1
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Brady RV, Thamm DH. Tumor-associated macrophages: Prognostic and therapeutic targets for cancer in humans and dogs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1176807. [PMID: 37090720 PMCID: PMC10113558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are ancient, phagocytic immune cells thought to have their origins 500 million years ago in metazoan phylogeny. The understanding of macrophages has evolved to encompass their foundational roles in development, homeostasis, tissue repair, inflammation, and immunity. Notably, macrophages display high plasticity in response to environmental cues, capable of a strikingly wide variety of dynamic gene signatures and phenotypes. Macrophages are also involved in many pathological states including neural disease, asthma, liver disease, heart disease, cancer, and others. In cancer, most tumor-associated immune cells are macrophages, coined tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). While some TAMs can display anti-tumor properties such as phagocytizing tumor cells and orchestrating an immune response, most macrophages in the tumor microenvironment are immunosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic. Macrophages have been implicated in all stages of cancer. Therefore, interest in manipulating macrophages as a therapeutic strategy against cancer developed as early as the 1970s. Companion dogs are a strong comparative immuno-oncology model for people due to documented similarities in the immune system and spontaneous cancers between the species. Data from clinical trials in humans and dogs can be leveraged to further scientific advancements that benefit both species. This review aims to provide a summary of the current state of knowledge on macrophages in general, and an in-depth review of macrophages as a therapeutic strategy against cancer in humans and companion dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V. Brady
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Douglas H. Thamm
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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2
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Gaudet RG, Zhu S, Halder A, Kim BH, Bradfield CJ, Huang S, Xu D, Mamiñska A, Nguyen TN, Lazarou M, Karatekin E, Gupta K, MacMicking JD. A human apolipoprotein L with detergent-like activity kills intracellular pathogens. Science 2021; 373:eabf8113. [PMID: 34437126 PMCID: PMC8422858 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf8113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cell-autonomous defense by the immune cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is critical to the control of life-threatening infections in humans. IFN-γ induces the expression of hundreds of host proteins in all nucleated cells and tissues, yet many of these proteins remain uncharacterized. We screened 19,050 human genes by CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis and identified IFN-γ-induced apolipoprotein L3 (APOL3) as a potent bactericidal agent protecting multiple non-immune barrier cell types against infection. Canonical apolipoproteins typically solubilize mammalian lipids for extracellular transport; APOL3 instead targeted cytosol-invasive bacteria to dissolve their anionic membranes into human-bacterial lipoprotein nanodiscs detected by native mass spectrometry and visualized by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Thus, humans have harnessed the detergent-like properties of extracellular apolipoproteins to fashion an intracellular lysin, thereby endowing resident nonimmune cells with a mechanism to achieve sterilizing immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Gaudet
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shiwei Zhu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Anushka Halder
- Yale Nanobiology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Bae-Hoon Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Clinton J Bradfield
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shuai Huang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Dijin Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Agnieszka Mamiñska
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Thanh Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Lazarou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Erdem Karatekin
- Yale Nanobiology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Kallol Gupta
- Yale Nanobiology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - John D MacMicking
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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3
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McCutcheon JP. The Genomics and Cell Biology of Host-Beneficial Intracellular Infections. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2021; 37:115-142. [PMID: 34242059 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbes gain access to eukaryotic cells as food for bacteria-grazing protists, for host protection by microbe-killing immune cells, or for microbial benefit when pathogens enter host cells to replicate. But microbes can also gain access to a host cell and become an important-often required-beneficial partner. The oldest beneficial microbial infections are the ancient eukaryotic organelles now called the mitochondrion and plastid. But numerous other host-beneficial intracellular infections occur throughout eukaryotes. Here I review the genomics and cell biology of these interactions with a focus on intracellular bacteria. The genomes of host-beneficial intracellular bacteria have features that span a previously unfilled gap between pathogens and organelles. Host cell adaptations to allow the intracellular persistence of beneficial bacteria are found along with evidence for the microbial manipulation of host cells, but the cellular mechanisms of beneficial bacterial infections are not well understood. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P McCutcheon
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA;
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4
