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Whittingham K, Sheffield J, Mak C, Wright A, Boyd RN. Parenting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An RCT of an online course with families of children with CP. Behav Res Ther 2022; 155:104129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Bjorgaas HM, Elgen IB, Hysing M. Trajectories of psychiatric disorders in a cohort of children with cerebral palsy across four years. Disabil Health J 2020; 14:100992. [PMID: 32943379 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk of psychiatric disorders has been reported for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) at different ages, however little is known regarding the long-term trajectories of these disorders. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the trajectories of psychiatric disorders in children with CP, and to explore their association to risk factors. METHODS We assessed a cohort of children with CP at age seven and again at age eleven with a child psychiatric diagnostic instrument, and parents were informants. We assessed type of CP, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels, and co-occurring medical conditions in a medical examination, through the medical records, and in an interview with the parents at the onset of the study. RESULTS We found a significant increase in the prevalence of emotional disorders from seven to eleven years of age (p 0.01), whereas the prevalence of behavioral disorders was stable. Half of the cohort met criteria for a psychiatric disorder at both assessment points. Type of CP, spastic bilateral or unilateral, dyskinetic or ataxic, and co-occurring medical conditions were non-significant predictors of psychiatric disorders. Subthreshold psychiatric disorders at age seven were predictive of psychiatric disorders at age eleven. CONCLUSIONS We found a persistently elevated prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children with CP. Prevalence of behavioral disorders was stable, whereas we found a significant four-fold increase in emotional disorders. Sub-threshold psychiatric disorders predicted later psychiatric disorders. Increased focus on early mental health symptoms as well as more knowledge regarding emotional disorders in children with CP seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Marit Bjorgaas
- Dep. of Pediatric Neurology, Habu Stavanger, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger HF, Pb 8100, 4068, Stavanger, Norway.
| | | | - Mari Hysing
- Dept. of Psychosocial Science, Pb 7807, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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Alteration of Emotion Knowledge and Its Relationship with Emotion Regulation and Psychopathological Behavior in Children with Cerebral Palsy. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:1238-1248. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04605-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Maioli C, Falciati L, Galli J, Micheletti S, Turetti L, Balconi M, Fazzi EM. Visuospatial Attention and Saccadic Inhibitory Control in Children With Cerebral Palsy. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:392. [PMID: 31780913 PMCID: PMC6856641 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive syndrome due to a pre-, peri- or post-natal brain injury, which frequently involves an impairment of non-motor abilities. The aim of this article was to examine visuospatial attention and inhibitory control of prepotent motor responses in children with CP showing a normal IQ or mild cognitive impairment, measuring their performance in oculomotor tasks. Ten children (9–16-year-old) with spastic CP and 13 age-matched, typically developing children (TDC) participated in the study. Subjects performed a simple visually-guided saccade task and a cue-target task, in which they performed a saccade towards a peripheral target, after a non-informative visual cue was flashed 150 ms before the imperative target, either at the same (valid) or at a different (invalid) spatial position. Children with CP showed severe executive deficits in maintaining sustained attention and complying with task instructions. Furthermore, saccadic inhibitory control appeared to be significantly impaired in the presence of both stimulus-driven and goal-directed captures of attention. In fact, patients showed great difficulties in suppressing saccades not only to the cue stimuli but also to the always-present target placeholders, which represented powerful attentional attractors that had to be covertly attended throughout the task execution. Moreover, impairment did not affect in equal manner the whole visual field but showed a marked spatial selectivity in each individual subject. Saccade latencies in the cue-target task were faster in the valid than in the invalid condition in both child groups, indicating the preservation of low-level visuospatial attentive capabilities. Finally, this study provides evidence that these impairments of executive skills and in inhibitory control, following early brain injuries, manifest in childhood but recover to virtually normal level during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Maioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Falciati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jessica Galli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Serena Micheletti
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Turetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa M Fazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Abstract
Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke is a relatively common and serious neurologic disorder that can affect the fetus, the preterm, and the term-born infant. It carries significant long-term disabilities. Herein we describe the current understanding of its etiology, pathophysiology and classification, different presentations, and optimal early management. We discuss the role of different brain imaging modalities in defining the extent of lesions and the impact this has on the prediction of outcomes. In recent years there has been progress in treatments, making early diagnosis and the understanding of likely morbidities imperative. An overview is given of the range of possible outcomes and optimal approaches to follow-up and support for the child and their family in the light of present knowledge.
