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Qiao X, Liu C, Wang W, Yang C, Li M, Yi Q, Kong N, Qiu L, Liu X, Wang L, Song L. A neural cell adhesion molecule from oyster Crassostrea gigas: Molecular identification and immune functional characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125756. [PMID: 37429340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) are large cell-surface glycoproteins playing important roles in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions in nervous system. Recent study identified a homologue of NCAM (CgNCAM) from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Its ORF was of 2634 bp which encodes a protein (877 amino acids) consisting of five immunoglobulin domains and two fibronectin type III domains. CgNCAM transcripts were broadly distributed in oyster tissues especially in mantle, labial palp and haemolymph. CgNCAM showed up-regulated expression in haemocytes of oysters after Vibrio splendidus and Staphylococcus aureus stimulation. The recombinant CgNCAM protein (rCgNCAM) was able to bind manose, lipopolysaccharide and glucan, as well as different microbes including Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. rCgNCAM displayed bacterial agglutination and hemagglutination activity. CgNCAM improved the phagocytosis of haemocytes towards V. splendidus by regulating the expression of CgIntegrin, CgRho J and CgMAPKK. Moreover, CgNCAM was involved in the extracellular trap establishment of haemocytes after V. splendidus stimulation. The results collectively indicated that CgNCAM acted as a recognition receptor executing multiple immune functions to recognize and eliminate invading microorganisms in innate immunity of oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Conghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Meijia Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiyang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Sun J, Wu Z, Wu W, Leng J, Lv X, Zhang T, Wang L, Song L. PDGFRβ Recognizes and Binds Bacteria to Activate Src/Stat Pathway in Oysters. J Immunol 2021; 207:3060-3069. [PMID: 34799429 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Stat signaling pathway plays important roles in mediating the secretions of a large number of cytokines and growth factors in vertebrates, which is generally triggered by the growth factor receptor, cytokine receptor, G protein coupled receptor, and receptor protein tyrosine kinase. In the current study, a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (defined as CgPDGFRβ) was identified from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, with a signal peptide, three Ig domains, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular Ser/Thr/Tyr kinase domain. The two N-terminal Ig domains of CgPDGFRβ showed relatively higher binding activity to Gram-negative bacteria and LPS compared with Gram-positive bacteria and peptidoglycan. Upon binding bacteria, CgPDGFRβ in hemocytes formed a dimer and interacted with protein tyrosine kinase CgSrc to induce the phosphorylation of CgSrc at Tyr416. The activated CgSrc interacted with CgStat to induce the translocation of CgStat into the nucleus of hemocytes, which then promoted the expressions of Big defensin 1 (CgBigdef1), IL17-4 (CgIL17-4), and TNF (CgTNF1). These findings together demonstrated that the Src/Stat signaling was activated after the binding of CgPDGFRβ with bacteria to induce the expressions of CgBigdef1, CgIL17-4, and CgTNF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhaojun Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Jinyuan Leng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoqian Lv
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China;
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; and
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China;
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; and
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Chen RY, Keddie BA. Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Hemocytes Release Extracellular Traps That Confer Protection Against Bacterial Infection in the Hemocoel. J Insect Sci 2021; 21:6449199. [PMID: 34865034 PMCID: PMC8643984 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular traps (ETs) released from vertebrate and invertebrate immune cells consist of chromatin and toxic granule contents that are capable of immobilizing and killing microbes. This recently described innate immune response is not well documented in insects. The present study found that ETs were released by hemocytes of Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in vivo and ex vivo after bacterial stimulation. ET release (ETosis), hemolymph coagulation, and melanization likely contributed to the immobilization and killing of the bacteria. The injection of G. mellonella hemocyte deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the presence of bacteria increased bacterial clearance rate and prolonged insect survival. Taken together, these results indicate the presence of insect hemocyte extracellular traps (IHETs) that protect the insect against microbial infection in the hemocoel and represent the first documentation of ETs in insects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Y Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - B Andrew Keddie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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Gong Y, Wei X, Sun W, Ren X, Chen J, Aweya JJ, Ma H, Chan KG, Zhang Y, Li S. Exosomal miR-224 contributes to hemolymph microbiota homeostasis during bacterial infection in crustacean. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009837. [PMID: 34379706 PMCID: PMC8382196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that exosomes could serve as anti-microbial immune factors in animals. However, despite growing evidences have shown that the homeostasis of the hemolymph microbiota was vital for immune regulation in crustaceans, the relationship between exosomes and hemolymph microbiota homeostasis during pathogenic bacteria infection has not been addressed. Here, we reported that exosomes released from Vibrio parahaemolyticus-infected mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain) could help to maintain the homeostasis of hemolymph microbiota and have a protective effect on the mortality of the host during the infection process. We further confirmed that miR-224 was densely packaged in these exosomes, resulting in the suppression of HSP70 and disruption of the HSP70-TRAF6 complex, then the released TRAF6 further interacted with Ecsit to regulate the production of mitochondrial ROS (mROS) and the expression of Anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs) in recipient hemocytes, which eventually affected hemolymph microbiota homeostasis in response to the pathogenic bacteria infection in mud crab. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first document that reports the role of exosome in the hemolymph microbiota homeostasis modulation during pathogen infection, which reveals the crosstalk between exosomal miRNAs and innate immune response in crustaceans. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin which are widely involved in the regulation of a variety of pathological processes in mammals. Yet, although the antibacterial function of exosomes has been discovered for many years, the relationship between exosomes and hemolymph microbiota homeostasis remains unknown. In the present study, we identified the miRNAs packaged by exosomes that were possibly involved in Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection by modulating hemolymph microbiota homeostasis in crustacean mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Moreover, it was found that miR-224 was densely packaged in exosomes after Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge, resulting in the suppression of HSP70 and disruption of the HSP70-TRAF6 complex in recipient hemocytes, then the released TRAF6 was further interacted with Ecsit to regulate ROS and ALFs levels, which eventually affected hemolymph microbiota homeostasis to cope with pathogenic bacteria infection. Our finding is the first to reveal the relationship between exosomes and hemolymph microbiota homeostasis in animals, which shows a novel molecular mechanism of invertebrate resistance to pathogenic microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Wanwei Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xin Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (SL)
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (SL)
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Hu X, Zhang K, Pan G, Hao X, Li C, Li C, Gul I, Kausar S, Abbas MN, Zhu Y, Cui H. The identification of nuclear factor Akirin with immune defense role in silkworm, Bombyx mori. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:32-42. [PMID: 34352318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Akirins, highly conserved nuclear factors, regulate diverse physiological processes such as innate immunity. The biological functions of Akirins have extensively been studied in vertebrates and many invertebrates; however, there is no report so far on lepidopteran insects. In the present study, we identified and characterized a novel Akirin from the silkworm, Bombyx mori (designated as BmAkirin), and explored its potential roles in innate immunity. The expression analysis revealed the unequal mRNA levels of BmAkirin in all the tested tissues; however, the gene's transcription level was highest in testis, followed by ovaries and hemocytes. It also had significant expression levels at the early stages of embryonic development. Expression of BmAkirin in fat bodies and hemocytes exhibited an increase in various degrees when challenged with virus, fungus, Gram-negative bacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria. Immunofluorescence analysis showed BmAkirin protein was prominently localized in the nucleus. Knockdown of BmAkirin strongly reduced the expression of AMPs and decreased the survival ability of larva upon immune stimulation. Moreover, the bacterial clearance ability of larvae was also decreased following the depletion of BmAkirin. Collectively, our results demonstrate that BmAkirin plays an indispensable role in the innate immunity of Bombyx mori (B. mori) by positively modulating AMPs expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Guangzhao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiangwei Hao
- Chongqing Reproductive and Genetics Institute, Chongqing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, No. 64, Jintang Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Changhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Isma Gul
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Saima Kausar
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Xu S, Jing M, Kong DM, Wang YR, Zhou Q, Liu WY, Jiao F, Li YJ, Xie SY. Chitin binding protein from the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus facilitates the clearance of Vibrio anguillarum. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 117:103981. [PMID: 33340592 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peritrophic membrane (PM) refers to a vital physical barrier enabling shrimp to resist pathogen invasion. It primarily consists of chitin and proteins, mostly chitin-binding protein (CBP). CBPs have been identified from microorganisms to higher organisms. In the present study, a CBP, designated MjCBP, was reported from Marsupenaeus japonicus. The open reading frame of MjCBP was 1854 bp, encoding a protein with 618 amino acids (MH544098). To be specific, the theoretical pI and molecular mass of mature MjCBP reached 5.43 and 66064.00 Da, respectively. MjCBP consisted of seven type Ⅱ chitin-binding domains (ChtB D2), which was up-regulated after being challenged with Vibrio anguillarum and then agglutinating several bacteria. In addition, MjCBP and the first chitin-binding domain (CBD1) could bind to several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria via the binding process to lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans, whereas CBD1 was not capable of agglutinating bacteria. Moreover, the anterior and posterior segments of CBD1 were synthesized in vitro, and the posterior segment could bind to lipopolysaccharides. However, both segments fail to agglutinate bacteria. Furthermore, MjCBP and CBD1 facilitated the clearance of V. anguillarum in vivo, and the silencing of MjCBP via RNA interference reduced the ability of bacterial clearance. As revealed from the mentioned results, MjCBP acts as an opsonin or pattern recognition receptor to achieve antibacterial immune response in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Ming Jing
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - De-Min Kong
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Ya-Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Wen-Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Fei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - You-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Shu-Yang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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Han Y, Chen L, Zhang Q, Yu D, Yang D, Zhao J. Hemocyte extracellular traps of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum: Production characteristics and antibacterial effects. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 116:103953. [PMID: 33275994 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular traps (ETs) have been found to be an important strategy of mammals to immobilize and kill invading microorganisms. In the present study, we observed the formation of ETs in the hemocytes of marine mollusks Ruditapes philippinarum in response to challenge from bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, and examined the potential factors and signaling pathways underling this process. We detected an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) production during ETosis, accompanied by significantly up-regulated expression of ROS-related and MPO genes. The suppression of ETs structures by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitor (diphenyleneiodonium chloride, DPI) and MPO inhibitor (aminobenzoic acid hydrazide, ABAH) further confirmed the essential roles ROS and MPO played in ETosis. Furthermore, ET production could be inhibited by phosphotidylinsitol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002) and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor (U0126), suggesting the idea that both the PI3K and ERK pathways were suggested to function during ETosis. In addition, the ETosis process was accompanied by enhancement of glycolysis-related enzymatic activities, e.g., pyruvate kinase (PK) and hexokinase (HK), and over-expression of the glycolysis-related genes, e.g., PK, HK and glucose transport protein (GLUT), indicating high involvement of glycolysis in the ETosis process. Furthermore, our scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation and antibacterial activities test successfully showed the patterns how clam ETs entrapped and killed the invading V. anguillarum. Taken together, our results revealed that ETosis with bactericidal effect increased ROS, MPO and glycolysis level and carried out in a ROS-, MPO-, PI3K-ERK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Han
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Lizhu Chen
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, 264006, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, PR China
| | - Daode Yu
- Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao, Shandong, 266002, PR China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, PR China.
