1
|
Gasque SN, Han Y, van der Ham I, van Leeuwen D, van Oers MM, Haverkamp A, Ros VID. Baculovirus entry into the central nervous system of Spodoptera exigua caterpillars is independent of the viral protein tyrosine phosphatase. Open Biol 2024; 14:230278. [PMID: 38378139 PMCID: PMC10878822 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroparasitism concerns the hostile take-over of a host's nervous system by a foreign invader, in order to alter the behaviour of the host in favour of the parasite. One of the most remarkable cases of parasite-induced host behavioural manipulation comprises the changes baculoviruses induce in their caterpillar hosts. Baculoviruses may manipulate caterpillar behaviour in two ways: hyperactivity (increased movement in the horizontal plane) and/or tree-top disease (movement to elevated levels in the vertical plane). Those behavioural changes are followed by liquefaction and death of the caterpillar. In Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)-infected Spodoptera exigua caterpillars, an enzymatic active form of the virally encoded protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) is needed for the expression of hyperactivity from 3 days post infection (dpi). Using eGFP-expressing recombinant AcMNPV strains, we show that infection of the caterpillar's central nervous system (CNS) can be observed primarily from 3 dpi onwards. In addition, we demonstrate that the structural and enzymatic function of PTP does not play a role in infection of the CNS. Instead we show that the virus entered the CNS via the trachea, progressing caudally to frontally through the CNS and that the infection progressed from the outermost cell layers towards the inner cell layers of the CNS, in a PTP independent manner. These findings help to further understand parasitic manipulation and the mechanisms by which neuroparasites infect the host nervous system to manipulate host behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone N. Gasque
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Han
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris van der Ham
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorothy van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M. van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Haverkamp
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera I. D. Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salvia R, Scieuzo C, Boschi A, Pezzi M, Mistri M, Munari C, Chicca M, Vogel H, Cozzolino F, Monaco V, Monti M, Falabella P. An Overview of Ovarian Calyx Fluid Proteins of Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): An Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Approach. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1547. [PMID: 37892230 PMCID: PMC10605793 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The larval stages of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), are parasitized by the endophagous parasitoid wasp, Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). During the injections of eggs, this parasitoid wasp also injects into the host body the secretion of the venom gland and the calyx fluid, which contains a polydnavirus (T. nigriceps BracoVirus: TnBV) and the Ovarian calyx fluid Proteins (OPs). The effects of the OPs on the host immune system have recently been described. In particular, it has been demonstrated that the OPs cause hemocytes to undergo a number of changes, such as cellular oxidative stress, actin cytoskeleton modifications, vacuolization, and the inhibition of hemocyte encapsulation capacity, which results in both a loss of hemocyte functionality and cell death. In this study, by using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis, the main components of T. nigriceps ovarian calyx fluid proteins were identified and their possible role in the parasitic syndrome was discussed. This study provides useful information to support the analysis of the function of ovarian calyx fluid proteins, to better understand T. nigriceps parasitization success and for a more thorough understanding of the components of ovarian calyx fluid proteins and their potential function in combination with other parasitoid factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (A.B.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (A.B.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Boschi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Marco Pezzi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.P.); (M.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Michele Mistri
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.P.); (M.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Cristina Munari
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.P.); (M.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Milvia Chicca
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Flora Cozzolino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (V.M.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Franco Salvatore, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Monaco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (V.M.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Franco Salvatore, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (V.M.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Franco Salvatore, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (A.B.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao HS, Hu RM, Wang ZH, Ye XQ, Wu XT, Huang JH, Wang ZZ, Chen XX. A Polydnavirus Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Negatively Regulates the Host Phenoloxidase Pathway. Viruses 2022; 15:56. [PMID: 36680096 PMCID: PMC9866809 DOI: 10.3390/v15010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnavirus (PDV) is a parasitic factor of endoparasitic wasps and contributes greatly to overcoming the immune response of parasitized hosts. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) regulate a wide variety of biological processes at the post-transcriptional level in mammals, but knowledge of PDV PTP action during a parasitoid−host interaction is limited. In this study, we characterized a PTP gene, CvBV_12-6, derived from Cotesia vestalis bracovirus (CvBV), and explored its possible regulatory role in the immune response of the host Plutella xylostella. Our results from qPCR show that CvBV_12-6 was highly expressed in hemocytes at an early stage of parasitization. To explore CvBV_12-6 function, we specifically expressed CvBV_12-6 in Drosophila melanogaster hemocytes. The results show that Hml-Gal4 > CvBV_12-6 suppressed the phenoloxidase activity of hemolymph in D. melanogaster, but exerted no effect on the total count or the viability of the hemocytes. In addition, the Hml-Gal4 > CvBV_12-6 flies exhibited decreased antibacterial abilities against Staphylococcus aureus. Similarly, we found that CvBV_12-6 significantly suppressed the melanization of the host P. xylostella 24 h post parasitization and reduced the viability, but not the number, of hemocytes. In conclusion, CvBV_12-6 negatively regulated both cellular and humoral immunity in P. xylostella, and the related molecular mechanism may be universal to insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Shuai Gao
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rong-Min Hu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi-Qian Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Rural Development Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cerqueira de Araujo A, Josse T, Sibut V, Urabe M, Asadullah A, Barbe V, Nakai M, Huguet E, Periquet G, Drezen JM. Chelonus inanitus bracovirus encodes lineage-specific proteins and truncated immune IκB-like factors. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bracoviruses and ichnoviruses are endogenous viruses of parasitic wasps that produce particles containing virulence genes expressed in host tissues and necessary for parasitism success. In the case of bracoviruses the particles are produced by conserved genes of nudiviral origin integrated permanently in the wasp genome, whereas the virulence genes can strikingly differ depending on the wasp lineage. To date most data obtained on bracoviruses concerned species from the braconid subfamily of Microgastrinae. To gain a broader view on the diversity of virulence genes we sequenced the genome packaged in the particles of Chelonus inanitus bracovirus (CiBV) produced by a wasp belonging to a different subfamily: the Cheloninae. These are egg-larval parasitoids, which means that they oviposit into the host egg and the wasp larvae then develop within the larval stages of the host. We found that most of CiBV virulence genes belong to families that are specific to Cheloninae. As other bracoviruses and ichnoviruses however, CiBV encode v-ank genes encoding truncated versions of the immune cactus/IκB factor, which suggests these proteins might play a key role in host–parasite interactions involving domesticated endogenous viruses. We found that the structures of CiBV V-ANKs are different from those previously reported. Phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis that they may originate from a cactus/IκB immune gene from the wasp genome acquired by the bracovirus. However, their evolutionary history is different from that shared by other V-ANKs, whose common origin probably reflects horizontal gene transfer events of virus sequences between braconid and ichneumonid wasps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thibaut Josse
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Vonick Sibut
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mariko Urabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Azam Asadullah
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Valérie Barbe
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Madoka Nakai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Georges Periquet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cusumano A, Volkoff AN. Influence of parasitoid-associated viral symbionts on plant-insect interactions and biological control. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 44:64-71. [PMID: 33866043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect parasitoids have evolved symbiotic interactions with several viruses and thousands of parasitoid species have established mutualistic associations with polydnaviruses (PDVs). While PDVs have often been described as virulence factors allowing development of immature parasitoids inside their herbivore hosts, there is increasing awareness that PDVs can affect plant-insect interactions. We review recent literature showing that PDVs alter not only host physiology, but also feeding patterns and composition of herbivore's oral secretions. In turn PDV-induced changes in herbivore phenotype affect plant responses to herbivory with consequences ranging from differential expression of plant defense-related genes to wider ecological effects across multiple trophic levels. In this opinion paper we also highlight important missing gaps to fully understand the role of PDVs and other parasitoid-associated viral symbionts in a plant-insect interaction perspective. Because PDVs negatively impact performance and survival of herbivore pests, we conclude arguing that PDV genomes offer potential opportunities for biological control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Salvia R, Scieuzo C, Grimaldi A, Fanti P, Moretta A, Franco A, Varricchio P, Vinson SB, Falabella P. Role of Ovarian Proteins Secreted by Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) in the Early Suppression of Host Immune Response. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12010033. [PMID: 33466542 PMCID: PMC7824821 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Toxoneuron nigriceps is an endoparasitoid of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens. Parasitoid strategies to survive involve different regulating factors that are injected into the host body together with the egg: the venom and the calyx fluid, containing a Polydnavirus (PDV) and Ovarian Proteins (OPs). The combination of these factors increases the success of parasitism. Although many studies have been reported on venom protein components and the knowledge on PDVs is increasing, little is known on OPs. These secretions are able to interfere early with the host cellular immune response, acting specifically on host haemocytes, cells involved in immune response. Our results show that OPs induce several alterations on haemocytes, including cellular oxidative stress condition and modifications of actin cytoskeleton, so inducing both a loss of haemocyte functionality and cell death. Overall, in synergy with PDV and venom, OPs positively contribute to the evasion of the host immune response by T. nigriceps. Abstract Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) is an endophagous parasitoid of the larval stages of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). During oviposition, T. nigriceps injects into the host body, along with the egg, the venom, the calyx fluid, which contains a Polydnavirus (T. nigriceps BracoVirus: TnBV), and the Ovarian Proteins (OPs). Although viral gene expression in the host reaches detectable levels after a few hours, a precocious disruption of the host metabolism and immune system is observed right after parasitization. This alteration appears to be induced by female secretions including TnBV venom and OPs. OPs, originating from the ovarian calyx cells, are involved in the induction of precocious symptoms in the host immune system alteration. It is known that OPs in braconid and ichneumonid wasps can interfere with the cellular immune response before Polydnavirus infects and expresses its genes in the host tissues. Here we show that T. nigriceps OPs induce several alterations on host haemocytes that trigger cell death. The OP injection induces an extensive oxidative stress and a disorganization of actin cytoskeleton and these alterations can explain the high-level of haemocyte mortality, the loss of haemocyte functionality, and so the reduction in encapsulation ability by the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (C.S.); (P.F.); (A.M.); (A.F.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (C.S.); (P.F.); (A.M.); (A.F.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Paolo Fanti
