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Zouboulis CC, Frew JW, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Jemec GBE, Del Marmol V, Marzano AV, Nikolakis G, Sayed CJ, Tzellos T, Wolk K, Prens EP. Target molecules for future hidradenitis suppurativa treatment. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30 Suppl 1:8-17. [PMID: 34085329 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The registration of the tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitor adalimumab in 2015 was a major step forward in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa (HS). However, it soon became evident that the effectiveness of adalimumab in daily practice was highly variable. A significant unmet medical need of HS patients remained, and the search for novel therapeutic targets was intensified. During the 10th European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation (EHSF) e.V. Conference, reknown international HS investigators virtually presented and discussed the published data on these potential target molecules for future HS treatment. This article addresses the most promising molecules currently under investigation from a pathophysiological and clinical point of view. With phase III trials ongoing, the anti- interleukin (IL)-17 biologics bimekizumab and secukinumab are in the most advanced stage of clinical development showing promising results. In addition, targeting IL-1α with bermekimab has shown encouraging results in two clinical trials. Directing treatment at neutrophil recruitment and activation by targeting IL-36 with spesolimab fits well in the pathogenic concept of HS and clinical phase II trial results are pending. In contrast to in situ evidence, Complement 5a (C5a) and C5a receptor blockade have only shown greater clinical benefit in patients with severe HS. Inhibition of Janus kinase (JAK) 1 signalling in HS showed clinical efficacy only in the highest dosage, highlighting that careful surveillance of the balance between safety and efficacy of JAK inhibition is warranted. Overall, clinical efficacies of all novel treatments reported so far are modest. To guide drug development, more and better-defined translational data on the pathogenesis of this severe and enigmatic inflammatory skin disease are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C Zouboulis
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany.,Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - John W Frew
- Department of Dermatology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Evangelos J Giamarellos-Bourboulis
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany.,4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregor B E Jemec
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Veronique Del Marmol
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Angelo V Marzano
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany.,Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Georgios Nikolakis
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany.,Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - Christopher J Sayed
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thrasyvoulos Tzellos
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, NLSH University Hospital, Bodø, Norway
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany.,Department of Dermatology and Institute of Medical Immunology/Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Errol P Prens
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany.,Laboratory for Experimental Immunodermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Nailwal NP, Doshi GM. Role of intracellular signaling pathways and their inhibitors in the treatment of inflammation. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:617-640. [PMID: 34002330 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is not only a defense mechanism of the innate immune system against invaders, but it is also involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, diabetes, epilepsy, and many neurodegenerative disorders. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports worldwide estimates of people (9.6% in males and 18.0% in females) aged over 60 years, suffering from symptomatic osteoarthritis, and around 339 million suffering from asthma. Other chronic inflammatory diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are also highly prevalent. The existing anti-inflammatory agents, both non-steroidal and steroidal, are highly effective; however, their prolonged use is marred by the severity of associated side effects. A holistic approach to ensure patient compliance requires understanding the pathophysiology of inflammation and exploring new targets for drug development. In this regard, various intracellular cell signaling pathways and their signaling molecules have been identified to be associated with inflammation. Therefore, chemical inhibitors of these pathways may be potential candidates for novel anti-inflammatory drug approaches. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effect of these inhibitors (for JAK/STAT, MAPK, and mTOR pathways) describing their mechanism of action through literature search, current patents, and molecules under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata P Nailwal
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai Campus, Vile Parle (W), V. M. Road, 400056, Mumbai, India
| | - Gaurav M Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai Campus, Vile Parle (W), V. M. Road, 400056, Mumbai, India.
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3
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Phosphoproteomic Analyses of Interleukin 2 Signaling Reveal Integrated JAK Kinase-Dependent and -Independent Networks in CD8(+) T Cells. Immunity 2016; 45:685-700. [PMID: 27566939 PMCID: PMC5040828 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a fundamental cytokine that controls proliferation and differentiation of T cells. Here, we used high-resolution mass spectrometry to generate a comprehensive and detailed map of IL-2 protein phosphorylations in cytotoxic T cells (CTL). The data revealed that Janus kinases (JAKs) couple IL-2 receptors to the coordinated phosphorylation of transcription factors, regulators of chromatin, mRNA translation, GTPases, vesicle trafficking, and the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. We identified an IL-2-JAK-independent SRC family Tyr-kinase-controlled signaling network that regulates ∼10% of the CTL phosphoproteome, the production of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), and the activity of the serine/threonine kinase AKT. These data reveal a signaling framework wherein IL-2-JAK-controlled pathways coordinate with IL-2-independent networks of kinase activity and provide a resource toward the further understanding of the networks of protein phosphorylation that program CTL fate.