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Liu FF, Ding C, Yang LL, Li H, Rao XJ. Identification and analysis of two lebocins in the oriental armyworm Mythimna separata. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 116:103962. [PMID: 33301794 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The insect immune system can produce defensive molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), to eliminate invading pathogens. Here, we report the identification of two cDNAs (MseLeb1, MseLeb2) that encode lepidopteral lebocin preproproteins in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata. Their open reading frames are 483/492 bp that encode 161/164 aa peptides. MseLeb1 is mainly expressed in the fat body and epidermis, while MseLeb2 is mainly expressed in the fat body, Malpighian tube, and epidermis. They were significantly induced by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Beauveria bassiana in hemocytes. The preproproteins can be processed after RXXR motifs into mature peptides. Multiple sequence alignment indicates that MseLeb1 (18-42, 121-161) are potentially active peptides. Five peptides were synthesized for analyses: 18-42, 121-161, 121-154, 121-151, 121-146. Synthetic peptides showed agglutinating activity, but no hemolytic activity. Bacterial growth assay, colony formation assay, and electron microscopy revealed that synthetic peptides can inhibit bacterial growth and disrupt bacterial cell wall. B. bassiana conidia and blastospores were lysed by synthetic peptides. These results indicate that MseLeb1 and MseLeb2 are immune responsive lebocins, and the mature peptides have antibacterial and antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Chen Ding
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Li-Ling Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hao Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Rao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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González R, Gonçalves AT, Rojas R, Brokordt K, Rosa RD, Schmitt P. Host Defense Effectors Expressed by Hemocytes Shape the Bacterial Microbiota From the Scallop Hemolymph. Front Immunol 2020; 11:599625. [PMID: 33281827 PMCID: PMC7689009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between host immune response and the associated microbiota has recently become a fundamental aspect of vertebrate and invertebrate animal health. This interaction allows the specific association of microbial communities, which participate in a variety of processes in the host including protection against pathogens. Marine aquatic invertebrates such as scallops are also colonized by diverse microbial communities. Scallops remain healthy most of the time, and in general, only a few species are fatally affected on adult stage by viral and bacterial pathogens. Still, high mortalities at larval stages are widely reported and they are associated with pathogenic Vibrio. Thus, to give new insights into the interaction between scallop immune response and its associated microbiota, we assessed the involvement of two host antimicrobial effectors in shaping the abundances of bacterial communities present in the scallop Argopecten purpuratus hemolymph. To do this, we first characterized the microbiota composition in the hemolymph from non-stimulated scallops, finding both common and distinct bacterial communities dominated by the Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes and Bacteroidetes phyla. Next, we identified dynamic shifts of certain bacterial communities in the scallop hemolymph along immune response progression, where host antimicrobial effectors were expressed at basal level and early induced after a bacterial challenge. Finally, the transcript silencing of the antimicrobial peptide big defensin ApBD1 and the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein ApLBP/BPI1 by RNA interference led to an imbalance of target bacterial groups from scallop hemolymph. Specifically, a significant increase in the class Gammaproteobacteria and the proliferation of Vibrio spp. was observed in scallops silenced for each antimicrobial. Overall, our results strongly suggest that scallop antimicrobial peptides and proteins are implicated in the maintenance of microbial homeostasis and are key molecules in orchestrating host-microbiota interactions. This new evidence depicts the delicate balance that exists between the immune response of A. purpuratus and the hemolymph microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana González
- Doctorado en Acuicultura. Programa Cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Rodrigo Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Katherina Brokordt
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Rafael Diego Rosa
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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10
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Ko HJ, Jo YH, Patnaik BB, Park KB, Kim CE, Keshavarz M, Jang HA, Lee YS, Han YS. IKKγ/NEMO Is Required to Confer Antimicrobial Innate Immune Responses in the Yellow Mealworm, Tenebrio Molitor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186734. [PMID: 32937897 PMCID: PMC7555931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IKKγ/NEMO is the regulatory subunit of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway. Within the IKK complex, IKKγ/NEMO is the non-catalytic subunit, whereas IKKα and IKKβ are the structurally related catalytic subunits. In this study, TmIKKγ was screened from the Tenebrio molitor RNA-Seq database and functionally characterized using RNAi screening for its role in regulating T. molitor antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes after microbial challenges. The TmIKKγ transcript is 1521 bp that putatively encodes a polypeptide of 506 amino acid residues. TmIKKγ contains a NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) and a leucine zipper domain of coiled coil region 2 (LZCC2). A phylogenetic analysis confirmed its homology to the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum IKKγ (TcIKKγ). The expression of TmIKKγ mRNA showed that it might function in diverse tissues of the insect, with a higher expression in the hemocytes and the fat body of the late-instar larvae. TmIKKγ mRNA expression was induced by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans challenges in the whole larvae and in tissues such as the hemocytes, gut and fat body. The knockdown of TmIKKγ mRNA significantly reduced the survival of the larvae after microbial challenges. Furthermore, we investigated the tissue-specific induction patterns of fourteen T. molitor AMP genes in TmIKKγ mRNA-silenced individuals after microbial challenges. In general, the mRNA expression of TmTenecin1, -2, and -4; TmDefensin1 and -2; TmColeoptericin1 and 2; and TmAttacin1a, 1b, and 2 were found to be downregulated in the hemocytes, gut, and fat body tissues in the TmIKKγ-silenced individuals after microbial challenges. Under similar conditions, TmRelish (NF-κB transcription factor) mRNA was also found to be downregulated. Thus, TmIKKγ is an important factor in the antimicrobial innate immune response of T. molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Ko
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology (TACT), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India;
- P.G. Department of Bio-Sciences and Bio-Technology, Fakir Mohan University, Nuapadhi, Balasore, Odisha 756089, India
| | - Ki Beom Park
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Chang Eun Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Maryam Keshavarz
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Ho Am Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- School of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-Myeon, Asan, Chungchungnam-do 31538, Korea;
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.J.K.); (Y.H.J.); (K.B.P.); (C.E.K.); (M.K.); (H.A.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-530-2072
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Benoist L, Houyvet B, Henry J, Corre E, Zanuttini B, Zatylny-Gaudin C. In-Depth In Silico Search for Cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis) Antimicrobial Peptides Following Bacterial Challenge of Haemocytes. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18090439. [PMID: 32847054 PMCID: PMC7551771 DOI: 10.3390/md18090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) haemocytes are potential sources of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To study the immune response to Vibrio splendidus and identify new AMPs, an original approach was developed based on a differential transcriptomic study and an in-depth in silico analysis using multiple tools. Two de novo transcriptomes were retrieved from cuttlefish haemocytes following challenge by V. splendidus or not. A first analysis of the annotated transcripts revealed the presence of Toll/NF-κB pathway members, including newly identified factors such as So-TLR-h, So-IKK-h and So-Rel/NF-κB-h. Out of the eight Toll/NF-κB pathway members, seven were found up-regulated following V. splendidus challenge. Besides, immune factors involved in the immune response were also identified and up-regulated. However, no AMP was identified based on annotation or conserved pattern searches. We therefore performed an in-depth in silico analysis of unannotated transcripts based on differential expression and sequence characteristics, using several tools available like PepTraq, a homemade software program. Finally, five AMP candidates were synthesized. Among them, NF19, AV19 and GK28 displayed antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Each peptide had a different spectrum of activity, notably against Vibrio species. GK28—the most active peptide—was not haemolytic, whereas NF19 and AV19 were haemolytic at concentrations between 50 and 100 µM, 5 to 10 times higher than their minimum inhibitory concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Benoist
- Normandy University, Unicaen, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 CAEN, France; (L.B.); (B.H.); (J.H.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA) Université de Caen-Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS, IRD, Esplanade de la Paix, CEDEX, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Baptiste Houyvet
- Normandy University, Unicaen, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 CAEN, France; (L.B.); (B.H.); (J.H.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA) Université de Caen-Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS, IRD, Esplanade de la Paix, CEDEX, 14032 Caen, France
- SATMAR, Société ATlantique de MARiculture, Research and Development Department, 50760 Gatteville, France
| | - Joël Henry
- Normandy University, Unicaen, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 CAEN, France; (L.B.); (B.H.); (J.H.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA) Université de Caen-Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS, IRD, Esplanade de la Paix, CEDEX, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Erwan Corre
- Plateforme ABiMS, Station Biologique de Roscoff (CNRS-Sorbonne Université), 29688 Roscoff, France;
| | - Bruno Zanuttini
- Normandy University, Unicaen, Ensicaen, CNRS, GREYC, 14000 Caen, France;
| | - Céline Zatylny-Gaudin
- Normandy University, Unicaen, CNRS, BOREA, 14000 CAEN, France; (L.B.); (B.H.); (J.H.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA) Université de Caen-Normandie, MNHN, SU, UA, CNRS, IRD, Esplanade de la Paix, CEDEX, 14032 Caen, France
- Correspondence:
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12
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Zhang H, Li S, Wang F, Xiang J, Li F. Identification and functional study of an LRR domain containing membrane protein in Litopenaeus vannamei. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 109:103713. [PMID: 32304716 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) is a vital structure in some pattern recognition receptors such as TLRs, NLRs and newly reported LRR-containing proteins. Apart from some limited reported LRR-containing proteins, most of LRR proteins, especially immune-related proteins, remain uncharacterized functionally. In the present study, a transmembrane protein containing several LRR motifs, designated as LvLRRm, was identified from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. LvLRRm contained a long signal peptide, one LRRNT region, 12 LRR motifs, one LRRCT region and a transmembrane region. The transcripts of LvLRRm were widely distributed in all tested tissues of shrimp and they were responsive to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in several immune-related tissues including Oka, intestine, gill and hemocytes. Knockdown of LvLRRm by dsRNA interference led to a decreased survival rate of shrimp infected by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and an increased in vivo Vibrio propagation. Meanwhile, knockdown of LvLRRm also down-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in antibacterial immune signaling pathways, including the transcription factors LvDorsal and LvRelish, and several antimicrobial peptides. These data suggested that LvLRRm played important roles in shrimp against Vibrio infection, which was probably functioning through activation of antibacterial immune signaling pathways. The present study provided new evidence to elucidate the immune function of LRR-containing proteins in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Fuxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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13
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Gábor E, Cinege G, Csordás G, Rusvai M, Honti V, Kolics B, Török T, Williams MJ, Kurucz É, Andó I. Identification of reference markers for characterizing honey bee (Apis mellifera) hemocyte classes. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 109:103701. [PMID: 32320738 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell mediated immunity of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) involves the activity of several hemocyte populations, currently defined by morphological features and lectin binding characteristics. The objective of the present study was to identify molecular markers capable of characterizing subsets of honey bee hemocytes. We developed and employed monoclonal antibodies with restricted reactions to functionally distinct hemocyte subpopulations. Melanizing cells, known as oenocytoids, were defined by an antibody to prophenoloxidase, aggregating cells were identified by the expression of Hemolectin, and phagocytic cells were identified by a marker expressed on granulocytes. We anticipate that this combination of antibodies not only allows for the detection of functionally distinct hemocyte subtypes, but will help to further the exploration of hematopoietic compartments, as well as reveal details of the honey bee cellular immune defense against parasites and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Gábor
- Immunology Unit, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, P.O.Box 521, Szeged, H-6701, Hungary.
