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Macha NO, Komarasamy TV, Harun S, Adnan NAA, Hassan SS, Balasubramaniam VRMT. Cross Talk between MicroRNAs and Dengue Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:856-867. [PMID: 38579704 PMCID: PMC11066346 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever (DF) is an endemic infectious tropical disease and is rapidly becoming a global problem. Dengue fever is caused by one of the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes and is spread by the female Aedes mosquito. Clinical manifestations of DF may range from asymptomatic to life-threatening severe illness with conditions of hemorrhagic fever and shock. Early and precise diagnosis is vital to avoid mortality from DF. A different approach is required to combat DF because of the challenges with the vaccines currently available, which are nonspecific; each is capable of causing cross-reaction and disease-enhancing antibody responses against the residual serotypes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to be implicated in DENV infection and are postulated to be involved in most of the host responses. Thus, they might be a suitable target for new strategies against the disease. The involvement of miRNAs in cellular activities and pathways during viral infections has been explored under numerous conditions. Interestingly, miRNAs have also been shown to be involved in viral replication. In this review, we summarize the role of known miRNAs, specifically the role of miRNA Let-7c (miR-Let-7c), miR-133a, miR-30e, and miR-146a, in the regulation of DENV replication and their possible effects on the initial immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Omar Macha
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thamil Vaani Komarasamy
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sarahani Harun
- Institute of Systems Biology Malaysia, National University of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Amelia Azreen Adnan
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vinod R. M. T. Balasubramaniam
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Zhang M, Wu Y, Mou J, Yao Y, Wen P, Liu X, Shang S, Kang X, Tian J, Liu Y, Lv E, Wang L. The global landscape of immune-derived lncRNA signature in colorectal cancer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25568. [PMID: 38420407 PMCID: PMC10900961 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly heterogeneous cancer. This heterogeneity has an impact on the efficacy of immunotherapy. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to play regulatory functions in cancer immunity. However, the global landscape of immune-derived lncRNA signatures has not yet been explored in colorectal cancer. METHODS In this study, we applied DESeq2 to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs in colon cancer. Next, we performed an integrative analysis to globally identify immune-driven lncRNA markers in CRC, including immune-associated pathways, tumor immunogenomic features, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, immune checkpoints, microsatellite instability (MSI) and tumor mutation burden (TMB). RESULTS We also identified dysregulated lncRNAs, such as LINC01354 and LINC02257, and their clinical relevance in CRC. Our findings revealed that the differentially expressed lncRNAs were closely associated with immune pathways. In addition, we found that RP11-354P11.3 and RP11-545G3.1 had the highest association with the immunogenomic signature. As a result, these signatures could serve as markers to assess immunogenomic activity in CRC. Among the immune cells, resting mast cells and M0 macrophages had the highest association with lncRNAs in CRC. The AC006129.2 gene was significantly associated with several immune checkpoints, for example, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). Therefore, the AC006129.2 gene could be targeted to regulate the condition of immune cells or immune checkpoints to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy in CRC patients. Finally, we identified 15 immune-related lncRNA-generated open reading frames (ORFs) corresponding to 15 cancer immune epitopes. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we provided a genome-wide immune-driven lncRNA signature for CRC that might provide new insights into clinical applications and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Zhang
- School of Medical Information and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifei Wu
- School of Medical Information and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyi Mou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of 1st Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yang Yao
- School of Medical Information and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengbo Wen
- School of Medical Information and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Medical Information and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shipeng Shang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xingxing Kang
- School of Medical Information and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqi Tian
- School of Medical Information and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Enhui Lv
- School of Medical Information and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Sarkar MMH, Rahman MS, Islam MR, Rahman A, Islam MS, Banu TA, Akter S, Goswami B, Jahan I, Habib MA, Uddin MM, Mia MZ, Miah MI, Shaikh AA, Khan MS. Comparative phylogenetic analysis and transcriptomic profiling of Dengue (DENV-3 genotype I) outbreak in 2021 in Bangladesh. Virol J 2023; 20:127. [PMID: 37337232 PMCID: PMC10278332 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology facilitates in-depth study of host-pathogen metatranscriptome. We, therefore, implicated phylodynamic and transcriptomic approaches through NGS technology to know/understand the dengue virus (DENV) origin and host response with dengue fever. Methods In this study, blood serum RNA was extracted from 21 dengue patients and 3 healthy individuals. Total transcriptomic data were analyzed for phylogenetic, phylodynamic, differential express gene (DEG), and gene ontology (GO) using respective bioinformatics tools. Results The viral genome sequence revealed dengue viral genome size ranges 10647 to 10707 nucleotide. