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Ponomarev VI, Klobukov GI, Napalkova VV, Akhanaev YB, Pavlushin SV, Yakimova ME, Subbotina AO, Picq S, Cusson M, Martemyanov VV. Phenological Features of the Spongy Moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), in the Northernmost Portions of Its Eurasian Range. Insects 2023; 14:insects14030276. [PMID: 36975961 PMCID: PMC10057557 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The spongy moth, Lymatria dispar, is a classic example of an invasive pest accidentally introduced from Europe to North America, where it has become one of the most serious forest defoliators, as in its native range. The present study was aimed at (i) identifying the current northern limit of L. dispar's Eurasian range and exploring its northward expansion in Canada using pheromone trap data, and (ii) comparing northern Eurasian populations with those from central and southern regions with respect to male flight phenology, the sums of effective temperatures (SETs) above the 7 °C threshold necessary for development to the adult stage, and heat availability. We show that the range of L. dispar in Eurasia now reaches the 61st parallel, and comparisons with historical data identify the average speed of spread as 50 km/year. We also document the northern progression of L. dispar in southern Canada, where the actual northern boundary of its range remains to be identified. We show that the median date of male flight does not vary greatly between northern and southern regions of the spongy moth range in Eurasia despite climate differences. Synchronization of flight at different latitudes of the range is associated with an acceleration of larval development in northern Eurasian populations. Similar changes in developmental rate along a latitudinal gradient have not been documented for North American populations. Thus, we argue that this feature of spongy moths from northern Eurasia poses a significant invasive threat to North America in terms of enhanced risks for rapid northward range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy I. Ponomarev
- Institute Botanic Garden UB RAS, 8 Marta Str., 202a, 620144 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Georgiy I. Klobukov
- Institute Botanic Garden UB RAS, 8 Marta Str., 202a, 620144 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | - Yuriy B. Akhanaev
- Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology SB RAS, Frunze Str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Pavlushin
- Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology SB RAS, Frunze Str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria E. Yakimova
- Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology SB RAS, Frunze Str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna O. Subbotina
- Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology SB RAS, Frunze Str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sandrine Picq
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology SB RAS, Frunze Str. 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Biological Institute, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenina Str. 36, 63450 Tomsk, Russia
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Picq S, Wu Y, Martemyanov VV, Pouliot E, Pfister SE, Hamelin R, Cusson M. Range‐wide population genomics of the spongy moth,
Lymantria dispar
(Erebidae): Implications for biosurveillance, subspecies classification and phylogeography of a destructive moth. Evol Appl 2023; 16:638-656. [PMID: 36969137 PMCID: PMC10033852 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The spongy moth, Lymantria dispar, is an irruptive forest pest native to Eurasia where its range extends from coast to coast and overspills into northern Africa. Accidentally introduced from Europe in Massachusetts in 1868-1869, it is now established in North America where it is considered a highly destructive invasive pest. A fine-scale characterization of its population genetic structure would facilitate identification of source populations for specimens intercepted during ship inspections in North America and would enable mapping of introduction pathways to help prevent future incursions into novel environments. In addition, detailed knowledge of L. dispar's global population structure would provide new insight into the adequacy of its current subspecies classification system and its phylogeographic history. To address these issues, we generated >2000 genotyping-by-sequencing-derived SNPs from 1445 contemporary specimens sampled at 65 locations in 25 countries/3 continents. Using multiple analytical approaches, we identified eight subpopulations that could be further partitioned into 28 groups, achieving unprecedented resolution for this species' population structure. Although reconciliation between these groupings and the three currently recognized subspecies proved to be challenging, our genetic data confirmed circumscription of the japonica subspecies to Japan. However, the genetic cline observed across continental Eurasia, from L. dispar asiatica in East Asia to L. d. dispar in Western Europe, points to the absence of a sharp geographical boundary (e.g., the Ural Mountains) between these two subspecies, as suggested earlier. Importantly, moths from North America and the Caucasus/Middle East displayed high enough genetic distances from other populations to warrant their consideration as separate subspecies of L. dispar. Finally, in contrast with earlier mtDNA-based investigations that identified the Caucasus as L. dispar's place of origin, our analyses suggest continental East Asia as its evolutionary cradle, from where it spread to Central Asia and Europe, and to Japan through Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Picq
- Laurentian Forestry Centre Natural Resources Canada Quebec Quebec City Canada
| | - Yunke Wu
- United States Department of Agriculture, APHIS, PPQ, Science and Technology Forest Pest Methods Laboratory Massachusetts Buzzards Bay USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University New York Ithaca USA
| | - Vyacheslav V. Martemyanov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS Novosibirsk Russia
- Biological Institute National Research Tomsk State University Tomsk Russia
| | - Esther Pouliot
- Laurentian Forestry Centre Natural Resources Canada Quebec Quebec City Canada
| | - Scott E. Pfister
- United States Department of Agriculture, APHIS, PPQ, Science and Technology Forest Pest Methods Laboratory Massachusetts Buzzards Bay USA
| | - Richard Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences The University of British Columbia British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre Natural Resources Canada Quebec Quebec City Canada
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio‐informatique Université Laval Quebec Quebec City Canada
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3
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Stewart D, Djoumad A, Holden D, Kimoto T, Capron A, Dubatolov VV, Akhanaev YB, Yakimova ME, Martemyanov VV, Cusson M. A TaqMan Assay for the Detection and Monitoring of Potentially Invasive Lasiocampids, With Particular Attention to the Siberian Silk Moth, Dendrolimus sibiricus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). J Insect Sci 2023; 23:5. [PMID: 36723233 PMCID: PMC9890919 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Siberian silk moth, Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetverikov, is a very serious pest of conifers in Russia and is an emerging threat in North America where an accidental introduction could have devastating impacts on native forest resources. Other Dendrolimus Germar species and related Eurasian lasiocampids in the genus Malacosoma (Hubner) could also present a risk to North America's forests. Foreign vessels entering Canadian and U.S. ports are regularly inspected for Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus) and for the presence of other potentially invasive insects, including suspicious lasiocampid eggs. However, eggs are difficult to identify based on morphological features alone. Here, we report on the development of two TaqMan (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., Rotkreuz, Switzerland) assays designed to assist regulatory agencies in their identification of these insects. Developed using the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene and run in triplex format, the first assay can detect Dendrolimus and Malacosoma DNA, and can distinguish North American from Eurasian Malacosoma species. The second assay is based on markers identified within the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region and was designed to specifically identify D. sibiricus, while discriminating closely related Dendrolimus taxa. In addition to providing direct species identification in the context of its use in North America, the D. sibiricus assay should prove useful for monitoring the spread of this pest in Eurasia, where its range overlaps with those of the morphologically identical D. superans (Butler) and similar D. pini (Linnaeus). The assays described here can be performed either in the lab on a benchtop instrument, or on-site using a portable machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Stewart
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abdelmadjid Djoumad
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dave Holden
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Troy Kimoto
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arnaud Capron
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vladimir V Dubatolov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yuriy B Akhanaev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria E Yakimova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Information Biology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav V Martemyanov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Béliveau C, Gagné P, Picq S, Vernygora O, Keeling CI, Pinkney K, Doucet D, Wen F, Spencer Johnston J, Maaroufi H, Boyle B, Laroche J, Dewar K, Juretic N, Blackburn G, Nisole A, Brunet B, Brandão M, Lumley L, Duan J, Quan G, Lucarotti CJ, Roe AD, Sperling FAH, Levesque RC, Cusson M. The Spruce Budworm Genome: Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Antifreeze Proteins. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:evac087. [PMID: 35668612 PMCID: PMC9210311 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects have developed various adaptations to survive harsh winter conditions. Among freeze-intolerant species, some produce "antifreeze proteins" (AFPs) that bind to nascent ice crystals and inhibit further ice growth. Such is the case of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a destructive North American conifer pest that can withstand temperatures below -30°C. Despite the potential importance of AFPs in the adaptive diversification of Choristoneura, genomic tools to explore their origins have until now been limited. Here we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly for C. fumiferana, which we used to conduct comparative genomic analyses aimed at reconstructing the evolutionary history of tortricid AFPs. The budworm genome features 16 genes homologous to previously reported C. fumiferana AFPs (CfAFPs), 15 of which map to a single region on chromosome 18. Fourteen of these were also detected in five congeneric species, indicating Choristoneura AFP diversification occurred before the speciation event that led to C. fumiferana. Although budworm AFPs were previously considered unique to the genus Choristoneura, a search for homologs targeting recently sequenced tortricid genomes identified seven CfAFP-like genes in the distantly related Notocelia uddmanniana. High structural similarity between Notocelia and Choristoneura AFPs suggests a common origin, despite the absence of homologs in three related tortricids. Interestingly, one Notocelia AFP formed the C-terminus of a "zonadhesin-like" protein, possibly representing the ancestral condition from which tortricid AFPs evolved. Future work should clarify the evolutionary path of AFPs between Notocelia and Choristoneura and assess the role of the "zonadhesin-like" protein as precursor of tortricid AFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Béliveau
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Gagné
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sandrine Picq
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Oksana Vernygora
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Christopher I Keeling
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kristine Pinkney
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Doucet
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fayuan Wen
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - J Spencer Johnston
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Halim Maaroufi
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian Boyle
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérôme Laroche
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ken Dewar
- Quantitative Life Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nikoleta Juretic
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gwylim Blackburn
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Audrey Nisole
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bryan Brunet
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcelo Brandão
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa e Sistêmica - CBMEG/UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lisa Lumley
- Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jun Duan
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guoxing Quan
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Amanda D Roe
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felix A H Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roger C Levesque