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (C.S.); (P.F.); (A.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonio Moretta
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (C.S.); (P.F.); (A.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonio Franco
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (C.S.); (P.F.); (A.M.); (A.F.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Paola Varricchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - S. Bradleigh Vinson
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 370 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA;
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (C.S.); (P.F.); (A.M.); (A.F.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang G, Na S, Qin L. Screening of Bombyx mori brain proteins interacting with protein tyrosine phosphatase of BmNPV. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 105:e21732. [PMID: 32783274 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, glutathione-S-transferase pull-down combined with mass spectrometry techniques were used to identify the candidate proteins interacting with protein tyrosine phosphatase of the Bombyx Mori nucleopolyhedrovirus in the B. mori (BmNPV-PTP) brain. A total of 36 proteins were identified from BmNPV-PTP coprecipitate samples by searching the NCBI_Bombyx Mori database with the original mass spectrum data. Among those proteins, the interaction between BmNPV-PTP and B. mori cyclophilin A may accelerate the apoptosis of certain nerve cells involved in regulating behavior, and thus may be an inducer of enhanced locomotor activity (ELA). After the BmNPV invasion, BmNPV-PTP binding to peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors may initiate a series of abnormal cascades of the nervous system, which results in abnormal hyperactive behavior in B. mori. Besides this, vacuolar ATP synthase catalytic subunit A, annexin, and several enzymes for energy conversion were identified, which may play a role in enhancing viral entry and infectivity and provide energy for enhancing the locomotor activity of B. mori. In general, the results of this study will facilitate the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the ELA of B. mori larva induced by BmNPV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guobao Wang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, China
| | - Shuang Na
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Qin
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Salvia R, Nardiello M, Scieuzo C, Scala A, Bufo SA, Rao A, Vogel H, Falabella P. Novel Factors of Viral Origin Inhibit TOR Pathway Gene Expression. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1678. [PMID: 30534083 PMCID: PMC6275226 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligate symbionts of endoparasitoid wasps, which exclusively attack the larval stages of their lepidopteran hosts. The Polydnavirus is injected by the parasitoid female during oviposition to selectively infect host tissues by the expression of viral genes without undergoing replication. Toxoneuron nigriceps bracovirus (TnBV) is associated with Toxoneuron nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) wasp, an endoparasitoid of the tobacco budworm larval stages, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Previous studies showed that TnBV is responsible for alterations in host physiology. The arrest of ecdysteroidogenesis is the main alteration which occurs in last (fifth) instar larvae and, as a consequence, prevents pupation. TnBV induces the functional inactivation of H. virescens prothoracic glands (PGs), resulting in decreased protein synthesis and phosphorylation. Previous work showed the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/TOR pathway in H. virescens PG ecdysteroidogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that this cellular signaling is one of the targets of TnBV infection. Western blot analysis and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) showed that parasitism inhibits ecdysteroidogenesis and the phosphorylation of the two targets of TOR (4E-BP and S6K), despite the stimulation of PTTH contained in the brain extract. Using a transcriptomic approach, we identified viral genes selectively expressed in last instar H. virescens PGs, 48 h after parasitization, and evaluated expression levels of PI3K/Akt/TOR pathway genes in these tissues. The relative expression of selected genes belonging to the TOR pathway (tor, 4e-bp, and s6k) in PGs of parasitized larvae was further confirmed by qRT-PCR. The down-regulation of these genes in PGs of parasitized larvae supports the hypothesis of TnBV involvement in blocking ecdysteroidogenesis, through alterations of the PI3K/Akt/TOR pathway at the transcriptional level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Marisa Nardiello
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Scala
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Sabino A. Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Asha Rao
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chevignon G, Periquet G, Gyapay G, Vega-Czarny N, Musset K, Drezen JM, Huguet E. Cotesia congregata Bracovirus Circles Encoding PTP and Ankyrin Genes Integrate into the DNA of Parasitized Manduca sexta Hemocytes. J Virol 2018; 92:e00438-18. [PMID: 29769342 PMCID: PMC6052314 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00438-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are essential for the parasitism success of tens of thousands of species of parasitoid wasps. PDVs are present in wasp genomes as proviruses, which serve as the template for the production of double-stranded circular viral DNA carrying virulence genes that are injected into lepidopteran hosts. PDV circles do not contain genes coding for particle production, thereby impeding viral replication in caterpillar hosts during parasitism. Here, we investigated the fate of PDV circles of Cotesia congregata bracovirus during parasitism of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, by the wasp Cotesia congregata Sequences sharing similarities with host integration motifs (HIMs) of Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV) circles involved in integration into DNA could be identified in 12 CcBV circles, which encode PTP and VANK gene families involved in host immune disruption. A PCR approach performed on a subset of these circles indicated that they persisted in parasitized M. sexta hemocytes as linear forms, possibly integrated in host DNA. Furthermore, by using a primer extension capture method based on these HIMs and high-throughput sequencing, we could show that 8 out of 9 circles tested were integrated in M. sexta hemocyte genomic DNA and that integration had occurred specifically using the HIM, indicating that an HIM-mediated specific mechanism was involved in their integration. Investigation of BV circle insertion sites at the genome scale revealed that certain genomic regions appeared to be enriched in BV insertions, but no specific M. sexta target site could be identified.IMPORTANCE The identification of a specific and efficient integration mechanism shared by several bracovirus species opens the question of its role in braconid parasitoid wasp parasitism success. Indeed, results obtained here show massive integration of bracovirus DNA in somatic immune cells at each parasitism event of a caterpillar host. Given that bracoviruses do not replicate in infected cells, integration of viral sequences in host DNA might allow the production of PTP and VANK virulence proteins within newly dividing cells of caterpillar hosts that continue to develop during parasitism. Furthermore, this integration process could serve as a basis to understand how PDVs mediate the recently identified gene flux between parasitoid wasps and Lepidoptera and the frequency of these horizontal transfer events in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Germain Chevignon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Georges Periquet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Gabor Gyapay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Nathalie Vega-Czarny
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Karine Musset
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ye XQ, Shi M, Huang JH, Chen XX. Parasitoid polydnaviruses and immune interaction with secondary hosts. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:124-129. [PMID: 29352983 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligatory symbionts with parasitoid wasps. The PDV virions are produced solely in wasp (the primary host) calyx cells. They are injected into caterpillar hosts (the secondary host) during parasitoid oviposition, where they express irreplaceable actions to ensure survival and development of wasp larvae. Some of PDV gene products suppress host immune responses while others alter host growth, metabolism or endocrine system. Here, we treat new findings on PDV gene products and their action on immunity within secondary hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qian Ye
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Several lineages of endoparasitoid wasps, which develop inside the body of other insects, have domesticated viruses, used as delivery tools of essential virulence factors for the successful development of their progeny. Virus domestications are major evolutionary transitions in highly diverse parasitoid wasps. Much progress has recently been made to characterize the nature of these ancestrally captured endogenous viruses that have evolved within the wasp genomes. Virus domestication from different viral families occurred at least three times in parasitoid wasps. This evolutionary convergence led to different strategies. Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are viral gene transfer agents and virus-like particles of the wasp Venturia canescens deliver proteins. Here, we take the standpoint of parasitoid wasps to review current knowledge on virus domestications by different parasitoid lineages. Then, based on genomic data from parasitoid wasps, PDVs and exogenous viruses, we discuss the different evolutionary steps required to transform viruses into vehicles for the delivery of the virulence molecules that we observe today. Finally, we discuss how endoparasitoid wasps manipulate host physiology and ensure parasitism success, to highlight the possible advantages of viral domestication as compared with other virulence strategies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Laurino S, Grossi G, Pucci P, Flagiello A, Bufo SA, Bianco G, Salvia R, Vinson SB, Vogel H, Falabella P. Identification of major Toxoneuron nigriceps venom proteins using an integrated transcriptomic/proteomic approach. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 76:49-61. [PMID: 27388778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoparasitoids in the order Hymenoptera are natural enemies of several herbivorous insect pest species. During oviposition they inject a mixture of factors, which include venom, into the host, ensuring the successful parasitism and the development of their progeny. Although these parasitoid factors are known to be responsible for host manipulation, such as immune system suppression, little is known about both identity and function of the majority of their venom components. To identify the major proteins of Toxoneuron nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) venom, we used an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic approach. The tandem-mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) data combined with T. nigriceps venom gland transcriptome used as a reference database resulted in the identification of a total of thirty one different proteins. While some of the identified proteins have been described in venom from several parasitoids, others were identified for the first time. Among the identified proteins, hydrolases constituted the most abundant family followed by transferases, oxidoreductases, ligases, lyases and isomerases. The hydrolases identified in the T. nigriceps venom glands included proteases, peptidases and glycosidases, reported as common components of venom from several parasitoid species. Taken together, the identified proteins included factors that could potentially inhibit the host immune system, manipulate host physiological processes and host development, as well as provide nutrients to the parasitoid progeny, degrading host tissues by specific hydrolytic enzymes. The venom decoding provides us with information about the identity of candidate venom factors which could contribute to the success of parasitism, together with other maternal and embryonic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Laurino
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Gerarda Grossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Pietro Pucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Flagiello