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Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are present in most tissues with developmental, self-renewal, or functional attributes that do not easily fit into a textbook picture of a plastic and multifunctional macrophage originating from hematopoietic stem cells; nor does it fit a pro- versus anti-inflammatory paradigm. This review presents and discusses current knowledge on the developmental biology of macrophages from an evolutionary perspective focused on the function of macrophages, which may aid in study of developmental, inflammatory, tumoral, and degenerative diseases. We also propose a framework to investigate the functions of macrophages in vivo and discuss how inherited germline and somatic mutations may contribute to the roles of macrophages in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah Cox
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Maria Pokrovskii
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Rocio Vicario
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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5
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Kloc M, Uosef A, Elshawwaf M, Abdelshafy AAA, Elsaid KMK, Kubiak JZ, Ghobrial RM. The Macrophages and Intestinal Symbiosis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2020; 69:605-616. [PMID: 33263889 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The human intestinal tract is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms and houses the largest pool of macrophages in the human body. Being a part of the innate immune system, the macrophages, the professional phagocytes, vigorously respond to the microbial and dietary antigens present in the intestine. Because such a robust immune response poses the danger to the survival of the non-harmful and beneficial gut microbiota, the macrophages developed mechanisms of recognition and hyposensitivity toward the non-harmful/beneficial inhabitants of the gut. We will discuss the evolution and identity of some of these mechanisms in the following chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Genetics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Ahmed Uosef
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mahmoud Elshawwaf
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed Adel Abbas Abdelshafy
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kamal Mamdoh Kamal Elsaid
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jacek Z Kubiak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), Warszawa, Poland.,Faculty of Medicine, Cell Cycle Group, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, (IGDR) UnivRennes, CNRS, UMR 6290, Rennes, France
| | - Rafik Mark Ghobrial
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Host cell depletion of tryptophan by IFNγ-induced Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibits lysosomal replication of Coxiella burnetii. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007955. [PMID: 31461509 PMCID: PMC6736304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most intracellular pathogens that reside in a vacuole prevent transit of their compartment to lysosomal organelles. Effector mechanisms induced by the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) can promote the delivery of pathogen-occupied vacuoles to lysosomes for proteolytic degradation and are therefore important for host defense against intracellular pathogens. The bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii is unique in that, transport to the lysosome is essential for replication. The bacterium modulates membrane traffic to create a specialized autophagolysosomal compartment called the Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV). Importantly, IFNγ signaling inhibits intracellular replication of C. burnetii, raising the question of which IFNγ-activated mechanisms restrict replication of a lysosome-adapted pathogen. To address this question, siRNA was used to silence a panel of IFNγ-induced genes in HeLa cells to identify genes required for restriction of C. burnetii intracellular replication. This screen demonstrated that Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) contributes to IFNγ-mediated restriction of C. burnetii. IDO1 is an enzyme that catabolizes cellular tryptophan to kynurenine metabolites thereby reducing tryptophan availability in cells. Cells deficient in IDO1 function were more permissive for C. burnetii replication when treated with IFNγ, and supplementing IFNγ-treated cells with tryptophan enhanced intracellular replication. Additionally, ectopic expression of IDO1 in host cells was sufficient to restrict replication of C. burnetii in the absence of IFNγ signaling. Using differentiated THP1 macrophage-like cells it was determined that IFNγ-activation resulted in IDO1 production, and that supplementation of IFNγ-activated THP1 cells with tryptophan enhanced C. burnetii replication. Thus, this study identifies IDO1 production as a key cell-autonomous defense mechanism that limits infection by C. burnetii, which suggests that peptides derived from hydrolysis of proteins in the CCV do not provide an adequate supply of tryptophan for bacterial replication. Coxiella burnetii is a mammalian pathogen that can cause a predominantly zoonotic disease called Q-fever. In humans, Q-fever manifests as an acute or chronic illness especially in immunocompromised individuals. C. burnetii is uniquely adapted to live in a lysosome-derived vacuole that degrades proteins and provides nutrients that support intracellular replication. From a cell biological perspective, C. burnetii represents an excellent model to study pathogens that survive in harsh cellular environments. The strategies by which infected cells intrinsically combat C. burnetii are not well-established. In this study, we investigate the underlying mechanism by which IFNγ activates cells and prevents C. burnetii from replicating inside cells. The data presented here demonstrate that IFNγ induces the expression of the enzyme Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), which degrades the amino acid tryptophan and restricts the intracellular replication of C. burnetii. The production of IDO1 is sufficient to inhibit replication of C. burnetii, indicating that tryptophan depletion is an effective cell-autonomous defense mechanism against this lysosome-adapted pathogen. In addition, these data imply that the degradative vacuole in which this pathogen resides does not generate a supply of tryptophan sufficient to support intracellular replication.
