobiology in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati and Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph T. Opferman
- Department of Biochemistry at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David A. Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati and Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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38
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Hand TW, Kaech SM. Intrinsic and extrinsic control of effector T cell survival and memory T cell development. Immunol Res 2010; 45:46-61. [PMID: 18629449 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Following infection or vaccination T cells expand exponentially and differentiate into effector T cells in order to control infection and coordinate the multiple effector arms of the immune system. Soon after this expansion, the majority of antigen-specific T cells die to reattain homeostasis and a small pool of memory T cells forms to provide long-term immunity to subsequent re-infection. Our understanding of how this process is controlled has improved considerably over the recent years, but many questions remain outstanding. This review focuses on the recent advancements in this area with an emphasis on how the contraction of activated T cells is coordinately regulated by a combination of factors extrinsic and intrinsic to the activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Hand
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar St., TACS641B, P.O. Box 208011, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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39
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Norell H, Martins da Palma T, Lesher A, Kaur N, Mehrotra M, Naga OS, Spivey N, Olafimihan S, Chakraborty NG, Voelkel-Johnson C, Nishimura MI, Mukherji B, Mehrotra S. Inhibition of superoxide generation upon T-cell receptor engagement rescues Mart-1(27-35)-reactive T cells from activation-induced cell death. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6282-9. [PMID: 19638595 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) may undergo massive expansion upon appropriate antigenic stimulation. Homeostasis is maintained by a subsequent "contraction" of these cells. Activation-induced cell death (AICD) and programmed cell death prevent the untoward side effects, arising from excessive numbers and prolonged persistence of activated CTL, that occur upon uncontrolled and/or continued expansion. However, effector cell persistence has been identified as a hallmark of successful T-cell-mediated adoptive immunotherapy. Thus, prevention of AICD may be critical to achieve more successful clinical results. We have previously shown that treatment with the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125 protects human melanoma epitope Mart-1(27-35)-reactive CTL from apoptotic death upon their reencounter with cognate antigen. However, inhibition of JNK also interferes with the functional ability of the CTL to secrete IFN-gamma. Here, we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitors, such as the superoxide dismutase mimetic Mn (III) tetrakis (5, 10, 15, 20-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP), efficiently protected Mart-1(27-35)-reactive primary CTL from AICD without impairing their functional capability. MnTBAP prevented the increase in intracellular ROS, mitochondrial membrane collapse, and DNA fragmentation observed in control-treated cells upon cognate antigen encounter. Furthermore, the mechanism of AICD prevention in primary CTL included blockade of JNK activation. Finally, tumor-reactive in vitro expanded tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, which are used clinically in cancer immunotherapy, also benefit from MnTBAP-mediated antioxidant treatment. Thus, modulation of the redox pathway might improve CTL persistence and lead to better clinical results for T cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Norell
- Departments of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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40
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Myeloid-derived suppressor cell role in tumor-related inflammation. Cancer Lett 2008; 267:216-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Michalek RD, Nelson KJ, Holbrook BC, Yi JS, Stridiron D, Daniel LW, Fetrow JS, King SB, Poole LB, Grayson JM. The requirement of reversible cysteine sulfenic acid formation for T cell activation and function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6456-67. [PMID: 17982034 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) generated in response to receptor stimulation play an important role in mediating cellular responses. We have examined the importance of reversible cysteine sulfenic acid formation in naive CD8(+) T cell activation and proliferation. We observed that, within minutes of T cell activation, naive CD8(+) T cells increased ROI levels in a manner dependent upon Ag concentration. Increased ROI resulted in elevated levels of cysteine sulfenic acid in the total proteome. Analysis of specific proteins revealed that the protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2, as well as actin, underwent increased sulfenic acid modification following stimulation. To examine the contribution of reversible cysteine sulfenic acid formation to T cell activation, increasing concentrations of 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone), which covalently binds to cysteine sulfenic acid, were added to cultures. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the reversible formation of cysteine sulfenic acid was critical for ERK1/2 phosphorylation, calcium flux, cell growth, and proliferation of naive CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. We also found that TNF-alpha production by effector and memory CD8(+) T cells was more sensitive to the inhibition of reversible cysteine sulfenic acid formation than IFN-gamma. Together, these results demonstrate that reversible cysteine sulfenic acid formation is an important regulatory mechanism by which CD8(+) T cells are able to modulate signaling, proliferation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Michalek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Tewari K, Nakayama Y, Suresh M. Role of Direct Effects of IFN-γ on T Cells in the Regulation of CD8 T Cell Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2115-25. [PMID: 17675470 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that IFN-gamma plays a critical role in the control of CD8 T cell expansion and contraction during immune responses to several intracellular pathogens. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of T cell fate by IFN-gamma is sorely incomplete. Specifically, it is unclear whether regulation of CD8 T cell homeostasis occurs by a T cell intrinsic IFN-gamma pathway. In this study, we have determined the role of the direct effects of IFN-gamma on T cells in regulating the expansion, contraction, and memory phases of the polyclonal CD8 T cell response to an acute viral infection. Using two complementary approaches we demonstrate that the direct effects of IFN-gamma suppress IL-7R expression on Ag-specific effector CD8 T cells, but clonal expansion or deletion of activated CD8 T cells in vivo can occur in the apparent absence of IFN-gammaR signaling in T cells. These findings have clarified fundamental features of control of T cell homeostasis by IFN-gamma in the context of CD8 T cell memory and protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Tewari
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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43
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Abstract
L-Arginine is an essential amino acid for birds and young mammals, and it is a conditionally essential amino acid for adult mammals, as it is important in situations in which requirements exceed production, such as pregnancy. Recent findings indicate that increased metabolism of L-arginine by myeloid cells can result in the impairment of lymphocyte responses to antigen during immune responses and tumour growth. Two enzymes that compete for L-arginine as a substrate - arginase and nitric-oxide synthase - are crucial components of this lymphocyte-suppression pathway, and the metabolic products of these enzymes are important moderators of T-cell function. This Review article focuses on the relevance of L-arginine metabolism by myeloid cells for immunity under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Bronte
- Cancer Center of Veneto Region, Department of Oncological and Surgical Sciences, Padua University, Via Gattamelata 64, Padua, Italy.
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