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 482, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sabino Aurelio Bufo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Giuliana Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - S Bradleigh Vinson
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2475, USA
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ryan FP. Viral symbiosis and the holobiontic nature of the human genome. APMIS 2016; 124:11-9. [PMID: 26818258 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The human genome is a holobiontic union of the mammalian nuclear genome, the mitochondrial genome and large numbers of endogenized retroviral genomes. This article defines and explores this symbiogenetic pattern of evolution, looking at the implications for human genetics, epigenetics, embryogenesis, physiology and the pathogenesis of inborn errors of metabolism and many other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Patrick Ryan
- The Academic Unit of Medical Education, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang F, Xue R, Li X, Hu C, Xia Q. Characterization of a protein tyrosine phosphatase as a host factor promoting baculovirus replication in silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:31-7. [PMID: 26684065 PMCID: PMC7124732 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) to host-pathogen interaction is highlighted in mammalian studies, whereas less is known in insects. Here we presented the categorization of the PTP complement of silkworm and characterized their homologous relationship with human and fruit fly PTPs. Among the 36 PTP genes, ptp-h, which was proposed to be the origin of baculovirus ptp belongs to atypical VH1-like dual-specific PTP subset and encodes a catalytic active protein. The maximum expression level of Bmptp-h was at 5th instar and in fat body. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) infection potently induced its expression in silkworm larvae and in BmE cells. Knock-down of Bmptp-h by RNA interference significantly inhibited viral replication, and over-expression enhanced viral replication as determined by viral DNA abundance and BmNPV-GFP positive cells. These results suggest that BmPTP-h might be one of the host factors that is beneficial to baculovirus infection by promoting viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Renju Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xianyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Cuimei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Virus-host associations are usually viewed as parasitic, but several studies in recent years have reported examples of viruses that benefit host organisms. The Polydnaviridae are of particular interest because these viruses are all obligate mutualists of insects called parasitoid wasps. Parasitoids develop during their immature stages by feeding inside the body of other insects, which serve as their hosts. Polydnaviruses are vertically transmitted as proviruses through the germ line of wasps but also function as gene delivery vectors that wasps rely upon to genetically manipulate the hosts they parasitize. Here we review the evolutionary origin of polydnaviruses, the organization and function of their genomes, and some of their roles in parasitism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; ,
| | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; ,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chevignon G, Cambier S, Da Silva C, Poulain J, Drezen JM, Huguet E, Moreau SJM. Transcriptomic response of Manduca sexta immune tissues to parasitization by the bracovirus associated wasp Cotesia congregata. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 62:86-99. [PMID: 25584519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
During oviposition, Cotesia congregata parasitoid wasps inject into their host, Manduca sexta, some biological factors such as venom, ovarian fluid and a symbiotic polydnavirus (PDV) named Cotesia congregata bracovirus (CcBV). During parasitism, complex interactions occur between wasp-derived factors and host targets that lead to important modifications in host physiology. In particular, the immune response leading to wasp egg encapsulation is inhibited allowing wasp survival. To date, the regulation of host genes during the interaction had only been studied for a limited number of genes. In this study, we analysed the global impact of parasitism on host gene regulation 24 h post oviposition by high throughput 454 transcriptomic analyses of two tissues known to be involved in the host immune response (hemocytes and fat body). To identify specific effects of parasitism on host transcription at this time point, transcriptomes were obtained from non-treated and parasitized larvae, and also from larvae injected with heat-killed bacteria and double stimulated larvae that were parasitized prior to bacterial challenge. Results showed that, immune challenge by bacteria leads to induction of certain antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes in M. sexta larvae whether they were parasitized or not prior to bacterial challenge. These results show that at 24 h post oviposition pathways leading to expression of AMP genes are not all inactivated suggesting wasps are in an antiseptic environment. In contrast, at this time point genes involved in phenoloxidase activation and cellular immune responses were globally down-regulated after parasitism in accordance with the observed inhibition of wasp egg encapsulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Germain Chevignon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Department of Environment and Agrobiotechnologies Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France.
| | - Sébastien J M Moreau
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Strand MR, Burke GR. Polydnaviruses: From discovery to current insights. Virology 2015; 479-480:393-402. [PMID: 25670535 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) recognized the Polydnaviridae in 1991 as a virus family associated with insects called parasitoid wasps. Polydnaviruses (PDVs) have historically received limited attention but advances in recent years have elevated interest because their unusual biology sheds interesting light on the question of what viruses are and how they function. Here, we present a succinct history of the PDV literature. We begin with the findings that first led ICTV to recognize the Polydnaviridae. We then discuss what subsequent studies revealed and how these findings have shaped views of PDV evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.
| | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dorémus T, Cousserans F, Gyapay G, Jouan V, Milano P, Wajnberg E, Darboux I, Cônsoli FL, Volkoff AN. Extensive transcription analysis of the Hyposoter didymator Ichnovirus genome in permissive and non-permissive lepidopteran host species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104072. [PMID: 25117496 PMCID: PMC4130501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ichnoviruses are large dsDNA viruses that belong to the Polydnaviridae family. They are specifically associated with endoparasitic wasps of the family Ichneumonidae and essential for host parasitization by these wasps. We sequenced the Hyposoter didymator Ichnovirus (HdIV) encapsidated genome for further analysis of the transcription pattern of the entire set of HdIV genes following the parasitization of four different lepidopteran host species. The HdIV genome was found to consist of at least 50 circular dsDNA molecules, carrying 135 genes, 98 of which formed 18 gene families. The HdIV genome had general features typical of Ichnovirus (IV) genomes and closely resembled that of the IV carried by Hyposoter fugitivus. Subsequent transcriptomic analysis with Illumina technology during the course of Spodoptera frugiperda parasitization led to the identification of a small subset of less than 30 genes with high RPKM values in permissive hosts, consisting with these genes encoding crucial virulence proteins. Comparisons of HdIV expression profiles between host species revealed differences in transcript levels for given HdIV genes between two permissive hosts, S. frugiperda and Pseudoplusia includens. However, we found no evident intrafamily gene-specific transcription pattern consistent with the presence of multigenic families within IV genomes reflecting an ability of the wasps concerned to exploit different host species. Interestingly, in two non-permissive hosts, Mamestra brassiccae and Anticarsia gemmatalis (most of the parasitoid eggs were eliminated by the host cellular immune response), HdIV genes were generally less strongly transcribed than in permissive hosts. This suggests that successful parasitism is dependent on the expression of given HdIV genes exceeding a particular threshold value. These results raise questions about the mecanisms involved in regulating IV gene expression according to the nature of the lepidopteran host species encountered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Dorémus
- INRA - Université de Montpellier 2, Unité « Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Insectes-Microorganismes », Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier, France
| | - François Cousserans
- INRA - Université de Montpellier 2, Unité « Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Insectes-Microorganismes », Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabor Gyapay
- France Génomique - Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique - Institut de Génomique, Génoscope, 2, Evry, France
| | - Véronique Jouan
- INRA - Université de Montpellier 2, Unité « Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Insectes-Microorganismes », Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier, France
| | - Patricia Milano
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Laboratório de Interações em Insetos, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Wajnberg
- INRA - CNRS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Isabelle Darboux
- INRA - Université de Montpellier 2, Unité « Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Insectes-Microorganismes », Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier, France
| | - Fernando Luis Cônsoli
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Laboratório de Interações em Insetos, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- INRA - Université de Montpellier 2, Unité « Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Insectes-Microorganismes », Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Functional annotation of Cotesia congregata bracovirus: identification of viral genes expressed in parasitized host immune tissues. J Virol 2014; 88:8795-812. [PMID: 24872581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00209-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bracoviruses (BVs) from the Polydnaviridae family are symbiotic viruses used as biological weapons by parasitoid wasps to manipulate lepidopteran host physiology and induce parasitism success. BV particles are produced by wasp ovaries and injected along with the eggs into the caterpillar host body, where viral gene expression is necessary for wasp development. Recent sequencing of the proviral genome of Cotesia congregata BV (CcBV) identified 222 predicted virulence genes present on 35 proviral segments integrated into the wasp genome. To date, the expressions of only a few selected candidate virulence genes have been studied in the caterpillar host, and we lacked a global vision of viral gene expression. In this study, a large-scale transcriptomic analysis by 454 sequencing of two immune tissues (fat body and hemocytes) of parasitized Manduca sexta caterpillar hosts allowed the detection of expression of 88 CcBV genes expressed 24 h after the onset of parasitism. We linked the expression profiles of these genes to several factors, showing that different regulatory mechanisms control viral gene expression in the host. These factors include the presence of signal peptides in encoded proteins, diversification of promoter regions, and, more surprisingly, gene position on the proviral genome. Indeed, most genes for which expression could be detected are localized in particular proviral regions globally producing higher numbers of circles. Moreover, this polydnavirus (PDV) transcriptomic analysis also reveals that a majority of CcBV genes possess at least one intron and an arthropod transcription start site, consistent with an insect origin of these virulence genes. IMPORTANCE Bracoviruses (BVs) are symbiotic polydnaviruses used by parasitoid wasps to manipulate lepidopteran host physiology, ensuring wasp offspring survival. To date, the expressions of only a few selected candidate BV virulence genes have been studied in caterpillar hosts. We performed a large-scale analysis of BV gene expression in two immune tissues of Manduca sexta caterpillars parasitized by Cotesia congregata wasps. Genes for which expression could be detected corresponded to genes localized in particular regions of the viral genome globally producing higher numbers of circles. Our study thus brings an original global vision of viral gene expression and paves the way to the determination of the regulatory mechanisms enabling the expression of BV genes in targeted organisms, such as major insect pests. In addition, we identify sequence features suggesting that most BV virulence genes were acquired from insect genomes.