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7
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Soldati T, Cardenal-Muñoz E. A brief historical and evolutionary perspective on the origin of cellular microbiology research. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13083. [PMID: 31290267 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Integrated with both a historical perspective and an evolutionary angle, this opinion article presents a brief and personal view of the emergence of cellular microbiology research. From the very first observations of phagocytosis by Goeze in 1777 to the exhaustive analysis of the cellular defence mechanisms performed in modern laboratories, the studies by cell biologists and microbiologists have converged into an integrative research field distinct from, but fully coupled to immunity: cellular microbiology. In addition, this brief article is thought as a humble patchwork of the motivations that have guided the research in my group over a quarter century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Soldati
- Faculty of Science, Sciences II, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elena Cardenal-Muñoz
- Faculty of Science, Sciences II, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Kubelkova K, Macela A. Innate Immune Recognition: An Issue More Complex Than Expected. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:241. [PMID: 31334134 PMCID: PMC6616152 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary interaction of an intracellular bacterium with its host cell is initiated by activation of multiple signaling pathways in response to bacterium recognition itself or as cellular responses to stress induced by the bacterium. The leading molecules in these processes are cell surface membrane receptors as well as cytosolic pattern recognition receptors recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns or damage-associated molecular patterns induced by the invading bacterium. In this review, we demonstrate possible sequences of events leading to recognition of Francisella tularensis, present findings on known mechanisms for manipulating cell responses to protect Francisella from being killed, and discuss newly published data from the perspective of early stages of host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Kubelkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Ales Macela
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
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9
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Cell-autonomous immunity by IFN-induced GBPs in animals and plants. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:71-80. [PMID: 31176142 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inside host cells, guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) rapidly assemble into large antimicrobial defense complexes that combat a wide variety of bacterial pathogens. These massive nanomachines often completely coat targeted microbes where they act as recruitment platforms for downstream effectors capable of direct bactericidal activity. GBP-containing platforms also serve as sensory hubs to activate inflammasome-driven responses in the mammalian cytosol while in plants like Arabidopsis, GBP orthologues may facilitate intranuclear signaling for immunity against invasive phytopathogens. Together, this group of immune GTPases serve as a major defensive repertoire to protect the host cell interior from bacterial colonization across plant and animal kingdoms.