| | - Gyöngyi Cinege
- Immunology Unit, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, P.O.Box 521, Szeged, H-6701, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Csordás
- Immunology Unit, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, P.O.Box 521, Szeged, H-6701, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Rusvai
- University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078, Budapest, István u. 2., Hungary.
| | - Viktor Honti
- Immunology Unit, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, P.O.Box 521, Szeged, H-6701, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Kolics
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty, Deák F. u. 16., 8360, Keszthely, Hungary.
| | - Tibor Török
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Michael J Williams
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Éva Kurucz
- Immunology Unit, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, P.O.Box 521, Szeged, H-6701, Hungary.
| | - István Andó
- Immunology Unit, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, P.O.Box 521, Szeged, H-6701, Hungary.
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14
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Lin HY, Kuo HW, Song YL, Cheng W. Cloning and characterization of DOPA decarboxylase in Litopenaeus vannamei and its roles in catecholamine biosynthesis, immunocompetence, and antibacterial defense by dsRNA-mediated gene silencing. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 108:103668. [PMID: 32145295 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines (CAs) play critical roles in regulating physiological and immunological homeostasis in invertebrates and vertebrates under stressful environments. DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), an enzyme responsible for the decarboxylation step of dopamine synthesis, participates in neurotransmitter metabolism and innate immunity. In shrimp, two genes encoding CA-related enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase, were further identified and characterized as neuroendocrine-immune regulators. In this study, full-length complementary DNA of DDC cloned from the thoracic ganglia of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, (LvDDC) was predicted to encode a 452-amino acid protein with a pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase-conserved domain, and this deduced protein of LvDDC was phylogenetically closely related to insect DDC. LvDDC messenger RNA expression was analyzed by a semiquantitative RT-PCR and a real-time quantitative RT-PCR and found to be abundant in the hepatopancreas and nervous system but at low levels in haemocytes, heart, stomach, and gills. To determine the role of LvDDC, double-stranded (ds)RNA was used for in vivo assessments. LvDDC-depleted shrimp revealed significant increases in the total haemocyte count, hyaline cells, granular cells, phenoloxidase activity, and respiratory bursts of haemocytes per unit of haemolymph, and phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency toward Vibrio alginolyticus. Further, decreased LvDDC mRNA expression was accompanied by decreases in dopamine, glucose, and lactate levels in haemolymph. In shrimp that received LvDDC-dsRNA for 3 days and were then challenged with V. alginolyticus, the survival rate of LvDDC-depleted shrimp was significantly higher than that of shrimp that received diethyl pyrocarbonate-water or non-targeted dsRNA. In conclusion, the cloned LvDDC was responsible for controlling dopamine synthesis, which then regulated physiological and immune responses in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yun Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Wei Kuo
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Ling Song
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Winton Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912, Taiwan, ROC.
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Ramond E, Dudzic JP, Lemaitre B. Comparative RNA-Seq analyses of Drosophila plasmatocytes reveal gene specific signatures in response to clean injury and septic injury. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235294. [PMID: 32598400 PMCID: PMC7323993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster's blood cells (hemocytes) play essential roles in wound healing and are involved in clearing microbial infections. Here, we report the transcriptional changes of larval plasmatocytes after clean injury or infection with the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli or the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus compared to hemocytes recovered from unchallenged larvae via RNA-Sequencing. This study reveals 676 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in hemocytes from clean injury samples compared to unchallenged samples, and 235 and 184 DEGs in E. coli and S. aureus samples respectively compared to clean injury samples. The clean injury samples showed enriched DEGs for immunity, clotting, cytoskeleton, cell migration, hemocyte differentiation, and indicated a metabolic reprogramming to aerobic glycolysis, a well-defined metabolic adaptation observed in mammalian macrophages. Microbial infections trigger significant transcription of immune genes, with significant differences between the E. coli and S. aureus samples suggesting that hemocytes have the ability to engage various programs upon infection. Collectively, our data bring new insights on Drosophila hemocyte function and open the route to post-genomic functional analysis of the cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ramond
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Paul Dudzic
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Xu D, Zhao Z, Zhou Z, Lin Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, li J, Mao F, Xiao S, Ma H, Zhiming X, Yu Z. Mechanistic molecular responses of the giant clam Tridacna crocea to Vibrio coralliilyticus challenge. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231399. [PMID: 32276269 PMCID: PMC7148125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio coralliilyticus is a pathogen of coral and mollusk, contributing to dramatic losses worldwide. In our study, we found that V. coralliilyticus challenge could directly affect adult Tridacna crocea survival; there were dead individuals appearing at 6 h post infection, and there were 45.56% and 56.78% mortality rates in challenged groups after 36 h of infection. The apoptosis rate of hemocytes was significantly increased by 1.8-fold at 6 h after V. coralliilyticus injection. To shed light on the mechanistic molecular responses of T. crocea to V. coralliilyticus infection, we used transcriptome sequencing analysis and other relevant techniques to analyze T. crocea hemocytes at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after V. coralliilyticus challenge. Our results revealed that the total numbers of unigenes and DEGs were 195651 and 3446, respectively. Additional details were found by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, where DEGs were significantly enriched in immune-related signaling pathways, such as the TLR signaling pathway, and some were associated with signaling related to apoptosis. Quantitative validation results illustrated that with exposure to V. coralliilyticus, the expression of TLR pathway members, TLR, MyD88, IRAK4, TRAF6, and IкB-α, were significantly upregulated (by 22.9-, 9.6-, 4.0-, 3.6-, and 3.9-fold, respectively) at 6 h. The cytokine-related gene IL-17 exhibited an increase of 6.3-fold and 10.5-fold at 3 h and 6 h, respectively. The apoptosis-related gene IAP1 was dramatically increased by 2.99-fold at 6 h. These results indicate that adult T. crocea could initiate the TLR pathway to resist V. coralliilyticus, which promotes the release of inflammatory factors such as IL-17 and leads to the activation of a series of outcomes, such as apoptosis. The response mechanism is related to the T. crocea immunoreaction stimulated by V. coralliilyticus, providing a theoretical basis for understanding T. crocea immune response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zihua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuehuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhiming
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZNY); (ZMX)
| | - Ziniu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZNY); (ZMX)
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17
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Zhang H, Cheng W, Zheng J, Wang P, Liu Q, Li Z, Shi T, Zhou Y, Mao Y, Yu X. Identification and Molecular Characterization of a Pellino Protein in Kuruma Prawn ( Marsupenaeus Japonicus) in Response to White Spot Syndrome Virus and Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041243. [PMID: 32069894 PMCID: PMC7072872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus, has the third largest annual yield among shrimp species with vital economic significance in China. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a great threat to the global shrimp farming industry and results in high mortality. Pellino, a highly conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been found to be an important modulator of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways that participate in the innate immune response and ubiquitination. In the present study, the Pellino gene from Marsupenaeus japonicus was identified. A qRT-PCR assay showed the presence of MjPellino in all the tested tissues and revealed that the transcript level of this gene was significantly upregulated in both the gills and hemocytes after challenge with WSSV and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The function of MjPellino was further verified at the protein level. The results of the three-dimensional modeling and protein-protein docking analyses and a GST pull-down assay revealed that the MjPellino protein was able to bind to the WSSV envelope protein VP26. In addition, the knockdown of MjPellino in vivo significantly decreased the expression of MjAMPs. These results suggest that MjPellino might play an important role in the immune response of kuruma prawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqian Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wenzhi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.C.); (J.Z.); (P.W.); (T.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinbin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.C.); (J.Z.); (P.W.); (T.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.C.); (J.Z.); (P.W.); (T.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qinghui Liu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhen Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Tianyi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.C.); (J.Z.); (P.W.); (T.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.C.); (J.Z.); (P.W.); (T.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (W.C.); (J.Z.); (P.W.); (T.S.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiangyong Yu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (X.Y.)
