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Henkel C, Styrkársdóttir U, Thorleifsson G, Stefánsdóttir L, Björnsdóttir G, Banasik K, Brunak S, Erikstrup C, Dinh KM, Hansen TF, Nielsen KR, Bruun MT, Dowsett J, Brodersen T, Thorgeirsson TE, Gromov K, Boesen MP, Ullum H, Ostrowski SR, Pedersen OB, Stefánsson K, Troelsen A. Genome-wide association meta-analysis of knee and hip osteoarthritis uncovers genetic differences between patients treated with joint replacement and patients without joint replacement. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:384-392. [PMID: 36376028 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2022-223199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteoarthritis is a common and severe, multifactorial disease with a well-established genetic component. However, little is known about how genetics affect disease progression, and thereby the need for joint placement. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether the genetic associations of knee and hip osteoarthritis differ between patients treated with joint replacement and patients without joint replacement. METHODS We included knee and hip osteoarthritis cases along with healthy controls, altogether counting >700 000 individuals. The cases were divided into two groups based on joint replacement status (surgical vs non-surgical) and included in four genome-wide association meta-analyses: surgical knee osteoarthritis (N = 22 525), non-surgical knee osteoarthritis (N = 38 626), surgical hip osteoarthritis (N = 20 221) and non-surgical hip osteoarthritis (N = 17 847). In addition, we tested for genetic correlation between the osteoarthritis groups and the pain phenotypes intervertebral disc disorder, dorsalgia, fibromyalgia, migraine and joint pain. RESULTS We identified 52 sequence variants associated with knee osteoarthritis (surgical: 17, non-surgical: 3) or hip osteoarthritis (surgical: 34, non-surgical: 1). For the surgical phenotypes, we identified 10 novel variants, including genes involved in autophagy (rs2447606 in ATG7) and mechanotransduction (rs202127176 in PIEZO1). One variant, rs13107325 in SLC39A8, associated more strongly with non-surgical knee osteoarthritis than surgical knee osteoarthritis. For all other variants, significance and effect sizes were higher for the surgical phenotypes. In contrast, genetic correlations with pain phenotypes tended to be stronger in the non-surgical groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate differences in genetic associations between knee and hip osteoarthritis depending on joint replacement status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Henkel
- Clinical Orthopaedic Research Hvidovre (CORH), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Khoa Manh Dinh
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Folkmann Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Kaspar René Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mie Topholm Bruun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joseph Dowsett
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorsten Brodersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital Køge, Køge, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kirill Gromov
- Clinical Orthopaedic Research Hvidovre (CORH), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Clinical Academic Group: Research OsteoArthritis Denmark (CAG ROAD), Greater Copenhagen Health Science Partners, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Ploug Boesen
- Clinical Academic Group: Research OsteoArthritis Denmark (CAG ROAD), Greater Copenhagen Health Science Partners, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Radiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Birger Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital Køge, Køge, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Troelsen
- Clinical Orthopaedic Research Hvidovre (CORH), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Clinical Academic Group: Research OsteoArthritis Denmark (CAG ROAD), Greater Copenhagen Health Science Partners, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 6 in Cardiovascular Biology and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113429. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 6 (PCSK6) is a secreted serine protease expressed in most major organs, where it cleaves a wide range of growth factors, signaling molecules, peptide hormones, proteolytic enzymes, and adhesion proteins. Studies in Pcsk6-deficient mice have demonstrated the importance of Pcsk6 in embryonic development, body axis specification, ovarian function, and extracellular matrix remodeling in articular cartilage. In the cardiovascular system, PCSK6 acts as a key modulator in heart formation, lipoprotein metabolism, body fluid homeostasis, cardiac repair, and vascular remodeling. To date, dysregulated PCSK6 expression or function has been implicated in major cardiovascular diseases, including atrial septal defects, hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and cardiac aging. In this review, we describe biochemical characteristics and posttranslational modifications of PCSK6. Moreover, we discuss the role of PCSK6 and related molecular mechanisms in cardiovascular biology and disease.
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3
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Dobó J, Kocsis A, Dani R, Gál P. Proprotein Convertases and the Complement System. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958121. [PMID: 35874789 PMCID: PMC9296861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins destined for secretion - after removal of the signal sequence - often undergo further proteolytic processing by proprotein convertases (PCs). Prohormones are typically processed in the regulated secretory pathway, while most plasma proteins travel though the constitutive pathway. The complement system is a major proteolytic cascade in the blood, serving as a first line of defense against microbes and also contributing to the immune homeostasis. Several complement components, namely C3, C4, C5 and factor I (FI), are multi-chain proteins that are apparently processed by PCs intracellularly. Cleavage occurs at consecutive basic residues and probably also involves the action of carboxypeptidases. The most likely candidate for the intracellular processing of complement proteins is furin, however, because of the overlapping specificities of basic amino acid residue-specific proprotein convertases, other PCs might be involved. To our surprise, we have recently discovered that processing of another complement protein, mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-3 (MASP-3) occurs in the blood by PCSK6 (PACE4). A similar mechanism had been described for the membrane protease corin, which is also activated extracellularly by PCSK6. In this review we intend to point out that the proper functioning of the complement system intimately depends on the action of proprotein convertases. In addition to the non-enzymatic components (C3, C4, C5), two constitutively active complement proteases are directly activated by PCs either intracellularly (FI), or extracellularly (MASP-3), moreover indirectly, through the constitutive activation of pro-factor D by MASP-3, the activity of the alternative pathway also depends on a PC present in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Péter Gál
- *Correspondence: József Dobó, ; Péter Gál,
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4
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Abstract
