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Islam MA, Sehar U, Sultana OF, Mukherjee U, Brownell M, Kshirsagar S, Reddy PH. SuperAgers and centenarians, dynamics of healthy ageing with cognitive resilience. Mech Ageing Dev 2024; 219:111936. [PMID: 38657874 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2024.111936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Graceful healthy ageing and extended longevity is the most desired goal for human race. The process of ageing is inevitable and has a profound impact on the gradual deterioration of our physiology and health since it triggers the onset of many chronic conditions like dementia, osteoporosis, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. However, some people who lived/live more than 100 years called 'Centenarians" and how do they achieve their extended lifespans are not completely understood. Studying these unknown factors of longevity is important not only to establish a longer human lifespan but also to manage and treat people with shortened lifespans suffering from age-related morbidities. Furthermore, older adults who maintain strong cognitive function are referred to as "SuperAgers" and may be resistant to risk factors linked to cognitive decline. Investigating the mechanisms underlying their cognitive resilience may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies that support the preservation of cognitive function as people age. The key to a long, physically, and cognitively healthy life has been a mystery to scientists for ages. Developments in the medical sciences helps us to a better understanding of human physiological function and greater access to medical care has led us to an increase in life expectancy. Moreover, inheriting favorable genetic traits and adopting a healthy lifestyle play pivotal roles in promoting longer and healthier lives. Engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a balanced diet, and avoiding harmful habits such as smoking contribute to overall well-being. The synergy between positive lifestyle choices, access to education, socio-economic factors, environmental determinants and genetic supremacy enhances the potential for a longer and healthier life. Our article aims to examine the factors associated with healthy ageing, particularly focusing on cognitive health in centenarians. We will also be discussing different aspects of ageing including genomic instability, metabolic burden, oxidative stress and inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, immunosenescence, and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ariful Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ujala Sehar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Omme Fatema Sultana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Malcolm Brownell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sudhir Kshirsagar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Suvandjieva V, Tsacheva I, Santos M, Kararigas G, Rashkov P. Modelling the Impact of NETosis During the Initial Stage of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Bull Math Biol 2024; 86:66. [PMID: 38678489 PMCID: PMC11056343 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-024-01291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The development of autoimmune diseases often takes years before clinical symptoms become detectable. We propose a mathematical model for the immune response during the initial stage of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus which models the process of aberrant apoptosis and activation of macrophages and neutrophils. NETosis is a type of cell death characterised by the release of neutrophil extracellular traps, or NETs, containing material from the neutrophil's nucleus, in response to a pathogenic stimulus. This process is hypothesised to contribute to the development of autoimmunogenicity in SLE. The aim of this work is to study how NETosis contributes to the establishment of persistent autoantigen production by analysing the steady states and the asymptotic dynamics of the model by numerical experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimira Suvandjieva
- Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, ul. Akad. Georgi Bonchev, blok 8, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Tsacheva
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "Sveti Kliment Ohridski", bul. Dragan Tsankov 8, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marlene Santos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Georgios Kararigas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Peter Rashkov
- Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, ul. Akad. Georgi Bonchev, blok 8, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Čunderlíková B, Klučková K, Babál P, Mlkvý P, Teplický T. Modifications of DAMPs levels in extracellular environment induced by aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy of esophageal cancer cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:802-816. [PMID: 38319688 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2310002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunogenic cell death plays an important role in anticancer treatment because it combines cell death with appearance of damage associated molecular patterns that have the potential to activate anticancer immunity. Effects of damage associated molecular patterns induced by aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy were studied mainly on dendritic cells. They have not been deeply studied on macrophages that constitute the essential component of the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this study was to analyze features of esophageal cancer cell death in relation to release capacity of damage associated molecular pattern species, and to test the effect of related extracellular environmental alterations on macrophages. MATERIAL AND METHODS Esophageal Kyse 450 carcinoma cells were subjected to aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy at different concentrations of aminolevulinic acid. Resting, IFN/LPS and IL-4 macrophage subtypes were prepared from monocytic THP-1 cell line. Cell death features and macrophage modifications were analyzed by fluorescence-based live cell imaging. ATP and HMGB1 levels in cell culture media were determined by ELISA assays. The presence of lipid peroxidation products in culture media was assessed by spectrophotometric detection of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. RESULTS Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy induced various death pathways in Kyse 450 cells that included features of apoptosis, necrosis and ferroptosis. ATP amounts in extracellular environment of treated Kyse 450 cells increased with increasing aminolevulinic acid concentration. Levels of HMGB1, detectable by ELISA assay in culture media, were decreased after the treatment. Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy induced lipid peroxidation of cellular structures and increased levels of extracellular lipid peroxidation products. Incubation of resting and IL-4 macrophages in conditioned medium from Kyse 450 cells treated by aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy induced morphological changes in macrophages, however, comparable alterations were induced also by conditioned medium from untreated cancer cells. CONCLUSION Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy leads to alterations in local extracellular levels of damage associated molecular patterns, however, comprehensive studies are needed to find whether they can be responsible for macrophage phenotype modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Čunderlíková