Collapse
|
20
|
Herniou EA, Huguet E, Thézé J, Bézier A, Periquet G, Drezen JM. When parasitic wasps hijacked viruses: genomic and functional evolution of polydnaviruses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20130051. [PMID: 23938758 PMCID: PMC3758193 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Polydnaviridae (PDV), including the Bracovirus (BV) and Ichnovirus genera, originated from the integration of unrelated viruses in the genomes of two parasitoid wasp lineages, in a remarkable example of convergent evolution. Functionally active PDVs represent the most compelling evolutionary success among endogenous viral elements (EVEs). BV evolved from the domestication by braconid wasps of a nudivirus 100 Ma. The nudivirus genome has become an EVE involved in BV particle production but is not encapsidated. Instead, BV genomes have co-opted virulence genes, used by the wasps to control the immunity and development of their hosts. Gene transfers and duplications have shaped BV genomes, now encoding hundreds of genes. Phylogenomic studies suggest that BVs contribute largely to wasp diversification and adaptation to their hosts. A genome evolution model explains how multidirectional wasp adaptation to different host species could have fostered PDV genome extension. Integrative studies linking ecological data on the wasp to genomic analyses should provide new insights into the adaptive role of particular BV genes. Forthcoming genomic advances should also indicate if the associations between endoparasitoid wasps and symbiotic viruses evolved because of their particularly intimate interactions with their hosts, or if similar domesticated EVEs could be uncovered in other parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François-Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jancek S, Bézier A, Gayral P, Paillusson C, Kaiser L, Dupas S, Le Ru BP, Barbe V, Periquet G, Drezen JM, Herniou EA. Adaptive selection on bracovirus genomes drives the specialization of Cotesia parasitoid wasps. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64432. [PMID: 23724046 PMCID: PMC3665748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The geographic mosaic of coevolution predicts parasite virulence should be locally adapted to the host community. Cotesia parasitoid wasps adapt to local lepidopteran species possibly through their symbiotic bracovirus. The virus, essential for the parasitism success, is at the heart of the complex coevolutionary relationship linking the wasps and their hosts. The large segmented genome contained in the virus particles encodes virulence genes involved in host immune and developmental suppression. Coevolutionary arms race should result in the positive selection of particular beneficial alleles. To understand the global role of bracoviruses in the local adaptation or specialization of parasitoid wasps to their hosts, we studied the molecular evolution of four bracoviruses associated with wasps of the genus Cotesia, including C congregata, C vestalis and new data and annotation on two ecologically differentiated populations of C sesamie, Kitale and Mombasa. Paired orthologs analyses revealed more genes under positive selection when comparing the two C sesamiae bracoviruses belonging to the same species, and more genes under strong evolutionary constraint between species. Furthermore branch-site evolutionary models showed that 17 genes, out of the 54 currently available shared by the four bracoviruses, harboured sites under positive selection including: the histone H4-like, a C-type lectin, two ep1-like, ep2, a viral ankyrin, CrV1, a ben-domain, a Serine-rich, and eight unknown genes. Lastly the phylogenetic analyses of the histone, ep2 and CrV1 genes in different African C sesamiae populations showed that each gene described differently the individual relationships. In particular we found recombination had happened between the ep2 and CrV1 genes, which are localized 37.5 kb apart on the wasp chromosomes. Involved in multidirectional coevolutionary interactions, C sesamiae wasps rely on different bracovirus mediated molecular pathways to overcome local host resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Jancek
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gayral
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Corentin Paillusson
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Laure Kaiser
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, CNRS UPR9034, IRD UR 072 and Université Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Unité de Recherche UMR 1272, Physiologie de l’Insecte, Signalisation et Communication, INRA, Versailles, France
| | - Stéphane Dupas
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, CNRS UPR9034, IRD UR 072 and Université Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Bruno Pierre Le Ru
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, CNRS UPR9034, IRD UR 072 and Université Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Icipe, IRD UR 072, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Valérie Barbe
- Genoscope (CEA), CNRS UMR 8030, Université d'Evry, Evry, France
| | - Georges Periquet
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Elisabeth A. Herniou
- Institut de Recherches sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Djoumad A, Stoltz D, Béliveau C, Boyle B, Kuhn L, Cusson M. Ultrastructural and genomic characterization of a second banchine polydnavirus confirms the existence of shared features within this ichnovirus lineage. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1888-1895. [PMID: 23658210 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.052506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are symbiotic viruses carried by endoparasitic wasps and transmitted to caterpillar hosts during parasitization. Although they share several features, including a segmented dsDNA genome, a unique life cycle where replication is restricted to the wasp host, and immunodepressive/developmental effects on the caterpillar host, PDVs carried by ichneumonid and braconid wasps (referred to as ichnoviruses and bracoviruses, respectively) have different evolutionary origins. In addition, ichnoviruses (IVs) form two distinct lineages, with viral entities found in wasps belonging to the subfamilies Campopleginae and Banchinae displaying strikingly different virion morphologies and genomic features. However, the current description for banchine IVs is based on the characterization of a single species, namely that of the Glypta fumiferanae IV (GfIV). Here we provide an ultrastructural and genomic analysis of a second banchine IV isolated from the wasp Apophua simplicipes, and we show that this virus shares many features with GfIV, including a multi-nucleocapsid virion, an aggregate genome size of ~300 kb, genome segments <5 kb, an impressively high degree of genome segmentation and a very similar gene content (same gene families in both viruses). Altogether, the data presented here confirm the existence of shared characteristics within this banchine IV lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmadjid Djoumad
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Don Stoltz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Catherine Béliveau
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Brian Boyle
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Lisa Kuhn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Serbielle C, Dupas S, Perdereau E, Héricourt F, Dupuy C, Huguet E, Drezen JM. Evolutionary mechanisms driving the evolution of a large polydnavirus gene family coding for protein tyrosine phosphatases. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:253. [PMID: 23270369 PMCID: PMC3573978 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene duplications have been proposed to be the main mechanism involved in genome evolution and in acquisition of new functions. Polydnaviruses (PDVs), symbiotic viruses associated with parasitoid wasps, are ideal model systems to study mechanisms of gene duplications given that PDV genomes consist of virulence genes organized into multigene families. In these systems the viral genome is integrated in a wasp chromosome as a provirus and virus particles containing circular double-stranded DNA are injected into the parasitoids’ hosts and are essential for parasitism success. The viral virulence factors, organized in gene families, are required collectively to induce host immune suppression and developmental arrest. The gene family which encodes protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) has undergone spectacular expansion in several PDV genomes with up to 42 genes. Results Here, we present strong indications that PTP gene family expansion occurred via classical mechanisms: by duplication of large segments of the chromosomally integrated form of the virus sequences (segmental duplication), by tandem duplications within this form and by dispersed duplications. We also propose a novel duplication mechanism specific to PDVs that involves viral circle reintegration into the wasp genome. The PTP copies produced were shown to undergo conservative evolution along with episodes of adaptive evolution. In particular recently produced copies have undergone positive selection in sites most likely involved in defining substrate selectivity. Conclusion The results provide evidence about the dynamic nature of polydnavirus proviral genomes. Classical and PDV-specific duplication mechanisms have been involved in the production of new gene copies. Selection pressures associated with antagonistic interactions with parasitized hosts have shaped these genes used to manipulate lepidopteran physiology with evidence for positive selection involved in adaptation to host targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Serbielle
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université F. Rabelais, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Burke GR, Strand MR. Polydnaviruses of Parasitic Wasps: Domestication of Viruses To Act as Gene Delivery Vectors. INSECTS 2012; 3:91-119. [PMID: 26467950 PMCID: PMC4553618 DOI: 10.3390/insects3010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Symbiosis is a common phenomenon in which associated organisms can cooperate in ways that increase their ability to survive, reproduce, or utilize hostile environments. Here, we discuss polydnavirus symbionts of parasitic wasps. These viruses are novel in two ways: (1) they have become non-autonomous domesticated entities that cannot replicate outside of wasps; and (2) they function as a delivery vector of genes that ensure successful parasitism of host insects that wasps parasitize. In this review we discuss how these novelties may have arisen, which genes are potentially involved, and what the consequences have been for genome evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, 120 Cedar St., Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, 120 Cedar St., Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Deep sequencing identifies viral and wasp genes with potential roles in replication of Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus. J Virol 2012; 86:3293-306. [PMID: 22238295 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06434-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses in the genus Bracovirus (BV) (Polydnaviridae) are symbionts of parasitoid wasps that specifically replicate in the ovaries of females. Recent analysis of expressed sequence tags from two wasp species, Cotesia congregata and Chelonus inanitus, identified transcripts related to 24 different nudivirus genes. These results together with other data strongly indicate that BVs evolved from a nudivirus ancestor. However, it remains unclear whether BV-carrying wasps contain other nudivirus-like genes and what types of wasp genes may also be required for BV replication. Microplitis demolitor carries Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV). Here we characterized MdBV replication and performed massively parallel sequencing of M. demolitor ovary transcripts. Our results indicated that MdBV replication begins in stage 2 pupae and continues in adults. Analysis of prereplication- and active-replication-stage ovary RNAs yielded 22 Gb of sequence that assembled into 66,425 transcripts. This breadth of sampling indicated that a large percentage of genes in the M. demolitor genome were sequenced. A total of 41 nudivirus-like transcripts were identified, of which a majority were highly expressed during MdBV replication. Our results also identified a suite of wasp genes that were highly expressed during MdBV replication. Among these products were several transcripts with conserved roles in regulating locus-specific DNA amplification by eukaryotes. Overall, our data set together with prior results likely identify the majority of nudivirus-related genes that are transcriptionally functional during BV replication. Our results also suggest that amplification of proviral DNAs for packaging into BV virions may depend upon the replication machinery of wasps.
