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Wolf LJ, Costin V, Iosifyan M, Thorne SR, Nolan A, Foad C, Webb E, Karremans J, Haddock G, Maio GR. Attitudes toward children: Distinguishing affection and stress. J Pers 2024; 92:601-619. [PMID: 37269146 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults' views and behaviors toward children can vary from being supportive to shockingly abusive, and there are significant unanswered questions about the psychological factors underpinning this variability. OBJECTIVE The present research examined the content of adults' attitudes toward children to address these questions. METHOD Ten studies (N = 4702) identified the factor structure of adults' descriptions of babies, toddlers, and school-age children and examined how the resulting factors related to a range of external variables. RESULTS Two factors emerged-affection toward children and stress elicited by them-and this factor structure was invariant across the United Kingdom, the United States, and South Africa. Affection uniquely captures emotional approach tendencies, concern for others, and broad positivity in evaluations, experiences, motivations, and donation behavior. Stress relates to emotional instability, emotional avoidance, and concern about disruptions to a self-oriented, structured life. The factors also predict distinct experiences in a challenging situation-home-parenting during COVID-19 lockdown-with affection explaining greater enjoyment and stress explaining greater perceived difficulty. Affection further predicts mentally visualizing children as pleasant and confident, whereas stress predicts mentally visualizing children as less innocent. CONCLUSIONS These findings offer fundamental new insights about social cognitive processes in adults that impact adult-child relationships and children's well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J Wolf
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Vlad Costin
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Marina Iosifyan
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | | | - Colin Foad
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elspeth Webb
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Johan Karremans
- Department of Psychology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Wolf LJ, Thorne SR, Iosifyan M, Foad C, Taylor S, Costin V, Karremans JC, Haddock G, Maio GR. The Salience of Children Increases Adult Prosocial Values. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211007605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Organizations often put children front and center in campaigns to elicit interest and support for prosocial causes. Such initiatives raise a key theoretical and applied question that has yet to be addressed directly: Does the salience of children increase prosocial motivation and behavior in adults? We present findings aggregated across eight experiments involving 2,054 adult participants: Prosocial values became more important after completing tasks that made children salient compared to tasks that made adults (or a mundane event) salient or compared to a no-task baseline. An additional field study showed that adults were more likely to donate money to a child-unrelated cause when children were more salient on a shopping street. The findings suggest broad, reliable interconnections between human mental representations of children and prosocial motives, as the child salience effect was not moderated by participants’ gender, age, attitudes, or contact with children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J. Wolf
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marina Iosifyan
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Foad
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Taylor
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - Vlad Costin
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gregory R. Maio
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
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Smid MC, Metz TD, McMillin GA, Mele L, Casey BM, Reddy UM, Wapner RJ, Thorp JM, Saade GR, Tita ATN, Miller ES, Rouse DJ, Sibai B, Costantine MM, Mercer BM, Caritis SN. Prenatal Nicotine or Cannabis Exposure and Offspring Neurobehavioral Outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2022; 139:21-30. [PMID: 34856574 PMCID: PMC8715943 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000004632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between nicotine or cannabis metabolite presence in maternal urine and child neurodevelopmental outcomes. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of two parallel multicenter randomized controlled trials of treatment for hypothyroxinemia or subclinical hypothyroidism among pregnant individuals enrolled at 8-20 weeks of gestation. All maternal-child dyads with a maternal urine sample at enrollment and child neurodevelopmental testing were included (N=1,197). Exposure was urine samples positive for nicotine (cotinine) or cannabis 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC-COOH]) or both metabolites. Primary outcome was child IQ at 60 months. Secondary outcomes included cognitive, motor and language, attention, behavioral and social competency, and differential skills assessments at 12, 24, 36, and 48 months. Quantile regression analysis was performed with confounder adjustment. RESULTS Of 1,197 pregnant individuals, 99 (8.3%) had positive cotinine samples and 47 (3.9%) had positive THC-COOH samples; 33 (2.8%) were positive for both. Groups differed in self-reported race and ethnicity, education, marital status, insurance, and thyroid status. Median IQ was similar between cotinine-exposed and -unexposed children (90 vs 95, adjusted difference in medians -2.47, 95% CI -6.22 to 1.29) and THC-COOH-exposed and -unexposed children (89 vs 95, adjusted difference in medians -1.35, 95% CI -7.76 to 5.05). In secondary outcome analysis, children with THC-COOH exposure compared with those unexposed had higher attention scores at 48 months of age (57 vs 49, adjusted difference in medians 6.0, 95% CI 1.11-10.89). CONCLUSIONS Neither prenatal nicotine nor cannabis exposure was associated with a difference in IQ. Cannabis exposure was associated with worse attention scores in early childhood. Longitudinal studies assessing associations between child neurodevelopmental outcomes and prenatal nicotine and cannabis exposure with a focus on timing and quantity of exposure are needed. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00388297.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela C Smid