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- International Laser Centre, Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Pavel Babál
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mlkvý
- International Laser Centre, Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information, Bratislava, Slovakia
- St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Teplický
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Mylvaganam S, Freeman SA. The resolution of phagosomes. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:45-64. [PMID: 37551912 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a fundamental immunobiological process responsible for the removal of harmful particulates. While the number of phagocytic events achieved by a single phagocyte can be remarkable, exceeding hundreds per day, the same phagocytic cells are relatively long-lived. It should therefore be obvious that phagocytic meals must be resolved in order to maintain the responsiveness of the phagocyte and to avoid storage defects. In this article, we discuss the mechanisms involved in the resolution process, including solute transport pathways and membrane traffic. We describe how products liberated in phagolysosomes support phagocyte metabolism and the immune response. We also speculate on mechanisms involved in the redistribution of phagosomal metabolites back to circulation. Finally, we highlight the pathologies owed to impaired phagosome resolution, which range from storage disorders to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakami Mylvaganam
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer A Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kroeze A, Cornelissen AS, Pascutti MF, Verheij M, Bulder I, Klarenbeek S, Ait Soussan A, Hazenberg MD, Nur E, van der Schoot CE, Voermans C, Zeerleder SS. Cell-free DNA levels are increased in acute graft-versus-host disease. Eur J Haematol 2022; 109:271-281. [PMID: 35617105 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and nucleosomes, consisting of cfDNA and histones, are markers of cell activation and damage. In systemic inflammation these markers predict severity and fatality. However, the role of cfDNA in acute Graft-versus-Host Disease (aGvHD), a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), is unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the role of cfDNA as a marker of aGvHD. METHODS We followed nucleosome levels in 37 allogeneic HSCT patients and an established xenotransplantation mouse model. We determined the origin of cfDNA with a species-specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In the plasma of aGvHD patients, nucleosome levels significantly increased around the time of aGvHD diagnosis compared to pretransplant, concurrently with a significant increase of known aGvHD markers ST2 and REG3α. In mice, we confirmed that nucleosomes were elevated during clinically detectable aGvHD. We found cfDNA to be mainly of human origin and to a lesser extent of mouse origin, indicating that cfDNA is released by (proliferating) human xeno-reactive PBMC and damaged mouse cells. CONCLUSION We show increased cfDNA both in an aGvHD mouse model and in aGvHD patients. We also demonstrate that donor hematopoietic cells and to a lesser degree (damaged) host cells are the cellular source of cfDNA in aGvHD. We propose that nucleosomes and cfDNA might be an additive marker for aGvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kroeze
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S Cornelissen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Myrddin Verheij
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Bulder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Klarenbeek
- Experimental Animal Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aicha Ait Soussan
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mette D Hazenberg
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erfan Nur
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Voermans
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha S Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Division of Internal Medicine, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, and University of Berne, Bern, Switzerland
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de Wit Y, Rethans A, van Mierlo G, Wouters D, ten Brinke A, Bemelman FJ, Zeerleder S. Plasma Exchange Therapy Using Solvent Detergent-Treated Plasma: An Observational Pilot Study on Complement, Neutrophil and Endothelial Cell Activation in a Case Series of Patients Suffering from Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Transfus Med Hemother 2022; 49:288-297. [PMID: 37969865 PMCID: PMC10642533 DOI: 10.1159/000522137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Plasma exchange therapy (PEX) was standard treatment for thrombotic microangiopathy before eculizumab was available and is still widely applied. However, most PEX patients still ultimately progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It has been suggested that infusion of plasma that contains active complement may induce additional complement activation with subsequent activation of neutrophils and endothelial cells, leading to exacerbation of organ damage and deterioration of renal function. Objective This observational pilot study examines the effect of hemodialysis, eculizumab and PEX before and after treatment in plasma of aHUS patients on complement-, neutrophil and endothelial cell activation. Methods Eleven patients were included in this pilot study. Six patients were treated with hemodialysis, 2 patients received regular infusions of eculizumab, and 3 patients were on a regular schedule for PEX. Patients were followed during 3 consecutive treatments. Blood samples were taken before and after patients received their treatment. Results