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Pereira A, Lopes S, Magalhães P, Sampaio A, Chaleta E, Rosário P. How Executive Functions Are Evaluated in Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy? A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2018; 9:21. [PMID: 29467685 PMCID: PMC5808176 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The aim of the present study was to examine how executive functions are assessed in children and adolescents with Cerebral Palsy. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted using four bibliographic databases (WebScience, Scopus, PubMed, and Psycinfo), and only studies that evaluated at least one executive function were selected. Both the research and reporting of results were based on Cochrane's recommendations and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. Results: The instrument most frequently used was the D-KEFS. All studies point to the existence of impairments in the executive functions among children and adolescents with Cerebral Palsy with an impact on several cognitive and life domains. Interpretation: There is a need to further systematize the research protocols to study the executive functions and their assessment in the intervention context. Findings of this review presented a diversity of tests (e.g., D-KEFS) or tasks (e.g., The inhibitory ability task) used with children with Cerebral Palsy. However, no information was given about adaptations performed to the test/task to meet Cerebral Palsy's specificities. Future research could consider including this information, which is key both to researchers and practitioners. The results of this study have important implications and suggestions for future avenues and guidelines for research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armanda Pereira
- Department of Applied Psychology, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Lopes
- Department of Applied Psychology, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Magalhães
- Department of Applied Psychology, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Elisa Chaleta
- Department of Psychology, CIEP, School of Social Science, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rosário
- Department of Applied Psychology, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Mental health assessed by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for children born extremely preterm without severe disabilities at 11 years of age: a Norwegian, national population-based study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:1523-1531. [PMID: 28585081 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims were to investigate mental health problems with the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in children born extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight (EP/ELBW) without severe disabilities compared to controls, and to identify peri-, or neonatal factors possibly predicting later mental health problems. A national Norwegian cohort of 11-year-old EP/ELBW children, excluding those with intellectual disabilities, non-ambulatory cerebral palsy, blindness and/or deafness, was assessed. Parents and teachers completed the SDQ. Mean scores and scores ≥90th percentile for the control group, combined (parent and/or teacher reporting the child ≥90th percentile), and pervasive ratings (both parent and teacher reporting the child ≥90th percentile) were presented. The controls consisted of an unselected population of all 11-year-old children born in 1995 who attended public or private schools in Bergen. Of the eligible children, 216 (64%) EP/ELBW and 1882 (61%) control children participated. The EP/ELBW children had significantly higher scores and/or increased risk of parent, teacher, combined, and pervasive rated hyperactivity/inattention, emotional-, and peer problems (OR 2.1-6.3). Only parents reported the EP/ELBW children to be at an increased risk of conduct problems (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.6). Only low maternal education at birth was significantly associated with mental health problems at 11 years of age (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2-5.4). EP/ELBW children without severe disabilities had increased risk of symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention, emotional-, and peer problems. None of the peri- or neonatal factors were significantly associated with later mental health problems, except for low maternal education.