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18
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Kazek M, Kaczmarek A, Wrońska AK, Boguś MI. Conidiobolus coronatus induces oxidative stress and autophagy response in Galleria mellonella larvae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228407. [PMID: 32012188 PMCID: PMC6996803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell homeostasis requires the correct levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to be maintained as these regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells, and control the immune response and inflammation. High levels of ROS can cause oxidative stress, leading to protein, lipid and DNA damage, or even cell death. Under physiological conditions, the rate of autophagy remains stable; however, it can be accelerated by a number of exogenous stimuli such as oxidative stress, starvation or hypoxia, leading to cell death. The present paper examines the effect of Conidiobolus coronatus infection on the immune response, oxidative stress processes and autophagy in the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Fungal infection was found to result in the disorganization of the cytoskeleton of the larval immune cells and the enhancement of oxidative defense processes. Lipid peroxidation and autophagy were also induced in the hemocytes. Our findings show that G. mellonella is an ideal model for exploring immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Kazek
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Kaczmarek
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- BIOMIBO, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Tang M, Li X, Yang L, Wang Q, Li W. A class B scavenger receptor mediates antimicrobial peptide secretion and phagocytosis in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 103:103496. [PMID: 31513820 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) vital for innate immunity. As well as their importance in immune recognition, microbe phagocytosis, and the clearance of modified endogenous molecules, they also activate downstream immune responses as co-receptors. In the current study, we identified a class B scavenger receptor in Eriocheir sinensis (EsSR-B2). The full-length gene is 2,517 bp and encodes a 517 amino acid polypeptide. EsSR-B2 is expressed widely in all tested tissues and is induced by microbial stimulation. Recombinant EsSR-B2 binds to bacteria and pathogen-associated molecular patterns in vitro. Upon knockdown of EsSR-B2 and bacterial challenge with Staphylococcus aureus or Vibrio parahaemolyticus, phagocytosis rates in hemocytes are decreased. Moreover, the expression of several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in response to distinct microorganism stimulation is decreased following EsSR-B2 silencing. Thus, EsSR-B2 is a PRR that protects E. sinensis against invading pathogens by promoting phagocytosis and enhancing AMP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxue Tang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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20
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Mello DF, Trevisan R, Danielli NM, Dafre AL. Vulnerability of glutathione-depleted Crassostrea gigas oysters to Vibrio species. Mar Environ Res 2020; 154:104870. [PMID: 32056707 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a major cellular antioxidant molecule participating in several biological processes, including immune function. In this study, we investigated the importance of GSH to oysters Crassostrea gigas immune response. Oysters were treated with the GSH-synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), and the function of immune cells and mortality were evaluated after a bacterial challenge with different Vibrio species. BSO caused a moderate decrease (20-40%) in GSH levels in the gills, digestive gland, and hemocytes. As expected, lower GSH decreased survival to peroxide exposure. Hemocyte function was preserved after BSO treatment, however, oysters became more susceptible to challenges with Vibrio anguillarum, V. alginolyticus, or V. harveyi, but not with V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus, indicating a species-specific vulnerability. Our study indicates that in natural habitats or in mariculture farms, disturbances in GSH metabolism may pre-dispose oysters to bacterial infection, decreasing survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Ferraz Mello
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Trevisan
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Naissa Maria Danielli
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafre
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
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21
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Wang W, Wang L, Liu Z, Song X, Yi Q, Yang C, Song L. The involvement of TLR signaling and anti-bacterial effectors in enhanced immune protection of oysters after Vibrio splendidus pre-exposure. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 103:103498. [PMID: 31525382 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The phenomena of enhanced protection of innate immunity responding to a pre-exposed pathogen have been reported in invertebrates. The underpinning molecular basis and mechanism for the enhanced immune protection are still missing. In order to explore the possible molecular basis for enhanced immune protection in molluscs, the transcriptomic analysis of oysters Crassostrea gigas hemocytes after twice stimulation of Vibrio splendidus were conducted, and a total of 403 M clean reads and 34254 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were collected. There were 2964 common DEGs up-regulated in hemocytes after both the first and second immune stimulation, which were mostly enriched in metabolic processes and immune related pathways, such as endocytosis, MAPK signaling pathway and TLR signal pathway. Moreover, 187 and 55 DEGs were higher expressed at resting (0 h after stimulation) and activating state (12 h after stimulation) of the second immune response than that of the first response, respectively, mainly including immune recognition receptor scavenger receptor 2, signal molecule MAPK2, immune regulator IL17-d, apoptosis inhibitor IAP and effector cathepsin. More importantly, 13 DEGs were long-lastingly higher expressed at both the resting and activating state within the second immune response than that of the first, including TLR signal molecule MyD88, anti-virulent tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, anti-bacterial proline-rich transmembrane protein, which might play indispensable roles in enhanced immune protection against V. splendidus re-infection. The expression patterns of TLR signals (CgTLR6 and CgMyD88) and effector molecules (CgTIMP and CgPRTP) were further validated by RT-PCR, which were consistent to transcriptomic results. All the results provided an overall molecular basis of enhanced immune protection for hemocytes defensing against the second stimulation of V. splendidus in oyster, which would be valuable for understanding the protection mechanisms of pre-exposure in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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22
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Iwashita S, Suzuki H, Goto A, Oyama T, Kanoh H, Kuraishi T, Fuse N, Yano T, Oshima Y, Dow JAT, Davies SA, Kurata S. A Receptor Guanylate Cyclase, Gyc76C, Mediates Humoral, and Cellular Responses in Distinct Ways in Drosophila Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:35. [PMID: 32063902 PMCID: PMC6999089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is an evolutionarily conserved host defense system against infections. The fruit fly Drosophila relies solely on innate immunity for infection defense, and the conservation of innate immunity makes Drosophila an ideal model for understanding the principles of innate immunity, which comprises both humoral and cellular responses. The mechanisms underlying the coordination of humoral and cellular responses, however, has remained unclear. Previously, we identified Gyc76C, a receptor-type guanylate cyclase that produces cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), as an immune receptor in Drosophila. Gyc76C mediates the induction of antimicrobial peptides for humoral responses by a novel cGMP pathway including a membrane-localized cGMP-dependent protein kinase, DG2, through downstream components of the Toll receptor such as dMyD88. Here we show that Gyc76C is also required for the proliferation of blood cells (hemocytes) for cellular responses to bacterial infections. In contrast to Gyc76C-dependent antimicrobial peptide induction, Gyc76C-dependent hemocyte proliferation is meditated by a small GTPase, Ras85D, and not by DG2 or dMyD88, indicating that Gyc76C mediates the cellular and humoral immune responses in distinct ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinzo Iwashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Goto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohito Oyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kuraishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Fuse
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tamaki Yano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Julian A. T. Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Shireen-Anne Davies
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Shoichiro Kurata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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23
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Hu G, Han Y, Yang D, Cao R, Wang Q, Liu H, Dong Z, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Zhao J. Molecular cloning and characterization of FADD from the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 88:556-566. [PMID: 30885740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) is an essential element in cell death, and also implicates in cell cycle progression, inflammation and innate immunity. In the study, an FADD (designated as RpFADD) was identified and characterized from manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis strongly suggested that RpFADD was a new member of the FADD family. The RpFADD transcripts were constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues, and dominantly expressed in hemocytes. After challenged with Vibrio anguillarum or Micrococcus luteus, the expression level of RpFADD transcripts was significantly induced and reached the maximum level at 72 h and 48 h, respectively. Knockdown of RpFADD down-regulated the transcript levels of RpIKK, RpTAK1 and RpNF-κB with the exception of RpIκB. Moreover, RpFADD primarily localized in the cell cytoplasm, and its over-expression promoted the apoptosis of HeLa cells. These results revealed that RpFADD perhaps regulated the NF-κB signaling pathways positively, which provided a better understanding of RpFADD in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gege Hu
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yijing Han
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
| | - Ruiwen Cao
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Zhijun Dong
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, PR China.
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24
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Hao W, Gao Q, Wang J, Gu W, Wang W, Meng Q. SPE0313 located at cell membrane of Spiroplasma eriocheiris is required for adhesion and invasion Eriocheir sinensis hemocytes. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:423-430. [PMID: 30659624 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
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Priyathilaka TT, Bathige SDNK, Lee S, Nam BH, Lee J. Transcriptome-wide identification, functional characterization, and expression analysis of two novel invertebrate-type Toll-like receptors from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 84:802-815. [PMID: 30368026 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-known pattern recognition receptors that play key immunological roles in a diverse range of organisms. In this study, two novel invertebrate TLRs from disk abalone (designated as AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B) were identified and functionally characterized for the first time. AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B comprised the typical TLR domain architecture containing an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain, transmembrane domain, and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain. Expressional analysis revealed that both TLRs were constitutively expressed at all the early embryonic stages of disk abalone analyzed, with the highest level of AbTLR-A found at the 16-cell stage and AbTLR-B at the trochophore stage. According to tissue distribution analysis, prominent mRNA expression of AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B was detected in the hemocytes and gills, respectively. AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B mRNAs were significantly up-regulated in response to Gram-negative Vibrio parahemolyticus, Gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes, and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus injections in abalone hemocytes and gills. Overexpression of AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B in HEK293T cells directly activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) responsive reporters. Neither TLRs showed a high response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns in vitro. Co-expression of AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B with AbMyD88-2 and AbMyD88-X activated NF-κB-responsive reporters in a synergetic manner. These findings demonstrate the involvement of AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B in abalone innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC), Nanotechnology and Science Park, Mahenwatta, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - Seongdo Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Zhou L, Zhao D, Wu B, Sun X, Liu Z, Zhao F, Lv Z, Yang A, Zhao Q, Zhang G, Ma C. Ark shell Scapharca broughtonii hemocyte response against Vibrio anguillarum challenge. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 84:304-311. [PMID: 30219385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Scapharca broughtonii is one of the most important Arcidae aquaculture species in the Asia-Pacific region. We aimed to investigate the immune responses of hemocytes from ark shell S. broughtonii hemolymph against pathogens. Hemocyte ultrastructure and immunological activity in response to Vibrio anguillarum challenge were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Before ultrastructure observation, we used the API ZYM semi-quantitative kit to evaluate the levels of hydrolytic enzymes in the plasma and hemocytes following V. anguillarum infection. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to investigate the variation in the lysozyme activity and hemocytes following bacterial infection. The results showed that hemocytes were the main defense cells against bacterial infection, whereas plasma played a role in the transport and support of hemocytes. It was presumed that an important function of lysozymes and hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes was for bacterial digestion. Three major types of hemocytes were observed, namely, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and thrombocytes (TCs). Scanning electron microscopy showed that the normal RBCs appeared pie-shaped with 10 μm diameter and 4 μm central thickness, whereas WBCs were spherical in shape with varying sizes, 4-8 μm diameter, and included small lymphocytes. TCs were long, spindle-shaped, and 12-20 μm in length. The cell membrane surface was smooth and even for all cells before pathogen challenge. Under transmission electron microscopy, RBCs displayed a limited ability to devour and digest bacteria adherent to the cell surface following infection. Many hemoglobin particles were observed in the RBC cytoplasm. WBCs were very active against bacterial invasion and showed a strong ability to digest and decompose infected and wrapped V. anguillarum through phagocytosis and lysosome fusion. Digestive vacuoles rapidly became transparent and were thought to contain increasing quantities of pathogen-induced lysozymes. WBCs that devoured pathogenic bacteria were prone to deformation as well as adhesion to each other. TCs were rich in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) content in their cytoplasm and were widely connected in a net-shaped structure. Mitochondria in TCs formed clusters upon invasion of V. anguillarum in the hemolymph. TCs disintegrated to release the ER into the plasma to form a mesh that facilitated clotting. The ability of circulating hemocytes to quickly modify their morphologies and stainability suggests that S. broughtonii is endowed with highly dynamic hemocyte populations capable of coping with environmental changes and rapidly growing pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 20090, PR China
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Xiujun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea, Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 20090, PR China
| | - Zhenming Lv
- College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 20090, PR China
| | - Gaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 20090, PR China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea, Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 20090, PR China
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Chen Y, Aweya JJ, Sun W, Wei X, Gong Y, Ma H, Zhang Y, Wen X, Li S. SpToll1 and SpToll2 modulate the expression of antimicrobial peptides in Scylla paramamosain. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 87:124-136. [PMID: 29935285 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tolls and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were the first pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) identified to play key roles in host innate immunity. However, relatively little is known about other types of Toll-like receptors in Scylla paramamosain, although a Toll-like receptor (SpToll1) has recently been cloned. In this study, we cloned and characterized another novel Toll-like receptor 2 (SpToll2) from S. paramamosain. The full-length cDNA of SpToll2 is 3391 bp with a 2646 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative protein of 881 amino acids, and predicted to contain six extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SpToll2 clustered with Drosophila Toll1, and shared high homology with PtToll4. Real-time qPCR analysis showed that SpToll2 was widely expressed in all tissues tested, with the highest level found in hemocytes and hepatopancreas while the lowest in heart and muscle. The transcript levels of both SpToll1 and SpToll2 in mud crabs hemocytes was induced following challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). In addition, recombinant SpToll1-LRR and SpToll2-LRR proteins could bind to V. parahaemolyticus, S. aureus, Escherichia coli, and Beta Streptococcus. In order to study the signaling pathway of AMPs' expression in mud crab, RNA interference were used to test the expression of SpAMPs after the challenges with V. parahaemolyticus or S. aureus. The data suggested that SpToll1and SpToll2 could regulate the transcripts of several AMPs and four immune related mediators (SpMyD88, SpTube, SpPelle and SpTRAF6) at different scale. While silencing of SpToll1 post pathogens challenge attenuated the expression of SpHistin, SpALF1 and SpALF5 in mud crab's hemocytes, depletion of SpToll2 post pathogens challenge inhibited the expression of SpALF1-6, SpGRP, SpArasin and SpHyastastin. Furthermore, the results of overexpression assay also showed SpToll1 and SpToll2 could enhance the promoter activities of SpALFs in mud crab. Taken together, these results indicated that SpToll1 and SpToll2 might play important roles in host defense against pathogen invasions in S. paramamosain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Wanwei Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xiaobo Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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Feng C, Zhao Y, Chen K, Zhai H, Wang Z, Jiang H, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Tang T. Clip domain prophenoloxidase activating protease is required for Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée to defend against bacterial infection. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 87:204-215. [PMID: 30017863 PMCID: PMC6093219 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The prophenoloxidase (PPO) activating system in insects plays an important role in defense against microbial invasion. In this paper, we identified a PPO activating protease (designated OfPAP) containing a 1203 bp open reading frame encoding a 400-residue protein composed of two clip domains and a C-terminal serine protease domain from Ostrinia furnacalis. SignalP analysis revealed a putative signal peptide of 18 residues. The mature OfPAP was predicted to be 382 residues long with a calculated Mr of 44.8 kDa and pI of 6.66. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that OfPAP was orthologous to the PAPs in the other lepidopterans. A large increase of the transcript levels was observed in hemocytes at 4 h post injection (hpi) of killed Bacillus subtilis, whereas its level in integument increased continuously from 4 to 12 hpi in the challenged larvae and began to decline at 24 hpi. After OfPAP expression had been silenced, the median lethal time (LT50) of Escherichia coli-infected larvae (1.0 day) became significantly lower than that of E. coli-infected wild-type (3.0 days, p < 0.01). A 3.5-fold increase in E. coli colony forming units occurred in larval hemolymph of the OfPAP knockdown larvae, as compared with that of the control larvae not injected with dsRNA. There were notable decreases in PO and IEARase activities in hemolymph of the OfPAP knockdown larvae. In summary, we have demonstrated that OfPAP is a component of the PPO activation system, likely by functioning as a PPO activating protease in O. furnacalis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjing Feng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Ya Zhao
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Huifeng Zhai
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yingjuan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Libao Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Tai Tang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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Liu D, Yi Q, Wu Y, Lu G, Gong C, Song X, Sun J, Qu C, Liu C, Wang L, Song L. A hypervariable immunoglobulin superfamily member from Crassostrea gigas functions as pattern recognition receptor with opsonic activity. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 86:96-108. [PMID: 29738808 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), an extensive collection of proteins possessing at least one immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) domain, performs a wide range of functions in recognition, binding or adhesion process of cells. In the present study, a cysteine-rich motif associated immunoglobulin domain containing protein (designated CgCAICP-1) was identified in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The deduced protein sequence of CgCAICP-1 contained 534 amino acidresidues, with three Ig domains which were designated as IG1, IG2 and IG3, and a cysteine-rich motif between the first and second Ig domain. The mRNA transcripts of CgCAICP-1 were highly expressed in hemocytes and up-regulated significantly (p < 0.05) after the stimulation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), but not peptidoglycan (PGN). The recombinant CgCAICP-1 protein (rCgCAICP-1) exhibited binding activity to various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including LPS, PGN, mannose (Man) and D-galactose (D-Gal), and microorganisms including Vibrio splendidus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Pichia pastoris. The phagocytic rates of oyster hemocytes towards Gram-negative bacteria V. splendidus and Gram-positive bacteria M. luteus were significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) after pre-incubation of microbes with rCgCAICP-1. Furthermore, the transcripts of CgCAICP-1 exhibited high level of polymorphism among individuals. The ratio of nonsynonymous and synonymous distances (dN/dS) for AA'BCC'D strands of IG1 (the possible binding sites 1, pbs1) across all allelic variants was 2.09 (p < 0.05), while the ratio for the non-pbs regions was less than 1.0. The 1248 bp fragment amplified from the 5' end of CgCAICP-1 open reading frame (ORF) from 24 transcript variants could be divided artificially into seven regions of 50 elements, and all of the allelic variants might be derived from these elements by point mutation and recombination processes. These results collectively suggested that CgCAICP-1 might function as an important pattern recognition receptor (PRR) to recognize various PAMPs and facilitated the phagocytosis of oyster hemocytes towards both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Diverse isoforms of CgCAICP-1 were generated through point mutation and recombination processes and maintained by balancing selection, which would provide a broader spectrum of interaction surface and be associated with immune resistance of oysters to infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yichen Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guangxia Lu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Changhao Gong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chen Qu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Conghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Xu X, Liu Y, Tang M, Yan Y, Gu W, Wang W, Meng Q. The function of Eriocheir sinensis transferrin and iron in Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 79:79-85. [PMID: 29753143 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin, a member of the iron binding superfamily protein, plays an extremely important role in the transport of iron in the biological process of cells. The result of preliminary proteomic study on E. sinensis hemocytes infected Spiroplasma eriocheiris showed the expression of transferrin (EsTF) and ferrin (EsFe) significantly changed. In addition, other reports have confirmed that transferrin, ferritin and iron are involved in the immune response of hosts. In order to validate the immune function of EsTF, the whole length of EsTF was successfully amplified by the gene cloning and RACE technique. The results showed that the full-length cDNA of the EsTF gene was 2748 bp, including a 2193 bp open reading frame which encodes 730 amino acids. The result of bioinformatics analysis showed EsTF contains two highly conserved TR_FER domains. Evolutionary analysis showed that EsTF has a close genetic relationship with other TFs of invertebrates. In addition, EsTF mRNA was highly transcripted in nerve and intestine tissues, followed by hemocytes. The expression of EsTF, EsFe1 and EsFe2 increased after exogenous supplemental of iron under the concentration of 100 nmol/L in water. After exogenous supplement of iron and injection with S. eriocheiris, these three gene transcription of mRNA levels were higher than that of PBS group, while lower than the S. eriocheiris group and the iron group. Besides, the copy number of S. eriocheiris in the experimental group was significantly reduced, and the death rate decreased. As can be seen, iron made transferrin and ferritin return to normal levels during the infection of S. eriocheiris and help the host maintain normal immunity levels to resist S. eriocheiris. These results further demonstrated that EsTF, EsFe1, EsFe2 and iron play a role in the immune defense mechanism of the crabs to resist S. eriocheiris infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengyue Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuye Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222005, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222005, China.