Complement activation products increased in plasma of patients after PEX, as opposed to patients treated with hemodialysis or eculizumab. Increased levels of complement activation products were detected in omniplasma used for PEX. Additionally, activation of neutrophils and endothelial cells was observed in patients after hemodialysis and PEX, but not in patients receiving eculizumab treatment. Conclusion In this pilot study we observed that PEX induced complement and neutrophil activation, and that omniplasma contains significant amounts of complement activation products. Additionally, we demonstrate that hemodialysis induces activation of neutrophils and endothelial cells. Complement activation with subsequent neutrophil activation may contribute to the deterioration of organ function and may result in ESRD. Further randomized controlled studies are warranted to investigate the effect of PEX on complement- and neutrophil activation in patients with thrombotic microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin de Wit
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Blood Supply, Division Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Rethans
- Department of Nephrology, UMC-AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Mierlo
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Blood Supply, Division Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Wouters
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Blood Supply, Division Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sacha Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Blood Supply, Division Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Singh A, Verma S, Modak SB, Chaturvedi MM, Purohit JS. Extra-nuclear histones: origin, significance and perspectives. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:507-524. [PMID: 34796445 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Histones are classically known to organize the eukaryotic DNA into chromatin. They are one of the key players in regulating transcriptionally permissive and non-permissive states of the chromatin. Nevertheless, their context-dependent appearance within the cytoplasm and systemic circulation has also been observed. The past decade has also witnessed few scientific communications on the existence of vesicle-associated histones. Diverse groups have attempted to determine the significance of these extra-nuclear histones so far, with many of those studies still underway. Of note amongst these are interactions of extra-nuclear or free histones with cellular membranes, mediated by mutual cationic and anionic natures, respectively. It is here aimed to consolidate the mechanism of formation of extra-nuclear histones; implications of histone-induced membrane destabilization and explore the mechanisms of their association/release with extracellular vesicles, along with the functional aspects of these extra-nuclear histones in cell and systemic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Sudhir Verma
- Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110078, India
| | | | | | - Jogeswar S Purohit
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
- Molecular and Systems Biology Lab, Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, North Campus, DREAM Building, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Shabrish S, Mittra I. Cytokine Storm as a Cellular Response to dsDNA Breaks: A New Proposal. Front Immunol 2021; 12:622738. [PMID: 33597956 PMCID: PMC7882731 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.622738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of cytokine storm is poorly understood. In this article we propose a new mechanism and suggest innovative therapeutic avenues for its prevention. We have reported that particles of cell-free chromatin (cfCh) that are released from the billions of cells that die in the body everyday can illegitimately integrate into genomes of healthy cells to trigger dsDNA breaks. The latter leads to apoptosis and/or intense activation of inflammatory cytokines in the affected cells. We hypothesise that a similar phenomenon of dsDNA breaks and inflammation is involved in cytokine storm. The abundant cfCh particles that are released from dying host cells following viral/microbial invasion initiate a cascading effect of more cell death resulting in a vicious cycle of further DNA damage, apoptosis and hyper-inflammation which culminate in cytokine storm. We propose that this unrelenting vicious cycle of cellular DNA damage and cytokine storm may be the underlying cause of high mortality from severe COVID-19. We discuss results of our preclinical studies wherein we have shown that endotoxin induced cytokine storm in mice can be reversed by three different agents that have the ability to inactivate cfCh. These agents may be worthy of investigation in clinical trials to reduce mortality from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Shabrish
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Indraneel Mittra
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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A New Perspective on the Origin of DNA Double-Strand Breaks and Its Implications for Ageing. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020163. [PMID: 33530310 PMCID: PMC7912064 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that 10-50 DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) occur in a nucleated human cell per cell cycle. We reviewed the present state of knowledge and hypothesized that the currently accepted mechanisms cannot explain such high frequency of DSBs occurring daily under normal physiological conditions. We propose an alternative model that implicates illegitimate genomic integration into healthy cells of cell-free chromatin (cfCh) particles released from the billions of cells that die in the body every day. Repeated genomic integration of cfCh may have catastrophic consequences for the cell, such as DSBs, their faulty repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) followed by apoptosis with release of more cfCh which would integrate into genomes of surrounding cells. This can creates a vicious cycle of cfCh integration, DSBs, NHEJ, and more apoptosis, thereby providing a potential explanation as to why so many billions of cells die in the body on a daily basis. We also recount the recent observation that cfCh integration and the resulting DSBs activate inflammatory cytokines. This leads us to propose that concurrent DSBs and induction of inflammation occurring throughout life may be the underlying cause of ageing, degenerative disorders, and cancer. Finally, we discuss the prospect that agents that can inactivate/degrade cfCh may hold the key to making healthy ageing a realizable goal.