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Forsman L, Eliasson AC. Strengths and challenges faced by school-aged children with unilateral CP described by the Five To Fifteen parental questionnaire. Dev Neurorehabil 2016; 19:380-388. [PMID: 25837595 DOI: 10.3109/17518423.2015.1017662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe motor and non-motor (e.g. cognitive, social, and behavioral) challenges faced in daily life by children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, parents completed the Five to Fifteen questionnaire and provided demographic information for 46 children aged 6-15 years (mean 11.01 ± 2.89 SD). RESULTS Most children were reported to have problems in both motor and non-motor domains, ranging from 20 to 92% depending on the domain. Perception and learning were the non-motor functions most commonly reported as challenging (63 and 65%, respectively). The total number of problems was significantly higher in age groups above 9 years. The correlation between all domains was high, but was consistently higher with the fine motor sub-domain, which could be used to predict executive function, perception, memory, and learning outcomes (R2=0.502, 0.642, 0.192, 0.192). CONCLUSION Most children with CP have everyday challenges beyond their primary motor deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Forsman
- a Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden and.,b Oregon Health Authority , Salem , OR , USA
| | - Ann-Christin Eliasson
- a Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden and
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Pereira A, Moreira T, Lopes S, Nunes AR, Magalhães P, Fuentes S, Reoyo N, Núñez JC, Rosário P. "My Child has Cerebral Palsy": Parental Involvement and Children's School Engagement. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1765. [PMID: 27891110 PMCID: PMC5104752 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Engaged students tend to show school-committed behaviors (e.g., attend classes, get involved with the learning process), high achievement, and sense of belonging. However, students with disabilities are prone to show a lack of engagement with school due to the specific difficulties they have to handle. In fact, children with disabilities are likely to show poor participation in school when compared with children without disabilities. This poor involvement is related to their low autonomy to participate in the school activities, which, in turn, results in low school engagement. Parents play a crucial role in their children's education. Parental involvement in school activities promotes autonomous behaviors and, consequently, school engagement. In fact, extant literature has shown close relationships between parental involvement, school engagement, and academic performance. Yet, parental involvement in school activities of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) has received little direct attention from researchers. These children tend to display lower participation due to the motor, or cognitive, impairments that compromise their autonomy, and have a high likelihood to develop learning disabilities, with special incidences in reading and arithmetic. Therefore, our aim is twofold, to understand the parental styles; and how the perceived parental involvement in school activities is related to their children school engagement. Hence, 19 interviews were conducted with one of the parents of 19 children with CP. These interviews explored the school routines of children and the perceived involvement of parents in those routines. Additionally, children filled out a questionnaire on school engagement. Results show that the majority of the parents were clustered in the Autonomy Allowance and Acceptance and Support parental style, and the majority of their children were perceived as autonomous. Moreover, about a half of the children reported a high level of school engagement. Finally, neither children's autonomous behaviors reported by parents, nor parental style, seem to be related with the children's level of school engagement. Rehabilitation centers and schools could consider training parents/caregivers focusing on their educational needs, promotion of reflections on the usefulness of applying autonomy promotion strategies with their child, and foster their involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armanda Pereira
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Tânia Moreira
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Lopes
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana R Nunes
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Magalhães
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
| | - Sonia Fuentes
- Facultad de Educación, Universidad Central de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Reoyo
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Valladolid Valladolid, Spain
| | - José C Núñez
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pedro Rosário
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho Braga, Portugal
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Whittingham K, Sheffield J, Boyd RN. Parenting acceptance and commitment therapy: a randomised controlled trial of an innovative online course for families of children with cerebral palsy. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e012807. [PMID: 27798022 PMCID: PMC5073654 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral palsy (CP) impacts on the entire family in a manner that is long-term, complex and multifactorial. In addition, the quality of the parent-child relationship impacts on many and varied child outcomes, making the provision of easily accessible and evidence-based support to parents of children with CP a priority. This paper reports the protocol of a randomised controlled trial of an innovative and translatable online intervention, parenting acceptance and commitment therapy (PACT), for families of children with CP. We predict that participating in the PACT programme will be associated with improvements in the parent-child relationship, in child functioning and in adjustment and quality of life for both parent and child. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We aim to recruit 66 parents of children (2-10 years old) diagnosed with CP to this study. Families will be randomly assigned to two groups: wait-list control and PACT. PACT is a parenting intervention grounded in acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and developed into an online course 'PARENT101 Parenting with Purpose' using the edX platform. All participants will be offered PACT before completion of the study. Assessments will take place at baseline, following completion of PACT and at 6-month follow-up (retention) and will focus on the parent-child relationship, parent and child adjustment and parent and child quality of life. Analysis will follow standard methods for randomised controlled trials using general linear models, specifically analysis of variance or analysis of covariance. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approvals have been obtained through the Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/15/QRCH/115) and The University of Queensland (2015001743). If efficacy is demonstrated, then the PARENT101 course has the potential to be disseminated widely in an accessible manner and at minimal cost. Further, the PACT framework may provide a blueprint for similar online courses with parents in a full range of contexts. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12616000351415; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koa Whittingham
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeanie Sheffield
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roslyn N Boyd
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Badia M, Riquelme I, Orgaz B, Acevedo R, Longo E, Montoya P. Pain, motor function and health-related quality of life in children with cerebral palsy as reported by their physiotherapists. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:192. [PMID: 25066900 PMCID: PMC4118265 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children and adolescents with cerebral palsy suffer from higher levels of pain than their peers without disability. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of pain on health-related quality of life and motor function in individuals with cerebral palsy as reported by health professionals. Methods Cross-sectional study carried out in Associations for Care of Individuals with Cerebral Palsy and Related Disabilities (ASPACE) in Balearic Islands and Castile Leon (Spain). Thirty-five physiotherapists rated pain, health-related quality of life and motor function in 91 children and adolescents with cerebral palsy [8-19y]. A semi-structured interview was used to collect demographic and clinical data according with the Study of Participation of Children with Cerebral Palsy Living in Europe (SPARCLE). Results Physiotherapists reported that 51% of individuals with cerebral palsy suffered from pain. Physiotherapists also perceived that pain in individuals with cerebral palsy was responsible for reductions of psychological but not physical domains of health-related quality of life. According with physiotherapists’ estimations, motor impairment scores were not correlated with pain scores in individuals with cerebral palsy, but they were significantly associated with physical and autonomy domains of health-related quality of life. Conclusions These findings highlighted the importance of assessing and providing interventions for pain relief in persons with cerebral palsy even at an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro Montoya
- Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7,5, 07122 Palma, Spain.
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Whittingham K, Bodimeade HL, Lloyd O, Boyd RN. Everyday psychological functioning in children with unilateral cerebral palsy: does executive functioning play a role? Dev Med Child Neurol 2014; 56:572-9. [PMID: 24392947 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify whether executive functioning mediates the effect of having unilateral cerebral palsy (CP) on executive functioning in everyday life, psychological functioning, and social functioning. METHOD A cross-sectional cohort of 46 children with unilateral CP (25 males, 21 females; mean age 11y 1mo, SD 2y 5mo; 24 right-sided, 22 left-sided) and 20 children with typical development (nine males, 11 females; mean age 10y 10mo, SD 2y 4mo). Cognitive executive functioning was tested using a neuropsychological battery. Executive functioning in everyday life was measured with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF; teacher and parent reports) and psychological and social functioning by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Analysis included analysis of covariance and bootstrapping. RESULTS Children with unilateral CP were found to have significantly decreased functioning, compared with children with typical development, on the BRIEF Behavioral Regulation Index, the BRIEF Metacognition Index, and on the SDQ emotion, conduct, hyperactivity, and peer problems subscales. Group differences were mediated by cognitive executive functioning for the BRIEF Metacognition Index (teacher and parent report), the BRIEF Behavioral Regulation Index (parent report only), the SDQ conduct subscale, and the SDQ hyperactivity subscale. INTERPRETATION This study suggests that the increased risk of children with unilateral CP experiencing executive functioning difficulties in everyday life, conduct problems, and hyperactivity can be partly explained by decreased cognitive executive functioning abilities relative to children with typical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koa Whittingham