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, University of Texas-Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, Columbia University, New York, New York, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, Texas, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; the Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah; the George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Washington, DC; and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
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Goldhagen JL, Shenoda S, Oberg C, Mercer R, Kadir A, Raman S, Waterston T, Spencer NJ. Rights, justice, and equity: a global agenda for child health and wellbeing. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2019; 4:80-90. [PMID: 31757760 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide challenges to child health and wellbeing are rapidly becoming existential threats to children and childhood. Inequities, armed conflict and violence, nuclear proliferation, forced migration, globalisation, and climate change are among the global issues violating children's rights to optimal survival and development. Child rights-based approaches will be required to enhance the response to the civil-political, social, economic, and cultural determinants of these global child health issues. In this Viewpoint, we present a global agenda for child health and wellbeing as a blueprint for the practice of paediatrics and child health in the domains of clinical care, systems development, and policy formulation. This global agenda is grounded in the principles of rights, justice, and equity and can address the root-cause determinants of health. The 30th anniversary of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is a relevant moment to recommit to shared goals for children's health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles Oberg
- University of Minnesota, Divisions of Global Pediatrics and Epidemiology & Community Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Raúl Mercer
- Program of Social Sciences and Health, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLASCO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ayesha Kadir
- Department of Paediatrics, Nykøbing Falster Hospital, Nykøbing Falster, Denmark
| | - Shanti Raman
- Department of Community Paediatrics, Sydney and South Western Sydney Local Health Districts, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Tony Waterston
- Institute of Child Health and Society, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicholas J Spencer
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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SCHWEIGER GOTTFRIED, GRAF GUNTER. ETHICS AND THE DYNAMIC VULNERABILITY OF CHILDREN. LES ATELIERS DE L'ÉTHIQUE 2018. [DOI: 10.7202/1051284ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we want to examine the particular vulnerability of children from an ethical perspective. We want to defend three claims: Firstly, we will argue that children’s vulnerability is best understood as a dynamic quality, meaning that as children progress through childhood, their vulnerability also undergoes particular changes. To capture this, we want to discriminate among physical, mental, social, and symbolic vulnerability, which vary according to certain features, such as age, maturity, gender, and race. These different traits are furthermore important in order to understand what we owe children from an ethical perspective. In a nutshell, children have moral claims not to be harmed and to be protected against threats to their well-being and well-becoming, and these claims have to be explicated via the dynamic vulnerability of children. Finally, we will argue that one of the main issues is to balance the protection of children and their autonomy claims, which both enhance and diminish their vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- GOTTFRIED SCHWEIGER
- SENIOR SCIENTIST, CENTRE FOR ETHICS AND POVERTY RESEARCH, UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG
| | - GUNTER GRAF
- POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCHER, CENTRE FOR ETHICS AND POVERTY RESEARCH, UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG
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Rees P, Edwards A, Powell C, Evans HP, Carter B, Hibbert P, Makeham M, Sheikh A, Donaldson L, Carson-Stevens A. Pediatric immunization-related safety incidents in primary care: A mixed methods analysis of a national database. Vaccine 2015; 33:3873-80. [PMID: 26122580 PMCID: PMC4518472 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Children are scheduled to receive 18–20 immunizations before their 18th birthday in England and Wales; this approximates to 13 million vaccines administered per annum. Each immunization represents a potential opportunity for immunization-related error and effective immunization is imperative to maintain the public health benefit from immunization. Using data from a national reporting system, this study aimed to characterize pediatric immunization-related safety incident reports from primary care in England and Wales between 2002 and 2013. Methods A cross-sectional mixed methods study was undertaken. This comprised reading the free-text of incident reports and applying codes to describe incident type, potential contributory factors, harm severity, and incident outcomes. A subsequent thematic analysis was undertaken to interpret the most commonly occurring codes, such as those describing the incident, events leading up to it and reported contributory factors, within the contexts they were described. Results We identified 1745 reports and most (n = 1077, 61.7%) described harm outcomes including three deaths, 67 reports of moderate harm and 1007 reports of low harm. Failure of timely vaccination was the potential cause of three child deaths from meningitis and pneumonia, and described in a further 113 reports. Vaccine administration incidents included the wrong number of doses (n = 476, 27.3%), wrong timing (n = 294, 16.8%), and wrong vaccine (n = 249, 14.3%). Documentation failures were frequently implicated. Socially and medically vulnerable children were commonly described. Conclusion This is the largest examination of reported contributory factors for immunization-related patient safety incidents in children. Our findings suggest investments in IT infrastructure to support data linkage and identification of risk predictors, development of consultation models that promote the role of parents in mitigating safety incidents, and improvement efforts to adapt and adopt best practices from elsewhere, are needed to mitigate future immunization-related patient safety incidents. These priorities are particularly pressing for vulnerable patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Rees
- Primary Care Patient Safety (PISA) Research Group, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK.