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Lu NF, Jiang L, Zhu B, Yang DG, Zheng RQ, Shao J, Yuan J, Xi XM. Elevated Plasma Histone H4 Levels Are an Important Risk Factor in the Development of Septic Cardiomyopathy. Balkan Med J 2019; 37:72-78. [PMID: 31674172 PMCID: PMC7094183 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2019.2019.8.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Myocardial impairment is a major complication and an important prognostic predictor of sepsis. Therefore, early and accurate diagnosis as well as timely management of septic cardiomyopathy is critical to achieve favorable outcomes. Aims: To investigate the risk factors of septic cardiomyopathy. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: This study performed between May 2016 and June 2018 recruited 93 septic patients from the intensive care unit. All patients received standardized treatments. Septic patients were divided into two groups: non cardiomyopathy (n=45) and septic cardiomyopathy group (n=48). Blood samples were collected and transthoracic echocardiography was performed within 24 hours of intensive care unit admission. Septic patients with one ultrasound abnormality but no history of heart disease were diagnosed as having septic cardiomyopathy. Plasma histones, cardiac troponin I, and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide were measured using ELISA. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores, vasopressor use, and the outcomes of intensive care unit stay were analyzed. Spearman rank analysis was used to determine the correlation between plasma histone H4 and other parameters. Binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were used to determine the risk factors for septic cardiomyopathy. Results: Compared with the non-cardiomyopathy group, the septic cardiomyopathy group had significantly higher plasma H4 and cardiac troponin I levels, a higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, more frequent vasopressor use, and a higher mortality rate (p<0.05). Plasma histone H4 levels positively correlated with cardiac troponin I (r=0.577, p<0.001), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (r=0.349, p=0.001), and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores (r=0.469, p<0.001). Binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed that elevated plasma histone H4 levels and vasopressor use were important risk factors for septic cardiomyopathy (p<0.05). Conclusion: Elevated plasma histone H4 levels could be used to predict septic cardiomyopathy in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Fang Lu
- Clinic of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Electric Power Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University Fuxing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University Fuxing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - De-Gang Yang
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Qiang Zheng
- Clinic of Critical Care Medicine, Subei People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Shao
- Clinic of Critical Care Medicine, Subei People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Clinic of Cardiac Function Tests, Subei People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu-Ming Xi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University Fuxing Hospital, Beijing, China
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Mandke P, Vasquez KM. Interactions of high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) with nucleic acids: Implications in DNA repair and immune responses. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 83:102701. [PMID: 31563843 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is a highly versatile, abundant, and ubiquitously expressed, non-histone chromosomal protein, which belongs to the HMGB family of proteins. These proteins form an integral part of the architectural protein repertoire to support chromatin structure in the nucleus. In the nucleus, the role of HMGB1 is attributed to its ability to bind to undamaged DNA, damaged DNA, and alternative (i.e. non-B) DNA structures with high affinity and subsequently induce bending of the DNA substrates. Due to its binding to DNA, HMGB1 has been implicated in critical biological processes, such as DNA transcription, replication, repair, and recombination. In addition to its intracellular functions, HMGB1 can also be released in the extracellular space where it elicits immunological responses. HMGB1 associates with many different molecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipopolysaccharides to modulate a variety of processes in both DNA metabolism and in innate immunity. In this review, we will focus on the implications of the interactions of HMGB1 with nucleic acids in DNA repair and immune responses. We report on the roles of HMGB1 in nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), mismatch repair (MMR) and DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR). We also report on its roles in immune responses via its potential effects on antigen receptor diversity generation [V(D)J recombination] and interactions with foreign and self-nucleic acids. HMGB1 expression is altered in a variety of cancers and immunological disorders. However, due to the diversity and complexity of the biological processes influenced by HMGB1 (and its family members), a detailed understanding of the intracellular and extracellular roles of HMGB1 in DNA damage repair and immune responses is warranted to ensure the development of effective HMGB1-related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Mandke
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| | - Karen M Vasquez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
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12
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Raghuram GV, Chaudhary S, Johari S, Mittra I. Illegitimate and Repeated Genomic Integration of Cell-Free Chromatin in the Aetiology of Somatic Mosaicism, Ageing, Chronic Diseases and Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10060407. [PMID: 31142004 PMCID: PMC6628102 DOI: 10.3390/genes10060407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that an individual is a complex mosaic of genetically divergent cells. Post-zygotic genomes of the same individual can differ from one another in the form of single nucleotide variations, copy number variations, insertions, deletions, inversions, translocations, other structural and chromosomal variations and footprints of transposable elements. High-throughput sequencing has led to increasing detection of mosaicism in healthy individuals which is related to ageing, neuro-degenerative disorders, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. These age-related disorders are also known to be associated with significant increase in DNA damage and inflammation. Herein, we discuss a newly described phenomenon wherein the genome is under constant assault by illegitimate integration of cell-free chromatin (cfCh) particles that are released from the billions of cells that die in the body every day. We propose that such repeated genomic integration of cfCh followed by dsDNA breaks and repair by non-homologous-end-joining as well as physical damage to chromosomes occurring throughout life may lead to somatic/chromosomal mosaicism which would increase with age. We also discuss the recent finding that genomic integration of cfCh and the accompanying DNA damage is associated with marked activation of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the triple pathologies of somatic mosaicism, DNA/chromosomal damage and inflammation brought about by a common mechanism of genomic integration of cfCh may help to provide an unifying model for the understanding of aetiologies of the inter-related conditions of ageing, degenerative disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorantla V Raghuram
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai 410210, India.