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Djoumad A, Tanguay P, Régnière J, Trudel G, Morrison A, Fournier C, Carleton D, Nisole A, Stewart D, Cusson M. Development of a qPCR-based method for counting overwintering spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) larvae collected during fall surveys and for assessing their natural enemy load: a proof-of-concept study. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:336-343. [PMID: 34529882 PMCID: PMC9298400 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In eastern Canada, surveys of overwintering 2nd instar spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) larvae ('L2s') are carried out each fall to guide insecticide application decisions in the following spring. These surveys involve the collection of fir and spruce branches in selected stands, followed by the mechanical/chemical removal of larvae. The latter then are counted manually on filter papers, using a stereomicroscope. Considering the significant effort and difficulties which this manual counting entails, we developed a quantitative (q)PCR-based 'molecular counting' approach designed to make this step less tedious. RESULTS Using the C. fumiferana mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene as a target for qPCR DNA quantification, we show that the amount of DNA in a larval extract is strongly correlated with the number of larvae used to generate that extract, and that molecular estimates of L2 counts are comparable to those generated using the manual approach. In addition, we used the same DNA extracts to monitor the microsporidian pathogen Nosema fumiferanae, and the hymenopteran parasitoids Glypta fumiferanae and Apanteles fumiferanae in overwintering L2s employing a subset of a TaqMan assay developed by Nisole et al. (2020) for the identification of budworm natural enemies. We show that the proportion of individuals affected by each natural enemy in samples containing a known number of larvae can be estimated from presence/absence data through the binomial probability distribution. CONCLUSION The present proof-of-principle study shows that a molecular approach for counting L2s and assessing their natural enemy load is clearly possible and is expected to generate reliable results. © 2021 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Natural Resources Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Tanguay
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Jacques Régnière
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Guylaine Trudel
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Direction de la Protection des ForêtsQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Andrew Morrison
- New Brunswick Natural Resources and Energy DevelopmentForest Planning and Stewardship BranchFrederictonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Cédric Fournier
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Direction de la Protection des ForêtsQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Drew Carleton
- New Brunswick Natural Resources and Energy DevelopmentForest Planning and Stewardship BranchFrederictonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Audrey Nisole
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Don Stewart
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio‐InformatiqueUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
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Legault S, Wittische J, Cusson M, Brodeur J, James PMA. Landscape-scale population connectivity in two parasitoid species associated with the spruce budworm: Testing the birdfeeder effect using genetic data. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5658-5673. [PMID: 34473864 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Periodic and spatially synchronous outbreaks of insect pests have dramatic consequences for boreal and sub-boreal forests. Within these multitrophic systems, parasitoids can be stabilizing agents by dispersing toward patches containing higher host density (the so-called birdfeeder effect). However, we know little about the dispersal abilities of parasitoids in continuous forested landscapes, limiting our understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of host-parasitoid systems, and constraining our ability to predict forest resilience in the context of global changes. In this study, we investigate the spatial genetic structure and spatial variation in genetic diversity of two important species of spruce budworm larval parasitoids during outbreaks: Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck (Braconidae) and Glypta fumiferanae (Viereck) (Ichneumonidae). Using parasitoids sampled in 2014 from 26 and 29 locations across a study area of 350,000 km2 , we identified 1,012 and 992 neutral SNP loci for A. fumiferanae (N = 279 individuals) and G. fumiferanae (N = 382), respectively. Using DAPC, PCA, AMOVA, and IBD analyses, we found evidence for panmixia and high genetic connectivity for both species, matching the previously described genetic structure of the spruce budworm within the same context, suggesting similar effective dispersal during outbreaks and high parasitoid population densities between outbreaks. We also found a significant negative relationship between genetic diversity and latitude for A. fumiferanae but not for G. fumiferanae, suggesting that northern range limits may vary by species within the spruce budworm parasitoid community. These spatial dynamics should be considered when predicting future insect outbreak severities in boreal landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Legault
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julian Wittische
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick M A James
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Institute of Forestry and Conservation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Maaroufi H, Potvin M, Cusson M, Levesque RC. Novel antimicrobial anionic cecropins from the spruce budworm feature a poly-L-aspartic acid C-terminus. Proteins 2021; 89:1205-1215. [PMID: 33973678 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cecropins form a family of amphipathic α-helical cationic peptides with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and potent anticancer activity. The emergence of bacteria and cancer cells showing resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) has fostered a search for new, more selective and more effective alternatives to CAMPs. With this goal in mind, we looked for cecropin homologs in the genome and transcriptome of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. Not only did we find paralogs of the conventional cationic cecropins (Cfcec+ ), our screening also led to the identification of previously uncharacterized anionic cecropins (Cfcec- ), featuring a poly-l-aspartic acid C-terminus. Comparative peptide analysis indicated that the C-terminal helix of Cfcec- is amphipathic, unlike that of Cfcec+ , which is hydrophobic. Interestingly, molecular dynamics simulations pointed to the lower conformational flexibility of Cfcec- peptides, relative to that of Cfcec+ . Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the evolution of distinct Cfcec+ and Cfcec- peptides may have resulted from an ancient duplication event within the Lepidoptera. Finally, we found that both anionic and cationic cecropins contain a BH3-like motif (G-[KQR]-[HKQNR]-[IV]-[KQR]) that could interact with Bcl-2, a protein involved in apoptosis; this observation is congruent with previous reports indicating that cecropins induce apoptosis. Altogether, our observations suggest that cecropins may provide templates for the development of new anticancer drugs. We also estimated the antibacterial activity of Cfcec-2 and a ∆Cfce-2 peptide as AMPs by testing directly their ability in inhibiting bacterial growth in a disk diffusion assay and their potential for development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halim Maaroufi
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marianne Potvin
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Roger C Levesque
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS) and Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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8
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Sparks ME, Hebert FO, Johnston JS, Hamelin R, Cusson M, Levesque R, Gundersen-Rindal DE. Sequencing, Assembly and Annotation of the Whole-Insect Genome of Lymantria dispar dispar, the European Gypsy Moth. G3 (Bethesda) 2021; 11:6261075. [PMID: 33930134 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The European gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar dispar (LDD), is an invasive insect and a threat to urban trees, forests and forest-related industries in North America. For use as a comparator with a previously published genome based on the LD652 pupal ovary-derived cell line, as well as whole-insect genome sequences obtained from the Asian gypsy moth subspecies L. dispar asiatica and L. dispar japonica, the whole-insect LDD genome was sequenced, assembled and annotated. The resulting assembly was 998 Mb in size, with a contig N50 of 662 Kb and GC content of 38.8%. Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) constitute 25.4% of the whole-insect genome, and a total of 11,901 genes predicted by automated gene finding encoded proteins exhibiting homology with reference sequences in the NCBI NR and/or UniProtKB databases at the most stringent similarity cutoff level (i.e., the gold tier). These results will be especially useful in developing a better understanding of the biology and population genetics of L. dispar and the genetic features underlying Lepidoptera in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Sparks
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Francois Olivier Hebert
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - J Spencer Johnston
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Richard Hamelin
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6.,Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Michel Cusson
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6.,Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 4C7
| | - Roger Levesque
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Dawn E Gundersen-Rindal
- USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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Picard MÈ, Cusson M, Sen SE, Shi R. Rational design of Lepidoptera-specific insecticidal inhibitors targeting farnesyl diphosphate synthase, a key enzyme of the juvenile hormone biosynthetic pathway. J Pestic Sci 2021; 46:7-15. [PMID: 33746541 PMCID: PMC7953025 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d20-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the use of broad-spectrum insecticides is one of the many challenges currently faced by insect pest management practitioners. For this reason, efforts are being made to develop environmentally benign pest-control products through bio-rational approaches that aim at disrupting physiological processes unique to specific groups of pests. Perturbation of hormonal regulation of insect development and reproduction is one such strategy. It has long been hypothesized that some enzymes in the juvenile hormone biosynthetic pathway of moths, butterflies and caterpillars (order Lepidoptera) display unique structural features that could be targeted for the development of Lepidoptera-specific insecticides, a promising avenue given the numerous agricultural and forest pests belonging to this order. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, FPPS, is one such enzyme, with recent work suggesting that it has structural characteristics that may enable its selective inhibition. This review synthesizes current knowledge on FPPS and summarizes recent advances in its use as a target for insecticide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Picard
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, PROTEO, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Michel Cusson
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, PROTEO, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Station Ste. Foy, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Stephanie E. Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Rong Shi
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, PROTEO, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Volkoff AN, Cusson M, Falabella P. Editorial: Insects at the Center of Interactions With Other Organisms. Front Physiol 2020; 11:616. [PMID: 32655406 PMCID: PMC7324779 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- INRAE Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'alimentation et l'Environnement, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Lumley LM, Pouliot E, Laroche J, Boyle B, Brunet BMT, Levesque RC, Sperling FAH, Cusson M. Continent-wide population genomic structure and phylogeography of North America's most destructive conifer defoliator, the spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:914-927. [PMID: 32015854 PMCID: PMC6988549 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, is presumed to be panmictic across vast regions of North America. We examined the extent of panmixia by genotyping 3,650 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in 1975 individuals from 128 collections across the continent. We found three spatially structured subpopulations: Western (Alaska, Yukon), Central (southeastern Yukon to the Manitoba-Ontario border), and Eastern (Manitoba-Ontario border to the Atlantic). Additionally, the most diagnostic genetic differentiation between the Central and Eastern subpopulations was chromosomally restricted to a single block of SNPs that may constitute an island of differentiation within the species. Geographic differentiation in the spruce budworm parallels that of its principal larval host, white spruce (Picea glauca), providing evidence that spruce budworm and spruce trees survived in the Beringian refugium through the Last Glacial Maximum and that at least two isolated spruce budworm populations diverged with spruce/fir south of the ice sheets. Gene flow in the spruce budworm may also be affected by mountains in western North America, habitat isolation in West Virginia, regional adaptations, factors related to dispersal, and proximity of other species in the spruce budworm species complex. The central and eastern geographic regions contain individuals that assign to Eastern and Central subpopulations, respectively, indicating that these barriers are not complete. Our discovery of previously undetected geographic and genomic structure in the spruce budworm suggests that further population modelling of this ecologically important insect should consider regional differentiation, potentially co-adapted blocks of genes, and gene flow between subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Lumley