The kexin-like proprotein convertases perform the initial proteolytic cleavages that ultimately generate a variety of different mature peptide and proteins, ranging from brain neuropeptides to endocrine peptide hormones, to structural proteins, among others. In this review, we present a general introduction to proprotein convertase structure and biochemistry, followed by a comprehensive discussion of each member of the kexin-like subfamily of proprotein convertases. We summarize current knowledge of human proprotein convertase insufficiency syndromes, including genome-wide analyses of convertase polymorphisms, and compare these to convertase null and mutant mouse models. These mouse models have illuminated our understanding of the roles specific convertases play in human disease and have led to the identification of convertase-specific substrates; for example, the identification of procorin as a specific PACE4 substrate in the heart. We also discuss the limitations of mouse null models in interpreting human disease, such as differential precursor cleavage due to species-specific sequence differences, and the challenges presented by functional redundancy among convertases in attempting to assign specific cleavages and/or physiological roles. However, in most cases, knockout mouse models have added substantively both to our knowledge of diseases caused by human proprotein convertase insufficiency and to our appreciation of their normal physiological roles, as clearly seen in the case of the furin, proprotein convertase 1/3, and proprotein convertase 5/6 mouse models. The creation of more sophisticated mouse models with tissue- or temporally-restricted expression of specific convertases will improve our understanding of human proprotein convertase insufficiency and potentially provide support for the emerging concept of therapeutic inhibition of convertases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Shakya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Röhl S, Suur BE, Lengquist M, Seime T, Caidahl K, Hedin U, Arner A, Matic L, Razuvaev A. Lack of PCSK6 Increases Flow-Mediated Outward Arterial Remodeling in Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041009. [PMID: 32325687 PMCID: PMC7225991 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertases (PCSKs) process matrix metalloproteases and cytokines, but their function in the vasculature is largely unknown. Previously, we demonstrated upregulation of PCSK6 in atherosclerotic plaques from symptomatic patients, localization to smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the fibrous cap and positive correlations with inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling and cytokines. Here, we hypothesize that PCSK6 could be involved in flow-mediated vascular remodeling and aim to evaluate its role in the physiology of this process using knockout mice. Pcsk6−/− and wild type mice were randomized into control and increased blood flow groups and induced in the right common carotid artery (CCA) by ligation of the left CCA. The animals underwent repeated ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) examinations followed by euthanization with subsequent evaluation using wire myography, transmission electron microscopy or histology. The Pcsk6−/− mice displayed a flow-mediated increase in lumen circumference over time, assessed with UBM. Wire myography revealed differences in the flow-mediated remodeling response detected as an increase in lumen circumference at optimal stretch with concomitant reduction in active tension. Furthermore, a flow-mediated reduction in expression of SMC contractile markers SMA, MYH11 and LMOD1 was seen in the Pcsk6−/− media. Absence of PCSK6 increases outward remodeling and reduces medial contractility in response to increased blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Röhl
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.); (B.E.S.); (M.L.); (T.S.); (K.C.); (U.H.)
| | - Bianca E. Suur
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.); (B.E.S.); (M.L.); (T.S.); (K.C.); (U.H.)
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.); (B.E.S.); (M.L.); (T.S.); (K.C.); (U.H.)
| | - Till Seime
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.); (B.E.S.); (M.L.); (T.S.); (K.C.); (U.H.)
| | - Kenneth Caidahl
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.); (B.E.S.); (M.L.); (T.S.); (K.C.); (U.H.)
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.); (B.E.S.); (M.L.); (T.S.); (K.C.); (U.H.)
| | - Anders Arner
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Thoracic Surgery, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.); (B.E.S.); (M.L.); (T.S.); (K.C.); (U.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (A.R.); Tel.: +46-(0)-73-962-42-79 (L.M.); +46-(0)-76-238-44-75 (A.R.)
| | - Anton Razuvaev
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.); (B.E.S.); (M.L.); (T.S.); (K.C.); (U.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (A.R.); Tel.: +46-(0)-73-962-42-79 (L.M.); +46-(0)-76-238-44-75 (A.R.)
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6
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He J, Yang H, Xu Z, Li J, Chen G, Jiang L, Wu L, Zhou X. A functional polymorphism in the paired basic amino acid-cleaving enzyme 4 gene confers osteoarthritis risk in a population of Eastern China. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190115. [PMID: 32167127 PMCID: PMC7197988 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired basic amino acid-cleaving enzyme 4 (PACE4), a proprotein convertase, is
involved in the activation of aggrecanases (ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5) in
osteoarthritic and cytokine-stimulated cartilage. Activated aggrecanases cause
aggrecan degradation and thus, contribute to osteoarthritis (OA). In this study,
we investigated the association between PACE4 gene
polymorphisms and OA risk. One single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs4965833) in the
PACE4 gene was genotyped in 432 OA patients and 523 healthy
controls using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass
spectrometry. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to
determine the relative expression of PACE4 in blood samples
from 90 OA patients (30 for each genotype). The relative expression level of
PACE4 mRNA was higher in the GG genotype as compared to the
AA/AG group. Moreover, the PACE4 rs4965833 polymorphism was
associated with increased risk of OA, especially among individuals aged ≥55
years and with a body mass index ≥25. There was no significant association
between the PACE4 rs4965833 polymorphism and clinical
parameters of OA patients, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive
protein, Visual Analog Scale for pain and Lequesne’s index. In conclusion, the
rs4965833 polymorphism in the 3’-UTR of PACE4 is associated
with OA susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- Department of Orthopedics, Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi No.9 People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Lifeng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lidong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xindie Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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7
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Employing pain and mindfulness to understand consciousness: a symbiotic relationship. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 28:192-197. [PMID: 30776682 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Consciousness, defined here as the quality of awareness of self and the corresponding sensory environment, is considered to be one of most enigmatic and contentious areas of scholarly dissection and investigation. The subjective experience of pain is constructed and modulated by a myriad of sensory, cognitive and affective dimensions. Thus, the study of pain can provide many inroads to a concept like consciousness that the traditional sense modalities do not. Mindfulness defined here as non-reactive awareness of the present moment, can uniquely control and/or modulate particular substrates of conscious experience. Thus, in combination with brain imaging methodologies, we propose that the interactions between pain and mindfulness could serve as a more comprehensive platform to disentangle the biological and psychological substrates of conscious experience. The present review provides a brief synopsis on how combining the study of pain and mindfulness can inform the study of consciousness, delineates the multiple, unique brain mechanisms supporting mindfulness-based pain relief, and describes how mindfulness uniquely improves the affective dimension of pain, an important consideration for the treatment of chronic pain.