| | - Shahid Chaudhary
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai 410210, India.
| | - Shweta Johari
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai 410210, India.
| | - Indraneel Mittra
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai 410210, India.
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Gallaher JA, Brown JS, Anderson ARA. The impact of proliferation-migration tradeoffs on phenotypic evolution in cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2425. [PMID: 30787363 PMCID: PMC6382810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are not static masses of cells but dynamic ecosystems where cancer cells experience constant turnover and evolve fitness-enhancing phenotypes. Selection for different phenotypes may vary with (1) the tumor niche (edge or core), (2) cell turnover rates, (3) the nature of the tradeoff between traits, and (4) whether deaths occur in response to demographic or environmental stochasticity. Using a spatially-explicit agent-based model, we observe how two traits (proliferation rate and migration speed) evolve under different tradeoff conditions with different turnover rates. Migration rate is favored over proliferation at the tumor's edge and vice-versa for the interior. Increasing cell turnover rates slightly slows tumor growth but accelerates the rate of evolution for both proliferation and migration. The absence of a tradeoff favors ever higher values for proliferation and migration, while a convex tradeoff tends to favor proliferation, often promoting the coexistence of a generalist and specialist phenotype. A concave tradeoff favors migration at low death rates, but switches to proliferation at higher death rates. Mortality via demographic stochasticity favors proliferation, and environmental stochasticity favors migration. While all of these diverse factors contribute to the ecology, heterogeneity, and evolution of a tumor, their effects may be predictable and empirically accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Gallaher
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Joel S Brown
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alexander R A Anderson
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
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14
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van Golen RF, Reiniers MJ, Marsman G, Alles LK, van Rooyen DM, Petri B, Van der Mark VA, van Beek AA, Meijer B, Maas MA, Zeerleder S, Verheij J, Farrell GC, Luken BM, Teoh NC, van Gulik TM, Murphy MP, Heger M. The damage-associated molecular pattern HMGB1 is released early after clinical hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1192-1200. [PMID: 30658161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND Activation of sterile inflammation after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) culminates in liver injury. The route to liver damage starts with mitochondrial oxidative stress and cell death during early reperfusion. The link between mitochondrial oxidative stress, damage-associate molecular pattern (DAMP) release, and sterile immune signaling is incompletely understood and lacks clinical validation. The aim of the study was to validate this relation in a clinical liver I/R cohort and to limit DAMP release using a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant in I/R-subjected mice. METHODS Plasma levels of the DAMPs high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), mitochondrial DNA, and nucleosomes were measured in 39 patients enrolled in an observational study who underwent a major liver resection with (N = 29) or without (N = 13) intraoperative liver ischemia. Circulating cytokine and neutrophil activation markers were also determined. In mice, the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ was intravenously infused in an attempt to limit DAMP release, reduce sterile inflammation, and suppress I/R injury. RESULTS In patients, HMGB1 was elevated following liver resection with I/R compared to liver resection without I/R. HMGB1 levels correlated positively with ischemia duration and peak post-operative transaminase (ALT) levels. There were no differences in mitochondrial DNA, nucleosome, or cytokine levels between the two groups. In mice, MitoQ neutralized hepatic oxidative stress and decreased HMGB1 release by ±50%. MitoQ suppressed transaminase release, hepatocellular necrosis, and cytokine production. Reconstituting disulfide HMGB1 during reperfusion reversed these protective effects. CONCLUSION HMGB1 seems the most pertinent DAMP in clinical hepatic I/R injury. Neutralizing mitochondrial oxidative stress may limit DAMP release after hepatic I/R and reduce liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F van Golen
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Megan J Reiniers
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben Marsman
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lindy K Alles
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Derrick M van Rooyen
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University at The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - Björn Petri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Vincent A Van der Mark
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Tytgat Institute for Gastrointestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A van Beek
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Meijer
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martinus A Maas
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sacha Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geoffrey C Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University at The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - Brenda M Luken
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Narci C Teoh
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University at The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael P Murphy
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, PR China.