Collapse
|
26
|
Clavijo G, Dorémus T, Ravallec M, Mannucci MA, Jouan V, Volkoff AN, Darboux I. Multigenic families in Ichnovirus: a tissue and host specificity study through expression analysis of vankyrins from Hyposoter didymator Ichnovirus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27522. [PMID: 22087334 PMCID: PMC3210807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral ankyrin (vankyrin) gene family is represented in all polydnavirus (PDVs) genomes and encodes proteins homologous to I-kappaBs, inhibitors of NF-kappaB transcription factors. The structural similarities led to the hypothesis that vankyrins mimic eukaryotic factors to subvert important physiological pathways in the infected host. Here, we identified nine vankyrin genes in the genome of the Hyposoter didymator Ichnovirus (HdIV). Time-course gene expression experiments indicate that all members are expressed throughout parasitism of Spodoptera frugiperda, as assessed using RNA extracted from whole larvae. To study tissue and/or species specificity transcriptions, the expression of HdIV vankyrin genes were compared between HdIV-injected larvae of S. frugiperda and S. littoralis. The transcriptional profiles were similar in the two species, including the largely predominant expression of Hd27-vank1 in all tissues examined. However, in various insect cell lines, the expression patterns of HdIV vankyrins differed according to species. No clear relationship between vankyrin expression patterns and abundance of vankyrin-bearing genomic segments were found in the lepidopteran cell lines. Moreover, in these cells, the amount of vankyrin-bearing genomic segments differed substantially between cytosol and nuclei of infected cells, implying the existence of an unexpected step regulating the copy number of HdIV segments in cell nuclei. Our in vitro results reveal a host-specific transcriptional profile of vankyrins that may be related to the success of parasitism in different hosts. In Spodoptera hosts, the predominant expression of Hd27-vank1 suggests that this protein might have pleiotropic functions during parasitism of these insect species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Clavijo
- INRA, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
| | - Tristan Dorémus
- INRA, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- INRA, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Anne Mannucci
- INRA, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Jouan
- INRA, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- INRA, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Darboux
- INRA, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1333- Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bitra K, Zhang S, Strand MR. Transcriptomic profiling of Microplitis
demolitor bracovirus reveals host, tissue and stage-specific patterns of activity. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2060-2071. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.032680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The polydnaviruses (PDVs) are a family of DNA viruses that are symbiotically associated with parasitoid wasps. The transcription of particular genes or gene-family members have been reported for several PDVs, but no studies have characterized the spatio-temporal patterns of expression for the entire complement of predicted genes in the encapsidated genome of any PDV isolate. The braconid wasp Microplitis
demolitor carries the PDV Microplitis
demolitor bracovirus (MdBV) and parasitizes larval stage Pseudoplusia (Chrysodeixis) includens. The encapsidated genome consists of 15 genomic segments with 51 predicted ORFs encoding proteins ≥100 aa. A majority of these ORFs form four multimember gene families (ptp, ank, glc and egf) while the remaining ORFs consist of single copy (orph) genes. Here we used RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR methods to profile the encapsidated transcriptome of MdBV in P.
includens and M.
demolitor. Our results indicate that most predicted genes are expressed in P.
includens. Spatial patterns of expression in P.
includens differed among genes, but temporal patterns of expression were generally similar, with transcript abundance progressively declining between 24 and 120 h. A subset of ptp, ank and orph genes were also expressed in adult female but not male M.
demolitor. Only one encapsidated gene (ank-H4) was expressed in all life stages of M.
demolitor, albeit at much lower levels than in P.
includens. However, another encapsidated gene (orph-B1) was expressed in adult M.
demolitor at similar levels to those detected in P.
includens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Bitra
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael R. Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kwon B, Song S, Choi JY, Je YH, Kim Y. Transient expression of specific Cotesia plutellae bracoviral segments induces prolonged larval development of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:650-658. [PMID: 20138886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A polydnavirus, Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV), possesses a segmented and dispersed genome that is located on chromosome(s) of its symbiotic endoparasitic wasp, C. plutellae. When the host wasp parasitizes larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, at least 27 viral genome segments are delivered to the parasitized host along with the wasp egg. The parasitized P. xylostella exhibits significant immunosuppression and a prolonged larval development. Parasitized larvae take about 2 days longer than nonparasitized larvae to develop until the wandering stage of the final larval instar, and die after egress of the full grown wasp larvae. Developmental analysis using juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid analogs suggests that altering endocrine signals could induce the retardation of larval developmental rate in P. xylostella. In this study we used a transient expression technique to micro-inject individual CpBV genome segments, and tested their ability to induce delayed larval development of P. xylostella. We demonstrated that a CpBV segment was able to express its own encoded genes when it was injected into nonparasitized larvae, in which the expression patterns of the segment genes were similar to those in the larvae parasitized by C. plutellae. Twenty three CpBV genome segments were individually cloned and injected into the second instar larvae of P. xylostella and their effects assessed by measuring the time taken for host development to the cocooning stage. Three CpBV genome segments markedly interfered with the host larval development. When the putative genes of these segments were analyzed, it was found that they did not share any common genes. Among these segments able to delay host development, segment S27 was predicted to encode seven protein tyrosine phosphatases (CpBV-PTPs), some of which were mutated by insertional inactivation with transposons, while other encoded gene expressions were unaffected. The mutant segments were unable to induce prolonged larval development of P. xylostella. These results suggest that CpBV can induce prolonged larval development of P. xylostella, and that at least some CpBV-PTPs may contribute to the parasitic role probably by altering titers of developmental hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowon Kwon
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Duchi S, Cavaliere V, Fagnocchi L, Grimaldi MR, Falabella P, Graziani F, Gigliotti S, Pennacchio F, Gargiulo G. The impact on microtubule network of a bracovirus IkappaB-like protein. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1699-712. [PMID: 20140478 PMCID: PMC11115485 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polydnavirus-encoded IkappaB-like proteins are similar to insect and mammalian IkappaB, and an immunosuppressive function in the host cells has been inferred to these proteins. Here we show that the expression of one of these IkappaB-like viral genes, the TnBVank1, in the Drosophila germline affects the localization of gurken, bicoid, and oskar mRNAs whose gene products are relevant for proper embryonic patterning. The altered localization of these mRNAs is suggestive of general defects in the intracellular, microtubule-based, trafficking routes. Analysis of microtubule motor proteins components such as the dynein heavy chain and the kinesin heavy chain revealed defects in the polarized microtubule network. Interestingly, the TnBVANK1 viral protein is uniformly distributed over the entire oocyte cortex, and appears to be anchored to the microtubule ends. Our data open up a very interesting issue on novel function(s) played by the ank gene family by interfering with cytoskeleton organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Duchi
- Dipartimento Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavaliere
- Dipartimento Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Fagnocchi
- Dipartimento Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Falabella
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-Forestali, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria ‘F. Silvestri’, Università di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gargiulo
- Dipartimento Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sequence and gene organization of 24 circles from the Cotesia plutellae bracovirus genome. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1313-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
31
|
Serbielle C, Moreau S, Veillard F, Voldoire E, Bézier A, Mannucci MA, Volkoff AN, Drezen JM, Lalmanach G, Huguet E. Identification of parasite-responsive cysteine proteases inManduca sexta. Biol Chem 2009; 390:493-502. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractParasites have evolved different virulence strategies to manipulate host physiological functions. The parasitoid waspCotesia congregatainduces developmental arrest and immune suppression of its Lepidopteran hostManduca sexta. In this interaction, a symbiotic virus (C. congregataBracovirus, CcBV) associated with the wasp is essential for parasitism success. The virus is injected into the host with wasp eggs and virus genes are expressed in host tissues. Among potential CcBV virulence genes, cystatins, which are tight binding inhibitors of C1A cysteine proteases, are suspected to play an important role in the interaction owing to their high level of expression. So far, however, potentialin vivotargets inM. sextaare unknown. Here, we characterized for the first time fourM. sextaC1A cysteine proteases corresponding to cathepsin L and cathepsin B and two different ‘26–29 kDa’ cysteine proteases (MsCath1 and MsCath2). Our analyses revealed that MsCath1 and MsCath2 are transcriptionally downregulated in the course of parasitism. Moreover, viral Cystatin1 and MsCath1 co-localize in the plasma following parasitism, strongly suggesting that they interact. We also show that parasitism induces a general increase of cysteine protease activity which is later controlled. The potential involvement of cysteine proteases in defense against parasitoids is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Serbielle