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Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of the Janus kinase family (JAKis) are clinically efficacious in multiple autoimmune diseases, albeit with increased risk of certain infections. Their precise mechanism of action is unclear, with JAKs being signaling hubs for several cytokines. We assessed the in vivo impact of pan- and isoform-specific JAKi in mice by immunologic and genomic profiling. Effects were broad across the immunogenomic network, with overlap between inhibitors. Natural killer (NK) cell and macrophage homeostasis were most immediately perturbed, with network-level analysis revealing a rewiring of coregulated modules of NK cell transcripts. The repression of IFN signature genes after repeated JAKi treatment continued even after drug clearance, with persistent changes in chromatin accessibility and phospho-STAT responsiveness to IFN. Thus, clinical use and future development of JAKi might need to balance effects on immunological networks, rather than expect that JAKis affect a particular cytokine response and be cued to long-lasting epigenomic modifications rather than by short-term pharmacokinetics.
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Pleiotropic Effects of IL-2 on Cancer: Its Role in Cervical Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2849523. [PMID: 27293315 PMCID: PMC4880719 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2849523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) signalling is critical for normal lymphocyte proliferation, but its role in cervical cancer is not fully understood. The receptor is composed of three chains: IL-2α, IL-2β, and IL-2γ. Intracellular signalling is initiated by ligand-induced heterodimerization of the IL-2β and IL-2γ chains, resulting in the activation of multiple intracellular kinases. Recently, IL-2R was shown to be expressed on nonhaematopoietic cells, especially on several types of tumour cells. However, the function of this receptor on malignant cells has not been clearly defined. The expression of IL-2R and the production of IL-2 in cervical cancer cells have been documented as well as expression of molecules of the JAK-STAT pathway. In the current review we have highlighted the differences in the responses of molecules downstream from the IL-2R in normal lymphocytes and tumour cells that could explain the presence of tumour cells in an environment in which cytotoxic lymphocytes also exist and compete and also the effect of different concentrations of IL-2 that could activate effector cells of the immune system cells, which favour the elimination of tumour cells, or concentrations that may promote a regulatory microenvironment in which tumour cells can easily grow.
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) is broadly involved in different receptor-mediated signaling pathways. Considerable progress was made recently in understanding the role of TRAF3 in T cell biology. Here we review these new findings about how TRAF3 participates in T cell development and function. The different roles of TRAF3 in distinct immune cells are also compared. That TRAF3 is required for T cell effector functions, and invariant Natural Killer T cell function and development, was unexpected. Another surprising finding is that TRAF3 normally restrains regulatory T cell development. It is now clear that TRAF3 regulates signaling to T cells not only through costimulatory members of the TNFR superfamily, but also through the T cell receptor complex, and cytokine receptors. The diverse roles it plays support the multifaceted nature of this molecule. How TRAF3 mediates integration of different signaling cascades is an important topic for future study.
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Key Words
- DC, dendritic cell
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ICOS, inducible co-stimulator
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IL-2 receptor
- IL-2, interleukin-2
- Jak1, Janus kinase 1
- LMC, litter mate control
- LMP1, latent membrane protein-1
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MΦ, macrophage
- NIK, NF-κB inducing kinase
- NLR, nucleotide binding-oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor
- RLR, retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptor
- SLAM, signaling lymphocyte activation molecule
- SOCS1, Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1
- T cell
- T cell receptor
- T-TRAF3−/−, CD4CreTRAF3flox/flox
- TCPTP, T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TFH, follicular helper T cell
- TFR, follicular Treg cell
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFR, Tumor necrosis factor receptor
- TRAF3
- TRAF3, TNFR-associated factor 3
- Tcm cell, central memory T cell
- Tem cell, effector memory T cell
- Treg cell, regulatory T cell
- adaptor molecule
- iNKT cell, invariant Natural Killer T cell
- invariant Natural Killer T cell
- regulatory T cell
- signaling pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoan Yi
- a Departments of Microbiology ; University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
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Arenas AF, Salcedo GE, Montoya AM, Gomez-Marin JE. MSCA: a spectral comparison algorithm between time series to identify protein-protein interactions. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:152. [PMID: 25963052 PMCID: PMC4448560 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interactions between pathogen proteins and their hosts allow pathogens to manipulate host cellular mechanisms to their advantage. The identification of host proteins that are targeted by virulent pathogen proteins is crucial to increase our understanding of infection mechanisms and to propose new therapeutics that target pathogens. Understanding the virulence mechanisms of pathogens requires a detailed molecular description of the proteins involved, but acquiring this knowledge is time consuming and prohibitively expensive. Therefore, we develop a statistical method based on hypothesis testing to compare the time series obtained from conversion of the physicochemical characteristics of the amino acids that form the primary structure of proteins and thus to propose potential functional relation between proteins. We called this algorithm the multiple spectral comparison algorithm (MSCA); the MSCA was inspired by the BLASTP tool and was implemented in R code. The algorithm compares and relates multiple time series according to their spectral similarities, and the biological relation between them could be interpreted as either a similar function or protein-protein interaction (PPI). Results A simulation study showed that the MSCA works satisfactorily well when we compare unequal time series generated from ARMA processes because its power was close to 1. The MSCA presented a 70% average accuracy of detecting protein interactions using a threshold of 0.7 for our spectral measure, indicating that this algorithm could predict novel PPIs and pathogen-host interactions (PHIs) with acceptable confidence. The MSCA also was validated by its identification of well-known interactions of the human proteins MAGI1, SCRIB and JAK1, as well as interactions of the virulence proteins ROP16, ROP18, ROP17 and ROP5. We verified the spectral similarities for human intraspecific PPIs and PHIs that were previously demonstrated experimentally by other authors. We suggest that human GBP (GTPase group induced by interferon) and the CREB transcription factor family could be human substrates for the complex of ROP18, ROP17 and ROP5. Conclusions Using multiple-hypothesis testing between the spectral densities of a set of unequal time series, we developed an algorithm that is able to identify the similarities or interactions between a set of proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0599-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailan F Arenas
- Gepamol, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15 Calle 12N, Armenia, Colombia.