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15
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Kirolikar S, Prasannan P, Raghuram GV, Pancholi N, Saha T, Tidke P, Chaudhari P, Shaikh A, Rane B, Pandey R, Wani H, Khare NK, Siddiqui S, D'souza J, Prasad R, Shinde S, Parab S, Nair NK, Pal K, Mittra I. Prevention of radiation-induced bystander effects by agents that inactivate cell-free chromatin released from irradiated dying cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1142. [PMID: 30442925 PMCID: PMC6238009 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is a poorly understood phenomenon wherein non-targeted cells exhibit effects of radiation. We have reported that cell-free chromatin (cfCh) particles that are released from dying cells can integrate into genomes of surrounding healthy cells to induce DNA damage and inflammation. This raised the possibility that RIBE might be induced by cfCh released from irradiated dying cells. When conditioned media from BrdU-labeled irradiated cells were passed through filters of pore size 0.22 µm and incubated with unexposed cells, BrdU-labeled cfCh particles could be seen to readily enter their nuclei to activate H2AX, active Caspase-3, NFκB, and IL-6. A direct relationship was observed with respect to activation of RIBE biomarkers and radiation dose in the range of 0.1-0 Gy. We confirmed by FISH and cytogenetic analysis that cfCh had stably integrated into chromosomes of bystander cells and had led to extensive chromosomal instability. The above RIBE effects could be abrogated when conditioned media were pre-treated with agents that inactivate cfCh, namely, anti-histone antibody complexed nanoparticles (CNPs), DNase I and a novel DNA degrading agent Resveratrol-copper (R-Cu). Lower hemi-body irradiation with γ-rays (0.1-50 Gy) led to activation of H2AX, active Caspase-3, NFκB, and IL-6 in brain cells in a dose-dependent manner. Activation of these RIBE biomarkers could be abrogated by concurrent treatment with CNPs, DNase I and R-Cu indicating that activation of RIBE was not due to radiation scatter to the brain. RIBE activation was seen even when mini-beam radiation was delivered to the umbilical region of mice wherein radiation scatter to brain was negligible and could be abrogated by cfCh inactivating agents. These results indicate that cfCh released from radiation-induced dying cells are activators of RIBE and that it can be prevented by treatment with appropriate cfCh inactivating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kirolikar
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Preeti Prasannan
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Gorantla V Raghuram
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Namrata Pancholi
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Tannishtha Saha
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Pritishkumar Tidke
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Pradip Chaudhari
- Comparative Oncology Program and Small Animal Imaging Facility, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Alfina Shaikh
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Bhagyeshri Rane
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Richa Pandey
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Harshada Wani
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Naveen K Khare
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Sophiya Siddiqui
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Jenevieve D'souza
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Ratnam Prasad
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Sushma Shinde
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Sailee Parab
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Naveen K Nair
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Kavita Pal
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Indraneel Mittra
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, 410210, India.
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16
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Gallaher JA, Enriquez-Navas PM, Luddy KA, Gatenby RA, Anderson ARA. Spatial Heterogeneity and Evolutionary Dynamics Modulate Time to Recurrence in Continuous and Adaptive Cancer Therapies. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2127-2139. [PMID: 29382708 PMCID: PMC5899666 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of advanced cancers has benefited from new agents that supplement or bypass conventional therapies. However, even effective therapies fail as cancer cells deploy a wide range of resistance strategies. We propose that evolutionary dynamics ultimately determine survival and proliferation of resistant cells. Therefore, evolutionary strategies should be used with conventional therapies to delay or prevent resistance. Using an agent-based framework to model spatial competition among sensitive and resistant populations, we applied antiproliferative drug treatments to varying ratios of sensitive and resistant cells. We compared a continuous maximum-tolerated dose schedule with an adaptive schedule aimed at tumor control via competition between sensitive and resistant cells. Continuous treatment cured mostly sensitive tumors, but with any resistant cells, recurrence was inevitable. We identified two adaptive strategies that control heterogeneous tumors: dose modulation controls most tumors with less drug, while a more vacation-oriented schedule can control more invasive tumors. These findings offer potential modifications to treatment regimens that may improve outcomes and reduce resistance and recurrence.Significance: By using drug dose modulation or treatment vacations, adaptive therapy strategies control the emergence of tumor drug resistance by spatially suppressing less fit resistant populations in favor of treatment sensitive ones. Cancer Res; 78(8); 2127-39. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Gallaher
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Kimberly A Luddy
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Tampa, Florida
| | - Robert A Gatenby
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Tampa, Florida
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17