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10
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Tretina K, Park ES, Maminska A, MacMicking JD. Interferon-induced guanylate-binding proteins: Guardians of host defense in health and disease. J Exp Med 2019; 216:482-500. [PMID: 30755454 PMCID: PMC6400534 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of guanylate-binding proteins in host defense. Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) have recently emerged as central orchestrators of immunity to infection, inflammation, and neoplastic diseases. Within numerous host cell types, these IFN-induced GTPases assemble into large nanomachines that execute distinct host defense activities against a wide variety of microbial pathogens. In addition, GBPs customize inflammasome responses to bacterial infection and sepsis, where they act as critical rheostats to amplify innate immunity and regulate tissue damage. Similar functions are becoming evident for metabolic inflammatory syndromes and cancer, further underscoring the importance of GBPs within infectious as well as altered homeostatic settings. A better understanding of the basic biology of these IFN-induced GTPases could thus benefit clinical approaches to a wide spectrum of important human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Tretina
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD.,Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT.,Departments of Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Eui-Soon Park
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD.,Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT.,Departments of Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Agnieszka Maminska
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD.,Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT.,Departments of Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - John D MacMicking
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD .,Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven, CT.,Departments of Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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11
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Karaś MA, Turska-Szewczuk A, Janczarek M, Szuster-Ciesielska A. Glycoconjugates of Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa - are they similar in orchestrating the innate immune response? Innate Immun 2019; 25:73-96. [PMID: 30782045 PMCID: PMC6830889 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918821168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is an evolutionarily ancient form of host defense that serves to limit infection. The invading microorganisms are detected by the innate immune system through germline-encoded PRRs. Different classes of PRRs, including TLRs and cytoplasmic receptors, recognize distinct microbial components known collectively as PAMPs. Ligation of PAMPs with receptors triggers intracellular signaling cascades, activating defense mechanisms. Despite the fact that Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa are phylogenetically distant organisms, they express glycoconjugates, namely bacterial LPS and protozoan GPI-anchored glycolipids, which share many structural and functional similarities. By activating/deactivating MAPK signaling and NF-κB, these ligands trigger general pro-/anti-inflammatory responses depending on the related patterns. They also use conservative strategies to subvert cell-autonomous defense systems of specialized immune cells. Signals triggered by Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa can interfere with host homeostasis and, depending on the type of microorganism, lead to hypersensitivity or silencing of the immune response. Activation of professional immune cells, through a ligand which triggers the opposite effect (antagonist versus agonist) appears to be a promising solution to restoring the immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Karaś
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Turska-Szewczuk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
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12
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Buracco S, Peracino B, Andreini C, Bracco E, Bozzaro S. Differential Effects of Iron, Zinc, and Copper on Dictyostelium discoideum Cell Growth and Resistance to Legionella pneumophila. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 7:536. [PMID: 29379774 PMCID: PMC5770829 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron, zinc, and copper play fundamental roles in eucaryotes and procaryotes, and their bioavailability regulates host-pathogen interactions. For intracellular pathogens, the source of metals is the cytoplasm of the host, which in turn manipulates intracellular metal traffic following pathogen recognition. It is established that iron is withheld from the pathogen-containing vacuole, whereas for copper and zinc the evidence is unclear. Most infection studies in mammals have concentrated on effects of metal deficiency/overloading at organismal level. Thus, zinc deficiency or supplementation correlate with high risk of respiratory tract infection or recovery from severe infection, respectively. Iron, zinc, and copper deficiency or overload affects lymphocyte proliferation/maturation, and thus the adaptive immune response. Whether they regulate innate immunity at macrophage level is open, except for iron. The early identification in a mouse mutant susceptible to mycobacterial infection of the iron transporter Nramp1 allowed dissecting Nramp1 role in phagocytes, from the social amoeba Dictyostelium to macrophages. Nramp1 regulates iron efflux from the phagosomes, thus starving pathogenic bacteria for iron. Similar studies for zinc or copper are scant, due to the large number of copper and zinc transporters. In Dictyostelium, zinc and copper transporters include 11 and 6 members, respectively. To assess the role of zinc or copper in Dictyostelium, cells were grown under conditions of metal depletion or excess and tested for resistance to Legionella pneumophila infection. Iron shortage or overload inhibited Dictyostelium cell growth within few generations. Surprisingly, zinc or copper depletion failed to affect growth. Zinc or copper overloading inhibited cell growth at, respectively, 50- or 500-fold the physiological concentration, suggesting very efficient control of their homeostasis, as confirmed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry quantification of cellular metals. Legionella infection was inhibited or enhanced in cells grown under iron shortage or overload, respectively, confirming a major role for iron in controlling resistance to pathogens. In contrast, zinc and copper depletion or excess during growth did not affect Legionella infection. Using Zinpyr-1 as fluorescent sensor, we show that zinc accumulates in endo-lysosomal vesicles, including phagosomes, and the contractile vacuole. Furthermore, we provide evidence for permeabilization of the Legionella-containing vacuole during bacterial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Buracco