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8
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Pan F, Jones G. Clinical Perspective on Pain and Pain Phenotypes in Osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2018; 20:79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-018-0796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Ho KWD, Wallace MR, Sibille KT, Bartley EJ, Cruz-Almeida Y, Glover TL, King CD, Goodin BR, Addison A, Edberg JC, Staud R, Bradley LA, Fillingim RB. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the COL11A2 Gene Associated with Heat Pain Sensitivity in Knee Osteoarthritis. Mol Pain 2018; 13:1744806917724259. [PMID: 28741447 PMCID: PMC5562334 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917724259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is one of the most prominent symptoms of osteoarthritis. However, there is often discordance between the pain experienced by individuals with osteoarthritis and the degree of articular pathology. This suggests that individual differences, including genetic variability in the central processing of nociceptive stimuli, may impact the presentation of osteoarthritis. Here, we show that the single nucleotide polymorphism rs16868943 in the collagen gene COL11A2 is significantly associated with lowered heat pain tolerance on the arm in participants with knee osteoarthritis (P = 1.21 × 10−6, P = 0.0053 after Bonferroni correction, beta = −3.42). A total of 161 knee osteoarthritis participants were included and evaluated for heat, punctate and pressure pain sensitivity of the affected knee and the ipsilateral arm. Each participant was genotyped for 4392 single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes implicated in pain perception, inflammation and mood and tested for association with pain sensitivity. The minor A allele of single nucleotide polymorphism rs16868943 was significantly associated with lower arm heat pain tolerance after correction for age, gender, race, and study site. This single nucleotide polymorphism was also nominally associated with other measures of heat pain sensitivity, including lowered knee heat pain tolerance (P = 1.14 × 10−5, P = 0.05 after Bonferroni correction), lowered arm heat pain threshold (P = 0.0039, uncorrected) and lowered knee heat pain threshold (P = 0.003, uncorrected). Addition of genotypes from 91 participants without knee pain produced a significant interaction between knee osteoarthritis status and the rs16868943 single nucleotide polymorphism in heat pain tolerance (P = 1.71 × 10−5), such that rs16868943 was not associated with heat pain tolerance in participants without knee pain (P = 0.12, beta = 1.3). This is the first study to show genetic association with heat pain tolerance in individuals with osteoarthritis. The association is specific to participants who have already developed knee osteoarthritis, suggesting that the COL11A2 gene, which has previously been associated with familial osteoarthritis, may play a role in pain sensitization after the development of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret R Wallace
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Kimberly T Sibille
- Department of Aging & Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Emily J Bartley
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Yenisel Cruz-Almeida
- Department of Aging & Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Toni L Glover
- Pain Research & Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Christopher D King
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH
| | - Burel R Goodin
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Adriana Addison
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatotology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jeffrey C Edberg
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatotology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Roland Staud
- Pain Research & Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Laurence A Bradley
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatotology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Roger B Fillingim
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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10
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Kringel D, Lippmann C, Parnham MJ, Kalso E, Ultsch A, Lötsch J. A machine-learned analysis of human gene polymorphisms modulating persisting pain points to major roles of neuroimmune processes. Eur J Pain 2018; 22:1735-1756. [PMID: 29923268 PMCID: PMC6220816 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Human genetic research has implicated functional variants of more than one hundred genes in the modulation of persisting pain. Artificial intelligence and machine‐learning techniques may combine this knowledge with results of genetic research gathered in any context, which permits the identification of the key biological processes involved in chronic sensitization to pain. Methods Based on published evidence, a set of 110 genes carrying variants reported to be associated with modulation of the clinical phenotype of persisting pain in eight different clinical settings was submitted to unsupervised machine‐learning aimed at functional clustering. Subsequently, a mathematically supported subset of genes, comprising those most consistently involved in persisting pain, was analysed by means of computational functional genomics in the Gene Ontology knowledgebase. Results Clustering of genes with evidence for a modulation of persisting pain elucidated a functionally heterogeneous set. The situation cleared when the focus was narrowed to a genetic modulation consistently observed throughout several clinical settings. On this basis, two groups of biological processes, the immune system and nitric oxide signalling, emerged as major players in sensitization to persisting pain, which is biologically highly plausible and in agreement with other lines of pain research. Conclusions The present computational functional genomics‐based approach provided a computational systems‐biology perspective on chronic sensitization to pain. Human genetic control of persisting pain points to the immune system as a source of potential future targets for drugs directed against persisting pain. Contemporary machine‐learned methods provide innovative approaches to knowledge discovery from previous evidence. Significance We show that knowledge discovery in genetic databases and contemporary machine‐learned techniques can identify relevant biological processes involved in Persitent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kringel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe - University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Lippmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt
| | - M J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt
| | - E Kalso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Pain Clinic, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Ultsch
- DataBionics Research Group, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - J Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe - University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt
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11
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Wilkinson DJ, Arques MDC, Huesa C, Rowan AD. Serine proteinases in the turnover of the cartilage extracellular matrix in the joint: implications for therapeutics. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:38-51. [PMID: 29473950 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage destruction is a key characteristic of arthritic disease, a process now widely established to be mediated by metzincins such as MMPs. Despite showing promise in preclinical trials during the 1990s, MMP inhibitors for the blockade of extracellular matrix turnover in the treatment of cancer and arthritis failed clinically, primarily due to poor selectivity for target MMPs. In recent years, roles for serine proteinases in the proteolytic cascades leading to cartilage destruction have become increasingly apparent, renewing interest in the potential for new therapeutic strategies that utilize pharmacological inhibitors against this class of proteinases. Herein, we describe key serine proteinases with likely importance in arthritic disease and highlight recent advances in this field. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Translating the Matrix. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.1/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wilkinson
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Maria Del Carmen Arques
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carmen Huesa
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Andrew D Rowan
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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12