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Liao TJ, Gao J, Wang JX, Wang XW. Chicken-type lysozyme functions in the antibacterial immunity in red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 85:134-141. [PMID: 29680689 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes possess antibacterial activities, making them crucial defense proteins in innate immunity. In this study, a chicken-type (c-type) lysozyme (designated PcLyzc) was cloned and characterized from red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The full-length cDNA had an open reading frame of 435 base pairs encoding a polypeptide of 144 amino acid residues. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis revealed that PcLyzc shared high similarity to the other known invertebrate c-type lysozymes. PcLyzc transcripts were steadily expressed in a wide range of tissues in healthy crayfish, and were prominently up-regulated in the hepatopancreas and gills after Vibrio anguillarum or Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Recombinant PcLyzc showed inhibitory activity in vitro against both Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus thuringiensis, and Gram-negative bacteria, including A. hydrophila, V. anguillarum and Escherichia coli. By overexpressing PcLyzc through introducing exogenous recombinant protein, or silencing PcLyzc expression through injecting double strand RNA, it was found that PcLyzc could help eliminate the invading bacteria in crayfish hemolymph and could protect crayfish from death, possibly by promoting the hemocytic phagocytosis. These results indicated that PcLyzc played a role in the antibacterial immunity of crustaceans, and laid a foundation of developing new therapeutic agents in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jiang Liao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China; School of Chemistry Engineering, Gansu Industry Polytechnic College, Tianshui, Gansu, 741025, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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de Paulo JF, Camargo MG, Coutinho-Rodrigues CJB, Marciano AF, de Freitas MC, da Silva EM, Gôlo PS, Morena DDS, da Costa Angelo I, Bittencourt VREP. Rhipicephalus microplus infected by Metarhizium: unveiling hemocyte quantification, GFP-fungi virulence, and ovary infection. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1847-1856. [PMID: 29700639 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemocytes, cells present in the hemocoel, are involved in the immune response of arthropods challenged with entomopathogens. The present study established the best methodology for harvesting hemocytes from Rhipicephalus microplus and evaluated the number of hemocytes in addition to histological analysis from ovaries of fungus-infected females and tested the virulence of GFP-fungi transformants. Different centrifugation protocols were tested, and the one in which presented fewer disrupted cells and higher cell recovery was applied for evaluating the effect of Metarhizium spp. on hemocytes against R. microplus. After processing, protocol number 1 (i.e., hemolymph samples were centrifuged at 500×g for 3 min at 4 °C) was considered more efficient, with two isolates used (Metarhizium robertsii ARSEF 2575 and Metarhizium anisopliae ARSEF 549), both wild types and GFP, to assess their virulence. In the biological assays, the GFP-fungi were as virulent as wild types, showing no significant differences. Subsequently, hemocyte quantifications were performed after inoculation, which exhibited notable changes in the number of hemocytes, reducing by approximately 80% in females previously treated with Metarhizium isolates in comparison to non-treated females. Complementarily, 48 h after inoculation, in which hemolymph could not be obtained, histological analysis showed the high competence of these fungi to colonize ovary from ticks. Here, for the first time, the best protocol (i.e., very low cell disruption and high cell recovery) for R. microplus hemocyte obtaining was established aiming to guide directions to other studies that involves cellular responses from ticks to fungi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Fiorotti de Paulo
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Guedes Camargo
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caio Junior Balduino Coutinho-Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Allan Felipe Marciano
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Clemente de Freitas
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emily Mesquita da Silva
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Silva Gôlo
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 07, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000, Brazil
| | | | - Isabele da Costa Angelo
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 Km 07, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000, Brazil.
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Zheng Z, Wang F, Aweya JJ, Li R, Yao D, Zhong M, Li S, Zhang Y. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of shrimp hemocytes in response to acute hepatopancreas necrosis disease (AHPND) causing Vibrio parahemolyticus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 74:10-18. [PMID: 29277694 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of acute hepatopancreas necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimps has posed a major challenge in the shrimp aquaculture industry. The Pir toxin proteins carried by some strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus are believed to play essential roles in the pathogenesis of AHPND. However, few studies have so far explored how the host immune system responds to these bacteria. In this study, AHPND V. parahaemolyticus (with Pir) and non-AHPND V. parahaemolyticus (without Pir) were injected into two groups of shrimps, and the hemocytes collected for comparative transcriptomic analyses. A total of 1064 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 910 were up-regulated and 154 were down-regulated. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that many DEGs were involved in a number of biological processes such as cellular process, metabolic process and single-organism process in the AHPND V. parahaemolyticus injected group than the non-AHPND V. parahaemolyticus injected group. Among these, major metabolic processes such as carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism were further identified as the major responsive gene groups. We observed that genes involved in cell growth and anti-apoptosis including src, iap2, cas2, cytochrome P450, gst and cytochromecoxidase were strongly activated in the AHPND V. parahaemolyticus group than in the non-AHPND V. parahaemolyticus group. Collectively, our results unveiled that shrimp hemocytes respond to AHPND related strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection at the transcriptional level, which is useful in furthering our understanding of AHPND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zheng
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Ruiwei Li
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Mingqi Zhong
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
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Urbanová V, Hajdušek O, Šíma R, Franta Z, Hönig-Mondeková H, Grunclová L, Bartošová-Sojková P, Jalovecká M, Kopáček P. IrC2/Bf - A yeast and Borrelia responsive component of the complement system from the hard tick Ixodes ricinus. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 79:86-94. [PMID: 29061482 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ticks possess components of a primordial complement system that presumably play a role in the interaction of the tick immune system with tick-borne pathogens and affect their transmission. Here we characterized a novel complement component, tagged as IrC2/Bf, from the hard tick Ixodes ricinus, the principal vector of Lyme disease in Europe. IrC2/Bf is a multi-domain molecule composed of 5-7 CCP modules, varied by alternative splicing, followed by a von Willebrand factor A domain and a C-terminal trypsin-like domain. The primary structure and molecular architecture of IrC2/Bf displays the closest homology to the C3-complement component convertases described in horseshoe crabs. The irc2/bf gene is mainly expressed in the tick fat body associated with the trachea and, as determined by western blotting, the protein is present in low amounts in tick hemolymph. Expression of irc2/bf mRNA was significantly up-regulated in response to the intra-hemocoelic injection of the yeast Candida albicans and all tested Borrelia sp. strains (B. burgdorferi NE5264, B. burgdorferi CB26, B. garinii MSLB, B. afzelii CB43), but was not affected by injection of model Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria or the aseptic injection control. In-line with these results, RNAi-mediated silencing of irc2/bf inhibited phagocytosis of B. afzelii and C. albicans but not the other bacteria. Tissue expression profiles, specific responses to microbial challenges, and patterns of phagocytic phenotypes upon RNAi silencing observed for IrC2/Bf match well with the previously reported characteristics of I. ricinus C3-related molecule 1 (IrC3-1). Therefore we presume that IrC2/Bf functions as a convertase in the same complement activation pathway protecting ticks against yeast and Borrelia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Urbanová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Hajdušek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Šíma
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Franta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Hönig-Mondeková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Grunclová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Jalovecká
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kopáček
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice CZ-370 05, Czech Republic.
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Wang Z, Zhu F. Different roles of a novel shrimp microRNA in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 79:21-30. [PMID: 28986214 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Marsupeneaus japonicus microRNA-S5 (miR-S5) was found to be up-regulated 24 h post white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or V. alginolyticus infection. The loss of function using an anti-microRNA oligonucleotide (AMO-miR-S5) showed that expression levels of multiple innate immune-related genes were affected. The expression of p53 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly down-regulated, expression of myosin was significantly up-regulated. The miR-S5 knockdown delayed WSSV-induced death for 48 h, but the final mortality was not affected, while V. alginolyticus-induced mortality was increased by 30%. The effect of miR-S5 knockdown on phagocytosis and apoptosis rates showed that miR-S5 knock down significantly decreased phagocytosis rate of WSSV from 27.8% to 7.0%, and phagocytosis rate of V. alginolyticus from 27.2% to 21.4%, separately. WSSV-induced apoptosis decreased from 60.83% to 51.25%, but no effect on V. alginolyticus-induced apoptosis (43.72%-45.04%). We concluded that miR-S5 could be used by WSSV via regulating hemocyte phagocytosis and apoptosis processes, but helps to defend against bacterial infection by regulating the proPO system, superoxide dismutase activity and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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Lv Z, Qiu L, Wang M, Jia Z, Wang W, Xin L, Liu Z, Wang L, Song L. Comparative study of three C1q domain containing proteins from pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 78:42-51. [PMID: 28923592 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
C1q domain containing proteins (C1qDCs) are a family of proteins containing a globular head C1q domain (ghC1q) in C-terminus, which serve as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and mediate a series of immune responses. In the present study, three C1qDC proteins from pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (CgC1qDC-2, CgC1qDC-3, CgC1qDC-4) were characterized and comparatively investigated to understand their roles in the immune response. All the three recombinant CgC1qDC proteins (rCgC1qDCs) could bind lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly but they could not bind lipoteichoic acid (LTA), β-1,3-glucan (GLU), mannan (MAN), and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C). Correspondingly, they all exhibited higher binding activities towards Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum and V. splendidus. Moreover, they could enhance the phagocytosis of oyster hemocytes, and the enhancements towards Gram-negative bacteria were significantly higher than that towards Gram-positive bacteria (p < 0.01). The LPS binding affinity of rCgC1qDC-3 (KD = 8.74 × 10-7 M) was higher than that of rCgC1qDC-2 (KD = 7.76 × 10-5 M) and rCgC1qDC-4 (KD = 1.09 × 10-5 M). Meanwhile, rCgC1qDC-3 exhibited significantly higher enhancement on phagocytosis of oyster hemocytes towards Gram-negative bacteria than that of rCgC1qDC-2 and rCgC1qDC-4 (p < 0.05). After the secondary challenge with V. splendidus, the up-regulations of CgC1qDC-2 and CgC1qDC-4 mRNA in hemocytes occurred at 6 h, while that of CgC1qDC-3 was observed at 3 h and lasted for 24 h. And CgC1qDC-3 responded with high mRNA level for tested 24 h upon the secondary challenge with V. anguillarum as well. These results collectively suggested that three CgC1qDCs could serve as PRRs to specifically recognize certain Gram-negative bacteria and opsonins to enhance phagocytosis. CgC1qDC-3, with higher binding affinity to LPS, stronger opsonization and more rapid and persistent mRNA expression response upon the secondary challenge with homologous Vibrios, might exert efficient functions in the immune responses against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lusheng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Angthong P, Roytrakul S, Jarayabhand P, Jiravanichpaisal P. Characterization and function of a tachylectin 5-like immune molecule in Penaeus monodon. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 76:120-131. [PMID: 28587859 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tachylectin5A and its homolog, tachylectin5B both contain a fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) and have been studied in horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and shown to be involved in host defense. Here, we demonstrate the presence of tachylectin5-like genes in shrimp, Penaeus monodon, designated as Penlectin5-1 (PL5-1) and Penlectin5-2 (PL5-2), which both contain a signal peptide and a single FReD with an acetyl group and a calcium binding sites and they are both structurally similar to horseshoe crab tachylectin/carcinolectin5. The PL5-1and PL5-2 transcript were expressed in various shrimp tissues in normal shrimp, and their expression was upregulated in tissues such as hemocytes and hindgut following challenge with pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. The PL5-2 protein was detected in various tissues as well as in cell-free hemolymph. The biological function of the PL5-2 protein is to recognize some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria regardless whether they are non-pathogenic or pathogenic. They have hemagglutination activity on human erythrocyte and bacterial agglutination activity to both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Possible binding sites of PL5-2 to bacteria could be at the N-acetyl moiety of the GlcNAc-MurNAc cell wall of the peptidoglycan since the binding could be inhibited by GlcNAc or GalNAC. The presence of PL5-2 protein in both circulating hemolymph and intestine, where host and microbes are usually interacting, may suggest that the physiological function of shrimp tachylectin-like proteins is to recognize and bind to invading bacteria to immobilize and entrap these microbes and subsequently clear them from circulation and the host body, and probably to control and maintain the normal flora in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pacharaporn Angthong
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Padermsak Jarayabhand
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program on Maritime Administration, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pikul Jiravanichpaisal
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
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He X, Cao X, He Y, Bhattarai K, Rogers J, Hartson S, Jiang H. Hemolymph proteins of Anopheles gambiae larvae infected by Escherichia coli. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 74:110-124. [PMID: 28431895 PMCID: PMC5531190 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae is a major vector of human malaria and its immune system in part determines the fate of ingested parasites. Proteins, hemocytes and fat body in hemolymph are critical components of this system, mediating both humoral and cellular defenses. Here we assessed differences in the hemolymph proteomes of water- and E. coli-pricked mosquito larvae by a gel-LC-MS approach. Among the 1756 proteins identified, 603 contained a signal peptide but accounted for two-third of the total protein amount on the quantitative basis. The sequence homology search indicated that 233 of the 1756 may be related to defense. In general, we did not detect substantial differences between the control and induced plasma samples in terms of protein numbers or levels. Protein distributions in the gel slices suggested post-translational modifications (e.g. proteolysis) and formation of serpin-protease complexes and high Mr immune complexes. Based on the twenty-five most abundant proteins, we further suggest that major functions of the larval hemolymph are storage, transport, and immunity. In summary, this study provided first data on constitution, levels, and possible functions of hemolymph proteins in the mosquito larvae, reflecting complex changes occurring in the fight against E. coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong He
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yan He
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Krishna Bhattarai
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Janet Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Steve Hartson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Ji A, Li X, Fang S, Qin Z, Bai C, Wang C, Zhang Z. Primary culture of Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri hemocytes as an in vitro model for studying host-pathogen interactions. Dis Aquat Organ 2017; 125:217-226. [PMID: 28792420 DOI: 10.3354/dao03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary cultured cells can be a useful tool in studies on physiology, virology, and toxicology. Hemocytes play an important role in animal rapid response to pathogen invasion. In this study, an appropriate medium for primary culture of hemocytes of the bivalve Chlamys farreri was developed by adding 5% fetal bovine serum and 1% C. farreri serum to Leibovitz L-15 medium. These primary cultured hemocytes were maintained for more than 40 d in vitro and were classified into 3 types: (1) granulocytes containing numerous granules in the cytoplasm, (2) hyalinocytes with no or few granules, (3) a small percentage of macrophage-like cells. Furthermore, the primary cultured hemocytes were observed to be sensitive to bacterial and viral challenges. These hemocytes could phagocytose the bacterium Vibrio anguillarum, and presented cytopathic effects on the extracellular products (ECPs) of V. anguillarum; the mRNA level of QM, which plays an important role in immune response, also significantly increased 12 h after infection. When these hemocytes were challenged with ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), virus particles and empty capsids in the cells infected for 48 h were observed by transmission electron microscopy, and the QM mRNA level increased significantly at 12 h and 24 h following OsHV-1 challenge. This primary culture system is available for C. farreri hemocytes which can be used in the future to study host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aichang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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Wang X, Hu B, Wen C, Zhang M, Jian S, Yang G. Molecular cloning, expression and antioxidative activity of 2-cys-peroxiredoxin from freshwater mussel Cristaria plicata. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 66:254-263. [PMID: 28499967 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) play an important role against various oxidative stresses by catalyzing the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic hydroperoxides to less harmful form. A 2-cys peroxiredoxin, designated as CpPrx, was cloned from hemocytes of freshwater mussel Cristaria plicata. The full length cDNA of CpPrx is 1247 bp, which includes an open reading frame (ORF) of 591bp, encoding 196 amino acids. CpPrx possesses two conserved cysteine residues (Cys49, Cys170). The deduced amino acid sequence of CpPrx showed a high level (67-74%) of sequence similarity to 2-Cys Prxs from other species. The results of real-time quantitative PCR revealed that CpPrx mRNA was constitutively expressed in tissues, and the highest expression levels were in hepatopancreas and gills. After peptidoglycan (PGN) and Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, the expression levels of CpPrx mRNA were up-regulated in hemocytes and hepatopancreas. The cDNA of CpPrx was cloned into the plasmid pET-32, and the recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Comparison with DE3-pET-32 and DE3 strain, the cells of DE3-pET-32-CpPrx exhibited resistance to the concentration of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 mmoL/L H2O2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Baoqing Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chungen Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Jiangxi Biotech Vocational, Nanchang 330200, China.
| | - Shaoqing Jian
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Gang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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Ciacci C, Manti A, Canonico B, Campana R, Camisassi G, Baffone W, Canesi L. Responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocytes to environmental strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 65:80-87. [PMID: 28390964 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Marine bivalves are exposed to different types of bacteria in the surrounding waters, in particular of the Vibrio genus. In the hemocytes of the mussel Mytilus spp. immune responses to different vibrios have been largely characterized. However, little information is available on the hemocyte responses to human pathogenic vibrios commonly detected in coastal waters and bivalve tissues that are involved in seafood-borne diseases. In this work, functional parameters of the hemocytes from the Mediterranean mussel M. galloprovincialis were evaluated in response to in vitro challenge with different vibrios isolated from environmental samples of the Adriatic sea (Italy): V. parahaemolyticus Conero, V. alginolyticus 1513 and V. vulnificus 509. V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 43996 was used for comparison. At the 50:1 bacteria hemocyte ratio, only V. parahaemolyticus strains induced significant lysosomal membrane destabilisation. Stimulation of extracellular lysozyme release, total ROS, O2- and NO production were observed, although to different extents and with distinct time courses for different vibrios, V. vulnificus 509 in particular. Further comparisons between V. parahaemolyticus Conero and V. vulnificus 509 showed that only the latter induced dysregulation of the phosphorylation state of p38 MAP Kinase and apoptotic processes. The results indicate that mussel hemocytes can mount an efficient immune response towards V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus strains, whereas V. vulnificus 509 may affect the hemocyte function. This is the first report on immune responses of mussels to local environmental isolates of human pathogenic vibrios. These data reinforce the hypothesis that Mytilus hemocytes show specific responses to different vibrio species and strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ciacci
- Department of Biomolecular Science (DISB), University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - A Manti
- Department of Biomolecular Science (DISB), University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - B Canonico
- Department of Biomolecular Science (DISB), University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - R Campana
- Department of Biomolecular Science (DISB), University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - G Camisassi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Italy
| | - W Baffone
- Department of Biomolecular Science (DISB), University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - L Canesi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Italy.
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Li C, Li H, Xiao B, Chen Y, Wang S, Lǚ K, Yin B, Li S, He J. Identification and functional analysis of a TEP gene from a crustacean reveals its transcriptional regulation mediated by NF-κB and JNK pathways and its broad protective roles against multiple pathogens. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 70:45-58. [PMID: 28069434 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are present in a wide range of species from deuterostomes to protostomes and are thought to be involved in innate immunity. In the current study, a TEP gene homologous to insect TEPs (iTEP) from the crustacean Litopenaeus vannamei, named LvTEP1, is cloned and functionally characterized. The open reading frame (ORF) of LvTEP1 is 4383 bp in length, encoding a polypeptide of 1460 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 161.1 kDa LvTEP1, which is most similar to other TEPs from insects, contains some conserved sequence features, including a N-terminal signal peptide, a canonical thioester (TE) motif, and a C-terminal distinctive cysteine signature. LvTEP1 is expressed in most immune-related tissues, such as intestine, epithelium, and hemocytes, and the mRNA level of LvTEP1 is upregulated in hemocytes after bacterial and viral challenges, indicating its involvement in the shrimp innate immune response. An expression assay in Drosophila S2 cells shows LvTEP1 to be a full-length secretory protein, and processed forms are present in the supernatant. Of note, only the processed form of LvTEP1 protein can bind to both the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus in vitro, and its abundance can be induced after bacterial treatment. Moreover, knockdown of LvTEP1 renders shrimps more susceptible to both V. parahaemolyticus and S. aureus, as well as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, suggesting its essential defensive role against these invading microbes. We also observe that the expression of LvTEP1 is regulated in a manner dependent on both NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors in naive shrimps and in vitro, suggesting that LvTEP1 could be poised in the body cavity prior to infection and thus play an important role in basal immunity. Taken together, our findings provide some in vitro and in vivo evidence for the involvement of LvTEP1 in shrimp innate immunity and provide some insight into its expression regulation mediated by multiple transcription factors or signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), PR China.
| | - Haoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Bang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Yonggui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Kai Lǚ
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Sedong Li
- Fisheries Research Institute of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), PR China.