- Royal Alberta MuseumEdmontonABCanada
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQCCanada
- Université LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
| | - Esther Pouliot
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQCCanada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQCCanada
- Université LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
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Larroque J, Legault S, Johns R, Lumley L, Cusson M, Renaut S, Levesque RC, James PMA. Temporal variation in spatial genetic structure during population outbreaks: Distinguishing among different potential drivers of spatial synchrony. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1931-1945. [PMID: 31700536 PMCID: PMC6824080 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial synchrony is a common characteristic of spatio-temporal population dynamics across many taxa. While it is known that both dispersal and spatially autocorrelated environmental variation (i.e., the Moran effect) can synchronize populations, the relative contributions of each, and how they interact, are generally unknown. Distinguishing these mechanisms and their effects on synchrony can help us to better understand spatial population dynamics, design conservation and management strategies, and predict climate change impacts. Population genetic data can be used to tease apart these two processes as the spatio-temporal genetic patterns they create are expected to be different. A challenge, however, is that genetic data are often collected at a single point in time, which may introduce context-specific bias. Spatio-temporal sampling strategies can be used to reduce bias and to improve our characterization of the drivers of spatial synchrony. Using spatio-temporal analyses of genotypic data, our objective was to identify the relative support for these two mechanisms to the spatial synchrony in population dynamics of the irruptive forest insect pest, the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), in Quebec (Canada). AMOVA, cluster analysis, isolation by distance, and sPCA were used to characterize spatio-temporal genomic variation using 1,370 SBW larvae sampled over four years (2012-2015) and genotyped at 3,562 SNP loci. We found evidence of overall weak spatial genetic structure that decreased from 2012 to 2015 and a genetic diversity homogenization among the sites. We also found genetic evidence of a long-distance dispersal event over >140 km. These results indicate that dispersal is the key mechanism involved in driving population synchrony of the outbreak. Early intervention management strategies that aim to control source populations have the potential to be effective through limiting dispersal. However, the timing of such interventions relative to outbreak progression is likely to influence their probability of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Larroque
- Département de Sciences BiologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Simon Legault
- Département de Sciences BiologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Rob Johns
- Canadian Forest ServiceNatural Resources CanadaFrederictonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Lisa Lumley
- Royal Alberta MuseumEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry CentreNatural Resources CanadaQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Sébastien Renaut
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie VégétaleUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Roger C. Levesque
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmesUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Patrick M. A. James
- Département de Sciences BiologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
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Darboux I, Cusson M, Volkoff AN. The dual life of ichnoviruses. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2019; 32:47-53. [PMID: 31113631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ichnoviruses (IVs) are mutualistic, double-stranded DNA viruses playing a key role in the successful parasitism of thousands of endoparasitoid wasp species. IV particles are produced exclusively in the female wasp reproductive tract. They are co-injected along with the parasitoid egg into caterpillar hosts upon parasitization. The expression of viral genes by infected host cells leads to an immunosuppressive state and delayed development of the host, two pathologies that are critical to the successful development of the wasp egg and larva. Ichnovirus is one of the two recognized genera within the family Polydnaviridae (polydnaviruses or PDVs), the other genus being Bracovirus (BV), associated with braconid wasps. IVs are associated with ichneumonid wasps belonging to the subfamilies Campopleginae and Banchinae; attempts to identify IV particles in other ichneumonid subfamilies have so far been unsuccessful. Functional studies targeting IV genes expressed in parasitized hosts, along with investigations of the molecular mechanisms responsible for viral morphogenesis in the female wasp, have resulted in a better understanding of the biology of these atypical viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Darboux
- UMR DGIMI 1333 INRA Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Michel Cusson
- Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, Ressources naturelles Canada, Québec, Canada
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14
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Stewart D, Nisole A, Djoumad A, Zahiri R, Lamarche J, Levesque RC, Hamelin RC, Cusson M. A needle in a haystack: a multigene TaqMan assay for the detection of Asian gypsy moths in bulk pheromone trap samples. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-01943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Zhang HH, Zhou QZ, Wang PL, Xiong XM, Luchetti A, Raoult D, Levasseur A, Santini S, Abergel C, Legendre M, Drezen JM, Béliveau C, Cusson M, Jiang SH, Bao HO, Sun C, Bureau TE, Cheng PF, Han MJ, Zhang Z, Zhang XG, Dai FY. Unexpected invasion of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements in viral genomes. Mob DNA 2018; 9:19. [PMID: 29946369 PMCID: PMC6004678 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-018-0125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transposable elements (TEs) are common and often present with high copy numbers in cellular genomes. Unlike in cellular organisms, TEs were previously thought to be either rare or absent in viruses. Almost all reported TEs display only one or two copies per viral genome. In addition, the discovery of pandoraviruses with genomes up to 2.5-Mb emphasizes the need for biologists to rethink the fundamental nature of the relationship between viruses and cellular life. Results Herein, we performed the first comprehensive analysis of miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) in the 5170 viral genomes for which sequences are currently available. Four hundred and fifty one copies of ten miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) were found and each MITE had reached relatively large copy numbers (some up to 90) in viruses. Eight MITEs belonging to two DNA superfamilies (hobo/Activator/Tam3 and Chapaev-Mirage-CACTA) were for the first time identified in viruses, further expanding the organismal range of these two superfamilies. TEs may play important roles in shaping the evolution of pandoravirus genomes, which were here found to be very rich in MITEs. We also show that putative autonomous partners of seven MITEs are present in the genomes of viral hosts, suggesting that viruses may borrow the transpositional machinery of their cellular hosts' autonomous elements to spread MITEs and colonize their own genomes. The presence of seven similar MITEs in viral hosts, suggesting horizontal transfers (HTs) as the major mechanism for MITEs propagation. Conclusions Our discovery highlights that TEs contribute to shape genome evolution of pandoraviruses. We concluded that as for cellular organisms, TEs are part of the pandoraviruses' diverse mobilome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Hao Zhang
- 1College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China.,2State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Zhong Zhou
- 3School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Ping-Lan Wang
- 1College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Xiao-Min Xiong
- 4Clinical Medical College, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Andrea Luchetti
- 5Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Didier Raoult
- 6Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille University, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, AP-HM, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- 6Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille University, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, AP-HM, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Sebastien Santini
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique and Structurale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Chantal Abergel
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique and Structurale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Matthieu Legendre
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Information Génomique and Structurale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7256 (Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, FR3479), 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- 8Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Catherine Béliveau
- 9Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- 9Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shen-Hua Jiang
- 1College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Hai-Ou Bao
- 1College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- 10Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas E Bureau
- 11Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peng-Fei Cheng
- 12Poyang Lake Eco-economy Research Center, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Min-Jin Han
- 2State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- 3School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Xiao-Gu Zhang
- 1College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Fang-Yin Dai
- 2State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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16
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Seehausen ML, Naumann PH, Béliveau C, Martel V, Cusson M. Impact of rearing temperature on encapsulation and the accumulation of transcripts putatively involved in capsule formation in a parasitized lepidopteran host. J Insect Physiol 2018; 107:244-249. [PMID: 29704478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation and melanisation are innate immune reactions of insects against foreign intruders such as parasitoids. In an earlier study, we observed that immature life stages of the endoparasitoid Tranosema rostrale (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitizing Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae experienced higher mortality due to encapsulation and melanisation when reared at high (30 °C) than at lower (10 °C, 20 °C) temperatures. Downregulation of T. rostrale polydnavirus genes in parasitized hosts and upregulation of two genes involved in the spruce budworm's melanisation process were identified as likely contributors to parasitoid mortality at high temperature. However, levels of transcripts of genes involved in the spruce budworm's cellular encapsulation process were not measured inasmuch as candidate genes, in the spruce budworm, had not yet been identified. In addition, our assessment of temperature-dependent encapsulation and melanisation of foreign objects in spruce budworm larvae was only partial. To fill these knowledge gaps, we injected Sephadex™ beads into unparasitized spruce budworm larvae and assessed their encapsulation/melanisation after the insects had been held at three different temperatures (10, 20, and 30 °C), and we identified spruce budworm genes putatively involved in the encapsulation process and quantified their transcripts at the same three temperatures, using a qPCR approach. As expected, both encapsulation and melanisation of Sephadex™ beads increased as a function of temperature. At the molecular level, three of the five genes examined (Integrin β1, Hopscotch, Stat92E) clearly displayed temperature-dependent upregulation. The results of this study further support the hypothesis that a temperature-dependent increase in the encapsulation response of C. fumiferana against T. rostrale is due to the combined effects of reduced expression of polydnavirus genes and enhanced expression of host immune genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lukas Seehausen
- University of Toronto, Faculty of Forestry, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada.