| | - Gladys E Salcedo
- Grupo de Investigación y Asesoría en Estadística, Carrera 15 Calle 12N, 460, Armenia, Colombia.
| | - Andrey M Montoya
- Grupo de Investigación y Asesoría en Estadística, Carrera 15 Calle 12N, 460, Armenia, Colombia.
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Doucette CD, Greenshields AL, Liwski RS, Hoskin DW. Piperine blocks interleukin-2-driven cell cycle progression in CTLL-2 T lymphocytes by inhibiting multiple signal transduction pathways. Toxicol Lett 2015; 234:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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9
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Yi Z, Lin WW, Stunz LL, Bishop GA. The adaptor TRAF3 restrains the lineage determination of thymic regulatory T cells by modulating signaling via the receptor for IL-2. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:866-74. [PMID: 25029551 PMCID: PMC4139452 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The number of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells must be tightly controlled to efficiently suppress autoimmunity while not impairing normal immune responses. Here we show that the adapter molecule TRAF3 is intrinsically required for restraining lineage determination of thymic Treg cells. T cell-specific TRAF3 deficiency resulted in a 2-3 fold increase of Treg cell frequency, due to more efficient transition from T precursors to Foxp3+ Treg cells. TRAF3 dampened interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling by facilitating recruitment of T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP) to the IL-2 receptor complex, resulting in dephosphorylation of the signaling molecules Jak1 and Jak3 and negative regulation of Jak-STAT5 signaling. Our results identify a role for TRAF3 as an important negative regulator of IL-2 receptor signaling that impacts Treg cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoan Yi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Wai Wai Lin
- 1] Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA. [2] Graduate Immunology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Laura L Stunz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Gail A Bishop
- 1] Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA. [2] Graduate Immunology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA. [3] Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA. [4] Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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10
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Lee HM, Kim KS, Kim J. A comparative study of the effects of inhibitory cytokines on human natural killer cells and the mechanistic features of transforming growth factor-beta. Cell Immunol 2014; 290:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gómez-Valadés AG, Llamas M, Blanch S, Perales JC, Román J, Gómez-Casajús L, Mascaró C. Specific Jak3 Downregulation in Lymphocytes Impairs γc Cytokine Signal Transduction and Alleviates Antigen-driven Inflammation In Vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 1:e42. [PMID: 23344234 PMCID: PMC3464880 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Jak3, one of the four members comprising the Jak family of cytosolic tyrosine kinases, has emerged as a promising target for nontoxic immunotherapies. Although a number of Jak inhibitors has already demonstrated efficacy, they suffer from secondary effects apparently associated to their pan-Jak activity. However, whether selective Jak3 inhibition would afford therapeutic efficacy remains unclear. To address this question we have investigated the immunosuppressive potential of selective Jak3 intervention in lymphocytes using RNA interference (RNAi) technology in vitro and in vivo. Using synthetic small interference RNA (siRNA) sequences we achieved successful transfections into human and mouse primary T lymphocytes. We found that Jak3 knockdown was sufficient to impair not only interleukin-2 (IL-2) and T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated cell activation in vitro, but also antigen-triggereds welling, inflammatory cell infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine raise in vivo. Furthermore, Jak1 (which mediates γc cytokine signaling in conjunction with Jak3) cosilencing did not provide higher potency to the aforementioned immunosuppressant effects. Our data provides direct evidences indicating that Jak3 protein plays an important role in γc cytokine and antigen-mediated T cell activation and modulates Th1-mediated inflammatory disorders, all in all highlighting its potential as a target in immunosuppressive therapies.