| | - Adrian Edwards
- Primary Care Patient Safety (PISA) Research Group, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK.
| | - Colin Powell
- Primary Care Patient Safety (PISA) Research Group, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK.
| | - Huw Prosser Evans
- Primary Care Patient Safety (PISA) Research Group, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK.
| | - Ben Carter
- Primary Care Patient Safety (PISA) Research Group, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK.
| | - Peter Hibbert
- Australian Institute for Healthcare Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney 2109, NSW, Australia.
| | - Meredith Makeham
- Australian Institute for Healthcare Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney 2109, NSW, Australia.
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Centre for Medical Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Department of Medicine, 1620 Tremont St, Boston, MA 02120, USA.
| | - Liam Donaldson
- Imperial College London, 1090a, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Wing (QEQM), St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Andrew Carson-Stevens
- Primary Care Patient Safety (PISA) Research Group, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK; Australian Institute for Healthcare Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney 2109, NSW, Australia; Centre for Medical Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK; Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, 3rd Floor, 5950 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6 T 1Z3.
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Abstract
In the second of two articles exploring the value and application of concordance across nursing practice the discussion is aimed at clinical settings and patient groups where concordance may have been viewed as impractical. The author harnesses Cribb and Entwhistle's broader conception of shared decision making and the notion of decision-making capacity as a continuum to argue that concordance can be pursued effectively in challenging settings such as childcare practice, mental health and the care of older people. As in the first paper ( McKinnon, 2013 ) the discussion is not limited to medicines management but remains engaged with all aspects of nursing practice. Legal and ethical frameworks, social participation theory and research across healthcare practice are sourced to argue for concordant approaches in the care of patients who may at times have compromised decision-making capacity. Ideas of direct and indirect concordance are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- John McKinnon
- Senior Lecturer in Nursing at School of Health and Social Care University of Lincoln
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Abstract
Many children in the United States fail to reach their full health and developmental potential. Disparities in their health and well-being result from the complex interplay of multiple social and environmental determinants that are not adequately addressed by current standards of pediatric practice or public policy. Integrating the principles and practice of child health equity-children's rights, social justice, human capital investment, and health equity ethics-into pediatrics will address the root causes of child health disparities. Promoting the principles and practice of equity-based clinical care, child advocacy, and child- and family-centered public policy will help to ensure that social and environmental determinants contribute positively to the health and well-being of children. The American Academy of Pediatrics and pediatricians can move the national focus from documenting child health disparities to advancing the principles and practice of child health equity and, in so doing, influence the worldwide practice of pediatrics and child health. All pediatricians, including primary care practitioners and medical and surgical subspecialists, can incorporate these principles into their practice of pediatrics and child health. Integration of these principles into competency-based training and board certification will secure their assimilation into all levels of pediatric practice.
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Laird LD, Amer MM, Barnett ED, Barnes LL. Muslim patients and health disparities in the UK and the US. Arch Dis Child 2007; 92:922-6. [PMID: 17895342 PMCID: PMC2083249 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2006.104364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a framework for understanding how Muslim identity, and the current social and political contexts in which it is shaped, affects the health of Muslims in the UK and the US, and the quality of health care they receive. Key medical and public health literature that addresses health concerns related to Muslim communities in the UK and the US is reviewed. Few data exist specific to health disparities for Muslim minorities. However, the article focuses on emerging studies concerning the consequences of "Islamophobia" for the physical and mental health and health care of Muslim families and children. We argue that, despite substantive structural differences in the health care systems of the UK and the US, social structural and political forces play similar roles in the health of Muslim children in both countries. Finally, we call for significant cultural and institutional adjustments in health care settings and further research studies to provide specific data to address health disparities for these growing and diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance D Laird
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Abstract
Although children in Australia generally have good health, some alarming indicators of poor health and wellbeing exist, which are related to major socioeconomic discrepancies. The pathways connecting socioeconomic disadvantage to child health outcomes are complex and poorly understood. Reducing social disadvantage requires strategies beyond the health arena, involving political, moral, cultural and economic initiatives. Developing "social capital"--cohesion in communities, a sense of belonging and involvement in community affairs--may be a key strategy in improving health indicators. Overseas studies of early intervention and home visiting programs in early childhood have shown improvements in child health and development outcomes. Similar programs have been introduced in Australia and face considerable challenges in their widespread roll-out and evaluation. Health professionals need to develop practical ways to interact with community programs and thus improve social capital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Zwi
- Sydney Children's Hospital, High Street, Randwick, NSW 2031.
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