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Mohania D, Chandel S, Kumar P, Verma V, Digvijay K, Tripathi D, Choudhury K, Mitten SK, Shah D. Ultraviolet Radiations: Skin Defense-Damage Mechanism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 996:71-87. [PMID: 29124692 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UV-radiations are the invisible part of light spectra having a wavelength between visible rays and X-rays. Based on wavelength, UV rays are subdivided into UV-A (320-400 nm), UV-B (280-320 nm) and UV-C (200-280 nm). Ultraviolet rays can have both harmful and beneficial effects. UV-C has the property of ionization thus acting as a strong mutagen, which can cause immune-mediated disease and cancer in adverse cases. Numbers of genetic factors have been identified in human involved in inducing skin cancer from UV-radiations. Certain heredity diseases have been found susceptible to UV-induced skin cancer. UV radiations activate the cutaneous immune system, which led to an inflammatory response by different mechanisms. The first line of defense mechanism against UV radiation is melanin (an epidermal pigment), and UV absorbing pigment of skin, which dissipate UV radiation as heat. Cell surface death receptor (e.g. Fas) of keratinocytes responds to UV-induced injury and elicits apoptosis to avoid malignant transformation. In addition to the formation of photo-dimers in the genome, UV also can induce mutation by generating ROS and nucleotides are highly susceptible to these free radical injuries. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) has been known to be implicated in different UV-induced damages such as pigmentation, adaptive tanning, and skin cancer. UV-B induces the formation of pre-vitamin D3 in the epidermal layer of skin. UV-induced tans act as a photoprotection by providing a sun protection factor (SPF) of 3-4 and epidermal hyperplasia. There is a need to prevent the harmful effects and harness the useful effects of UV radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Mohania
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medial Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shikha Chandel
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (SGRH), New Delhi, India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, (North Campus), New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Verma
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, (North Campus), New Delhi, India
| | - Kumar Digvijay
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (SGRH), New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Tripathi
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (SGRH), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Dilip Shah
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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DNA and factor VII-activating protease protect against the cytotoxicity of histones. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2491-2502. [PMID: 29296900 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017010959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating histones have been implicated as major mediators of inflammatory disease because of their strong cytotoxic effects. Histones form the protein core of nucleosomes; however, it is unclear whether histones and nucleosomes are equally cytotoxic. Several plasma proteins that neutralize histones are present in plasma. Importantly, factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) is activated upon contact with histones and subsequently proteolyzes histones. We aimed to determine the effect of FSAP on the cytotoxicity of both histones and nucleosomes. Indeed, FSAP protected against histone-induced cytotoxicity of cultured cells in vitro. Upon incubation of serum with histones, endogenous FSAP was activated and degraded histones, which also prevented cytotoxicity. Notably, histones as part of nucleosome complexes were not cytotoxic, whereas DNA digestion restored cytotoxicity. Histones in nucleosomes were inefficiently cleaved by FSAP, which resulted in limited cleavage of histone H3 and removal of the N-terminal tail. The specific isolation of either circulating nucleosomes or free histones from sera of Escherichia coli challenged baboons or patients with meningococcal sepsis revealed that histone H3 was present in the form of nucleosomes, whereas free histone H3 was not detected. All samples showed signs of FSAP activation. Markedly, we observed that all histone H3 in nucleosomes from the patients with sepsis, and most histone H3 from the baboons, was N-terminally truncated, giving rise to a similarly sized protein fragment as through cleavage by FSAP. Taken together, our results suggest that DNA and FSAP jointly limit histone cytotoxicity and that free histone H3 does not circulate in appreciable concentrations in sepsis.
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19
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Basak R, Nair NK, Mittra I. Evidence for cell-free nucleic acids as continuously arising endogenous DNA mutagens. Mutat Res 2016; 793-794:15-21. [PMID: 27768916 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is extensive literature to show that nucleic acids can be taken up by cells under experimental conditions and that foetal DNA can be detected in maternal tissues. The uptaken DNA can integrate into host cell genomes and can be transcribed and translated into proteins. They can also cause chromosomal damage and karyotype alterations. Cell-free nucleic acids (cfNAs)-based non-invasive DNA diagnostic techniques are being extensively researched in the field of cancer with the potential to advance new prognostic parameters and direct treatment decisions. However, whether extracellular cfNAs that are released into circulation from dying cells as a consequence of normal physiology have any functional significance has not been explored. A recent study has demonstrated that circulating cfNAs have the ability to cause DNA damage and mutagenesis by illegitimately integrating into healthy cells of the body, thereby acting as mobile genetic elements. Fluorescently-labeled cfNAs isolated from sera of cancer patients and healthy volunteers were shown to be readily taken up by host cells followed by activation of a DNA-damage-repair-response which led their large scale integration into the host cell genomes. The latter caused dsDNA breaks and apoptosis in cells in vitro and in those of vital organs when injected intravenously into mice. Cell-free chromatin was consistently more active than cell-free DNA, while cfNAs derived from cancer patients were significantly more active than those from healthy volunteers. This study suggests that circulating extracellular cfNAs act as physiological continuously arising DNA mutagens with implications for ageing, cancer and a host of other degenerative human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Basak
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Nair
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Indraneel Mittra
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai 410210, India.