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Whittingham K, Sanders M, McKinlay L, Boyd RN. Interventions to reduce behavioral problems in children with cerebral palsy: an RCT. Pediatrics 2014; 133:e1249-57. [PMID: 24709926 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test Stepping Stones Triple P (SSTP) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in a trial targeting behavioral problems in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS Sixty-seven parents (97.0% mothers; mean age 38.7 ± 7.1 years) of children (64.2% boys; mean age 5.3 ± 3.0 years) with CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System = 15, 22%; II = 18, 27%; III =12, 18%; IV = 18, 27%; V = 4, 6%) participated and were randomly assigned to SSTP, SSTP + ACT, or waitlist. Primary outcomes were behavioral and emotional problems (Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory [ECBI], Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ]) and parenting style (Parenting Scale [PS]) at postintervention and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS SSTP with ACT was associated with decreased behavioral problems (ECBI Intensity mean difference [MD] = 24.12, confidence interval [CI] 10.22 to 38.03, P = .003; ECBI problem MD = 8.30, CI 4.63 to 11.97, P < .0001) including hyperactivity (SDQ MD = 1.66, CI 0.55 to 2.77, P = .004), as well as decreased parental overreactivity (PS MD = 0.60, CI 0.16 to 1.04, P = .008) and verbosity (PS MD = 0.68, CI 0.17 to 1.20, P = .01). SSTP alone was associated with decreased behavioral problems (ECBI problems MD = 6.04, CI 2.20 to 9.89, P = .003) and emotional symptoms (SDQ MD = 1.33, CI 0.45 to 2.21, P = .004). Decreases in behavioral and emotional problems were maintained at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS SSTP is an effective intervention for behavioral problems in children with CP. ACT delivers additive benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koa Whittingham
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre School of Medicine, and Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Matthew Sanders
- Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Lynne McKinlay
- Queensland Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Roslyn N Boyd
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre School of Medicine, and
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Bodimeade HL, Whittingham K, Lloyd O, Boyd RN. Executive function in children and adolescents with unilateral cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013; 55:926-33. [PMID: 23809003 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to compare executive function in children with left- and right-sided unilateral cerebral palsy (CP) and typically developing children. METHOD There was a cross-sectional cohort of 46 children with unilateral CP (24 right-side, 22 left-side; 25 males, 21 females; mean age 11y 1mo, SD 2y 5mo) and 20 typically developing children (nine males, 11 females; mean age 10y 10mo, SD 2y 4mo). Four cognitive domains of executive function were assessed: attentional control, cognitive flexibility, goal setting, and information processing. Subtests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System, the Test of Everyday Attention for Children, the Rey-Osterrieth Complex figure, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition were utilized. Between-group differences (right unilateral CP, left unilateral CP, and typically developing children) were examined using analyses of covariance. RESULTS Children with CP performed significantly more poorly than typically developing children on all executive function measures (aggregate executive function: F(1,63)=31.16; p<0.001; η(2) =0.33). There were no significant differences between children with left and right unilateral CP, except in the case of inhibition/switching total errors, with children with left unilateral CP making fewer errors than children with right unilateral CP (F(1,39)=4.14; p=0.049; η(2) =0.1). INTERPRETATION Children and adolescents with unilateral CP experience difficulties across multiple executive function domains compared with typically developing children, irrespective of the side of hemiplegia. This finding supports an early vulnerability model of early brain injury and has implications for intervention for children with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet L Bodimeade
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Stepping Stones Triple P and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Parents of Children with Cerebral Palsy: Trial Protocol. BRAIN IMPAIR 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/brimp.2013.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This project aims to optimise outcomes for children with cerebral palsy (CP) and their families by testing the efficacy of two complementary interventions novel to the CP population: (1) parenting intervention (Stepping Stones Triple P, SSTP); and (2) parental stress management (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, ACT) tailored for parents of children with CP. The efficacy of SSTP and the additional effects of ACT will be tested in a wait-list randomised controlled trial, with parents of children with CP (N= 110) randomised into three groups; SSTP, SSTP + ACT and wait-list control. Intervention delivery will combine group sessions with phone consultations. Outcomes will be assessed post-intervention with retention of effect examined at 6-month follow-up. Child outcomes will include: externalising behaviour (primary child outcome), functional performance, parent-reported child quality of life; and parent outcomes will include: dysfunctional parenting (primary parent outcome), parental confidence in performing disability-related parenting practices, degree of problems in performing disability-related parenting practices, parental adjustment, psychological flexibility and parental attitude to child emotions. The theoretical background, study design and study procedures are discussed. The validation of a parenting intervention and a parenting stress intervention for parents of children with CP is crucial to better support parents of children with CP in their parenting role and in providing evidence-based intervention for behavioural and emotional problems in children with CP.