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12
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Zouein FA, Duhé RJ, Booz GW. JAKs go nuclear: emerging role of nuclear JAK1 and JAK2 in gene expression and cell growth. Growth Factors 2011; 29:245-52. [PMID: 21892841 PMCID: PMC3595105 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2011.614949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The four Janus kinases (JAKs) comprise a family of intracellular, nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that first gained attention as signaling mediators of the type I and type II cytokine receptors. Subsequently, the JAKs were found to be involved in signaling downstream of the insulin receptor, a number of receptor tyrosine kinases, and certain G-protein coupled receptors. Although a number of cytoplasmic targets for the JAKs have been identified, their predominant action was found to be the phosphorylation and activation of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors. Through the STATs, the JAKs activate gene expression linked to cellular stress, proliferation, and differentiation. The JAKs are especially important in hematopoiesis, inflammation, and immunity, and aberrant JAK activity has been implicated in a number of disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, polycythemia vera, and myeloproliferative diseases. Although once thought to reside strictly in the cytoplasm, recent evidence shows that JAK1 and JAK2 are present in the nucleus of certain cells often under conditions associated with high rates of cell growth. Nuclear JAKs have now been shown to affect gene expression by activating other transcription factors besides the STATs and exerting epigenetic actions, for example, by phosphorylating histone H3. The latter action derepresses global gene expression and has been implicated in leukemogenesis. Nuclear JAKs may have a role as well in stem cell biology. Here we describe recent developments in understanding the noncanonical nuclear actions of JAK1 and JAK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad A. Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- The Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Roy J. Duhé
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- University of Mississippi Cancer Institute, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - George W. Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- The Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Beyer T, Busse M, Hristov K, Gurbiel S, Smida M, Haus UU, Ballerstein K, Pfeuffer F, Weismantel R, Schraven B, Lindquist JA. Integrating signals from the T-cell receptor and the interleukin-2 receptor. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002121. [PMID: 21829342 PMCID: PMC3150289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells orchestrate the adaptive immune response, making them targets for immunotherapy. Although immunosuppressive therapies prevent disease progression, they also leave patients susceptible to opportunistic infections. To identify novel drug targets, we established a logical model describing T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. However, to have a model that is able to predict new therapeutic approaches, the current drug targets must be included. Therefore, as a next step we generated the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) signaling network and developed a tool to merge logical models. For IL-2R signaling, we show that STAT activation is independent of both Src- and PI3-kinases, while ERK activation depends upon both kinases and additionally requires novel PKCs. In addition, our merged model correctly predicted TCR-induced STAT activation. The combined network also allows information transfer from one receptor to add detail to another, thereby predicting that LAT mediates JNK activation in IL-2R signaling. In summary, the merged model not only enables us to unravel potential cross-talk, but it also suggests new experimental designs and provides a critical step towards designing strategies to reprogram T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Beyer
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Busse
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kroum Hristov
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Slavyana Gurbiel
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michal Smida
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Utz-Uwe Haus
- Institute of Mathematical Optimization, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Ballerstein
- Institute of Mathematical Optimization, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Pfeuffer
- Institute of Mathematical Optimization, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Weismantel
- Institute of Mathematical Optimization, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Immune Control, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jonathan A. Lindquist
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Constitutive JAK3 activation induces lymphoproliferative syndromes in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Blood 2009; 113:2746-54. [PMID: 19139084 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-06-164368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase JAK3 plays a well-established role during normal lymphocyte development and is constitutively phosphorylated in several lymphoid malignancies. However, its contribution to lymphomagenesis remains elusive. In this study, we used the newly identified activating JAK3A572V mutation to elucidate the effect of constitutive JAK3 signaling on murine lymphopoiesis. In a bone marrow transplantation model, JAK3A572V induces an aggressive, fatal, and transplantable lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the expansion of CD8(+)TCRalphabeta(+)CD44(+)CD122(+)Ly-6C(+) T cells that closely resemble an effector/memory T-cell subtype. Compared with wild-type counterparts, these cells show increased proliferative capacities in response to polyclonal stimulation, enhanced survival rates with elevated expression of Bcl-2, and increased production of interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), correlating with enhanced cytotoxic abilities against allogeneic target cells. Of interest, the JAK3A572V disease is epidermotropic and produces intraepidermal microabscesses. Taken together, these clinical features are reminiscent of those observed in an uncommon but aggressive subset of CD8(+) human cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs). However, we also observed a CD4(+) CTCL-like phenotype when cells are transplanted in an MHC-I-deficient background. These data demonstrate that constitutive JAK3 activation disrupts T-cell homeostasis and induces lymphoproliferative diseases in mice.