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analysis showed that the 2021 epidemic isolates were DENV-3 genotype-I and maintained as a new clade in compared to 2019 epidemic. Transcriptome analysis showed a total of 2686 genes were DEG in dengue patients compared to control with a q-value < 0.05. DESeq2 plot counts function of the top 24 genes with the smallest q-values of differential gene expression of RNA-seq data showed that 11 genes were upregulated, whereas 13 genes were downregulated. GO analysis showed a significant upregulation (p = < 0.001) in a process of multicellular organismal, nervous system, sensory perception of chemical stimulus, and G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways in the dengue patients. However, there were a significant downregulation (p = < 0.001) of intracellular component, cellular anatomical entity, and protein-containing complex in dengue patients. Most importantly, there was a significant increase of a class of immunoregulatory proteins in dengue patients in compared to the controls, with increased GO of immune system process. In addition, upregulation of toll receptor (TLR) signaling pathways were found in dengue patients. These TLR pathways were particularly involved for the activation of innate system coupled with adaptive immune system that probably involved the rapid elimination of dengue virus infected cells. These differentially expressed genes could be further investigated for target based prophylactic interventions for dengue. Conclusion This is a first report describing DENV complete genomic features and differentially expressed genes in patients in Bangladesh. These genes may have diagnostic and therapeutic values for dengue infection. Continual genomic surveillance is required to further investigate the shift in dominant genotypes in relation to viral pathogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-023-02030-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Shaminur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - M Rafiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arafat Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | | | - Tanjina Akhtar Banu
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahina Akter
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Barna Goswami
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Iffat Jahan
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahashan Habib
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mohi Uddin
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zakaria Mia
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ibrahim Miah
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Salim Khan
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Wang X, Ye J, Gao M, Zhang D, Jiang H, Zhang H, Zhao S, Liu X. Nifuroxazide inhibits the growth of glioblastoma and promotes the infiltration of CD8 T cells to enhance antitumour immunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:109987. [PMID: 36924564 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma is a primary intracranial tumour with extremely high disability and fatality rates among adults. Existing diagnosis and treatment methods have not significantly improved the overall poor prognosis of patients. Nifuroxazide, an oral antibiotic, has been reported to act as a tumour suppressor in a variety of tumours and to participate in the process of antitumour immunity. However, whether it can inhibit the growth of glioma is still unclear. METHODS We explored the potential mechanism of nifuroxazide inhibiting the growth of glioblastoma cells through in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS nifuroxazide can inhibit the proliferation of glioblastoma cells, promote G2 phase arrest, induce apoptosis, and inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the MAP3K1/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Similarly, clinical sample analysis confirmed that MAP3K1 combined with STAT3 can affect the prognostic characteristics of patients with glioma. In addition, nifuroxazide can drive the M1 polarization of microglioma cells, inhibit the expression of CTLA4 and PD-L1 in tumour cells, and promote the infiltration of CD8 T cells to exert antitumour effects. Combination treatment with PD-L1 inhibitors can significantly prolong the survival time of mice. CONCLUSION we found that nifuroxazide can inhibit the growth of glioblastoma and enhance antitumour immunity. Thus, nifuroxazide is an effective drug for the treatment of glioblastoma and has great potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhuang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Junyi Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Haiping Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Shiguang Zhao
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Xueyuan AVE 1098, Nanshan District, 11, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China; Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Xianzhi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Smith MD, Leemaqz SY, Jankovic-Karasoulos T, McCullough D, McAninch D, Arthurs AL, Breen J, Roberts CT, Pillman KA. DraculR: A Web-Based Application for In Silico Haemolysis Detection in High-Throughput microRNA Sequencing Data. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:448. [PMID: 36833375 PMCID: PMC9957079 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for novel microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers in plasma is hampered by haemolysis, the lysis and subsequent release of red blood cell contents, including miRNAs, into surrounding fluid. The biomarker potential of miRNAs comes in part from their multicompartment origin and the long-lived nature of miRNA transcripts in plasma, giving researchers a functional window for tissues that are otherwise difficult or disadvantageous to sample. The inclusion of red-blood-cell-derived miRNA transcripts in downstream analysis introduces a source of error that is difficult to identify posthoc and may lead to spurious results. Where access to a physical specimen is not possible, our tool will provide an in silico approach to haemolysis prediction. We present DraculR, an interactive Shiny/R application that enables a user to upload miRNA expression data from a short-read sequencing of human plasma as a raw read counts table and interactively calculate a metric that indicates the degree of haemolysis contamination. The code, DraculR web tool and its tutorial are freely available as detailed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D. Smith