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Moreau
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Florian Veillard
- INSERM U 618 ‘Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires’ IFR 135 ‘Imagerie Fonctionnelle’, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
| | - Emilien Voldoire
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Marie-Anne Mannucci
- Biologie Intégrative et Virologie des Insectes, UMR1231 INRA – Université Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex, France
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- Biologie Intégrative et Virologie des Insectes, UMR1231 INRA – Université Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, F-37200 Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- INSERM U 618 ‘Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires’ IFR 135 ‘Imagerie Fonctionnelle’, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, F-37200 Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rasoolizadeh A, Béliveau C, Stewart D, Cloutier C, Cusson M. Tranosema rostrale ichnovirus repeat element genes display distinct transcriptional patterns in caterpillar and wasp hosts. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1505-1514. [PMID: 19264643 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.008664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoparasitic wasp Tranosema rostrale transmits an ichnovirus to its lepidopteran host, Choristoneura fumiferana, during parasitization. As shown for other ichnoviruses, the segmented dsDNA genome of the T. rostrale ichnovirus (TrIV) features several multi-gene families, including the repeat element (rep) family, whose products display no known similarity to non-ichnovirus proteins, except for a homologue encoded by the genome of the Helicoverpa armigera granulovirus; their functions remain unknown. This study applied linear regression of efficiency analysis to real-time PCR quantification of transcript abundance for all 17 TrIV rep open reading frames (ORFs) in parasitized and virus-injected C. fumiferana larvae, as well as in T. rostrale ovaries and head-thorax complexes. Although transcripts were detected for most rep ORFs in infected caterpillars, two of them clearly outnumbered the others in whole larvae, with a tendency for levels to drop over time after infection. The genome segments bearing the three most highly expressed rep genes in parasitized caterpillars were present in higher proportions than other rep-bearing genome segments in TrIV DNA, suggesting a possible role for gene dosage in the regulation of transcription level. TrIV rep genes also showed important differences in the relative abundance of their transcripts in specific tissues (cuticular epithelium, the fat body, haemocytes and the midgut), implying tissue-specific roles for individual members of this gene family. Significantly, no rep transcripts were detected in T. rostrale head-thorax complexes, whereas some were abundant in ovaries. There, the transcription pattern was completely different from that observed in infected caterpillars, suggesting that some rep genes have wasp-specific functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asieh Rasoolizadeh
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Catherine Béliveau
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Don Stewart
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Conrad Cloutier
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bezier A, Annaheim M, Herbiniere J, Wetterwald C, Gyapay G, Bernard-Samain S, Wincker P, Roditi I, Heller M, Belghazi M, Pfister-Wilhem R, Periquet G, Dupuy C, Huguet E, Volkoff AN, Lanzrein B, Drezen JM. Polydnaviruses of Braconid Wasps Derive from an Ancestral Nudivirus. Science 2009; 323:926-30. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1166788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
34
|
Labropoulou V, Douris V, Stefanou D, Magrioti C, Swevers L, Iatrou K. Endoparasitoid wasp bracovirus-mediated inhibition of hemolin function and lepidopteran host immunosuppression. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:2118-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
35
|
Serbielle C, Chowdhury S, Pichon S, Dupas S, Lesobre J, Purisima EO, Drezen JM, Huguet E. Viral cystatin evolution and three-dimensional structure modelling: a case of directional selection acting on a viral protein involved in a host-parasitoid interaction. BMC Biol 2008; 6:38. [PMID: 18783611 PMCID: PMC2553070 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-6-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In pathogens, certain genes encoding proteins that directly interact with host defences coevolve with their host and are subject to positive selection. In the lepidopteran host-wasp parasitoid system, one of the most original strategies developed by the wasps to defeat host defences is the injection of a symbiotic polydnavirus at the same time as the wasp eggs. The virus is essential for wasp parasitism success since viral gene expression alters the immune system and development of the host. As a wasp mutualist symbiont, the virus is expected to exhibit a reduction in genome complexity and evolve under wasp phyletic constraints. However, as a lepidopteran host pathogenic symbiont, the virus is likely undergoing strong selective pressures for the acquisition of new functions by gene acquisition or duplication. To understand the constraints imposed by this particular system on virus evolution, we studied a polydnavirus gene family encoding cyteine protease inhibitors of the cystatin superfamily. Results We show that cystatins are the first bracovirus genes proven to be subject to strong positive selection within a host-parasitoid system. A generated three-dimensional model of Cotesia congregata bracovirus cystatin 1 provides a powerful framework to position positively selected residues and reveal that they are concentrated in the vicinity of actives sites which interact with cysteine proteases directly. In addition, phylogenetic analyses reveal two different cystatin forms which evolved under different selective constraints and are characterized by independent adaptive duplication events. Conclusion Positive selection acts to maintain cystatin gene duplications and induces directional divergence presumably to ensure the presence of efficient and adapted cystatin forms. Directional selection has acted on key cystatin active sites, suggesting that cystatins coevolve with their host target. We can strongly suggest that cystatins constitute major virulence factors, as was already proposed in previous functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Serbielle
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shi M, Chen YF, Huang F, Liu PC, Zhou XP, Chen XX. Characterization of a novel gene encoding ankyrin repeat domain from Cotesia vestalis polydnavirus (CvBV). Virology 2008; 375:374-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
37
|
Bézier A, Herbinière J, Serbielle C, Lesobre J, Wincker P, Huguet E, Drezen JM. Bracovirus gene products are highly divergent from insect proteins. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 67:172-187. [PMID: 18348209 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several polydnavirus (PDV) genomes have been completely sequenced. The dsDNA circles enclosed in virus particles and injected by wasps into caterpillars appear to mainly encode virulence factors potentially involved in altering host immunity and/or development, thereby allowing the survival of the parasitoid larvae within the host tissues. Parasitoid wasps generally inject virulence factors produced in the venom gland. As PDV genomes are inherited vertically by wasps through a proviral form, wasp virulence genes may have been transferred to this chromosomal form, leading to their incorporation into virus particles. Indeed, many gene products from Cotesia congregata bracovirus (CcBV), such as PTPs, IkappaB-like, and cystatins, contain protein domains conserved in metazoans. Surprisingly however, CcBV virulence gene products are not more closely related to insect proteins than to human proteins. To determine whether the distance between CcBV and insect proteins is a specific feature of BV proteins or simply reflects a general high divergence of parasitoid wasp products, which might be due to parasitic lifestyle, we have analyzed the sequences of wasp genes obtained from a cDNA library. Wasp sequences having a high similarity with Apis mellifera genes involved in a variety of biological functions could be identified indicating that the high level of divergence observed for BV products is a hallmark of these viral proteins. We discuss how this divergence might be explained in the context of the current hypotheses on the origin and evolution of wasp-bracovirus associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 6035, Université F. Rabelais, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Beckage NE. Comparison of three methods of parasitoid polydnavirus genomic DNA isolation to facilitate polydnavirus genomic sequencing. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 67:202-209. [PMID: 18348210 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A major long-term goal of polydnavirus (PDV) genome research is to identify novel virally encoded molecules that may serve as biopesticides to target insect pests that threaten agriculture and human health. As PDV viral replication in cell culture in vitro has not yet been achieved, several thousands of wasps must be dissected to yield enough viral DNA from the adult ovaries to carry out PDV genomic sequencing. This study compares three methods of PDV genomic DNA isolation for the PDV of Cotesia flavipes, which parasitizes the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, preparatory to sequencing the C. flavipes bracovirus genome. Two of these protocols incorporate phenol-chloroform DNA extraction steps in the procedure and the third protocol uses a modified Qiagen DNA kit method to extract viral DNA. The latter method proved significantly less time-consuming and more cost-effective. Efforts are currently underway to bioengineer insect pathogenic viruses with PDV genes, so that their gene products will enhance baculovirus virulence for agricultural insect pests, either via suppression of the immune system of the host or by PDV-mediated induction of its developmental arrest. Sequencing a growing number of complete PDV genomes will enhance those efforts, which will be facilitated by the study reported here.