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15
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Comfort KK, Haugh JM. Combinatorial Signal Transduction Responses Mediated by Interleukin-2 and -4 Receptors in a Helper T H2 Cell Line. Cell Mol Bioeng 2008; 1. [PMID: 24255693 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-008-0015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 are important regulators of the adaptive immune response, due in part to their effects on clonal expansion and differentiation of T cells. When IL-2 and IL-4 are administered together, both antagonistic and synergistic effects have been reported, but little is known in general concerning the mechanisms underlying such combinatorial effects. We found evidence for both effects in the proliferation responses of the IL-2 and IL-4 responsive T cell line, HT-2; IL-4 delays the onset of cell growth yet ultimately allows a higher cell density to be achieved in static culture. At the level of signal transduction pathways, we found that IL-4 partially inhibits IL-2 receptor-mediated pathways (PI3K/Akt, Ras/Erk, and STAT5a/b) and does not prolong their transient kinetics. This mode of antagonism, but not the effects on cell proliferation, is overcome at higher concentrations of IL-2 that are sufficient to saturate the signaling responses. By comparison, IL-4-stimulated activation of STAT6 is unaffected by IL-2 and shows sustained kinetics, and we speculate that this or another IL-4 receptor-specific pathway is responsible for the effects of IL-4 on IL-2-stimulated proliferation. A possibly related observation is that IL-4 induces a dramatic cell adhesion phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen K Comfort
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Box 7905, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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16
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Dasatinib, a small-molecule protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibits T-cell activation and proliferation. Blood 2007; 111:1366-77. [PMID: 17962511 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-084814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dasatinib is an oral small molecule inhibitor of Abl and Src family tyrosine kinases (SFK), including p56(Lck) (Lck). Given the central importance of Lck in transmitting signals from the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling complex and the potent ability of dasatinib to inhibit Lck activity, we hypothesized this agent could provide a novel route of immunomodulation via targeted inhibition of antigen-induced signaling. Herein, we show that dasatinib inhibits TCR-mediated signal transduction, cellular proliferation, cytokine production, and in vivo T-cell responses. However, dasatinib-mediated inhibition does not induce apoptosis because the effect is reversible or may be overcome by signals bypassing the TCR, such as phorbol ester. Signal transduction and proliferative responses via IL-2 remain essentially unperturbed, suggesting that dasatinib displays specificity for TCR signaling. In addition, dasatinib combined with cyclosporine A or rapamycin led to a much more potent inhibition of T-cell activation, suggesting that targeted inhibition of Lck could be a useful adjunct for enhanced immunomodulation. In combination with currently available immunomodulatory agents, SFK inhibition could potentially increase immunomodulatory efficacy while minimizing toxicity of individual agents.
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Amin HM, Lin Q, Lai R. Jak3 contributes to the activation of ALK and Stat3 in ALK(+) anaplastic large cell lymphoma. J Transl Med 2006; 86:417-9; author reply 420-1. [PMID: 16554750 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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18
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Zhang Y, Kirken RA, Furian L, Janczewska S, Qu X, Hancock WW, Wang M, Tejpal N, Kerman R, Kahan BD, Stepkowski SM. Allograft rejection requires STAT5a/b-regulated antiapoptotic activity in T cells but not B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:128-37. [PMID: 16365403 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
STATs play key roles in immune function. We examined the role of STAT5a/b in allograft rejection. STAT5a/b-deficient mice showed a 4-fold increased survival time of heart allografts (p < 0.01). Unlike wild type, purified STAT5a/b-/- T cells transferred to Rag1-/- recipients failed to mediate heart allograft rejection until supplemented with STAT5a/b-/- B cells. In vitro, STAT5a/b-/- T cells did not proliferate in response to Con A or alloantigens but entered apoptosis within 48 h (95%). Activated STAT5a/b-/- T cells showed increased expression of proapoptotic (caspases, DNA repair genes, TNF/TNFR-associated factor family genes) and decreased antiapoptotic mRNAs in microarrays, while Western blots confirmed reduced antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and elevated proapoptotic Bax protein expression. Interestingly, at 24 h postactivation, STAT5a/b+/+ and STAT5a/b-/- T cells produced similar levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-gamma mRNA; ELISPOT assay showed an equivalent number of IL-4- and IFN-gamma-producing T cells in both STAT5a/b+/+ and STAT5a/b-/- splenic populations. Sera from STAT5a/b+/+ and STAT5a/b-/- rejectors had donor-specific IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b Ab, while STAT5a/b deficiency had no impact on B cell survival or proliferation in response to LPS. Compared with allografts from STAT5a/b+/+ recipients, heart allografts from STAT5a/b-/- recipients had markedly reduced infiltration by CD4 and CD8 T cells but increased infiltration by B cells and dense endothelial deposition of C4d, a marker of humoral rejection. Thus, activated STAT5a/b-/- T cells produce cytokines prior to entering apoptosis, thereby promoting differentiation of B cells yielding donor-specific IgM and IgG Ab that mediate allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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19