| | - Paul-Henri Naumann
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Quebec City G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Catherine Béliveau
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Quebec City G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Véronique Martel
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Quebec City G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Quebec City G1V 4C7, Canada
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Fagua G, Condamine FL, Brunet BMT, Clamens AL, Laroche J, Levesque RC, Cusson M, Sperling FAH. Convergent herbivory on conifers by Choristoneura moths after boreal forest formation. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 123:35-43. [PMID: 29378247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitogenomes are useful markers for phylogenetic studies across a range of taxonomic levels. Here, we focus on mitogenome variation across the tortricid moth genus Choristoneura and particularly the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) species complex, a notorious pest group of North American conifer forests. Phylogenetic relationships of Tortricidae, representing two subfamilies, four tribes and nine genera, were analyzed using 21 mitogenomes. These included six newly-sequenced mitogenomes for species in the spruce budworm complex plus three additional Choristoneura species and 12 previously published mitogenomes from other tortricids and one from the Cossidae. We evaluated the phylogenetic informativeness of the mitogenomes and reconstructed a time-calibrated tree with fossil and secondary calibrations. We found that tortricid mitogenomes had conserved protein and ribosomal regions, and analysis of all protein-coding plus ribosomal genes together provided an efficient marker at any taxonomic rank. The time-calibrated phylogeny showed evolutionary convergence of conifer feeding within Choristoneura, with two independent lineages, the Nearctic spruce budworm complex and the Palearctic species Choristoneura murinana, both shifting onto conifers about 11 million years ago from angiosperms. These two host-plant shifts both occurred after the formation of boreal forest in the late Miocene. Haplotype diversification within the spruce budworm complex occurred in the last 4 million years, and is probably linked to the initial cooling cycles of the Northern Hemisphere in the Pliocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanny Fagua
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biosciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Department of Biology, Carrera 7 No. 43-82, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biosciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada; CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (Université de Montpellier), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Bryan M T Brunet
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biosciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Clamens
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biosciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada; INRA, UMR 1062 Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (INRA, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro), 755 avenue du campus Agropolis, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Jérôme Laroche
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Roger C Levesque
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Ste-Foy Stn., Quebec City, Canada
| | - Felix A H Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biosciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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18
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Picard MÈ, Nisole A, Béliveau C, Sen S, Barbar A, Shi R, Cusson M. Structural characterization of a lepidopteran type-II farnesyl diphosphate synthase from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana: Implications for inhibitor design. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 92:84-92. [PMID: 29183817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is an enzyme from the class of short chain (E)-prenyltransferases that catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP, C5) with dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP, C5) to generate the C15 product FPP. In insects, FPPS plays a key role in the biosynthesis of the morphogenetic and gonadotropic "juvenile hormone" (JH). Lepidopteran genomes encode two very distinct FPPS paralogs, one of which ("type-II") is expressed almost exclusively in the JH-producing glands, the corpora allata. This paralog has been hypothesized to display structural features that enable the binding of the bulkier precursors required for the biosynthesis of lepidopteran ethyl-branched JHs. Here, we report on the first crystal structures of an insect FPPS solved to date. Apo, ligand-bound, and inhibitor-bound structures of type-II FPPS (FPPS2) from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Order: Lepidoptera), were obtained. Comparison of apo and inhibitor-bound enzymes revealed differences in both inhibitor binding and structural plasticity of CfFPPS2 compared to other FPPSs. Our data showed that IPP is not essential to the closure of the C-terminal tail. Ortho-substituted pyridinium bisphosphonates, previously shown to inhibit CfFPPS2, bound to the allylic site, as predicted; however, their alkyl groups were oriented towards the homoallylic binding site, with the bulkier propyl-substituted inhibitor penetrating deeply into the IPP binding pocket. The current study sheds light on the structural basis of substrate specificity of type-II FPPS of the spruce budworm. Through a comparison with other inhibitor-bound FPPSs, we propose several approaches to improve inhibitor selectivity and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Picard
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, PROTEO, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Audrey Nisole
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., C.P. 10380, Station Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada.
| | - Catherine Béliveau
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., C.P. 10380, Station Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada.
| | - Stephanie Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA.
| | - Aline Barbar
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, PROTEO, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., C.P. 10380, Station Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada.
| | - Rong Shi
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, PROTEO, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Michel Cusson
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, PROTEO, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada; Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., C.P. 10380, Station Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada.
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Blackburn GS, Brunet BMT, Muirhead K, Cusson M, Béliveau C, Levesque RC, Lumley LM, Sperling FAH. Distinct sources of gene flow produce contrasting population genetic dynamics at different range boundaries of aChoristoneurabudworm. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6666-6684. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwylim S. Blackburn
- Department of Biological Sciences; CW405 Biosciences Centre; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Forest Service; Quebec City QC Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
| | - Bryan M. T. Brunet
- Department of Biological Sciences; CW405 Biosciences Centre; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Kevin Muirhead
- Department of Biological Sciences; CW405 Biosciences Centre; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Forest Service; Quebec City QC Canada
| | - Catherine Béliveau
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Forest Service; Quebec City QC Canada
| | - Roger C. Levesque
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
| | - Lisa M. Lumley
- Department of Biological Sciences; CW405 Biosciences Centre; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Natural Resources Canada; Canadian Forest Service; Quebec City QC Canada
| | - Felix A. H. Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences; CW405 Biosciences Centre; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
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20
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Picq S, Keena M, Havill N, Stewart D, Pouliot E, Boyle B, Levesque RC, Hamelin RC, Cusson M. Assessing the potential of genotyping-by-sequencing-derived single nucleotide polymorphisms to identify the geographic origins of intercepted gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) specimens: A proof-of-concept study. Evol Appl 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eva.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Picq
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Natural Resources Canada; Quebec City QC Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
| | - Melody Keena
- USDA Forest Service; Northern Research Station; Northeastern Center for Forest Health Research; Hamden CT USA
| | - Nathan Havill
- USDA Forest Service; Northern Research Station; Northeastern Center for Forest Health Research; Hamden CT USA
| | - Don Stewart
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Natural Resources Canada; Quebec City QC Canada
| | - Esther Pouliot
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Natural Resources Canada; Quebec City QC Canada
| | - Brian Boyle
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
| | - Roger C. Levesque
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
| | - Richard C. Hamelin
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
- Department of Forest Sciences; Faculty of Forestry; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Natural Resources Canada; Quebec City QC Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
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21
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Djoumad A, Nisole A, Zahiri R, Freschi L, Picq S, Gundersen-Rindal DE, Sparks ME, Dewar K, Stewart D, Maaroufi H, Levesque RC, Hamelin RC, Cusson M. Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes of geographic variants of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, reveals a previously undescribed genotypic entity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14245. [PMID: 29079798 PMCID: PMC5660218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., is one of the most destructive forest pests in the world. While the subspecies established in North America is the European gypsy moth (L. dispar dispar), whose females are flightless, the two Asian subspecies, L. dispar asiatica and L. dispar japonica, have flight-capable females, enhancing their invasiveness and warranting precautionary measures to prevent their permanent establishment in North America. Various molecular tools have been developed to help distinguish European from Asian subspecies, several of which are based on the mitochondrial barcode region. In an effort to identify additional informative markers, we undertook the sequencing and analysis of the mitogenomes of 10 geographic variants of L. dispar, including two or more variants of each subspecies, plus the closely related L. umbrosa as outgroup. Several regions of the gypsy moth mitogenomes displayed nucleotide substitutions with potential usefulness for the identification of subspecies and/or geographic origins. Interestingly, the mitogenome of one geographic variant displayed significant divergence relative to the remaining variants, raising questions about its taxonomic status. Phylogenetic analyses placed this population from northern Iran as basal to the L. dispar clades. The present findings will help improve diagnostic tests aimed at limiting risks of AGM invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmadjid Djoumad
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 rue du PEPS, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Audrey Nisole
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 rue du PEPS, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Reza Zahiri
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Plant Laboratory, Entomology Unit, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luca Freschi
- Institute for Integrative and System Biology, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sandrine Picq
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 rue du PEPS, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada.,Institute for Integrative and System Biology, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dawn E Gundersen-Rindal
- United States Department of Agriculture - ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, United States of America
| | - Michael E Sparks
- United States Department of Agriculture - ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, United States of America
| | - Ken Dewar
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue Rm 7104, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Don Stewart
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 rue du PEPS, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Halim Maaroufi
- Institute for Integrative and System Biology, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Roger C Levesque
- Institute for Integrative and System Biology, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Richard C Hamelin
- Institute for Integrative and System Biology, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 rue du PEPS, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada. .,Institute for Integrative and System Biology, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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22
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Dupuis J, Brunet B, Bird H, Lumley L, Fagua G, Boyle B, Levesque R, Cusson M, Powell J, Sperling F. Genome-wide SNPs resolve phylogenetic relationships in the North American spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) species complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 111:158-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Seehausen ML, Cusson M, Régnière J, Bory M, Stewart D, Djoumad A, Smith SM, Martel V. High temperature induces downregulation of polydnavirus gene transcription in lepidopteran host and enhances accumulation of host immunity gene transcripts. J Insect Physiol 2017; 98:126-133. [PMID: 28041943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoparasitoids face the challenge of overcoming the immune reaction of their hosts, which typically consists of encapsulation and melanisation of parasitoid eggs or larvae. Some endoparasitic wasps such as the solitary Tranosema rostrale (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) that lay their eggs in larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), have evolved a symbiotic relationship with a polydnavirus (PDV), which in turn helps them suppress the host's immune response. We observed an increase in mortality of immature T. rostrale with increasing temperature, and we tested two hypotheses about the mechanisms involved: high temperatures (1) hamper the expression of T. rostrale PDV genes and (2) enhance the expression of spruce budworm immunity-related genes. Dissections of parasitized spruce budworm larvae reared at 30°C revealed that most parasitoid eggs or larvae had died as a result of encapsulation and melanisation by the host. A qPCR analysis of T. rostrale PDV (TrIV) gene expression showed that the transcription of several TrIV genes in host larvae was downregulated at high temperature. On the other hand, encapsulation, but not melanisation, of foreign bodies in spruce budworm larvae was enhanced at high temperatures, as shown by the injection of Sephadex™ beads into larvae. However, at the molecular level, the transcription of genes related to spruce budworm's melanisation process (prophenoloxidase 1 and 2) was upregulated. Our results support the hypothesis that a temperature-dependent increase of encapsulation response is due to the combined effects of reduced expression of TrIV genes and enhanced expression of host immune genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lukas Seehausen
- University of Toronto, Faculty of Forestry, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada.