Collapse
|
39
|
Toxoneuron nigriceps parasitization delays midgut replacement in fifth-instar Heliothis virescens larvae. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 332:371-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
40
|
Colinet D, Schmitz A, Depoix D, Crochard D, Poirié M. Convergent use of RhoGAP toxins by eukaryotic parasites and bacterial pathogens. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e203. [PMID: 18166080 PMCID: PMC2156102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of host Rho GTPases is a widespread strategy employed by bacterial pathogens to manipulate mammalian cellular functions and avoid immune defenses. Some bacterial toxins mimic eukaryotic Rho GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) to inactivate mammalian GTPases, probably as a result of evolutionary convergence. An intriguing question remains whether eukaryotic pathogens or parasites may use endogenous GAPs as immune-suppressive toxins to target the same key genes as bacterial pathogens. Interestingly, a RhoGAP domain-containing protein, LbGAP, was recently characterized from the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi, and shown to protect parasitoid eggs from the immune response of Drosophila host larvae. We demonstrate here that LbGAP has structural characteristics of eukaryotic RhoGAPs but that it acts similarly to bacterial RhoGAP toxins in mammals. First, we show by immunocytochemistry that LbGAP enters Drosophila immune cells, plasmatocytes and lamellocytes, and that morphological changes in lamellocytes are correlated with the quantity of LbGAP they contain. Demonstration that LbGAP displays a GAP activity and specifically interacts with the active, GTP-bound form of the two Drosophila Rho GTPases Rac1 and Rac2, both required for successful encapsulation of Leptopilina eggs, was then achieved using biochemical tests, yeast two-hybrid analysis, and GST pull-down assays. In addition, we show that the overall structure of LbGAP is similar to that of eukaryotic RhoGAP domains, and we identify distinct residues involved in its interaction with Rac GTPases. Altogether, these results show that eukaryotic parasites can use endogenous RhoGAPs as virulence factors and that despite their differences in sequence and structure, eukaryotic and bacterial RhoGAP toxins are similarly used to target the same immune pathways in insects and mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Colinet
- UMR 1112 UNSA-INRA Résponses des Organismes aux Stress Environnementaux, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen YF, Shi M, Huang F, Chen XX. Characterization of two genes of Cotesia vestalis polydnavirus and their expression patterns in the host Plutella xylostella. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:3317-3322. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82999-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotesia vestalis is an endoparasitoid of larval stages of Plutella xylostella, the diamondback moth. For successful parasitization, this parasitoid injects a polydnavirus into its host during oviposition. Here we isolated two genes, which we named CvBV1 and CvBV2. CvBV1 was located on segment CvBV-S5 with a size of 790 bp, while CvBV2 was located on segment CvBV-S51 with a size of 459 bp. A gene copy of CvBV2 was found on segment CvBV-S48, which we name CvBV2’. Gene duplication occurred in both genes, tandem gene duplication for CvBV1 and segmental duplication for CvBV2. Gene transcripts of the two genes were detected in hosts as early as 0.5 h post-parasitization (p.p.) and continued to be detected for six days, and tissue-specific expression patterns showed that they could be detected in the haemolymph and brain at 2 h p.p., suggesting that they could participate in early protection of parasitoid eggs from host cellular encapsulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Feng Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Fang Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Xue-xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Weber B, Annaheim M, Lanzrein B. Transcriptional analysis of polydnaviral genes in the course of parasitization reveals segment-specific patterns. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 66:9-22. [PMID: 17694561 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses are symbiotic viruses of endoparasitic wasps, which are formed in their ovary and injected along with the eggs into the host. They manipulate the host in a way to allow successful parasitoid development. A hallmark of polydnaviruses is their segmented genome consisting of several circles of double-stranded DNA. We are studying the solitary egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus inanitus (Braconidae) parasitizing Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae). The polydnavirus of Chelonus inanitus (CiV) protects the parasitoid larva from encapsulation by the host's immune system, slightly modifies host nutritional physiology, and induces a developmental arrest of the host in the prepupal stage. Here we present data on newly identified CiV genes and their expression patterns in the course of parasitization. None of these genes has similarity to other genes and so far no gene families could be found. A rough estimation of transcript quantities revealed that even the most highly expressed CiV genes reach maximal values, which are 250 times lower than actin. This indicates that the CiV-induced alterations of the host are brought about by a concerted action of low levels of transcripts. In an overview, we show the expression patterns of all CiV genes analysed up to now; they indicate that several genes with similar expression patterns (early, persistent, intermediate, or late) are grouped together on the same segment. This is the first observation of this type. It suggests that one function of the segmentation of the polydnavirus genome may be the grouping together of genes, which are regulated in a similar manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Weber
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ibrahim AMA, Kim Y. Transient expression of protein tyrosine phosphatases encoded in Cotesia plutellae bracovirus inhibits insect cellular immune responses. Naturwissenschaften 2007; 95:25-32. [PMID: 17646950 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-007-0290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several immunosuppressive factors are associated with parasitism of an endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. C. plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) encodes a large number of putative protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), which may play a role in inhibiting host cellular immunity. To address this inhibitory hypothesis of CpBV-PTPs, we performed transient expression of individual CpBV-PTPs in hemocytes of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, and analyzed their cellular immune responses. Two different forms of CpBV-PTPs were chosen and cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector under the control of the p10 promoter of baculovirus: one with the normal cysteine active site (CpBV-PTP1) and the other with a mutated active site (CpBV-PTP5). The hemocytes transfected with CpBV-PTP1 significantly increased in PTP activity compared to control hemocytes, but those with CpBV-PTP5 exhibited a significant decrease in the PTP activity. All transfected hemocytes exhibited a significant reduction in both cell spreading and encapsulation activities compared to control hemocytes. Co-transfection of CpBV-PTP1 together with its double-stranded RNA reduced the messenger RNA (mRNA) level of CpBV-PTP1 and resulted in recovery of both hemocyte behaviors. This is the first report demonstrating that the polydnaviral PTPs can manipulate PTP activity of the hemocytes to interrupt cellular immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M A Ibrahim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, 760-749, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Desjardins CA, Gundersen-Rindal DE, Hostetler JB, Tallon LJ, Fuester RW, Schatz MC, Pedroni MJ, Fadrosh DW, Haas BJ, Toms BS, Chen D, Nene V. Structure and evolution of a proviral locus of Glyptapanteles indiensis bracovirus. BMC Microbiol 2007; 7:61. [PMID: 17594494 PMCID: PMC1919376 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bracoviruses (BVs), a group of double-stranded DNA viruses with segmented genomes, are mutualistic endosymbionts of parasitoid wasps. Virus particles are replication deficient and are produced only by female wasps from proviral sequences integrated into the wasp genome. Virus particles are injected along with eggs into caterpillar hosts, where viral gene expression facilitates parasitoid survival and therefore perpetuation of proviral DNA. Here we describe a 223 kbp region of Glyptapanteles indiensis genomic DNA which contains a part of the G. indiensis bracovirus (GiBV) proviral genome. Results Eighteen of ~24 GiBV viral segment sequences are encoded by 7 non-overlapping sets of BAC clones, revealing that some proviral segment sequences are separated by long stretches of intervening DNA. Two overlapping BACs, which contain a locus of 8 tandemly arrayed proviral segments flanked on either side by ~35 kbp of non-packaged DNA, were sequenced and annotated. Structural and compositional analyses of this cluster revealed it exhibits a G+C and nucleotide composition distinct from the flanking DNA. By analyzing sequence polymorphisms in the 8 GiBV viral segment sequences, we found evidence for widespread selection acting on both protein-coding and non-coding DNA. Comparative analysis of viral and proviral segment sequences revealed a sequence motif involved in the excision of proviral genome segments which is highly conserved in two other bracoviruses. Conclusion Contrary to current concepts of bracovirus proviral genome organization our results demonstrate that some but not all GiBV proviral segment sequences exist in a tandem array. Unexpectedly, non-coding DNA in the 8 proviral genome segments which typically occupies ~70% of BV viral genomes is under selection pressure suggesting it serves some function(s). We hypothesize that selection acting on GiBV proviral sequences maintains the genetic island-like nature of the cluster of proviral genome segments described herein. In contrast to large differences in the predicted gene composition of BV genomes, sequences that appear to mediate processes of viral segment formation, such as proviral segment excision and circularization, appear to be highly conserved, supporting the hypothesis of a single origin for BVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Desjardins
- The Institute for Genomic Research, a division of J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Jessica B Hostetler
- The Institute for Genomic Research, a division of J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Luke J Tallon
- The Institute for Genomic Research, a division of J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger W Fuester
- USDA-ARS Beneficial Insect Introductions Research Laboratory, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Michael C Schatz
- The Institute for Genomic Research, a division of J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Monica J Pedroni
- USDA-ARS Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas W Fadrosh
- The Institute for Genomic Research, a division of J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian J Haas
- The Institute for Genomic Research, a division of J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradley S Toms
- The Institute for Genomic Research, a division of J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Chen