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Shalem Y. Leemaqz
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Tanja Jankovic-Karasoulos
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Dylan McCullough
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Dale McAninch
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Anya L. Arthurs
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - James Breen
- Indigenous Genomics, Telethon Kids Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Claire T. Roberts
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Katherine A. Pillman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, an Alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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6
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Sriprapun M, Rattanamahaphoom J, Sriburin P, Chatchen S, Limkittikul K, Sirivichayakul C. The expression of circulating hsa-miR-126-3p in dengue-infected Thai pediatric patients. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:76-84. [PMID: 35708203 PMCID: PMC9848246 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2088465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating hsa-miRNA-126 (CmiR-126) has been reported to involve in the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases including dengue virus infection. However, no prior study has been conducted to describe more details in dengue-infected pediatric patients. This study aimed to describe CmiR-126-3p in dengue-infected pediatric patients during the febrile and convalescent phases. Additionally, the correlations between CmiR-126-3p and other relevant clinical laboratory factors were investigated. Sixty paired-serum specimens collected during febrile and convalescent phases were retrieved from patients with dengue fever (DF) (n = 30) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) (n = 30). Thirty paired-serum specimens collected from non-dengue acute febrile illness patients (AFI) were included as the control group. CmiR-126-3p was determined using reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase-chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Relative miRNA expression was calculated as 2-ΔCt using CmiR-16-5p for data normalization. CmiR-126-3p expression during febrile and convalescent phases in dengue-infected patients was significantly lower than AFI (p < 0.05). However, miRNA levels were not different (p > 0.05) compared between DF and DHF and between primary and secondary infection. CmiR-126-3p levels in DF in the convalescent were significantly higher than in the febrile phase (p = 0.025). No association between CmiR-126-3p and hematocrit, WBC level, platelet count, WBC differential count or dengue viral load was observed (p > 0.05). The data suggest that hsa-miR-126-3p involved in pathogenesis of dengue infection and may be a promising early and late biomarker for DENV infection. However, hsa-miR-126-3p alone cannot be used as a predictor for dengue severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Methee Sriprapun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jittraporn Rattanamahaphoom
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,TROPMED Dengue Diagnostic Center (TDC), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimolpachr Sriburin
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,TROPMED Dengue Diagnostic Center (TDC), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supawat Chatchen
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,TROPMED Dengue Diagnostic Center (TDC), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kriengsak Limkittikul
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,TROPMED Dengue Diagnostic Center (TDC), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chukiat Sirivichayakul
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,TROPMED Dengue Diagnostic Center (TDC), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,CONTACT Chukiat Sirivichayakul Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandThis article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article
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Venkatesan G, Wan Ab Rahman WS, Shahidan WNS, Iberahim S, Muhd Besari@Hashim AB. Plasma-derived exosomal miRNA as potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of vector-borne diseases: A review. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1097173. [PMID: 37125151 PMCID: PMC10133507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1097173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Early disease diagnosis is critical for better management and treatment outcome of patients. Therefore, diagnostic methods should ideally be accurate, consistent, easy to perform at low cost and preferably non-invasive. In recent years, various biomarkers have been studied for the detection of cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, infectious diseases, diabetes mellitus and malignancies. Exosomal microRNA (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA molecules that influence gene expression after transcription. Previous studies have shown that these types of miRNAs can potentially be used as biomarkers for cancers of the breast and colon, as well as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. It may also be used to indicate viral and bacterial infections, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis and hepatitis. However, its use in the diagnosis of vector-borne diseases is rather limited. Therefore, this review aims to introduce several miRNAs derived from exosomal plasma that may potentially serve as a disease biomarker due to the body's immune response, with special focus on the early detection of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wan Suriana Wan Ab Rahman
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Wan Suriana Wan Ab Rahman,
| | | | - Salfarina Iberahim