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Ottaviani D, Mosca F, Chierichetti S, Tiscar PG, Leoni F. Genetic diversity of Arcobacter isolated from bivalves of Adriatic and their interactions with Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocytes. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6:e00400. [PMID: 27650799 PMCID: PMC5300876 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human food-borne pathogens Arcobacter butzleri and A. cryaerophilus have been frequently isolated from the intestinal tracts and fecal samples of different farm animals and, after excretion, these microorganisms can contaminate the environment, including the aquatic one. In this regard, A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus have been detected in seawater and bivalves of coastal areas which are affected by fecal contamination. The capability of bivalve hemocytes to interact with bacteria has been proposed as the main factor inversely conditioning their persistence in the bivalve. In this study, 12 strains of Arcobacter spp. were isolated between January and May 2013 from bivalves of Central Adriatic Sea of Italy in order to examine their genetic diversity as well as in vitro interactions with bivalve components of the immune response, such as hemocytes. Of these, seven isolates were A. butzleri and five A. cryaerophilus, and were genetically different. All strains showed ability to induce spreading and respiratory burst of Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocytes. Overall, our data demonstrate the high genetic diversity of these microorganisms circulating in the marine study area. Moreover, the Arcobacter-bivalve interaction suggests that they do not have a potential to persist in the tissues of M. galloprovincialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Ottaviani
- Sezione di AnconaLaboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) Contaminazioni Batteriologiche Molluschi Bivalvi ViviIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle MarcheAnconaItaly
| | | | - Serena Chierichetti
- Sezione di AnconaLaboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) Contaminazioni Batteriologiche Molluschi Bivalvi ViviIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle MarcheAnconaItaly
| | | | - Francesca Leoni
- Sezione di AnconaLaboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) Contaminazioni Batteriologiche Molluschi Bivalvi ViviIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle MarcheAnconaItaly
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Qu F, Xiang Z, Xiao S, Wang F, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Qin Y, Yu Z. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is involved in immune defense against bacterial infection in Crassostrea hongkongensis. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 67:77-85. [PMID: 27840294 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a universal and essential subgroup of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily, which is highly conserved from yeast to mammals and functions in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we report the first oyster JNK gene homolog (ChJNK) and its biological functions in the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. The ChJNK protein consists of 383 amino acids and contains a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase (S_TKc) domain with a typical TPY motif. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ChJNK shared a close evolutionary relationship with Crassostrea gigas JNK. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed broad expression patterns of ChJNK mRNA in various adult tissues and different embryonic and larval stages of C. hongkongensis. When exposed to Vibrio alginolyticus or Staphylococcus haemolyticus, ChJNK mRNA expression levels were significantly up-regulated in the hemocytes and gills in a time-dependent manner. Additionally, subcellular localization studies that ChJNK is a cytoplasm-localized protein, and that its overexpression could significantly enhance the transcriptional activities of AP-1-Luc in HEK293T cells. In summary, this study provided the first experimental demonstration that oysters possess a functional JNK that participates in host defense against bacterial infection in C. hongkongensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufa Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China
| | - Zhiming Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Shu Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fuxuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuehuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanping Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Zhou L, Yang A, Liu Z, Wu B, Sun X, Lv Z, Tian JT, Du M. Changes in hemolymph characteristics of ark shell Scapharaca broughtonii dealt with Vibrio anguillarum challenge in vivo and various of anticoagulants in vitro. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 61:9-15. [PMID: 27845210 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ark shell Scapharca broughtonii is a commercially important shellfish in China. Alserver's solution (AS), modified Alserver's solution (MAS) and Heparin sodium solution (HSS) are common anticoagulants used for shellfish blood. To observe the immune response mediated by its hemocytes, we challenged in vivo S. broughtonii hemolymph with Vibrio anguillarum and dealt with the following three anticoagulants in vitro: Alserver's solution (AS), modified Alserver's solution (MAS) and Heparin sodium solution (HSS). The methodologies we used were immunostimulation with V. anguillarum, Wright-Giemsa staining, micro-examination, and flow cytometric and hydrolyzing enzyme activity analysis. The results showed that all three types of anticoagulants effectively prevented blood clotting in ark shellfish. The morphology of hemocytes did not significantly change 30 h after anticoagulant treatment, except for the shrinking of hemocytes after administering HSS. The size and permeability of hemocytes changed when treated with the anticoagulants and when stimulated with V. anguillarum. Both alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in hemocytes and Plasma were measured at different times after they were stimulated with V. anguillarum in HSS and MAS. The AKP enzymatic activity in HSS was somewhat higher than in the MAS anticoagulant, but changes in response to V. anguillarum challenge of enzymatic activity were almost the same in HSS and MAS groups. In conclusion, all three types of anticoagulants may be used for ark shell blood preservation. They all changed the cell-surface characteristics of hemocytes to inhibit clot formation. The AS anticoagulant was appropriate for maintaining white and red cell shapes, while MAS was ideal for retaining throbus cell function. Lastly, HSS was appropriate for maintaining enzymatic activity in hemolymph and function of hemocytes. Following this investigation, we gained insight into the changes in hemolymph characteristic during immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiujun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhenming Lv
- College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Ji-Teng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Meirong Du
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Liu R, Cheng Q, Wang X, Chen H, Wang W, Zhang H, Wang L, Song L. The B-cell translocation gene 1 (CgBTG1) identified in oyster Crassostrea gigas exhibit multiple functions in immune response. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 61:68-78. [PMID: 27940367 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) is a member of the anti-proliferative gene family, which plays important roles in regulation of cell cycle. In the present study, a B-cell translocation gene 1 molecule homologue (designed CgBTG1) are identified and characterized in oyster Crassostrea gigas. CgBTG1 contains a conserved BTG domain with Box A and Box B motifs, and it shares high similarities with both BTG1 and BTG2 proteins in vertebrates. CgBTG1 mRNA is predominantly expressed in hemocytes, and its expression level in hemocytes is significantly up-regulated at 6 h (5.40-fold, p < 0.01) post Vibrio splendidus stimulation. The apoptosis rate of oyster hemocytes is significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after CgBTG1 interfered by dsRNA (dsCgBTG1). This is indicated that CgBTG1 participated in the regulation of oyster hemocytes apoptosis. Furthermore, CgBTG1 could also induce the apoptosis of cancer cells (HeLa, A549 and BEL7402) in vitro. Compared with normal oysters, both vessel-like structures and muscle fibers in CgBTG1 interfered oysters are severely damaged after V. splendidus challenge in paraffin section, considering that CgBTG1 possessed an analogous feature of angiogenesis for maintenance of vessel-like structures in adductor muscle of oyster. The results suggests that CgBTG1 is a multi-functional molecule involved in the immune response of C. gigas against pathogen infection, which provides more clues for intensive studies of BTG family proteins in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Gao J, Zuo H, Yang L, He JH, Niu S, Weng S, He J, Xu X. Long-term influence of cyanobacterial bloom on the immune system of Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 61:79-85. [PMID: 27986602 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitously distributed in water on the Earth. It has long been known that the cyanobacterial bloom in aquaculture ponds can cause acute and massive deaths of shrimp. However, the long-term and chronic effects of the cyanobacterial bloom on shrimp are still poorly understood. In this study, the immune state of white pacific shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, surviving a naturally occurring cyanobacterial bloom was investigated and tracked for 70 d. Compared with the control, the growth of shrimp suffering high concentrations of cyanobacteria was obviously postponed. In these shrimp, the activities of the NF-κB, JAK/STAT and P38 MAPK immune signaling pathways and the expression of many antimicrobial peptide genes were down-regulated, whereas the expression of C-type lectins was significantly up-regulated. Although the mRNA level of lysozyme was reduced, the expression of the invertebrate-type lysozyme gene was increased. Furthermore, the concentration of hemocytes in hemolymph was greatly decreased, but the phagocytic activity of hemocytes was increased. These suggested that the cyanobacterial bloom has significant and complex influences on the immune system of shrimp, and in turn, alteration of the immune state could be a factor by which few shrimp can survive the cyanobacterial bloom. Thus, the current study could help further understand the interactions between the aquaculture water environment and the immune system of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongliang Zuo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Linwei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian-Hui He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shengwen Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Tanaka H, Sagisaka A. Identification and functional analysis of pointed homologs in Bombyx mori. Gene 2016; 604:22-32. [PMID: 27988233 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Using gene-knockdown techniques, we searched for endogenous Ets family proteins involved in the regulation of Escherichia coli-dependent lebocin promoter activation in the E. coli-responsive silkworm cell line NIAS-Bm-aff3. Results showed that the gene knockdown of BmPointeds (BmPNTs), Drosophila Pointed orthologs, enhanced E. coli-dependent lebocin promoter activation, suggesting that endogenous BmPNTs repress the activation of this promoter. Furthermore, we found that i) the BmPNT gene produced at least two alternative splicing isoforms, BmPNT1 and BmPNT2, both of which function as repressors; ii) BmPNTs were not associated with an already-reported repressor element, most proximal GGAA/T motif (EtsRE3), in lebocin promoter, which plays a role in the repression of E. coli- and BmRelish1-dependent lebocin promoter activation; iii) although BmPNTs did not directly affect BmRelish1-dependent lebocin promoter activation, they were able to directly repress its activation on the promoter lacking EtsRE3, probably because of competitive inhibition of binding of BmRelish1 to κB sites by BmPNTs; and iv) BmPNTs were mainly expressed in larval hemocytes, and the gene expression levels of BmPNT2, but not of BmPNT1, were decreased in response to E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. These findings suggest that endogenous BmPNTs are directly and indirectly involved in the repression of E. coli-mediated lebocin promoter activation in NIAS-Bm-aff3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Tanaka
- Insect-Microbe Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Aki Sagisaka
- Insect-Microbe Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
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Jia Z, Zhang H, Jiang S, Wang M, Wang L, Song L. Comparative study of two single CRD C-type lectins, CgCLec-4 and CgCLec-5, from pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 59:220-232. [PMID: 27765697 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs), a superfamily of Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins, are involved in nonself-recognition and pathogen elimination, and play crucial roles in the innate immunity. In the present study, two single CRD C-type lectins, CgCLec-4 and CgCLec-5, were identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas. The open reading frame (ORF) of CgCLec-4 and CgCLec-5 encoded polypeptides of 152 and 150 amino acids, respectively. Both CgCLec-4 and CgCLec-5 contained one CRD with six conserved cysteines to form three disulfide bridges. The motif in Ca2+-binding site 2 of CgCLec-4 was QPE, while it was QYE, a non-a typical motif in CgCLec-5. CgCLec-4 was a secreted lectin with a signal peptide which was highly expressed in hepatopancreas, mantle and hemocytes. CgCLec-5 was an intracellular lectin which was mostly expressed in hemocytes. The lipopolysaccharide stimulation could induce the expressions of CgCLec-4 and CgCLec-5. The recombinant proteins of CgCLec-4 and CgCLec-5 (rCgCLec-4 and rCgCLec-5) could bind to various PAMPs including LPS, PGN, GLU and mannan, while the binding affinity of rCgCLec-5 was stronger than that of rCgCLec-4. Meanwhile, rCgCLec-4 and rCgCLec-5 could bind to different kinds of microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Vibro anguillarum and Yarrowia lipolytica, and the microbial agglutinating ability of rCgCLec-4 was stronger than that of CgCLec-5. Moreover, rCgCLec-4 exhibited anti-microbial activity against bacteria and fungi, but anti-microbial activity of CgCLec-5 was not obvious. All these results suggested that CgCLec-4 and CgCLec-5 could function as an important PRR involved in immune defense against invading pathogen in oyster, and the diversity and complexity of motifs in Ca2+ binding site 2 in CRDs determined their comprehensive recognition spectrum and multiple immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jia
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Dey P, Mendiratta K, Bose J, Joshi A. Enhancement of larval immune system traits as a correlated response to selection for rapid development in Drosophila melanogaster. J Genet 2016; 95:719-23. [PMID: 27659343 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-016-0659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Punyatirtha Dey
- Evolutionary Biology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru 560 064,
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