- The Institute for Genomic Research, a division of J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- The Institute for Genomic Research, a division of J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Falabella P, Riviello L, Caccialupi P, Rossodivita T, Teresa Valente M, Luisa De Stradis M, Tranfaglia A, Varricchio P, Gigliotti S, Graziani F, Malva C, Pennacchio F. A gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase of Aphidius ervi venom induces apoptosis in the ovaries of host aphids. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 37:453-65. [PMID: 17456440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Parasitism by the endophagous braconid Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) has a negative impact on the reproductive activity of its host, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera, Aphididae). The host castration is induced by the parasitoid venom and is reproduced by the injection of chromatographic fractions highly enriched with two proteins, of 18 (p18) and 36 kDa (p36) in size, respectively. Here we demonstrate that these bioactive proteins trigger apoptosis of the cells in the germaria and ovariole sheath of the host aphid. Both p18 and p36 were internally sequenced and the gathered information was matched against the deduced amino acid sequence of the putative proteins encoded by cDNA clones, randomly selected from a cDNA library, which was raised using mRNA extracted from A. ervi venom glands. The identified cDNA clones contained an insert corresponding to the RNA product of an interrupted gene, made of six exons and five introns, which was found to be transcribed at higher levels in adult females of A. ervi than in males. This gene codes for a putative protein composed of 541 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 56.9 kDa, which contained the amino acid sequences experimentally determined for both p18 and p36. This putative protein showed a significant level of sequence identity with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases (gamma-GT), and it was named Ae-gamma-GT. The gamma-GTs are enzymes which play a key role in the metabolism of glutathione (GSH) and, as observed in most organisms, they are membrane-bound heterodimers formed by a large and a small subunit, which originate by post-translational processing of a single-chain precursor. The expression in insect cells of Ae-gamma-GT confirmed the occurrence of the expected post-translational processing, and demonstrated that, unlike other gamma-GTs, this protein is secreted in the extracellular environment. A measurable gamma-GT activity was detected in the venom of A. ervi and in the chromatographic fractions containing Ae-gamma-GT. Thus, we suggest that this venom protein may induce apoptosis in the host ovarioles by generating an alteration of the GSH metabolism and a consequent oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Falabella
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-Forestali, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Beck MH, Inman RB, Strand MR. Microplitis demolitor bracovirus genome segments vary in abundance and are individually packaged in virions. Virology 2007; 359:179-89. [PMID: 17034828 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are distinguished by their unique association with parasitoid wasps and their segmented, double-stranded (ds) DNA genomes that are non-equimolar in abundance. Relatively little is actually known, however, about genome packaging or segment abundance of these viruses. Here, we conducted electron microscopy (EM) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies to characterize packaging and segment abundance of Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV). Like other PDVs, MdBV replicates in the ovaries of females where virions accumulate to form a suspension called calyx fluid. Wasps then inject a quantity of calyx fluid when ovipositing into hosts. The MdBV genome consists of 15 segments that range from 3.6 (segment A) to 34.3 kb (segment O). EM analysis indicated that MdBV virions contain a single nucleocapsid that encapsidates one circular DNA of variable size. We developed a semi-quantitative real-time PCR assay using SYBR Green I. This assay indicated that five (J, O, H, N and B) segments of the MdBV genome accounted for more than 60% of the viral DNAs in calyx fluid. Estimates of relative segment abundance using our real-time PCR assay were also very similar to DNA size distributions determined from micrographs. Analysis of parasitized Pseudoplusia includens larvae indicated that copy number of MdBV segments C, B and J varied between hosts but their relative abundance within a host was virtually identical to their abundance in calyx fluid. Among-tissue assays indicated that each viral segment was most abundant in hemocytes and least abundant in salivary glands. However, the relative abundance of each segment to one another was similar in all tissues. We also found no clear relationship between MdBV segment and transcript abundance in hemocytes and fat body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus H Beck
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Falabella P, Varricchio P, Provost B, Espagne E, Ferrarese R, Grimaldi A, de Eguileor M, Fimiani G, Ursini MV, Malva C, Drezen JM, Pennacchio F. Characterization of the IkappaB-like gene family in polydnaviruses associated with wasps belonging to different Braconid subfamilies. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:92-104. [PMID: 17170441 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligate symbionts of hymenopteran parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae that induce host immunosuppression and physiological redirection. PDVs include bracoviruses (BVs) and ichnoviruses (IVs), which are associated with braconid and ichneumonid wasps, respectively. In this study, the gene family encoding IkappaB-like proteins in the BVs associated with Cotesia congregata (CcBV) and Toxoneuron nigriceps (TnBV) was analysed. PDV-encoded IkappaB-like proteins (ANK) are similar to insect and mammalian IkappaB, an inhibitor of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), but display shorter ankyrin domains and lack the regulatory domains for signal-mediated degradation and turnover. Phylogenetic analysis of ANK proteins indicates that those of IVs and BVs are closely related, even though these two taxa are believed to lack a common ancestor. Starting from a few hours after parasitization, the transcripts of BV ank genes were detected, at different levels, in several host tissues. The structure of the predicted proteins suggests that they may stably bind NF-kappaB/Rel transcription factors of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)/Toll immune pathway. Accordingly, after bacterial challenge of Heliothis virescens host larvae parasitized by T. nigriceps, NF-kappaB immunoreactive material failed to enter the nucleus of host haemocytes and fat body cells. Moreover, transfection experiments in human HeLa cells demonstrated that a TnBV ank1 gene product reduced the efficiency of the TNF-alpha-induced expression of a reporter gene under NF-kappaB transcriptional control. Altogether, these results suggest strongly that TnBV ANK proteins cause retention of NF-kappaB/Rel factors in the cytoplasm and may thus contribute to suppression of the immune response in parasitized host larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Falabella
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-Forestali, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Bertille Provost
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS, Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences, Tours, France
| | - Eric Espagne
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS, Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences, Tours, France
| | - Roberto Ferrarese
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | | | - Carla Malva
- Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS, Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences, Tours, France
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria 'F. Silvestri', Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pruijssers AJ, Strand MR. PTP-H2 and PTP-H3 from Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus localize to focal adhesions and are antiphagocytic in insect immune cells. J Virol 2007; 81:1209-19. [PMID: 17121799 PMCID: PMC1797498 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02189-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses in the family Polydnaviridae are symbiotically associated with parasitoid wasps. Wasps inject polydnaviruses (PDVs) when laying an egg into their insect host, and expression of viral gene products causes several physiological alterations, including immunosuppression, that allow the wasp's progeny to develop. As with other PDVs, most Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV) genes are related variants that form gene families. The largest MdBV gene family includes 13 members that encode predicted proteins related to protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Sequence analysis during the present study indicated that five PTP family members (PTP-H2, -H3, -N1, and -N2) have fully conserved catalytic domains, whereas other family members exhibited replacements, deletions, or rearrangements of amino acids considered essential for tyrosine phosphatase activity. Expression studies indicated that most MdBV PTP genes are expressed in virus-infected host insects, with transcript abundance usually being highest in hemocytes. MdBV-infected hemocytes also exhibited higher levels of tyrosine phosphatase activity than noninfected hemocytes. We produced expression constructs for four of the most abundantly expressed PTP family members and conducted functional studies with hemocyte-like Drosophila S2 cells. These experiments suggested that recombinant PTP-H2 and PTP-H3 are functional tyrosine phosphatases whereas PTP-H1 and PTP-J1 are not. PTP-H2 and -H3 localized to focal adhesions in S2 cells, and coexpression with another MdBV gene product, Glc1.8, resulted in complete inhibition of phagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Pruijssers
- Department of Entomology and Center for Emerging and Tropical Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ibrahim AMA, Choi JY, Je YH, Kim Y. Protein tyrosine phosphatases encoded in Cotesia plutellae bracovirus: sequence analysis, expression profile, and a possible biological role in host immunosuppression. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:978-90. [PMID: 17363054 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A genome project has been launched and aims to sequence total genome of Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV). On this process, several putative open reading frames have been proposed, among which there was a large gene family coding for protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). This study analyzed the deduced amino acid sequences of 14 CpBV-PTPs in terms of conserved domains with other known polydnaviral PTPs and determined their expression patterns in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, parasitized by C. plutellae. The analyzed CpBV-PTPs share the common 10 motifs with classical type of PTPs. However, there are variations among CpBV-PTPs in active site sequence and phosphorylation sites. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicated that most PTPs in the parasitized P. xylostella were expressed from the first day of parasitization and increased the expression levels during parasitization. All 14 PTPs were expressed in both immune-associated tissues of fat body and hemocytes in the parasitized host. During last instar, the PTP enzyme activity of the parasitized P. xylostella was significantly lower than that of the nonparasitized. The reduction of the PTP activity was observed in cytosolic fraction, but not in membrane fraction. The hemocytes of parasitized P. xylostella markedly lost their spreading ability in response to a cytokine (PSP1: plasmatocyte-spreading peptide 1). The functional link between the reduced PTP activity and the suppressed hemocytic behavior was evidenced by the inhibitory effect of sodium orthovanadate (a specific PTP inhibitor) on hemocyte-spreading behavior of nonparasitized P. xylostella. These results suggest that CpBV-PTPs are expressed in the parasitized P. xylostella and affect cellular PTP activity, which may be associated with host immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M A Ibrahim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|