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Kryworuchko M, Thèze J. Interleukin-2: from T cell growth and homeostasis to immune reconstitution of HIV patients. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2006; 74:531-47. [PMID: 17027529 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)74021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2 was initially described as a major stimulant of T lymphocytes in vitro. Later, the characterization of IL-2 knockout animals showed that the ability to stimulate T cells could be replaced by other cytokines. In vivo, IL-2 plays a unique role in controlling lymphoproliferation. This is partly explained by its role in the generation and maintenance of T regulatory cells (Treg). In HIV-infected patients, the IL-2/IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) system is dysregulated. The fact that IL-2 is underproduced along with defective IL-2R signaling detected in patient lymphocytes, may explain the progressive impairment of the immune system that occurs during chronic infection with this virus. These defects are partly reversed by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). However, in some patients IL-2R defects persist and the CD4 counts remain low despite good control of the viral load. These patients benefit from HAART given in conjunction with IL-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Kryworuchko
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research Centre, Division of Virology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
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20
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Stepkowski SM, Kao J, Wang ME, Tejpal N, Podder H, Furian L, Dimmock J, Jha A, Das U, Kahan BD, Kirken RA. The Mannich base NC1153 promotes long-term allograft survival and spares the recipient from multiple toxicities. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4236-46. [PMID: 16177063 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
JAK3 is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase with limited tissue expression but is readily found in activated T cells. Patients lacking JAK3 are immune compromised, suggesting that JAK3 represents a therapeutic target for immunosuppression. Herein, we show that a Mannich base, NC1153, blocked IL-2-induced activation of JAK3 and its downstream substrates STAT5a/b more effectively than activation of the closely related prolactin-induced JAK2 or TNF-alpha-driven NF-kappaB. In addition, NC1153 failed to inhibit several other enzymes, including growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, Src family members, and serine/threonine protein kinases. Although NC1153 inhibited proliferation of normal human T cells challenged with IL-2, IL-4, or IL-7, it did not block T cells void of JAK3. In vivo, a 14-day oral therapy with NC1153 significantly extended survival of MHC/non-MHC mismatched rat kidney allografts, whereas a 90-day therapy induced transplantation tolerance (>200 days). Although NC1153 acted synergistically with cyclosporin A (CsA) to prolong allograft survival, it was not nephrotoxic, myelotoxic, or lipotoxic and did not increase CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. In contrast to CsA, NC1153 was not metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4. Thus, NC1153 prolongs allograft survival without several toxic effects associated with current immunosuppressive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw M Stepkowski
- Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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Moriguchi M, Hissong BD, Gadina M, Yamaoka K, Tiffany HL, Murphy PM, Candotti F, O'Shea JJ. CXCL12 Signaling Is Independent of Jak2 and Jak3. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:17408-14. [PMID: 15611059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414219200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinases (Jaks) are a small family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, critical for signaling by Type I and II cytokine receptors. The importance of Jaks in signaling by these receptors has been firmly established by analysis of mutant cell lines, the generation of Jak knock-out mice, and the identification of patients with Jak3 mutations. While a number of other ligands that do not bind Type I and II cytokine receptors have also been reported to activate Jaks, the requirement for Jaks in signaling by these receptors is less clear. Chemokines for example, which bind seven transmembrane receptors, have been reported to activate Jaks, and principally through the use of pharmacological inhibitors, it has been argued that Jaks are essential for chemokine signaling. In the present study, we focused on CXCR4, which binds the chemokine CXCL12 or stromal cell-derived factor-1, a chemokine that has been reported to activate Jak2 and Jak3. We found that the lack of Jak3 had no effect on CXCL12 signaling or chemotaxis nor did overexpression of wild-type versions of the kinase. Similarly, overexpression of wild-type or catalytically inactive Jak2 or "knocking-down" Jak2 expression using siRNA also had no effect. We also found that in primary lymphocytes, CXCL12 did not induce appreciable phosphorylation of any of the Jaks compared with cytokines for which these kinases are required. Additionally, little or no Stat (signal transducer and activator of transcription) phosphorylation was detected. Thus, we conclude that in contrast to previous reports, Jaks, especially Jak3, are unlikely to play an essential role in chemokine signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Catalysis
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Janus Kinase 2
- Janus Kinase 3
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mutation
- Mutation, Missense
- Phosphorylation
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Moriguchi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, Laboratory of Host Defenses, NIAID, and Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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22
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Dowden J, Ward SG. Inhibitors of p56lck: assessing their potential as tools for manipulating T-lymphocyte activation. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Tassiulas I, Hu X, Ho H, Kashyap Y, Paik P, Hu Y, Lowell CA, Ivashkiv LB. Amplification of IFN-alpha-induced STAT1 activation and inflammatory function by Syk and ITAM-containing adaptors. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:1181-9. [PMID: 15467722 DOI: 10.1038/ni1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A key function of interferons is priming multiple cell types for enhanced activation by cytokines and inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor, bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interferons themselves. Here we show that interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha)-induced activation of the transcriptional activator STAT1 and inflammatory STAT1 target genes was enhanced in IFN-gamma-primed macrophages. Enhanced IFN-alpha signaling and proinflammatory function were dependent on the tyrosine kinase Syk and on adaptor proteins that activate Syk through immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs. Increased STAT1 expression contributed to enhanced IFN-alpha-induced STAT1 activation in primed macrophages. These results identify a mechanism by which crosstalk between cytokine and immune cell-specific immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif-dependent signaling pathways regulates macrophage responses to IFN-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tassiulas