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Alwi bin Muhd Besari@Hashim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Limothai U, Jantarangsi N, Suphavejkornkij N, Tachaboon S, Dinhuzen J, Chaisuriyong W, Trongkamolchai S, Wanpaisitkul M, Chulapornsiri C, Tiawilai A, Tiawilai T, Tantawichien T, Thisyakorn U, Srisawat N. Discovery and validation of circulating miRNAs for the clinical prognosis of severe dengue. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010836. [PMID: 36251659 PMCID: PMC9576100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early prognostic markers of severe dengue may improve case management and reduce dengue-related mortalities. This study aimed to identify circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers for predicting severe dengue. Methodology Serum samples from dengue-infected patients were collected on the first day of admission. Patients were followed up for 14 days after admission to determine the final diagnosis. Participants were divided into non-severe and severe dengue, as defined by WHO 2009 criteria. Circulating microtranscriptome analysis was performed using NanoString miRNA Expression Assay. The expression level of candidate miRNAs were then validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR method. Principal findings The discovery cohort (N = 19) lead to the identification of 37 differentially expressed miRNAs between the two groups. Six up-regulated candidate miRNAs were selected and further validated in the larger cohort (N = 135). MiR574-5p and miR1246 displayed the highest diagnostic performance in discriminating between severe from non-severe dengue (ROC-AUC = 0.83). Additionally, miR574-5p and miR1246 had high sensitivity and high negative predictive value for detecting severe dengue. Multivariate analysis suggested that serum miR574-5p was an independent predictor of severe dengue (odds ratio 3.30, 95% CI 1.81–6.04; p<0.001). Conclusion Our study indicated that circulating miRNAs, especially miR-574-5p and miR-1246, might be a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for severe dengue upon hospital admission, especially when using these biomarkers on days 1 to 2 before the onset of severe dengue complications. Dengue infection, a mosquito-borne disease, is an expanding global problem. It has a broad clinical spectrum that includes severe and non-severe clinical manifestations with a high risk of death. Identifying early prognostic markers of severe complications may improve case management and reduce dengue-related mortalities. The circulating microRNA (miRNA) profile has been widely used to identify potential biomarkers against viral infections. Our data revealed that the circulating miRNA expression pattern of severe dengue patients was significantly different from the non-severe group. In addition, circulating miRNAs, especially miR-574-5p and miR-1246, could be promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for severe dengue. These data have implications for developing biomarkers for clinical use and could improve risk prediction in dengue patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaporn Limothai
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Sasipha Tachaboon
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Janejira Dinhuzen
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watchadaporn Chaisuriyong
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Terapong Tantawichien
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Usa Thisyakorn
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattachai Srisawat
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand,Center for Critical Care Nephrology, The CRISMA Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America,Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand,* E-mail:
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9
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Long M, Wang H, Ning X, Jia F, Zhang L, Pan Y, Chen J, Wang X, Feng K, Cao X, Liu Y, Sun Q. Functional analysis of differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs in DENV-3 infection and antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection. Virus Res 2022; 319:198883. [PMID: 35934257 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Dengue fever, as a mosquito-borne viral disease widely spread in tropical and subtropical regions, remarkably threatens public health, while the mechanism involved in host-DENV interaction has not been fully elucidated. Firstly, we analyzed the expression levels of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in THP-1 cells after DENV-3 infection and Antibody- Dependent Enhancement of viral infection (ADE-VI) by RNA-Seq. Secondly, through the RT-qPCR to confirm those differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs. Then, we also analyzed the competitive endogenous RNA (CeRNA) regulatory network of DE lncRNAs. Finally, we predicted the encode ability of DE lncRNAs. It was found that on the X and Y chromosomes, the expression levels of lncRNAs in THP-1 cells after ADE-VI were significantly different from those in the negative control and the DENV-3 infection groups. There were 71 DE lncRNAs after DENV-3 infection, including 42 up-regulated and 29 down-regulated lncRNAs. A total of 70 DE lncRNAs after ADE-VI were detected, including 38 up-regulated and 32 down- regulated lncRNAs. After ADE-VI and DENV-3 infection, there were 35 DE lncRNAs, including 11 up-regulated and 24 down-regulated lncRNAs. The analysis of the CeRNA regulatory network of DE lncRNAs revealed that, TRIM29, STC2, and IGFBP5 were correlated with the ADE-VI. Additionally, it was found that lncRNAs not only participated in the CeRNA regulatory network, but also maybe encoded small peptides. Our findings provided clues for further investigation into the lncRNAs associated antiviral mechanism of ADE-VI and DENV-3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwang Long
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Jiaolinglu no. 935, Kunming, YunNan Province, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Han Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Jiaolinglu no. 935, Kunming, YunNan Province, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Xuelei Ning