| | - Michel Cusson
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Québec G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Jacques Régnière
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Québec G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Maxence Bory
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Québec G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Don Stewart
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Québec G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Abdelmadjid Djoumad
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Québec G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Sandy M Smith
- University of Toronto, Faculty of Forestry, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Véronique Martel
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., Québec G1V 4C7, Canada
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Duan J, Quan G, Mittapalli O, Cusson M, Krell PJ, Doucet D. The complete mitogenome of the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis (Insecta: Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2017; 2:134-135. [PMID: 33473743 PMCID: PMC7800869 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2017.1292476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitogenome of the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) was obtained by gleaning mitochondrial sequences from whole-genome Illumina sequencing data. The circular genome has 15,942 base pairs and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and an A-T-rich region. All PCGs begin with ATN codons. The nucleotide composition is highly asymmetric (31.65% A, 40.25% T, 17.39% G, 10.71% C), with an overall A-T content of 71.9%. Phylogenetic analysis based on insect mitogenomes indicated that EAB is closely related to other Buprestoidea species, clustering most closely with Chrysochroa fulgidissima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Duan
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Guoxing Quan
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada
| | - Omprakash Mittapalli
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Michel Cusson
- Natural Resources Canada, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Québec City, Canada
| | - Peter J Krell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Daniel Doucet
- Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada
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25
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Stewart D, Zahiri R, Djoumad A, Freschi L, Lamarche J, Holden D, Cervantes S, Ojeda DI, Potvin A, Nisole A, Béliveau C, Capron A, Kimoto T, Day B, Yueh H, Duff C, Levesque RC, Hamelin RC, Cusson M. A Multi-Species TaqMan PCR Assay for the Identification of Asian Gypsy Moths (Lymantria spp.) and Other Invasive Lymantriines of Biosecurity Concern to North America. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160878. [PMID: 27513667 PMCID: PMC4981461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing the introduction and establishment of forest invasive alien species (FIAS) such as the Asian gypsy moth (AGM) is a high-priority goal for countries with extensive forest resources such as Canada. The name AGM designates a group of closely related Lymantria species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) comprising two L. dispar subspecies (L. dispar asiatica, L. dispar japonica) and three closely related Lymantria species (L. umbrosa, L. albescens, L. postalba), all considered potential FIAS in North America. Ships entering Canadian ports are inspected for the presence of suspicious gypsy moth eggs, but those of AGM are impossible to distinguish from eggs of innocuous Lymantria species. To assist regulatory agencies in their identification of these insects, we designed a suite of TaqMan® assays that provide significant improvements over existing molecular assays targeting AGM. The assays presented here can identify all three L. dispar subspecies (including the European gypsy moth, L. dispar dispar), the three other Lymantria species comprising the AGM complex, plus five additional Lymantria species that pose a threat to forests in North America. The suite of assays is built as a “molecular key” (analogous to a taxonomic key) and involves several parallel singleplex and multiplex qPCR reactions. Each reaction uses a combination of primers and probes designed to separate taxa through discriminatory annealing. The success of these assays is based on the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5’ region of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) or in its longer, 3’ region, as well as on the presence of an indel in the “FS1” nuclear marker, generating North American and Asian alleles, used here to assess Asian introgression into L. dispar dispar. These assays have the advantage of providing rapid and accurate identification of ten Lymantria species and subspecies considered potential FIAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Stewart
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Reza Zahiri
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Plant Laboratory, Entomology Unit, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdelmadjid Djoumad
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luca Freschi
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josyanne Lamarche
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dave Holden
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sandra Cervantes
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dario I. Ojeda
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amélie Potvin
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Audrey Nisole
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Béliveau
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Capron
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Troy Kimoto
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brittany Day
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Headquarters, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hesther Yueh
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cameron Duff
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Headquarters, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger C. Levesque
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard C. Hamelin
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (MC); (RCH)
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (MC); (RCH)
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26
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Duan J, Ladd T, Doucet D, Cusson M, vanFrankenhuyzen K, Mittapalli O, Krell PJ, Quan G. Transcriptome Analysis of the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis: De Novo Assembly, Functional Annotation and Comparative Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134824. [PMID: 26244979 PMCID: PMC4526369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, is an invasive phloem-feeding insect pest of ash trees. Since its initial discovery near the Detroit, US- Windsor, Canada area in 2002, the spread of EAB has had strong negative economic, social and environmental impacts in both countries. Several transcriptomes from specific tissues including midgut, fat body and antenna have recently been generated. However, the relatively low sequence depth, gene coverage and completeness limited the usefulness of these EAB databases. Methodology and Principal Findings High-throughput deep RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to obtain 473.9 million pairs of 100 bp length paired-end reads from various life stages and tissues. These reads were assembled into 88,907 contigs using the Trinity strategy and integrated into 38,160 unigenes after redundant sequences were removed. We annotated 11,229 unigenes by searching against the public nr, Swiss-Prot and COG. The EAB transcriptome assembly was compared with 13 other sequenced insect species, resulting in the prediction of 536 unigenes that are Coleoptera-specific. Differential gene expression revealed that 290 unigenes are expressed during larval molting and 3,911 unigenes during metamorphosis from larvae to pupae, respectively (FDR< 0.01 and log2 FC>2). In addition, 1,167 differentially expressed unigenes were identified from larval and adult midguts, 435 unigenes were up-regulated in larval midgut and 732 unigenes were up-regulated in adult midgut. Most of the genes involved in RNA interference (RNAi) pathways were identified, which implies the existence of a system RNAi in EAB. Conclusions and Significance This study provides one of the most fundamental and comprehensive transcriptome resources available for EAB to date. Identification of the tissue- stage- or species- specific unigenes will benefit the further study of gene functions during growth and metamorphosis processes in EAB and other pest insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Duan
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim Ladd
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Doucet
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et bio-informatique, Université Laval Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Kees vanFrankenhuyzen
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Omprakash Mittapalli
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural and Research Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Krell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guoxing Quan
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Sen SE, Wood L, Jacob R, Xhambazi A, Pease B, Jones A, Horsfield T, Lin A, Cusson M. Disruption of insect isoprenoid biosynthesis with pyridinium bisphosphonates. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 63:113-123. [PMID: 26073627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) catalyzes the condensation of the non-allylic diphosphate, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP; C5), with the allylic diphosphate primer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP; C5) to generate the C15 prenyl chain (FPP) used for protein prenylation as well as sterol and terpene biosynthesis. Here, we designed and prepared a series of pyridinium bisphosphonate (PyrBP) compounds, with the aim of selectively inhibiting FPPS of the lepidopteran insect order. FPPSs of Drosophila melanogaster and the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, were inhibited by several PyrBPs, and as hypothesized, larger bisphosphonates were more selective for the lepidopteran protein and completely inactive towards dipteran and vertebrate FPPSs. Cell growth of a D. melanogaster cell line was adversely affected by exposure to PyrPBs that were strongly inhibitory to insect FPPS, although their effect was less pronounced than that observed upon exposure to the electron transport disrupter, chlorfenapyr. To assess the impact of PyrBPs on lepidopteran insect growth and development, we performed feeding and topical studies, using the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, as our insect model. The free acid form of a PyrBP and a known bisphosphonate inhibitor of vertebrate FPPS, alendronate, had little to no effect on larval M. sexta; however, the topical application of more lipophilic ester PyrBPs caused decreased growth, incomplete larval molting, cuticle darkening at the site of application, and for those insects that survived, the formation of larval-pupal hybrids. To gain a better understanding of the structural differences that produce selective lepidopteran FPPS inhibition, homology models of C. fumiferana and D. melanogaster FPPS (CfFPPS2, and DmFPPS) were prepared. Docking of substrates and PyrBPs demonstrates that differences at the -3 and -4 positions relative to the first aspartate rich motif (FARM) are important factors in the ability of the lepidopteran enzyme to produce homologous isoprenoid structure and to be selectively inhibited by larger PyrBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA.
| | - Lyndsay Wood
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Reshma Jacob
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Alisa Xhambazi
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Britanny Pease
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Alexis Jones
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Taylor Horsfield
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Alice Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Michel Cusson
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., C.P. 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
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Dorémus T, Darboux I, Cusson M, Ravallec M, Jouan V, Frayssinet M, Stoltz DB, Webb BA, Volkoff AN. Specificities of ichnoviruses associated with campoplegine wasps: genome, genes and role in host-parasitoid interaction. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2014; 6:44-51. [PMID: 32846675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ichnoviruses (IVs), unique symbiotic viruses carried by ichneumonid campoplegine wasps, derive from integration of a paleo-ichnovirus into an ancestral wasp genome. The modern 'genome' is composed of both regions that are amplified, circularized and encapsidated into viral particles and non-encapsidated viral genomic regions involved in particle morphogenesis. Packaged genomes include multiple circular dsDNAs encoding many genes mostly organized in gene families. Virus particles are assembled in specialized ovarian cells from which they exit into the oviduct lumen; mature virions are injected during oviposition into the insect host. Expression of viral proteins in infected cells correlates with physiological alterations of the host enabling success of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Dorémus
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Darboux
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Ste. Foy, Quebec G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Marc Ravallec
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Jouan
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Marie Frayssinet
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Don B Stoltz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Bruce A Webb
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Agricultural Science Center N, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France.