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Eitner A, Hofmann GO, Schaible HG. Mechanisms of Osteoarthritic Pain. Studies in Humans and Experimental Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:349. [PMID: 29163027 PMCID: PMC5675866 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain due to osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most frequent causes of chronic pain. However, the mechanisms of OA pain are poorly understood. This review addresses the mechanisms which are thought to be involved in OA pain, derived from studies on pain mechanisms in humans and in experimental models of OA. Three areas will be considered, namely local processes in the joint associated with OA pain, neuronal mechanisms involved in OA pain, and general factors which influence OA pain. Except the cartilage all structures of the joints are innervated by nociceptors. Although the hallmark of OA is the degradation of the cartilage, OA joints show multiple structural alterations of cartilage, bone and synovial tissue. In particular synovitis and bone marrow lesions have been proposed to determine OA pain whereas the contribution of the other pathologies to pain generation has been studied less. Concerning the peripheral neuronal mechanisms of OA pain, peripheral nociceptive sensitization was shown, and neuropathic mechanisms may be involved at some stages. Structural changes of joint innervation such as local loss and/or sprouting of nerve fibers were shown. In addition, central sensitization, reduction of descending inhibition, descending excitation and cortical atrophies were observed in OA. The combination of different neuronal mechanisms may define the particular pain phenotype in an OA patient. Among mediators involved in OA pain, nerve growth factor (NGF) is in the focus because antibodies against NGF significantly reduce OA pain. Several studies show that neutralization of interleukin-1β and TNF may reduce OA pain. Many patients with OA exhibit comorbidities such as obesity, low grade systemic inflammation and diabetes mellitus. These comorbidities can significantly influence the course of OA, and pain research just began to study the significance of such factors in pain generation. In addition, psychologic and socioeconomic factors may aggravate OA pain, and in some cases genetic factors influencing OA pain were found. Considering the local factors in the joint, the neuronal processes and the comorbidities, a better definition of OA pain phenotypes may become possible. Studies are under way in order to improve OA and OA pain monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Eitner
- Department of Physiology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Gunther O Hofmann
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Schaible
- Department of Physiology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Klein-Szanto AJ, Bassi DE. Proprotein convertase inhibition: Paralyzing the cell's master switches. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 140:8-15. [PMID: 28456517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertases are serine proteases responsible for the cleavage and subsequent activation of protein substrates, many of them relevant for the development of an ample variety of diseases. Seven of the PCs, including furin and PACE4, recognize and hydrolyze the C-terminal end of the general sequence RXRR/KXR, whereas PCSK-9 recognizes a series of non-basic amino acids. In some systems, PC-mediated substrate activation results in the development of pathological processes, such as cancer, endocrinopathies, and cardiovascular and infectious diseases. After establishing PCs as relevant contributors to disease processes, research efforts were directed towards the development of inhibition strategies, including small and large molecules, anti-sense therapies, and antibody-based therapies. Most of these inhibitors mimic the consensus sequence of PCs, blocking the active site in a competitive manner. The most promising inhibitors were designed as bioengineered proteins; however, some non-protein and peptidomimetic agents have also proved to be effective. These efforts led to the design of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials utilizing inhibitors to PCs. Although the initial studies were performed using non-selective PCs inhibitors, such as CMK, the search for more specific, and compartmentalized selective inhibitors resulted in specific activities ascribed to some, but not all of the PCs. For instance, PACE4 inhibitors were effective in decreasing prostate cancer cell proliferation, and neovascularization. Decreased metastatic ovarian cancer utilizing furin inhibitors represents one of the major endeavors, currently in a phase II trial stage. Antibodies targeting PCSK-9 decreased significantly the levels of HDL-cholesterol, in a phase III trial. The study of Proprotein convertases has reached a stage of maturity. New strategies based on the alteration of their activity at the cellular and clinical level represent a promising experimental pharmacology field. The development of allosteric inhibitors, or specific agents directed against individual PCs is one of the challenges to be unraveled in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E Bassi
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cotman Ave, Philadelphia 19111, USA.
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Pan F, Laslett L, Tian J, Cicuttini F, Winzenberg T, Ding C, Jones G. Association Between Pain at Sites Outside the Knee and Knee Cartilage Volume Loss in Elderly People Without Knee Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2017; 69:659-666. [PMID: 27390184 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pain is common in the elderly. Knee pain may predict knee cartilage loss, but whether generalized pain is associated with knee cartilage loss is unclear. This study, therefore, aimed to determine whether pain at multiple sites predicts knee cartilage volume loss among community-dwelling older adults, and, if so, to explore potential mechanisms. METHODS Data from the prospective Tasmanian Older Adult Cohort study was utilized (n = 394, mean age 63 years, range 52-79 years). Experience of pain at multiple sites was assessed using a questionnaire at baseline. T1-weighted fat-saturated magnetic resonance imaging of the right knee was performed to assess the cartilage volume at baseline and after 2.6 years. Linear regression modeling was used with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS The median number of painful sites was 3 (range 0-7). There was a dose-response relationship between the number of painful sites and knee cartilage volume loss in the lateral and total tibiofemoral compartments (lateral β = -0.28% per annum; total β = -0.25% per annum, both P for trend < 0.05), but not in the medial compartment. These associations were stronger in participants without radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) (P < 0.05) and independent of age, sex, body mass index, physical activity, pain medication, and knee structural abnormalities. CONCLUSION The number of painful sites independently predicts knee cartilage volume loss, especially in people without knee OA, suggesting that widespread pain may be an early marker of more rapid knee cartilage loss in those without radiographic knee OA. The underlying mechanism is unclear, but it is independent of anthropometrics, physical activity, and knee structural abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pan
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Laura Laslett
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jing Tian
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Flavia Cicuttini
- Monash University Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tania Winzenberg
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Changhai Ding
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Graeme Jones
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Jones G. What's new in osteoarthritis pathogenesis? Intern Med J 2016; 46:229-36. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Jones
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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Attur M, Krasnokutsky S, Statnikov A, Samuels J, Li Z, Friese O, Hellio Le Graverand-Gastineau MP, Rybak L, Kraus VB, Jordan JM, Aliferis CF, Abramson SB. Low-grade inflammation in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: prognostic value of inflammatory plasma lipids and peripheral blood leukocyte biomarkers. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016. [PMID: 26195278 DOI: 10.1002/art.39279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), are produced by osteoarthritic (OA) joint tissue, where they may contribute to disease pathogenesis. We undertook the present study to examine whether inflammation, evidenced in plasma and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), reflects the presence, progression, or specific symptoms of symptomatic knee OA. METHODS Patients with symptomatic knee OA were enrolled in a 24-month prospective study of radiographic progression. Standardized knee radiographs were obtained at baseline and 24 months. At baseline, levels of the plasma lipids PGE2 and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) were measured, and transcriptome analysis of PBLs was performed by microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Baseline PGE2 synthase (PGES) levels determined by PBL microarray gene expression and plasma PGE2 levels distinguished patients with symptomatic knee OA from non-OA controls (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] 0.87 and 0.89, respectively, P < 0.0001). Baseline plasma 15-HETE levels were significantly elevated in patients with symptomatic knee OA versus non-OA controls (P < 0.0195). In the 146 patients who completed the 24-month study, elevated baseline expression of IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) messenger RNA in PBLs predicted higher risk of radiographic progression as evidenced by joint space narrowing (JSN). In a multivariate model, AUC point estimates of models containing COX-2 in combination with demographic traits overlapped the confidence interval of the base model in 2 of the 3 JSN outcome measures (JSN >0.0 mm, JSN >0.2 mm, and JSN >0.5 mm; AUC 0.62-0.67). CONCLUSION The inflammatory plasma lipid biomarkers PGE2 and 15-HETE identify patients with symptomatic knee OA, and the PBL inflammatory transcriptome identifies a subset of patients with symptomatic knee OA who are at increased risk of radiographic progression. These findings may reflect low-grade inflammation in OA and may be useful as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in clinical development of disease-modifying OA drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukundan Attur