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Carona C, Moreira H, Silva N, Crespo C, Canavarro MC. Social support and adaptation outcomes in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil 2013; 36:584-92. [PMID: 23786344 DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2013.804596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study had two main objectives: first, to describe the social support and psychological maladjustment of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP); and second, to test a mediation model where psychological maladjustment was hypothesized to mediate the link between social support and health-related quality of life (HRQL). In addition, the moderating role of gender and age was examined for this mediation model. METHODS Self- and proxy-report questionnaires on the aforementioned variables were administered to a sample of 96 children/adolescents with CP and 118 healthy controls, as well as one of their parents. Univariate and multivariate analyses of covariance were conducted to examine differences in social support and psychological maladjustment, respectively. PROCESS computational tool was used for path analysis-based mediation, moderation and moderated mediation analyses. RESULTS Children/adolescents with CP reported lower levels of social support than their healthy peers, but no significant differences emerged in terms of their psychological maladjustment. For children/adolescents with CP, internalizing and externalizing problems were found to mediate the link between social support and HRQL, and these indirect effects were not conditional upon age or gender. DISCUSSION Children and adolescents with CP are likely have more negative perceptions of social support, but not necessarily more psychological adjustment problems than their healthy, able-bodied peers. Results further suggest that interventions targeting social support perceptions may positively affect HRQL outcomes in children/adolescents with CP, through the improvement of internalizing and externalizing dimensions of their psychological adjustment. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Social support perceptions are important intervention targets in psychosocial rehabilitation with children and adolescents with CP. Children and adolescents with CP do not necessarily present increased psychological maladjustment. Interventions targeting these children and adolescents' social support may promote their psychological adjustment and health-related quality of life. Developmental specificities, such as age and gender differences, should be considered when planning and implementing psychosocial interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carona
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, The University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
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Whittingham K, Wee D, Sanders MR, Boyd R. Predictors of psychological adjustment, experienced parenting burden and chronic sorrow symptoms in parents of children with cerebral palsy. Child Care Health Dev 2013; 39:366-73. [PMID: 22676468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of child behaviour, parental coping and experiential avoidance in predicting the psychological outcomes of: (i) psychological symptoms; (ii) chronic sorrow symptoms; and (iii) experienced parenting burden in parents of children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD This study is a cross-sectional, correlational study. Ninety-four parents of children (aged 2-12 years) with CP (various levels of motor functioning GMFCS I-V) participated. RESULTS Together, the three predictors of child behaviour, parental coping and experiential avoidance explained 36.8% of the variance in psychological symptoms with child behavioural problems and experiential avoidance as significant unique predictors. In addition, 15.8% of the variance in chronic sorrow symptoms was explained by the three predictors with experiential avoidance alone as a significant unique predictor. Lastly, the predictors together explained 24.3% of the variance in experienced parenting burden with child behavioural problems and experiential avoidance as significant unique predictors. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a relationship between child behavioural problems and parental psychological symptoms and experienced parenting burden as well as a relationship between experiential avoidance and parental psychological symptoms, experienced parenting burden and chronic sorrow symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Whittingham
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, the School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
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Mental health in children with cerebral palsy: does screening capture the complexity? ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:468402. [PMID: 23690745 PMCID: PMC3654290 DOI: 10.1155/2013/468402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Children with cerebral palsy (CP), one of the most common childhood neurological disorders, often have associated medical and psychological symptoms. This study assesses mental health problems compared to population controls and the ability of a mental health screening tool to predict psychiatric disorders and to capture the complexity of coexisting symptoms. Methods. Children with CP (N = 47) were assessed according to DSM-IV criteria using a psychiatric diagnostic instrument (Kiddie-SADS) and a mental health screening questionnaire (SDQ). Participants from the Bergen Child Study, a large epidemiological study, served as controls. Results. Children with CP had significantly higher means on all problem scores including impact scores. Two in three children scored above 90th percentile cutoff on Total Difficulties Score (TDS), and 57% met criteria for a psychiatric disorder, yielding a sensitivity of 0.85 and a specificity of 0.55. Mental health problems coexisted across symptom scales, and peer problems were highly prevalent in all groups of psychiatric disorders. Conclusion. A high prevalence of mental health problems and cooccurrence of symptoms were found in children with CP compared to controls. Screening with SDQ detects mental health problems, but does not predict specific disorders in children with CP. ADHD is common, but difficult to diagnose due to complexity of symptoms. Mental health services integrated in regular followup of children with CP are recommended due to high prevalence and considerable overlap of mental health symptoms.