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Barbar A, Couture M, Sen SE, Béliveau C, Nisole A, Bipfubusa M, Cusson M. Cloning, expression and characterization of an insect geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Choristoneura fumiferana. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 43:947-958. [PMID: 23907071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) catalyzes the condensation of the non-allylic diphosphate, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP; C5), with allylic diphosphates to generate the C20 prenyl chain (GGPP) used for protein prenylation and diterpenoid biosynthesis. Here, we cloned the cDNA of a GGPPS from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, and characterized the corresponding recombinant protein (rCfGGPPS). As shown for other type-III GGPPSs, rCfGGPPS preferred farnesyl diphosphate (FPP; C15) over other allylic substrates for coupling with IPP. Unexpectedly, rCfGGPPS displayed inhibition by its FPP substrate at low IPP concentration, suggesting the existence of a mechanism that may regulate intracellular FPP pools. rCfGGPPS was also inhibited by its product, GGPP, in a competitive manner with respect to FPP, as reported for human and bovine brain GGPPSs. A homology model of CfGGPPS was prepared and compared to human and yeast GGPPSs. Consistent with its enzymological properties, CfGGPPS displayed a larger active site cavity that can accommodate the binding of FPP and GGPP in the region normally occupied by IPP and the allylic isoprenoid tail, and the binding of GGPP in an alternate orientation seen for GGPP binding to the human protein. To begin exploring the role of CfGGPPS in protein prenylation, its transcripts were quantified by qPCR in whole insects, along with those of other genes involved in this pathway. CfGGPPS was expressed throughout insect development and the abundance of its transcripts covaried with that of other prenylation-related genes. Our qPCR results suggest that geranylgeranylation is the predominant form of prenylation in whole C. fumiferana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Barbar
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., C.P. 10380, Succ. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
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Quan G, Ladd T, Duan J, Wen F, Doucet D, Cusson M, Krell PJ. Characterization of a spruce budworm chitin deacetylase gene: stage- and tissue-specific expression, and inhibition using RNA interference. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 43:683-691. [PMID: 23628857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA) catalyzes the conversion of chitin into chitosan, thereby modifying the physical properties of insect cuticles and peritrophic matrices. A lepidopteran chitin deacetylase gene (CfCDA2) was cloned from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, and found to generate two alternatively spliced transcripts, CfCDA2a and CfCDA2b. Transcriptional analysis using isoform-specific RT-PCR primers indicated that both isoforms were upregulated during the molt. Interestingly, CfCDA2b transcripts were most abundant in the head during the molting stage while those of CfCDA2a were predominant in the epidermis during the feeding period. Injection of CfCDA2-specific dsRNA into C. fumiferana larvae or pre-pupae induced both abnormal phenotypes and high mortality, which resulted from an inability to shed the old cuticle. These results suggest that CfCDA2 plays an important role in the molting process, and that the two alternatively spliced transcripts have different functions during insect development. This is the first detailed characterization of lepidopteran chitin deacetylase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Quan
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2E5, Canada.
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Thumbi DK, Béliveau C, Cusson M, Lapointe R, Lucarotti CJ. Comparative genome sequence analysis of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and C. rosaceana Harris (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) alphabaculoviruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68968. [PMID: 23861954 PMCID: PMC3702617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete genome sequences of Choristoneura occidentalis and C. rosaceana nucleopolyhedroviruses (ChocNPV and ChroNPV, respectively) (Baculoviridae: Alphabaculovirus) were determined and compared with each other and with those of other baculoviruses, including the genome of the closely related C. fumiferana NPV (CfMNPV). The ChocNPV genome was 128,446 bp in length (1147 bp smaller than that of CfMNPV), had a G+C content of 50.1%, and contained 148 open reading frames (ORFs). In comparison, the ChroNPV genome was 129,052 bp in length, had a G+C content of 48.6% and contained 149 ORFs. ChocNPV and ChroNPV shared 144 ORFs in common, and had a 77% sequence identity with each other and 96.5% and 77.8% sequence identity, respectively, with CfMNPV. Five homologous regions (hrs), with sequence similarities to those of CfMNPV, were identified in ChocNPV, whereas the ChroNPV genome contained three hrs featuring up to 14 repeats. Both genomes encoded three inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP-1, IAP-2, and IAP-3), as reported for CfMNPV, and the ChocNPV IAP-3 gene represented the most divergent functional region of this genome relative to CfMNPV. Two ORFs were unique to ChocNPV, and four were unique to ChroNPV. ChroNPV ORF chronpv38 is a eukaryotic initiation factor 5 (eIF-5) homolog that has also been identified in the C. occidentalis granulovirus (ChocGV) and is believed to be the product of horizontal gene transfer from the host. Based on levels of sequence identity and phylogenetic analysis, both ChocNPV and ChroNPV fall within group I alphabaculoviruses, where ChocNPV appears to be more closely related to CfMNPV than does ChroNPV. Our analyses suggest that it may be appropriate to consider ChocNPV and CfMNPV as variants of the same virus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Thumbi
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service – Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
- Sylvar Technologies Inc., Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Catherine Béliveau
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service – Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service – Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renée Lapointe
- Sylvar Technologies Inc., Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Lucarotti
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service – Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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Djoumad A, Stoltz D, Béliveau C, Boyle B, Kuhn L, Cusson M. Ultrastructural and genomic characterization of a second banchine polydnavirus confirms the existence of shared features within this ichnovirus lineage. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1888-1895. [PMID: 23658210 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.052506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are symbiotic viruses carried by endoparasitic wasps and transmitted to caterpillar hosts during parasitization. Although they share several features, including a segmented dsDNA genome, a unique life cycle where replication is restricted to the wasp host, and immunodepressive/developmental effects on the caterpillar host, PDVs carried by ichneumonid and braconid wasps (referred to as ichnoviruses and bracoviruses, respectively) have different evolutionary origins. In addition, ichnoviruses (IVs) form two distinct lineages, with viral entities found in wasps belonging to the subfamilies Campopleginae and Banchinae displaying strikingly different virion morphologies and genomic features. However, the current description for banchine IVs is based on the characterization of a single species, namely that of the Glypta fumiferanae IV (GfIV). Here we provide an ultrastructural and genomic analysis of a second banchine IV isolated from the wasp Apophua simplicipes, and we show that this virus shares many features with GfIV, including a multi-nucleocapsid virion, an aggregate genome size of ~300 kb, genome segments <5 kb, an impressively high degree of genome segmentation and a very similar gene content (same gene families in both viruses). Altogether, the data presented here confirm the existence of shared characteristics within this banchine IV lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmadjid Djoumad
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Don Stoltz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Catherine Béliveau
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Brian Boyle
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Lisa Kuhn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
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Djoumad A, Dallaire F, Lucarotti CJ, Cusson M. Characterization of the polydnaviral ‘T. rostrale virus’ (TrV) gene family: TrV1 expression inhibits in vitro cell proliferation. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1134-1144. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.049817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tranosema rostrale ichnovirus (TrIV) is a polydnavirus (PDV) transmitted by the endoparasitic wasp T. rostrale to its host Choristoneura fumiferana during oviposition. PDV genes are expressed in infected caterpillars, causing physiological disturbances that promote the survival of the developing endoparasite. The previously sequenced genome of TrIV contains ~86 genes organized in multigene families and distributed on multiple segments of circular dsDNA. Among these, the ‘T. rostrale virus’ (TrV) family comprises seven genes that are absent in other PDV genomes examined to date and whose function(s) remain(s) unknown. Here, we initiated a functional analysis of the TrV family using qPCR, transfection and RNAi approaches. TrV family genes were weakly expressed in wasp ovaries, but some displayed high transcript abundance in parasitized caterpillars. Whilst TrV1 was the most highly transcribed TrV gene in infected caterpillars, transcript levels for TrV5 and TrV6 were nearly undetectable, indicating that they may be pseudogenes. Temporal and tissue-specific patterns of transcript abundance were similar for all expressed TrV family genes, indicative of an apparent lack of difference in function or tissue specificity. Infection of Cf-203 and Sf-21 insect cells with TrIV led to a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation with no sign of apoptosis. Whilst similar inhibition was observed following transfection of cells with a cloned genome segment carrying the TrV1 gene, RNA interference targeting TrV1 largely restored cell growth in TrIV-infected cells, indicating that TrV1 expression was responsible for the observed inhibition. We suggest that TrV genes may contribute to host developmental disruption by interfering with host-cell proliferation during parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmadjid Djoumad
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn. Sainte‐Foy, Québec, Quebec G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Fréderic Dallaire
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn. Sainte‐Foy, Québec, Quebec G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Lucarotti
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3C 2G6, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn. Sainte‐Foy, Québec, Quebec G1V 4C7, Canada
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Mamidala P, Wijeratne AJ, Wijeratne S, Poland T, Qazi SS, Doucet D, Cusson M, Beliveau C, Mittapalli O. Identification of odor-processing genes in the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56555. [PMID: 23424668 PMCID: PMC3570424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insects rely on olfaction to locate food, mates, and suitable oviposition sites for successful completion of their life cycle. Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (emerald ash borer) is a serious invasive insect pest that has killed tens of millions of North American ash (Fraxinus spp) trees and threatens the very existence of the genus Fraxinus. Adult A. planipennis are attracted to host volatiles and conspecifics; however, to date no molecular knowledge exists on olfaction in A. planipennis. Hence, we undertook an antennae-specific transcriptomic study to identify the repertoire of odor processing genes involved in A. planipennis olfaction. Methodology and Principal Findings We acquired 139,085 Roche/454 GS FLX transcriptomic reads that were assembled into 30,615 high quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs), including 3,249 isotigs and 27,366 non-isotigs (contigs and singletons). Intriguingly, the majority of the A. planipennis antennal transcripts (59.72%) did not show similarity with sequences deposited in the non-redundant database of GenBank, potentially representing novel genes. Functional annotation and KEGG analysis revealed pathways associated with signaling and detoxification. Several odor processing genes (9 odorant binding proteins, 2 odorant receptors, 1 sensory neuron membrane protein and 134 odorant/xenobiotic degradation enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, glutathione-S-transferases; esterases, etc.) putatively involved in olfaction processes were identified. Quantitative PCR of candidate genes in male and female A. planipennis in different developmental stages revealed developmental- and sex-biased expression patterns. Conclusions and Significance The antennal ESTs derived from A. planipennis constitute a rich molecular resource for the identification of genes potentially involved in the olfaction process of A. planipennis. These findings should help in understanding the processing of antennally-active compounds (e.g. 7-epi-sesquithujene) previously identified in this serious invasive pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Mamidala
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural and Research Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Asela J. Wijeratne
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural and Research Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Saranga Wijeratne
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural and Research Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Therese Poland
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sohail S. Qazi
- Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Doucet
- Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Omprakash Mittapalli
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural and Research Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sen SE, Tomasello A, Grasso M, Denton R, Macor J, Béliveau C, Cusson M, Crowell DN. Cloning, expression and characterization of lepidopteran isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 42:739-750. [PMID: 22820710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPPI) of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, and of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, was cloned and its catalytic properties assessed. In the presence of Mg(2+) or Mn(2+), the recombinant protein from C. fumiferana (CfIPPI) efficiently isomerized IPP to dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). While C. fumiferana IPPI transcript levels were evenly distributed in a wide variety of tissues, they were highly abundant in the corpora allata. Because IPPI plays an alternate role in lepidopteran juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis by catalyzing the isomerization of the homologous substrate, homoisopentenyl diphosphate (HIPP), the ability of CfIPPI to convert HIPP to homodimethylallyl diphosphate (HDMAPP) was also studied. As expected, HIPP isomerization was efficient and the formation of HDMAPP occurred, but the regiospecificity of the reaction was lower than previously found in M. sexta corpora allata homogenates and with purified Bombyx mori IPPI. Differences in inhibitory potency for several alkylated ammonium diphosphates and higher homologs of DMAPP were noted between CfIPPI and a vertebrate IPPI, suggesting that the lepidopteran enzyme has a larger active site cavity. To determine the structural factors responsible for homologous substrate coupling, site directed mutagenesis of several residues identified through sequence alignment and homology modeling analysis was performed. The results suggest that unlike other IPPIs, W216 (C. fumiferana numbering) works in concert with a tyrosine residue (Y105) to allow binding of larger substrates and to stabilize the high-energy intermediate formed during substrate isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Sen
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA.