- New York University School of Medicine and New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Svetlana Krasnokutsky
- New York University School of Medicine and New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexander Statnikov
- New York University School of Medicine and New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan Samuels
- New York University School of Medicine and New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Zhiguo Li
- New York University School of Medicine and New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Olga Friese
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Leon Rybak
- New York University School of Medicine and New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Constantin F Aliferis
- New York University School of Medicine and New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Steven B Abramson
- New York University School of Medicine and New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
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PACE4 inhibitors and their peptidomimetic analogs block prostate cancer tumor progression through quiescence induction, increased apoptosis and impaired neovascularisation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3680-93. [PMID: 25682874 PMCID: PMC4414146 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the leading cancer in North American men. Current pharmacological treatments are limited to anti-androgen strategies and the development of new therapeutic approaches remains a challenge. As a fundamentally new approach, we propose the inhibition of PACE4, a member of the proprotein convertases family of enzymes, as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer. We developed an inhibitor named the Multi-Leu peptide, with potent in vitro anti-proliferative effects. However, the Multi-Leu peptide has not been tested under in vivo conditions and its potency under such conditions is most likely limited, due to the labile characteristics of peptides in general. Using a peptidomimetic approach, we modified the initial scaffold, generating the analog Ac-[DLeu]LLLRVK-Amba, which demonstrates increased inhibitory potency and stability. The systemic administration of this peptidomimetic significantly inhibits tumor progression in the LNCaP xenograft model of prostate cancer by inducing tumor cell quiescence, increased apoptosis and neovascularization impairment. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profiles of this inhibitor confirm adequate tumor delivery properties of the compound. We conclude that PACE4 peptidomimetic inhibitors could result in stable and potent drugs for a novel therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer.
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Levy R, Mott RF, Iraqi FA, Gabet Y. Collaborative cross mice in a genetic association study reveal new candidate genes for bone microarchitecture. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1013. [PMID: 26611327 PMCID: PMC4661944 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microstructure of trabecular bone is a composite trait governed by a complex interaction of multiple genetic determinants. Identifying these genetic factors should significantly improve our ability to predict of osteoporosis and its associated risks. Genetic mapping using collaborative cross mice (CC), a genetically diverse recombinant inbred mouse reference panel, offers a powerful tool to identify causal loci at a resolution under one mega base-pairs, with a relatively small cohort size. Here, we utilized 31 CC lines (160 mice of both sexes in total) to perform genome-wide haplotype mapping across 77,808 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Haplotype scans were refined by imputation with the catalogue of sequence variation segregating in the CC to suggest potential candidate genes. Trabecular traits were obtained following microtomographic analysis, performed on 10-μm resolution scans of the femoral distal metaphysis. We measured the trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), number (Tb.N), thickness (Tb.Th), and connectivity density (Conn.D). Results Heritability of these traits ranged from 0.6 to 0.7. In addition there was a significant (P < 0.01) sex effect in all traits except Tb.Th. Our haplotype scans yielded six quantitative trait loci (QTL) at 1 % false discovery rate; BV/TV and Tb.Th produced two proximal loci each, on chromosome 2 and 7, respectively, and Tb.N and Conn.D yielded one locus on chromosomes 8 and 14, respectively. We identified candidate genes with previously-reported functions in bone biology, and implicated unexpected genes whose function in bone biology has yet to be assigned. Based on the literature, among the genes that ranked particularly high in our analyses (P < 10-6) and which have a validated causal role in skeletal biology, are Avp, Oxt, B2m (associated with BV/TV), Cnot7 (with Tb.N), Pcsk6, Rgma (with Tb.Th), Rb1, and Cpb2 (with Conn.D). Other candidate genes strongly suggested by our analyses are Sgcz, Fgf20 (associated with Tb.N), and Chd2 (with Tb.Th). Conclusion We have demonstrated for the first time genome-wide significant association between several genetic loci and trabecular microstructural parameters for genes with previously reported experimental observations, as well as proposing a role for new candidate genes with no previously characterized skeletal function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2213-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roei Levy
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Richard F Mott
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fuad A Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Jiang H, Wang L, Pan J. Inhibition of pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 has a protective role against synovitis in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7681-6. [PMID: 26458419 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 (PCSK6), a proteinase implicated in the proteolytic activity of various precursor proteins and involved in the regulation of protein maturation, in fibroblast‑like synoviocytes (FLS) of a rat model of collagen‑induced arthritis (CIA). Cultured FLS from CIA models were subjected to small interfering RNA mediated PCSK6 knockdown, followed by assessment of the proliferation, invasive and migratory capacity, the secretion of inflammation factors and the cell cycle. Expression of genes associated with proliferation, invasion, migration and inflammation was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that PCSK6 knockdown significantly decreased the cell proliferation, invasion and migration of FLS from rats with CIA. ELISA showed an obvious decrease of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β secretion, and flow cytometric analysis revealed G0/G1 arrest of FLS following PCSK6 knockdown. Furthermore, a decrease in the mRNA levels of inflammation‑associated chemokine CXCL9, angiogenesis‑associated genes MMP‑2, MMP‑9 and NOSTRIN, hypoxia‑associated gene HIF‑1α, adhesion‑associated gene MPZL2, proliferation‑associated gene IGF‑2 and citrullination‑associated gene PADI4 was detected after PCSK6 knockdown. The results of the present study indicated that inhibition of PCSK6 may have a protective role against synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Jiang
- Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| | - Jihong Pan
- Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
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PCSK6-mediated corin activation is essential for normal blood pressure. Nat Med 2015; 21:1048-53. [PMID: 26259032 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease, afflicting >30% of adults. The cause of hypertension in most individuals remains unknown, suggesting that additional contributing factors have yet to be discovered. Corin is a serine protease that activates the natriuretic peptides, thereby regulating blood pressure. It is synthesized as a zymogen that is activated by proteolytic cleavage. CORIN variants and mutations impairing corin activation have been identified in people with hypertension and pre-eclampsia. To date, however, the identity of the protease that activates corin remains elusive. Here we show that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-6 (PCSK6, also named PACE4; ref. 10) cleaves and activates corin. In cultured cells, we found that corin activation was inhibited by inhibitors of PCSK family proteases and by small interfering RNAs blocking PCSK6 expression. Conversely, PCSK6 overexpression enhanced corin activation. In addition, purified PCSK6 cleaved wild-type corin but not the R801A variant that lacks the conserved activation site. Pcsk6-knockout mice developed salt-sensitive hypertension, and corin activation and pro-atrial natriuretic peptide processing activity were undetectable in these mice. Moreover, we found that CORIN variants in individuals with hypertension and pre-eclampsia were defective in PCSK6-mediated activation. We also identified a PCSK6 mutation that impaired corin activation activity in a hypertensive patient. Our results indicate that PCSK6 is the long-sought corin activator and is important for sodium homeostasis and normal blood pressure.