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Peracino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Andreini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Bracco
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Bozzaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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13
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Dunn JD, Bosmani C, Barisch C, Raykov L, Lefrançois LH, Cardenal-Muñoz E, López-Jiménez AT, Soldati T. Eat Prey, Live: Dictyostelium discoideum As a Model for Cell-Autonomous Defenses. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1906. [PMID: 29354124 PMCID: PMC5758549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-dwelling social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum feeds on bacteria. Each meal is a potential infection because some bacteria have evolved mechanisms to resist predation. To survive such a hostile environment, D. discoideum has in turn evolved efficient antimicrobial responses that are intertwined with phagocytosis and autophagy, its nutrient acquisition pathways. The core machinery and antimicrobial functions of these pathways are conserved in the mononuclear phagocytes of mammals, which mediate the initial, innate-immune response to infection. In this review, we discuss the advantages and relevance of D. discoideum as a model phagocyte to study cell-autonomous defenses. We cover the antimicrobial functions of phagocytosis and autophagy and describe the processes that create a microbicidal phagosome: acidification and delivery of lytic enzymes, generation of reactive oxygen species, and the regulation of Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ availability. High concentrations of metals poison microbes while metal sequestration inhibits their metabolic activity. We also describe microbial interference with these defenses and highlight observations made first in D. discoideum. Finally, we discuss galectins, TNF receptor-associated factors, tripartite motif-containing proteins, and signal transducers and activators of transcription, microbial restriction factors initially characterized in mammalian phagocytes that have either homologs or functional analogs in D. discoideum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Dan Dunn
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Bosmani
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Barisch
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lyudmil Raykov
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Louise H Lefrançois
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elena Cardenal-Muñoz
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Thierry Soldati
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Ribeiro NS, Dos Santos FM, Garcia AWA, Ferrareze PAG, Fabres LF, Schrank A, Kmetzsch L, Rott MB, Vainstein MH, Staats CC. Modulation of Zinc Homeostasis in Acanthamoeba castellanii as a Possible Antifungal Strategy against Cryptococcus gattii. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1626. [PMID: 28883816 PMCID: PMC5573748 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii is a basidiomycetous yeast that can be found in the environment and is one of the agents of cryptococcosis, a life-threatening disease. During its life cycle, cryptococcal cells take hold inside environmental predators such as amoebae. Despite their evolutionary distance, macrophages and amoebae share conserved similar steps of phagocytosis and microbial killing. To evaluate whether amoebae also share other antifungal strategies developed by macrophages, we investigated nutritional immunity against cryptococcal cells. We focused on zinc homeostasis modulation in Acanthamoeba castellanii infected with C. gattii. The intracellular proliferation rate (IPR) in amoebae was determined using C. gattii R265 and mutants for the ZIP1 gene, which displays defects of growth in zinc-limiting conditions. We detected a reduced IPR in cells lacking the ZIP1 gene compared to wild-type strains, suggesting that amoebae produce a low zinc environment to engulfed cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis employing the zinc probe Zinpyr-1 confirmed the reduced concentration of zinc in cryptococcal-infected amoebae. qRT-PCR analysis of zinc transporter-coding genes suggests that zinc export by members of the ZnT family would be involved in the reduced intracellular zinc concentration. These results indicate that amoebae may use nutritional immunity to reduce fungal cell proliferation by reducing zinc availability for the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francine M Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ane W A Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A G Ferrareze
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura F Fabres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schrank
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Livia Kmetzsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marilise B Rott
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marilene H Vainstein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Charley C Staats
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Abstract
Macrophages are present in mammals from midgestation, contributing to physiologic homeostasis throughout life. Macrophages arise from yolk sac and foetal liver progenitors during embryonic development in the mouse and persist in different organs as heterogeneous, self-renewing tissue-resident populations. Bone marrow-derived blood monocytes are recruited after birth to replenish tissue-resident populations and to meet further demands during inflammation, infection and metabolic perturbations. Macrophages of mixed origin and different locations vary in replication and turnover, but are all active in mRNA and protein synthesis, fulfilling organ-specific and systemic trophic functions, in addition to host defence. In this review, we emphasise selected properties and non-immune functions of tissue macrophages which contribute to physiologic homeostasis.
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