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Bulleri F, Benedetti-Cecchi L, Cusson M, Maggi E, Arenas F, Aspden R, Bertocci I, Crowe TP, Davoult D, Eriksson BK, Fraschetti S, Golléty C, Griffin JN, Jenkins SR, Kotta J, Kraufvelin P, Molis M, Pinto IS, Terlizzi A, Valdivia N, Paterson DM. Temporal stability of European rocky shore assemblages: variation across a latitudinal gradient and the role of habitat-formers. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Acheuk F, Cusson M, Doumandji-Mitiche B. Effects of a methanolic extract of the plant Haplophyllum tuberculatum and of teflubenzuron on female reproduction in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Oedipodinae). J Insect Physiol 2012; 58:335-341. [PMID: 22206884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a methanolic extract of the plant Haplophyllum tuberculatum (ME-Ht) and of teflubenzuron (TFB) were compared on several reproductive variables and ecdysteroid titers in the females of Locusta migratoria. The test products were administered orally to newly emerged females at doses of 1500 (ME-Ht) and 10μg/female (TFB). The methanolic extract and TFB had comparable effects on several of the variables examined. Both significantly delayed the first oviposition and reduced fecundity and fertility. ME-Ht and TFB also displayed similar effects on ovarian growth, vitellogenesis and ecdysteroid titers. Both treatments induced a drop in hemolymph protein levels as well as a reduction in vitellogenin uptake by oocytes. This delay in oogenesis was accompanied by a resorption of terminal oocytes. However, whereas TFB completely blocked egg hatch, ME-Ht only had a modest inhibitory effect on this variable. Hemolymph and ovarian ecdysteroid titers, as measured by radioimmunoassay, were similar and low in both control and treated females, except for a peak observed only in control females at the end of vitellogenesis. We discuss the functional significance of the observed effects in the context of the putative modes of action of the methanolic plant extract and TFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Acheuk
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université M'hamed Bougara, Avenue de l'indépendance, Boumerdes, Algeria.
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Nisole A, Stewart D, Bowman S, Zhang D, Krell PJ, Doucet D, Cusson M. Cloning and characterization of a Gasp homolog from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, and its putative role in cuticle formation. J Insect Physiol 2010; 56:1427-1435. [PMID: 20043914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Proteins that are capable of binding chitin play essential roles in the synthesis and structural integrity of the insect cuticle and peritrophic matrix. In the course of developing expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries for the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, we identified an abundant cDNA encoding a homolog of the Drosophila "gasp" gene (Gene Analogous to Small Peritrophins). For the present work, we undertook the characterization of this new homolog, CfGasp, in an effort to identify its role during larval development. As shown for DmGasp, the C. fumiferana homolog was found to contain three type-2 chitin-binding domains (CBDs), which were also found in Gasp orthologs retrieved from GenBank. In a phylogenetic analysis, these Gasp proteins formed a tight cluster, distinct from the midgut-specific peritrophins with which they share the cysteine-containing CBDs so far considered absent from cuticular proteins. However, unlike what has been shown for peritrophins, CfGasp transcript levels were low in larval midguts and most abundant in epidermis, while they were low in trachea and ovaries. Transcript levels increased during larval molts in a pattern similar to that observed for exocuticular proteins in other insects. In addition, the recombinant protein was shown to be capable of binding chitin. Altogether, these results suggest a structural role for CfGasp in exocuticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nisole
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du PEPS, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Volkoff AN, Jouan V, Urbach S, Samain S, Bergoin M, Wincker P, Demettre E, Cousserans F, Provost B, Coulibaly F, Legeai F, Béliveau C, Cusson M, Gyapay G, Drezen JM. Analysis of virion structural components reveals vestiges of the ancestral ichnovirus genome. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000923. [PMID: 20523890 PMCID: PMC2877734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many thousands of endoparasitic wasp species are known to inject polydnavirus (PDV) particles into their caterpillar host during oviposition, causing immune and developmental dysfunctions that benefit the wasp larva. PDVs associated with braconid and ichneumonid wasps, bracoviruses and ichnoviruses respectively, both deliver multiple circular dsDNA molecules to the caterpillar. These molecules contain virulence genes but lack core genes typically involved in particle production. This is not completely unexpected given that no PDV replication takes place in the caterpillar. Particle production is confined to the wasp ovary where viral DNAs are generated from proviral copies maintained within the wasp genome. We recently showed that the genes involved in bracovirus particle production reside within the wasp genome and are related to nudiviruses. In the present work we characterized genes involved in ichnovirus particle production by analyzing the components of purified Hyposoter didymator Ichnovirus particles by LC-MS/MS and studying their organization in the wasp genome. Their products are conserved among ichnovirus-associated wasps and constitute a specific set of proteins in the virosphere. Strikingly, these genes are clustered in specialized regions of the wasp genome which are amplified along with proviral DNA during virus particle replication, but are not packaged in the particles. Clearly our results show that ichnoviruses and bracoviruses particles originated from different viral entities, thus providing an example of convergent evolution where two groups of wasps have independently domesticated viruses to deliver genes into their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- UMR 1231 INRA-Université Montpellier 2, Biologie Intégrative et Virologie des Insectes, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France.
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Vandermoten S, Santini S, Haubruge E, Heuze F, Francis F, Brasseur R, Cusson M, Charloteaux B. Structural features conferring dual geranyl/farnesyl diphosphate synthase activity to an aphid prenyltransferase. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 39:707-716. [PMID: 19720147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In addition to providing lipid chains for protein prenylation, short-chain isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (scIPPSs) play a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of numerous mevalonate pathway end-products, including insect juvenile hormone and terpenoid pheromones. For this reason, they are being considered as targets for pesticide development. Recently, we characterized an aphid scIPPS displaying dual geranyl diphosphate (GPP; C(10))/farnesyl diphosphate (FPP; C(15)) synthase activity in vitro. To identify the mechanism(s) responsible for this dual activity, we assessed the product selectivity of aphid scIPPSs bearing mutations at Gln107 and/or Leu110, the fourth and first residue upstream from the "first aspartate-rich motif" (FARM), respectively. All but one resulted in significant changes in product chain-length selectivity, effectively increasing the production of either GPP (Q107E, L110W) or FPP (Q107F, Q107F-L110A); the other mutation (L110A) abolished activity. Although some of these effects could be attributed to changes in steric hindrance within the catalytic cavity, molecular dynamics simulations identified other contributing factors, including residue-ligand Van der Waals interactions and the formation of hydrogen bonds or salt bridges between Gln107 and other residues across the catalytic cavity, which constitutes a novel product chain-length determination mechanism for scIPPSs. Thus the aphid enzyme apparently evolved to maintain the capacity to produce both GPP and FPP through a balance between these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vandermoten
- Gembloux Agricultural University, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux, Belgium.