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Couture F, Kwiatkowska A, Dory YL, Day R. Therapeutic uses of furin and its inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:379-96. [PMID: 25563687 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.1000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the discovery of furin, numerous reports have studied its role in health and diseases, including cancer, inflammatory and infectious diseases. This interest has led to the development of both large protein- and peptide-based inhibitors aiming to control furin activity to treat these disorders. The most recent advances include the development of potent peptidomimetic furin inhibitors, considerably expanding the field of therapeutic applications. AREA COVERED In this review, the use of furin or its inhibitors for therapeutic conditions is described through the patent literature since 1994. Only compounds with biological efficacy or augmented properties demonstrated within the patent literature or the associated publications concerning their claimed uses are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Considering the diseases that may benefit from furin inhibition, several patents detail the use of the restricted number of furin inhibitors. However, there have been recent reports of new scaffolds, and even the use of furin itself, as a therapeutic agent. Despite considerable evidence of in vivo efficacy, limited confirmation from clinical trials supports or refutes the further use of these compounds in a therapeutic context. The most advanced application is the use of furin knockdown in the generation of an autologous cancer vaccine, which has initiated clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Couture
- Université de Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Department of Surgery/Urology Division, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé , 3001 12e Ave. Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4 , Canada +1 819 564 5428 ; +1 819 564 5400 ;
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Rodriguez-Fontenla C, Gonzalez A. Genética de la artrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 11:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pan F, Ding C, Winzenberg T, Khan H, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Cicuttini F, Jones G. The offspring of people with a total knee replacement for severe primary knee osteoarthritis have a higher risk of worsening knee pain over 8 years. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 75:368-73. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Wang F, Wang L, Jiang H, Chang X, Pan J. Inhibition of PCSK6 May Play a Protective Role in the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol 2014; 42:161-9. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.140435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To assess the effect of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 6 (PCSK6) in the synovial fibroblasts of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). PCSK6 is a proteinase implicated in the proteolytic activity of various precursor proteins and involved in the regulation of protein maturation.Methods.PCSK6 expression was detected in the synovial tissue of 10 patients with RA, 10 controls with osteoarthritis, and 10 controls with ankylosing spondylitis using Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Genotyping of 67 tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) was performed using an Illumina VeraCode (Illumina) microarray in a case-control study including 267 patients with RA and 160 healthy controls. Genotyping of 4 other tag SNP was performed using a TaqMan probe genotyping assay in 1056 healthy controls and 1151 patients with RA. Cultured RA synovial fibroblasts (RASF) were transfected with PCSK6 small interfering RNA to study changes in the proliferation, invasion, migration capacity, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, cell cycle, and expression profiles of the RASF.Results.Expression of PCSK6 mRNA and protein was significantly higher in the synovial tissues of individuals with RA than in control tissues. One SNP, rs8029797, was significantly associated with RA (p = 0.011). Knockdown of PCSK6 by RNA interference significantly decreased proliferation, invasion, and migration of RASF. These changes in RASF appeared to be related to reduced tumor necrosis factor-α secretion, G0/G1 arrest, and altered expression of various proteins including those involved in angiogenesis (matrix metalloproteinase 9, nitric oxide synthase trafficking), hypoxia (hypoxia-inducible factor-α, thioredoxin domain containing 5), proliferation (chromosome 10 open reading frame 116), and inflammation [CCL7, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9, interleukin 26].Conclusion.PCSK6 is upregulated in the synovial tissues of patients with RA and has a genetic effect on the risk of RA. Inhibition of PCSK6 may play a protective role in the development of RA.
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Ayhan E, Kesmezacar H, Akgun I. Intraarticular injections (corticosteroid, hyaluronic acid, platelet rich plasma) for the knee osteoarthritis. World J Orthop 2014; 5:351-361. [PMID: 25035839 PMCID: PMC4095029 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v5.i3.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex “whole joint” disease pursued by inflammatory mediators, rather than purely a process of “wear and tear”. Besides cartilage degradation, synovitis, subchondral bone remodeling, degeneration of ligaments and menisci, and hypertrophy of the joint capsule take parts in the pathogenesis. Pain is the hallmark symptom of OA, but the extent to which structural pathology in OA contributes to the pain experience is still not well known. For the knee OA, intraarticular (IA) injection (corticosteroids, viscosupplements, blood-derived products) is preferred as the last nonoperative modality, if the other conservative treatment modalities are ineffective. IA corticosteroid injections provide short term reduction in OA pain and can be considered as an adjunct to core treatment for the relief of moderate to severe pain in people with OA. IA hyaluronic acid (HA) injections might have efficacy and might provide pain reduction in mild OA of knee up to 24 wk. But for HA injections, the cost-effectiveness is an important concern that patients must be informed about the efficacy of these preparations. Although more high-quality evidence is needed, recent studies indicate that IA platelet rich plasma injections are promising for relieving pain, improving knee function and quality of life, especially in younger patients, and in mild OA cases. The current literature and our experience indicate that IA injections are safe and have positive effects for patient satisfaction. But, there is no data that any of the IA injections will cause osteophytes to regress or cartilage and meniscus to regenerate in patients with substantial and irreversible bone and cartilage damage.