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Jiaolinglu no. 935, Kunming, YunNan Province, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China; Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Fan Jia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Jiaolinglu no. 935, Kunming, YunNan Province, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China; Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Jiaolinglu no. 935, Kunming, YunNan Province, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Jiaolinglu no. 935, Kunming, YunNan Province, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Junying Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Jiaolinglu no. 935, Kunming, YunNan Province, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Jiaolinglu no. 935, Kunming, YunNan Province, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Kai Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Jiaolinglu no. 935, Kunming, YunNan Province, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyue Cao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Jiaolinglu no. 935, Kunming, YunNan Province, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Infectious Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Jiaolinglu no. 935, Kunming, YunNan Province, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China; Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qiangming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Jiaolinglu no. 935, Kunming, YunNan Province, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Infectious Disease, Kunming, China.
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10
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Involvement of host microRNAs in flavivirus-induced neuropathology: An update. J Biosci 2022. [PMID: 36222134 PMCID: PMC9425815 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-022-00288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a spectrum of vector-borne RNA viruses that cause potentially severe diseases in humans including encephalitis, acute-flaccid paralysis, cognitive disorders and foetal abnormalities. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus (DENV) are globally emerging pathogens that lead to epidemics and outbreaks with continued transmission to newer geographical areas over time. In the past decade, studies have focussed on understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of these viruses in a bid to alleviate their disease burden. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short single-stranded RNAs that have emerged as master-regulators of cellular gene expression. The dynamics of miRNAs within a cell have the capacity to modulate hundreds of genes and, consequently, their physiological manifestation. Increasing evidence suggests their role in host response to disease and infection including cell survival, intracellular viral replication and immune activation. In this review, we aim to comprehensively update published evidence on the role of miRNAs in host cells infected with the common neurotropic flaviviruses, with an increased focus on neuropathogenic mechanisms. In addition, we briefly cover therapeutic advancements made in the context of miRNA-based antiviral strategies.
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11
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Qian K, Deng Y, Krimsky WS, Feng YG, Peng J, Tai YH, Peng H, Jiang LH. Airway Microbiota in Patients With Synchronous Multiple Primary Lung Cancer: The Bacterial Topography of the Respiratory Tract. Front Oncol 2022; 12:811279. [PMID: 35494066 PMCID: PMC9041701 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.811279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes and microbiota dysbiosis are correlated with the development of lung cancer; however, the airway taxa characteristics and bacterial topography in synchronous multiple primary lung cancer (sMPLC) are not fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the microbiota taxa distribution and characteristics in the airways of patients with sMPLC and clarify specimen acquisition modalities in these patients. Using the precise positioning of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB), we analyzed the characteristics of the respiratory microbiome, which were collected from different sites and using different sampling methods. Microbiome predictor variables were bacterial DNA burden and bacterial community composition based on 16sRNA. Eight non-smoking patients with sMPLC in the same pulmonary lobe were included in this study. Compared with other sampling methods, bacterial burden and diversity were higher in surface areas sampled by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Bacterial topography data revealed that the segment with sMPLC lesions provided evidence of specific colonizing bacteria in segments with lesions. After taxonomic annotation, we identified 4863 phylotypes belonging to 185 genera and 10 different phyla. The four most abundant specific bacterial community members detected in the airway containing sMPLC lesions were Clostridium, Actinobacteria, Fusobacterium, and Rothia, which all peaked at the segments with sMPLC lesions. This study begins to define the bacterial topography of the respiratory tract in patients with sMPLC and provides an approach to specimen acquisition for sMPLC, namely BAL fluid obtained from segments where lesions are located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Faculty of Life and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Deng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Faculty of Life and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - William S Krimsky
- Chief Medical Officer, Gala Therapeutics, San Carlos, CA, United States
| | - Yong-Geng Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Hang Tai
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Li-Hong Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Faculty of Life and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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12