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA
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24
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Behbod F, Nagy ZS, Stepkowski SM, Karras J, Johnson CR, Jarvis WD, Kirken RA. Specific inhibition of Stat5a/b promotes apoptosis of IL-2-responsive primary and tumor-derived lymphoid cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:3919-27. [PMID: 14530308 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.8.3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stat5a/b exhibits 96% homology and are required for normal immune function. The present studies examined Stat5a/b function in lymphoid cells by specific and simultaneous disruption of both proteins using novel phosphorothioate-2'-O-methoxyethyl antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (asODN). Efficient delivery was confirmed by the presence of fluorescent TAMRA-labeled ODN in >or=55 and 95% in human primary and tumor cell lines, respectively. Acute asODN administration reduced levels of Stat5a (90%) in 6 h, whereas Stat5b required nearly 48 h to attain the same inhibition, suggesting that the apparent turnover rate for Stat5a was 8-fold higher than that for Stat5b. Expression of the closely related Stat3 protein was unchanged after asODN treatment, however. Molecular ablation of Stat5a/b promoted apoptotic cell death in a significant population of primary PHA-activated T cells (72%) and lymphoid tumor cell line (e.g., YT; 74%) within 24 h, as assessed by 1) visualization of karyolytic nuclear degeneration and other generalized cytoarchitectural alterations, 2) enzymatic detection of TdT-positive DNA degradation, and 3) automated cytometric detection of annexin V translocation. Contrary to findings from Stat5a/b-null mice, cell cycle progression did not appear to be significantly affected. Interestingly, IL-2-insensitive and unprimed T cells and Jurkat cells remained mostly unaffected. Finally, evidence is provided that the cytotoxicity associated with Stat5a/b ablation may derive from activation of caspase-8, an initiator protease that contributes to apoptotic cell commitment. We propose that in lymphoid cells competent to activate Stat5a and Stat5b, both proteins preferentially mediate an antiapoptotic survival influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Behbod
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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25
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26
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Kryworuchko M, Pasquier V, Thèze J. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 envelope glycoproteins and anti-CD4 antibodies inhibit interleukin-2-induced Jak/STAT signalling in human CD4 T lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:422-7. [PMID: 12605694 PMCID: PMC1808643 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to a profound T cell dysfunction well before the clinical onset of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We have been accumulating evidence that one of the mechanisms responsible for this T cell deficiency may be the dysregulation of signal transduction via the interleukin (IL)-2/IL-2 receptor (R) complex. In CD4 T cells, we have observed previously that viral envelope (env) glycoproteins induce IL-2 unresponsiveness and the down-regulation of the three chains making up the IL-2R (alpha, beta, gamma) in vitro. We have now established further that this disruption of the IL-2/IL-2R system manifests itself in defective signal propagation via the Janus kinase (Jak)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway in response to IL-2. The treatment of CD4 T cells with HIV env or surface ligation of CD4 with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies inhibited the IL-2-induced activation of Jak-1 and Jak-3, as well as their targets, STAT5a and STAT5b. This Jak/STAT deficiency may contribute to the crippling of CD4 T cell responses to a cytokine central to the immune response by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kryworuchko
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Département de Medecine Moleculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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27
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Rapecki S, Allen R. Inhibition of human T cell activation by novel Src kinase inhibitors is dependent upon the complexity of the signal delivered to the cell. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 303:1325-33. [PMID: 12438558 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.038380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of a novel series of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors that are selective for the Src family has been assessed. The activity of these compounds [named CT-SKI (Celltech Src kinase inhibitors)] was investigated by assessing their potential to modulate T cell receptor activation, an event thought to involve the Src kinases Lck and Fyn. This series of compounds contained low-nanomolar inhibitors of Src kinases with selectivity over Csk, epidermal growth factor receptor kinase, protein kinase C, and zeta-associated 70-kDa protein. These compounds were shown to attenuate anti-CD3-induced T cell proliferation and block interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and interferon-gamma production, and CD25 expression in anti-CD3-activated T cells. In addition, inhibition of anti-CD3-induced, but not phorbol ester and calcium ionophore-induced IL-2 production, correlated with inhibition of in vitro Lck kinase activity. When more complex stimuli were used to activate T cells, as in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), these inhibitors proved to be less effective and inhibition of the MLR did not correlate with inhibition of isolated Lck enzyme. Interestingly, inhibition of anti-CD3-induced proliferation could be reversed by the addition of exogenous IL-2, indicating that signaling through the IL-2 receptor may not be critically dependent on any functional Src enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Rapecki
- Department of Lead Discovery, Celltech, Slough, Berkshire, United Kingdom.