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the predominant form of arthritis worldwide, resulting in a high degree of functional impairment and reduced quality of life owing to chronic pain. To date, there are no treatments that are known to modify disease progression of OA in the long term. Current treatments are largely based on the modulation of pain, including NSAIDs, opiates and, more recently, centrally acting pharmacotherapies to avert pain. This review will focus on the rationale for new avenues in pain modulation, including inhibition with anti-NGF antibodies and centrally acting analgesics. The authors also consider the potential for structure modification in cartilage/bone using growth factors and stem cell therapies. The possible mismatch between structural change and pain perception will also be discussed, introducing recent techniques that may assist in improved patient phenotyping of pain subsets in OA. Such developments could help further stratify subgroups and treatments for people with OA in future.
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Drexler S, Wann A, Vincent TL. Are cellular mechanosensors potential therapeutic targets in osteoarthritis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.14.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Miller RE, Lu Y, Tortorella MD, Malfait AM. Genetically Engineered Mouse Models Reveal the Importance of Proteases as Osteoarthritis Drug Targets. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2014; 15:350. [PMID: 23926636 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-013-0350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
More than two decades of research has revealed a combination of proteases that determine cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. These include metalloproteinases, which degrade the major macromolecules in cartilage, aggrecan and type II collagen, serine proteases, and cysteine proteases, for example cathepsin K. This review summarizes the function of proteases in osteoarthritis progression, as revealed by studies of genetically engineered mouse models. A brief overview of the biochemical characteristics and features of several important proteases is provided, with the objective of increasing understanding of their function. Published data reveal at least three enzymes to be major targets for osteoarthritis drug development: ADAMTS-5, MMP-13, and cathepsin K. In surgical models of osteoarthritis, mice lacking these enzymes are protected from cartilage damage and, to varying degrees, from bone changes. In-vivo studies targeting these proteases with selective small-molecule inhibitors have been performed for a variety of animal models. Mouse models will provide opportunities for future tests of the therapeutic effect of protease inhibitors, both on progression of structural damage to the joint and on associated pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Miller
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison St., Suite 510, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Denk F, McMahon SB, Tracey I. Pain vulnerability: a neurobiological perspective. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:192-200. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Turpeinen H, Ortutay Z, Pesu M. Genetics of the first seven proprotein convertase enzymes in health and disease. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:453-67. [PMID: 24396277 PMCID: PMC3867721 DOI: 10.2174/1389202911314050010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the substilisin/kexin like proprotein convertase (PCSK) protease family cleave and convert immature pro-proteins into their biologically active forms. By cleaving for example prohormones, cytokines and cell membrane proteins, PCSKs participate in maintaining the homeostasis in a healthy human body. Conversely, erratic enzymatic function is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases, including obesity and hypercholestrolemia. The first characterized seven PCSK enzymes (PCSK1-2, FURIN, PCSK4-7) process their substrates at a motif made up of paired basic amino acid residues. This feature results in a variable degree of biochemical redundancy in vitro, and consequently, shared substrate molecules between the different PCSK enzymes. This redundancy has confounded our understanding of the specific biological functions of PCSKs. The physiological roles of these enzymes have been best illustrated by the phenotypes of genetically engineered mice and patients that carry mutations in the PCSK genes. Recent developments in genome-wide methodology have generated a large amount of novel information on the genetics of the first seven proprotein convertases. In this review we summarize the reported genetic alterations and their associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Turpeinen
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Zsuzsanna Ortutay
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marko Pesu
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland; ; Fimlab laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Finland
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Gonzalez A. Osteoarthritis year 2013 in review: genetics and genomics. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1443-51. [PMID: 23845519 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Progress in genetic research has delivered important highlights in the last year. One of the widest impact is the publication of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project showing the impressive complexity of the human genome and providing information useful for all areas of genetics. More specific of osteoarthritis (OA) has been the incorporation of DOT1-like, histone H3 methyltransferase (DOT1L) to the list of 11 OA loci with genome-wide significant association, the demonstration of significant overlap between OA genetics and height or body mass index (BMI) genetics, and the tentative prioritization of HMG-box transcription factor 1 (HBP1) in the 7q22 locus based on functional analysis. In addition, the first large scale analysis of DNA methylation has found modest differences between OA and normal cartilage, but has identified a subgroup of OA patients with a very differentiated phenotype. The role of DNA methylation in regulation of NOS2, SOX9, MMP13 and IL1B has been further clarified. MicroRNA expression studies in turn have shown some replication of differences between OA and control cartilage from previous profiling studies and have identified potential regulators of TGFβ signaling and of IL1β effects. In addition, non-coding RNAs showed promising results as serum biomarkers of cartilage damage. Gene expression microarray studies have found important differences between studies of hip or knee OA that reinforce the idea of joint specificity in OA. Expression differences between articular cartilage and other types of cartilage highlighted the WNT pathway whose regulation is proposed as critical for maintaining the articular cartilage phenotype. Many of these results need confirmation but they signal the exciting progress that is taking place in all areas of OA genetics, indicate questions requiring more study and augur further interesting discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria - Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Abstract
Pain is the defining symptom of osteoarthritis (OA), yet available treatment options, of which NSAIDs are the most common, provide inadequate pain relief and are associated with serious health risks when used long term. Chronic pain pathways are subject to complex levels of control and modulation, both in the periphery and in the central nervous system. Ongoing clinical and basic research is uncovering how these pathways operate in OA. Indeed, clinical investigation into the types of pain associated with progressive OA, the presence of central sensitization, the correlation with structural changes in the joint, and the efficacy of novel analgesics affords new insights into the pathophysiology of OA pain. Moreover, studies in disease-specific animal models enable the unravelling of the cellular and molecular pathways involved. We expect that increased understanding of the mechanisms by which chronic OA-associated pain is generated and maintained will offer opportunities for targeting and improving the safety of analgesia. In addition, using clinical and genetic approaches, it might become possible to identify subsets of patients with pain of different pathophysiology, thus enabling a tailored approach to pain management.