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Fidler G, Szilágyi-Rácz AA, Dávid P, Tolnai E, Rejtő L, Szász R, Póliska S, Biró S, Paholcsek M. Circulating microRNA sequencing revealed miRNome patterns in hematology and oncology patients aiding the prognosis of invasive aspergillosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7144. [PMID: 35504997 PMCID: PMC9065123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) may occur as a serious complication of hematological malignancy. Delays in antifungal therapy can lead to an invasive disease resulting in high mortality. Currently, there are no well-established blood circulating microRNA biomarkers or laboratory tests which can be used to diagnose IA. Therefore, we aimed to define dysregulated miRNAs in hematology and oncology (HO) patients to identify biomarkers predisposing disease. We performed an in-depth analysis of high-throughput small transcriptome sequencing data obtained from the whole blood samples of our study cohort of 50 participants including 26 high-risk HO patients and 24 controls. By integrating in silico bioinformatic analyses of small noncoding RNA data, 57 miRNAs exhibiting significant expression differences (P < 0.05) were identified between IA-infected patients and non-IA HO patients. Among these, we found 36 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) irrespective of HO malignancy. Of the top ranked DEMs, we found 14 significantly deregulated miRNAs, whose expression levels were successfully quantified by qRT-PCR. MiRNA target prediction revealed the involvement of IA related miRNAs in the biological pathways of tumorigenesis, the cell cycle, the immune response, cell differentiation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Fidler
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anna Anita Szilágyi-Rácz
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Dávid
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Emese Tolnai
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Rejtő
- Department of Hematology, Jósa András Teaching Hospital, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - Róbert Szász
- Division of Hematology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Biró
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Melinda Paholcsek
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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13
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Su Y, Lin T, Liu C, Cheng C, Han X, Jiang X. microRNAs, the Link Between Dengue Virus and the Host Genome. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:714409. [PMID: 34456895 PMCID: PMC8385664 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.714409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a small envelope virus of Flaviviridae that is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It can cause dengue fever with mild clinical symptoms or even life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). At present, there are no specific drugs or mature vaccine products to treat DENV. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of important non-coding small molecular RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. It is involved in and regulates a series of important life processes, such as growth and development, cell differentiation, cell apoptosis, anti-virus, and anti-tumor. miRNAs also play important roles in interactions between host and viral genome transcriptomes. Host miRNAs can directly target the genome of the virus or regulate host factors to promote or inhibit virus replication. Understanding the expression and function of miRNAs during infection with DENV and the related signal molecules of the miRNA-mediated regulatory network will provide new insights for the development of miRNA-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Su
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Ting Lin
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Chun Liu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Cui Cheng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiwen Jiang
- DAAN Gene Co., Ltd. of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
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14
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Rajput R, Sharma J, Nair MT, Khanna M, Arora P, Sood V. Regulation of Host Innate Immunity by Non-Coding RNAs During Dengue Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:588168. [PMID: 33330133 PMCID: PMC7734804 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.588168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 3.9 billion individuals in 128 nations (about 40% of global population) are at risk of acquiring dengue virus infection. About 390 million cases of dengue are reported each year with higher prevalence in the developing world. A recent modeling-based report suggested that half of the population across the globe is at risk of dengue virus infection. In any given dengue outbreak, a percentage of infected population develops severe clinical manifestations, and this remains one of the “unsolved conundrums in dengue pathogenesis”. Although, host immunity and virus serotypes are known to modulate the infection, there are still certain underlying factors that play important roles in modulating dengue pathogenesis. Advanced genomics-based technologies have led to identification of regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that viruses and their hosts employ non-coding RNAs to modulate the outcome of infection in their own favor. The foremost ones seem to be the cellular microRNAs (miRNAs). Being the post-transcriptional regulators, miRNAs can be regarded as direct switches capable of turning “on” or “off” the viral replication process. Recently, role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in modulating viral infections via interferon dependent or independent signaling has been recognized. Hence, we attempt to identify the “under-dog”, the non-coding RNA regulators of dengue virus infection. Such essential knowledge will enhance the understanding of dengue virus infection in holistic manner, by exposing the specific molecular targets for development of novel prophylactic, therapeutic or diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopali Rajput
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitender Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
| | - Mahima T Nair
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Madhu Khanna
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Arora
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Sood
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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