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Alyanak B, Kılınçaslan A, Kutlu L, Bozkurt H, Aydın A. Psychological adjustment, maternal distress, and family functioning in children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. J Hand Surg Am 2013; 38:137-42. [PMID: 23218557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine emotional and behavioral characteristics of children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy (OBPP), psychological distress of their mothers and their family functioning, and compare them with healthy peers. METHODS Participants included 42 children with OBPP (22 boys, 20 girls; age range, 4-16 y; mean, 7 y 0 mo; SD, 3 y 3 mo) and 43 healthy controls (24 boys, 19 girls; age range, 4-15 y; mean, 8 y 0 m; SD, 3 y 0 mo). Childhood Behavior Checklist, Symptom Checklist 90, and Family Assessment Device were filled in by the mothers. RESULTS Participants with OBPP displayed higher problem scores than the comparison children in most of the domains, including internalizing and externalizing problems. Maternal distress was higher in the OBPP group, and few differences in family functioning were noted. Maternal distress and having the diagnosis of OBPP were the strongest predictors of children's total problem scores and explained 26% of the variance when the effect of age, sex, and family functioning were controlled. CONCLUSIONS Children with OBPP and their mothers are at increased risk for a variety of psychological problems. Professionals should be aware of these children's and their caregivers' psychological adjustment and refer them for further psychological support when needed. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behiye Alyanak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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McCullough N, Parkes J, Kerr C, McDowell BC. The health of children and young people with cerebral palsy: a longitudinal, population-based study. Int J Nurs Stud 2011; 50:747-56. [PMID: 21329925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) is a chronic condition about which little is known in relation to the long term stability of and factors influencing health. OBJECTIVES To describe the health status of 4-17 year olds with ambulant CP, compare with the general population and identify factors predicting change in health over time. DESIGN A longitudinal, clinical survey. SETTING A regional hospital-based Gait Analysis Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Those aged 4-17 years and able to walk at least 10m independently were identified from a case register of people with CP. A total of 184 subjects took part (38% of all eligibles in the region); 154 (84%) returned for a second assessment on average 2.5 years later. METHODS The Child Health Questionnaire (Parent-form-50) was completed by 184 parents at time 1, and 156 at time 2. RESULTS Children and young people with CP have significantly poorer health across a number of domains when compared to children in the general child population. Over time improvements occurred in behaviour (p=0.01), family activities (p<0.001) and physical functioning (p=0.05). Linear regression showed that gross motor function (p<0.001) and cerebral palsy subtype (p<0.05) were associated with changes in physical functioning; age was associated with changes in behaviour (p=0.007) and family activities (p=0.01); and communication ability was significantly associated with changes in family activities (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS Children and young people with CP have poorer health than their able bodied peers but relatively stable health over 2.5 years. Where change occurred, it was for the better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola McCullough
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, 10 Malone Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Parkes J, Hill N, Platt MJ, Donnelly C. Oromotor dysfunction and communication impairments in children with cerebral palsy: a register study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010; 52:1113-9. [PMID: 20813020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM to report the prevalence, clinical associations, and trends over time of oromotor dysfunction and communication impairments in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD multiple sources of ascertainment were used and children followed up with a standardized assessment including motor speech problems, swallowing/chewing difficulties, excessive drooling, and communication impairments at age 5 years. RESULTS a total of 1357 children born between 1980 and 2001 were studied (781 males, 576 females; median age 5y 11mo, interquartile range 3-9y; unilateral spastic CP, n=447; bilateral spastic CP, n=496; other, n=112; Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] level: I, 181; II, 563; III, 123; IV, 82; IV, 276). Of those with 'early-onset' CP (n=1268), 36% had motor speech problems, 21% had swallowing/chewing difficulties, 22% had excessive drooling, and 42% had communication impairments (excluding articulation defects). All impairments were significantly related to poorer gross motor function and intellectual impairment. In addition, motor speech problems were related to clinical subtype; swallowing/chewing problems and communication impairments to early mortality; and communication impairments to the presence of seizures. Of those with CP in GMFCS levels IV to V, a significant proportion showed a decline in the rate of motor speech impairment (p=0.008) and excessive drooling (p=0.009) over time. INTERPRETATION these impairments are common in children with CP and are associated with poorer gross motor function and intellectual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Parkes
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University of Belfast, UK.
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