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Neogi T. The epidemiology and impact of pain in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1145-53. [PMID: 23973124 PMCID: PMC3753584 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 893] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and a leading cause of disability worldwide, largely due to pain, the primary symptom of the disease. The pain experience in knee OA in particular is well-recognized as typically transitioning from intermittent weight-bearing pain to a more persistent, chronic pain. Methods to validly assess pain in OA studies have been developed to address the complex nature of the pain experience. The etiology of pain in OA is recognized to be multifactorial, with both intra-articular and extra-articular risk factors. Nonetheless, greater insights are needed into pain mechanisms in OA to enable rational mechanism-based management of pain. Consequences of pain related to OA contribute to a substantial socioeconomic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Neogi
- Clinical Epidemiology Research and Training Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Thakur M, Dawes JM, McMahon SB. Genomics of pain in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1374-82. [PMID: 23973152 PMCID: PMC3769859 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) accounts for the majority of the disease burden for musculoskeletal disorders and is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. This disability is the result not of the cartilage loss that defines OA radiographically, but of the chronic pain whose presence defines symptomatic OA. It is becoming clear that many genes, each with a small effect size, contribute to the risk of developing OA. However, the genetics of OA pain are only just starting to be explored. This review will describe the first genes to have been identified in genomic studies of OA pain, as well as the possible dual roles of genes previously identified in genomic studies of OA in the context of pain. Difficulties associated with attempting to characterise the genetics of OA pain will be discussed and promising future avenues of research into genetic and epigenetic factors affecting OA pain described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thakur
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson CARD, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kings College London Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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The age-related changes in cartilage and osteoarthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:916530. [PMID: 23971049 PMCID: PMC3736507 DOI: 10.1155/2013/916530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is closely associated with aging, but its underlying mechanism is unclear. Recent publications were reviewed to elucidate the connection between aging and OA. With increasing OA incidence, more senior people are facing heavy financial and social burdens. Age-related OA pathogenesis is not well understood. Recently, it has been realized that age-related changes in other tissues besides articular cartilage may also contribute to OA development. Many factors including senescence-related secretory phenotypes, chondrocytes' low reactivity to growth factors, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and abnormal accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may all play key roles in the pathogenesis of age-related OA. Lately, epigenetic regulation of gene expression was recognized for its impact on age-related OA pathogenesis. Up to now, few studies have been reported about the role of miRNA and long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in age-related OA. Research focusing on this area may provide valuable insights into OA pathogenesis. OA-induced financial and social burdens have become an increasingly severe threat to older population. Age-related changes in noncartilage tissue should be incorporated in the understanding of OA development. Growing attention on oxidative stress and epigenetics will provide more important clues for the better understanding of the age-related OA.
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Neogi T, Soni A, Doherty SA, Laslett LL, Maciewicz RA, Hart DJ, Zhang W, Muir KR, Wheeler M, Cooper C, Spector TD, Cicuttini F, Jones G, Nevitt M, Liu Y, Arden NK, Doherty M, Valdes AM. Contribution of the COMT Val158Met variant to symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 73:315-7. [PMID: 23852765 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Neogi
- Clinical Epidemiology Research and Training Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, , Boston, MA, USA
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Role of proprotein convertases in prostate cancer progression. Neoplasia 2013; 14:1032-42. [PMID: 23226097 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Better understanding of the distinct and redundant functions of the proprotein convertase (PC) enzyme family within pathophysiological states has a great importance for potential therapeutic strategies. In this study, we investigated the functional redundancy of PCs in prostate cancer in the commonly used androgen-sensitive LNCaP and the androgen-independent DU145 human cell lines. Using a lentiviral-based shRNA delivery system, we examined in vitro and in vivo cell proliferation characteristics of knockdown cell lines for the endogenous PCs furin, PACE4, and PC7 in both cell lines. Of the three PCs, only PACE4 was essential to maintain a high-proliferative status, as determined in vitro using XTT proliferation assays and in vivo using tumor xenografts in nude mice. Furin knockdowns in both cell lines had no effects on cell proliferation or tumor xenograft growth. Paradoxically, PC7 knockdowns reduced in vitro cellular proliferation but had no effect in vivo. Because PCs act within secretion pathways, we showed that conditioned media derived from PACE4 knockdown cells had very poor cell growth-stimulating effects in vitro. Immunohistochemistry of PACE4 knockdown tumors revealed reduced Ki67 and higher p27(KIP) levels (proliferation and cell cycle arrest markers, respectively). Interestingly, we determined that the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway was activated in PC7 knockdown tumors only, providing some explanations of the paradoxical effects of PC7 silencing in prostate cancer cell lines. We conclude that PACE4 has a distinct role in maintaining proliferation and tumor progression in prostate cancer and this positions PACE4 as a relevant therapeutic target for this disease.
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Abstract
Recent genome-wide association scans (GWASs) along with several adequately powered
candidate gene studies have yielded a number of risk alleles for osteoarthritis (OA). This
number is now sufficiently large to allow conclusions to be drawn regarding the nature of
genetic susceptibility, including the fact that the risk alleles have variable effects
depending on sex, ethnicity and on the skeletal site of the disease. Several of the
alleles that have emerged from the GWASs are within or close to highly plausible candidate
genes, including RUNX2 and CHST11. However, the majority
of risk alleles do not map to genes previously reported to play a role in musculoskeletal
biology, indicating that the GWAS datasets are telling us something new about the OA
disease process. Functional studies have so far revealed that effects on gene expression
are likely to be one of the main mechanisms through which OA susceptibility is acting.
Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation also influence OA risk, and integration of
genetic, transcriptomic and epigenetic data will allow us to use the genetic discoveries
for informed development of new OA biological treatments.
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis in the United States and is a leading cause of disability. It is typically defined in epidemiologic studies by radiographic findings and consideration of symptoms. Its incidence and prevalence are rising, likely related to the aging of the population and increasing obesity. Risk factors for OA include numerous person-level factors, such as age, sex, obesity, and genetics, as well as joint-specific factors that are likely reflective of abnormal loading of the joints. In studying OA, several methodologic challenges exist that can hamper our ability to identify pertinent relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhina Neogi
- Sections of Clinical Epidemiology Research, Training Unit and Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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van Meurs JBJ, Uitterlinden AG. Osteoarthritis year 2012 in review: genetics and genomics. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:1470-6. [PMID: 22917744 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The field of genetics and genomics is a highly technological driven field that is advancing fast. The purpose of this year in review of genetics and genomics was to highlight the publications that apply these new technologies tools to improve understanding of the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA). In addition, most recent developments in genetics and genomics research and their relevance to OA are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B J van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Leiden/Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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