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Rasoolizadeh A, Béliveau C, Stewart D, Cloutier C, Cusson M. Tranosema rostrale ichnovirus repeat element genes display distinct transcriptional patterns in caterpillar and wasp hosts. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1505-1514. [PMID: 19264643 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.008664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoparasitic wasp Tranosema rostrale transmits an ichnovirus to its lepidopteran host, Choristoneura fumiferana, during parasitization. As shown for other ichnoviruses, the segmented dsDNA genome of the T. rostrale ichnovirus (TrIV) features several multi-gene families, including the repeat element (rep) family, whose products display no known similarity to non-ichnovirus proteins, except for a homologue encoded by the genome of the Helicoverpa armigera granulovirus; their functions remain unknown. This study applied linear regression of efficiency analysis to real-time PCR quantification of transcript abundance for all 17 TrIV rep open reading frames (ORFs) in parasitized and virus-injected C. fumiferana larvae, as well as in T. rostrale ovaries and head-thorax complexes. Although transcripts were detected for most rep ORFs in infected caterpillars, two of them clearly outnumbered the others in whole larvae, with a tendency for levels to drop over time after infection. The genome segments bearing the three most highly expressed rep genes in parasitized caterpillars were present in higher proportions than other rep-bearing genome segments in TrIV DNA, suggesting a possible role for gene dosage in the regulation of transcription level. TrIV rep genes also showed important differences in the relative abundance of their transcripts in specific tissues (cuticular epithelium, the fat body, haemocytes and the midgut), implying tissue-specific roles for individual members of this gene family. Significantly, no rep transcripts were detected in T. rostrale head-thorax complexes, whereas some were abundant in ovaries. There, the transcription pattern was completely different from that observed in infected caterpillars, suggesting that some rep genes have wasp-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asieh Rasoolizadeh
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Catherine Béliveau
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Don Stewart
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Conrad Cloutier
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, PO Box 10380, Stn Sainte-Foy, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
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Vandermoten S, Charloteaux B, Santini S, Sen SE, Béliveau C, Vandenbol M, Francis F, Brasseur R, Cusson M, Haubruge É. Corrigendum to “Characterization of a novel aphid prenyltransferase displaying dual geranyl/farnesyl diphosphate synthase activity” [FEBS Lett. 582 (2008) 1928-1934]. FEBS Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vandermoten S, Charloteaux B, Santini S, Sen SE, Béliveau C, Vandenbol M, Francis F, Brasseur R, Cusson M, Haubruge É. Characterization of a novel aphid prenyltransferase displaying dual geranyl/farnesyl diphosphate synthase activity. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1928-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Doucet D, Béliveau C, Dowling A, Simard J, Feng Q, Krell PJ, Cusson M. Prophenoloxidases 1 and 2 from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana: molecular cloning and assessment of transcriptional regulation by a polydnavirus. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2008; 67:188-201. [PMID: 18348246 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Immune challenge in arthropods is frequently accompanied by melanization of the hemolymph, a reaction triggered by the activation of prophenoloxidase (PPO). Because their immature stages are spent inside the hemocoel of insect larvae, endoparasitoids have evolved strategies to escape or counter melanin formation. Very little molecular information is available on these endoparasitoid counterstrategies. We have sought to shed light on the inhibition of melanization in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, by the parasitic wasp Tranosema rostrale, by cloning two host PPO homologs and studying their transcriptional regulation after parasitization. The two polypeptides are encoded by transcripts of approximately 3.3 kb (for CfPPO1) and 3.0 kb (for CfPPO2) and possess structural features typical of other insect PPOs. While there appears to be a single CfPPO2 gene in the C. fumiferana genome, we detected three CfPPO1 mRNA variants displaying insertions/deletions in the 3' untranslated region, suggesting that there may be more than one CfPPO1 gene copy. Both CfPPO1 and CfPPO2 were expressed at high levels in C. fumiferana 6th instars, and parasitization by T. rostrale had no apparent impact on the level of their transcripts. Injection of a large dose (0.5 female-equivalent) of polydnavirus-laden calyx fluid extracted from T. rostrale, which is known to inhibit melanization in C. fumiferana, only caused a transient decrease in CfPPO1 and CfPPO2 transcript accumulation at 2-3 d post injection. It thus appears that transcriptional downregulation of C. fumiferana PPO by T. rostrale plays a minor role in the inhibition of hemolymph melanization in this host-parasitoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Doucet
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec, Canada.
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Stoltz D, Lapointe R, Makkay A, Cusson M. Exposure of ichnovirus particles to digitonin leads to enhanced infectivity and induces fusion from without in an in vitro model system. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2977-2984. [PMID: 17947519 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike most viruses, the mature ichnovirus particle possesses two unit membrane envelopes. Following loss of the outer membrane in vivo, nucleocapsids are believed to gain entry into the cytosol via a membrane fusion event involving the inner membrane and the plasma membrane of susceptible host cells; accordingly, experimentally induced damage to the outer membrane might be expected to increase infectivity. Here, in an attempt to develop an in vitro model system for studying ichnovirus infection, we show that digitonin-induced disruption of the virion outer membrane not only increases infectivity, but also uncovers an activity not previously associated with any polydnavirus: fusion from without.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Stoltz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Renée Lapointe
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Andrea Makkay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
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Sen SE, Trobaugh C, Béliveau C, Richard T, Cusson M. Cloning, expression and characterization of a dipteran farnesyl diphosphate synthase. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 37:1198-1206. [PMID: 17916506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) of the dipteran Drosophila melanogaster has been cloned and its catalytic properties have been assessed. Analysis of the D. melanogaster genome and of ESTs indicates that FPPS is a single copy gene that produces two transcripts, which differ only by 5' extension. The cDNA of shorter and longer D. melanogaster FPPSs (DmFPPS-1a and DmFPPS-1b, respectively) were each subcloned into pET28a and expressed as an N-His6 fusion protein in BL21 E. coli cells. The DmFPPSs similarly catalyzed the coupling of the allylic substrates, GPP and DMAPP, with IPP, producing FPP as product. The longer protein was further characterized. The enzyme required divalent metal for activity, and was activated by 0.1% Triton X-100. Higher detergent concentration and the addition of glycerol, conditions that activate certain insect FPPSs, inhibited prenyl coupling by DmFPPS-1b. Although DmFPPS-1b does not efficiently couple homologous GPP compounds, homodimethylallyl diphosphate (HDMAPP), which is precursor to all homologous JH structures, was a reactive substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana U.-Purdue U. Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Doucet D, Frisco C, Cusson M, Bauce E, Palli SR, Tomkins B, Arif B, Retnakaran A. Diapause disruption with tebufenozide for early-instar control of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. Pest Manag Sci 2007; 63:730-6. [PMID: 17546583 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In North America, the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., is an important coniferous pest against which tebufenozide has proven effective as a control product. By acting as an ecdysone agonist, tebufenozide can induce precocious moulting in late (fifth-sixth) instars but can also be carried over to the next generation owing to its persistence on foliage. The authors conducted laboratory experiments on first-instar larvae treated with tebufenozide dissolved in acetone. Larvae exposed to doses equal to or above 0.1 microg cm(-2) displayed precocious moulting in the second instar after hibernaculum spinning, which effectively disrupted diapause. Larger doses induced moulting in first instars. Evidence is provided that this dose-response difference is related to whether or not an effective dose of tebufenozide is ingested by the first instar prior to the peak of moulting hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone) in first instars. Doses ineffective to kill first instars are carried over to the second instar, where they induce a precocious moult. This type of response to tebufenozide is dependent on the presence of a moulting machinery (the EcR-USP receptor complex) that is ready for ecdysone transduction. Interestingly, ecdysone levels are low in second instars, as measured by a radioimmunoassay, which suggests that diapause in spruce budworm is maintained by a suppression of ecdysone production. Thus, diapause disruption by tebufenozide may well provide an alternative control strategy for this important pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Doucet
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2E5, Canada.
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Sen SE, Cusson M, Trobaugh C, Béliveau C, Richard T, Graham W, Mimms A, Roberts G. Purification, properties and heteromeric association of type-1 and type-2 lepidopteran farnesyl diphosphate synthases. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 37:819-28. [PMID: 17628280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Two forms of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, and one from the armyworm Pseudaletia unipuncta, have been cloned and their catalytic properties assessed. The type-2 FPPS of C. fumiferana (CfFPPS2) was efficient in the prenyl coupling of DMAPP or GPP with [(14)C]IPP, producing FPP as its final product; however, type-1 FPPSs (CfFPPS1, PuFPPS1, as well as Agrotis ipsilon FPPS1) were essentially inactive. A variety of purification methods was employed to purify the type-1 enzymes. Under mild chromatographic conditions, the isolated type-1 enzyme showed modest activity, but was apparently contaminated with endogenous prenyltransferase derived from the Escherichia coli host cells. Similarly, unpurified extracts of PuFPPS1 expressed in an E. coli FPPS-null mutant, had low FPPS activity. When equimolar amounts of homogenous CfFPPS1 and CfFPP2 were combined, a sharp synergistic enhancement of activity was observed, and the coupling of several homologous substrates, which are precursors to ethyl-branched JHs, was enhanced. Association between CfFPPS1 and CfFPPS2 was confirmed by both protein interaction chromatography and competitive ELISA. These data suggest that type-1 and type-2 FPPSs can form a heteromer, which may play a role in sesquiterpene biosynthesis, such as JH homologue formation, in moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana U.-Purdue U. Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Tanaka K, Lapointe R, Barney WE, Makkay AM, Stoltz D, Cusson M, Webb BA. Shared and species-specific features among ichnovirus genomes. Virology 2007; 363:26-35. [PMID: 17306851 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During egg-laying, some endoparasitic wasps transmit a polydnavirus to their caterpillar host, causing physiological disturbances that benefit the wasp larva. Members of the two recognized polydnavirus taxa, ichnovirus (IV) and bracovirus (BV), have large, segmented, dsDNA genomes containing virulence genes expanded into families. A recent comparison of IV and BV genomes revealed taxon-specific features, but the IV database consisted primarily of the genome sequence of a single species, the Campoletis sonorensis IV (CsIV). Here we describe analyses of two additional IV genomes, the Hyposoter fugitivus IV (HfIV) and the Tranosema rostrale IV (TrIV), which we compare to the sequence previously reported for CsIV. The three IV genomes share several features including a low coding density, a strong A+T bias, similar estimated aggregate genome sizes ( approximately 250 kb) and the presence of nested genome segments. In addition, all three IV genomes contain members of six conserved gene families: repeat element, cysteine motif, viral innexin, viral ankyrin, N-family, and a newly defined putative family, the polar-residue-rich proteins. The three genomes, however, differ in their degree of segmentation, in within-family gene frequency and in the presence, in TrIV, of a unique gene family (TrV). These interspecific variations may reflect differences in parasite/host biology, including virus-induced pathologies in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohjiro Tanaka
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40503, USA.
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