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28
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Ellery JM, Nicholls PJ. Possible mechanism for the alpha subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor (CD25) to influence interleukin-2 receptor signal transduction. Immunol Cell Biol 2002; 80:351-7. [PMID: 12121224 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2002.01097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The receptors for interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interleukin 15 (IL-15) in T cells share the IL-2R beta subunit (CD122) and gamma(C) subunit but have private alpha subunits. Despite utilizing the same receptor chains known to be necessary and sufficient to transduce IL-2 signals the two cytokines manifest different cellular effects. It is commonly held that the alpha subunit of the IL-2R (CD25) is involved solely in the generation of a high affinity receptor complex. This is questioned by the development of autoimmune diseases in instances where the expression of CD25 is absent. The timely expression of CD25 in the thymus has been linked with clonal deletion. Evidence from peripheral T cells indicates that survival signals arising from the intermediate affinity IL-2R (lacking CD25) do not require the activation of Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) but do require the presence of the membrane proximal region of the gamma(C) chain. This particular signalling pathway is not observed in the high affinity receptor complex where Jak3 is activated. Recent data point to CD25 having a surface distribution consistent with it being localized within membrane microdomains. Here we suggest that in the absence of CD25 expression, IL-2R activation occurs within the soluble membrane fraction. This membrane environment and the absence of CD25 promotes Jak3 independent signal transduction and induction of antiapoptotic mechanisms. T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signalling leads to the induction of CD25 expression, which localizes to membrane microdomains. There is a dynamic pre-association of CD25 and CD122 leading to the loose association of the heterodimer with membrane microdomains. High affinity IL-2R signalling in the context of CD25 and the microdomain environment is characterized by Jak3 activation. The relative levels of high to intermediate affinity receptor signalling determines whether a cell proliferates or undergoes activation induced cell death dependent upon cell status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ellery
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, UK
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29
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Zhou YJ, Chen M, Cusack NA, Kimmel LH, Magnuson KS, Boyd JG, Lin W, Roberts JL, Lengi A, Buckley RH, Geahlen RL, Candotti F, Gadina M, Changelian PS, O'Shea JJ. Unexpected effects of FERM domain mutations on catalytic activity of Jak3: structural implication for Janus kinases. Mol Cell 2001; 8:959-69. [PMID: 11741532 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinases comprise carboxyterminal kinase, pseudokinase, SH2-like, and N-terminal FERM domains. We identified three patient-derived mutations in the FERM domain of Jak3 and investigated the functional consequences of these mutations. These mutations inhibited receptor binding and also abrogated kinase activity, suggesting interactions between the FERM and kinase domains. In fact, the domains were found to physically associate, and coexpression of the FERM domain enhanced activity of the isolated kinase domain. Conversely, staurosporine, which alters kinase domain structure, disrupted receptor binding, even though the catalytic activity of Jak3 is dispensable for receptor binding. Thus, the Jak FERM domain appears to have two critical functions: receptor interaction and maintenance of kinase integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Zhou
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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30
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL-)2 and its receptor (IL-2R) constitute one of the most extensively studied cytokine receptor systems. IL-2 is produced primarily by activated T cells and is involved in early T cell activation as well as in maintaining homeostatic immune responses that prevent autoimmunity. This review focuses on molecular signaling pathways triggered by the IL-2/IL-2R complex, with an emphasis on how the IL-2R physically translates its interaction with IL-2 into a coherent biological outcome. The IL-2R is composed of three subunits, IL-2Ralpha, IL-2Rbeta and gammac. Although IL-2Ralpha is an important affinity modulator that is essential for proper responses in vivo, it does not contribute to signaling due a short cytoplasmic tail. In contrast, IL-2Rbeta and gammac together are necessary and sufficient for effective signal transduction, and they serve physically to connect the receptor complex to cytoplasmic signaling intermediates. Despite an absolute requirement for gammac in signaling, the majority of known pathways physically link to the receptor via IL-2Rbeta, generally through phosphorylated cytoplasmic tyrosine residues. This review highlights work performed both in cultured cells and in vivo that defines the functional contributions of specific receptor subdomains-and, by inference, the specific signaling pathways that they activate-to IL-2-dependent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Gaffen
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY14214, USA.
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31
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Abstract
HIV-1 infection leads to T cell dysfunction and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. The shared common gamma chain of IL-2R and its associated Janus kinase, JAK3, are indispensable for normal T cell function and survival. We have reported that CD4 ligation with HIV gp120 inhibits T cell receptor-induced activation and expression of JAK3. We have also shown that while some strains of HIV-1, such as NL4-3, induce apoptosis of infected CD4(+) T cells, other strains, such as HIV-1 IIIB, do not. Interestingly, we show here that infection of CD4(+) T cells with HIV-1 NL4-3, but not IIIB, inhibited activation and expression of JAK3. NL4-3-infected T cells were unable to upregulate JAK3 expression following stimulation through TCR/CD3. In addition, NL4-3, but not IIIB, inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation and expression of STAT5, a downstream target of JAK3. These data suggest a correlation between apoptosis of HIV-1-infected T cells and inhibition of the JAK3/STAT5 activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Selliah
- Division of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3516 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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32
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Gadina M, Sudarshan C, Visconti R, Zhou YJ, Gu H, Neel BG, O'Shea JJ. The Docking Molecule Gab2 Is Induced by Lymphocyte Activation and Is Involved in Signaling by Interleukin-2 and Interleukin-15 but Not Other Common γ Chain-using Cytokines. J Biol Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)61466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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