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20
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van der Meer AJ, Achouiti A, van der Ende A, Soussan AA, Florquin S, de Vos A, Zeerleder SS, van der Poll T. Toll-like receptor 9 enhances bacterial clearance and limits lung consolidation in murine pneumonia caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Med 2016; 22:292-299. [PMID: 27508882 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen in pneumonia, associated with severe lung damage. Tissue injury causes release of Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), which may perpetuate inflammation. DNA has been implicated as a DAMP that activates inflammation through Toll-like receptor (TLR)9. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of TLR9 in MRSA pneumonia. Wild-type (Wt) and TLR9 knockout (tlr9-/-) mice were infected intranasally with MRSA USA300 (BK 11540) (5E7CFU) and euthanized at 6,24,48 or 72 hours for analyses. MRSA pneumonia was associated with profound release of cell-free host DNA in the airways, as reflected by increases in nucleosome and DNA levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), accompanied by transient detection of pathogen DNA in MRSA-free BALF supernatants. In BALF, as compared to Wt -mice tlr9-/- mice showed reduced TNFα and IL-6 levels at 6 hours and reduced bacterial clearance at 6 and 24 hours post infection. Furthermore, tlr9-/- mice exhibited a greater influx of neutrophils in BALF and increased lung consolidation at 24 and 48 hours. This study demonstrates the release of host- and pathogen-derived TLR9 ligands (DNA) into the alveolar space after infection with MRSA via the airways and suggests that TLR9 has pro-inflammatory effects during MRSA pneumonia associated with enhanced bacterial clearance and limitation of lung consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jan van der Meer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Achmed Achouiti
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arie van der Ende
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aicha A Soussan
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha S Zeerleder
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Marsman G, Stephan F, de Leeuw K, Bulder I, Ruinard JT, de Jong J, Westra J, Bultink IE, Voskuyl AE, Aarden LA, Luken BM, Kallenberg CG, Zeerleder S. FSAP-mediated nucleosome release from late apoptotic cells is inhibited by autoantibodies present in SLE. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:762-71. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerben Marsman
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Femke Stephan
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Karina de Leeuw
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Bulder
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jessica T. Ruinard
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Jong
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Westra
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Irene E.M. Bultink
- Department of Rheumatology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre E. Voskuyl
- Department of Rheumatology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Lucien A. Aarden
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Brenda M. Luken
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Cees G.M. Kallenberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; University Medical Center; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam; The Netherlands, and Landsteiner Laboratory; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Yoshizaki A, Taniguchi T, Saigusa R, Fukasawa T, Ebata S, Numajiri H, Nakamura K, Yamashita T, Takahashi T, Toyama T, Asano Y, Tedder TF, Sato S. Nucleosome in patients with systemic sclerosis: possible association with immunological abnormalities via abnormal activation of T and B cells. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:1858-65. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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van Bijnen STA, Wouters D, van Mierlo GJ, Muus P, Zeerleder S. Neutrophil activation and nucleosomes as markers of systemic inflammation in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: effects of eculizumab. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:2004-11. [PMID: 26333021 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is characterized by complement-mediated hemolysis and a high risk of life-threatening venous and arterial thrombosis. Uncontrolled complement activation and the release of cell-free heme may result in systemic inflammation, neutrophil activation, and the release of procoagulant neutrophilic proteases. Eculizumab, an antibody to complement factor C5, inhibits hemolysis and reduces thrombotic risk. OBJECTIVES To study neutrophil activation and nucleosome levels in relation to thrombosis in PNH patients before and during treatment with eculizumab. PATIENTS/METHODS In 51 untreated PNH patients, including 20 patients before and after commencing eculizumab treatment, we have assessed neutrophil activation by measuring elastase-α1 -antitrypsin (EA) complexes and circulating nucleosomes, as established markers for systemic inflammation and cell death. RESULTS Nucleosomes (median; range; 95% confidence interval [CI]), but not EA complexes, were higher in PNH patients with a history of thrombosis (16; 7-264; 0.3-94 U mL(-1) , n = 12) than in those without (6; 6-35; 7-11 U mL(-1) , n = 39) or controls (8; 6-23; 7-12 U mL(-1) , n = 17). EA complexes, but not nucleosomes, decreased promptly and markedly upon eculizumab treatment. EA complexes (estimated marginal means; 95% CI) remained low at ≥ 12 weeks (50; 34-67) compared with baseline (12; -6 to 29). CONCLUSIONS The increased nucleosome levels in PNH patients with a history of thrombosis suggest systemic inflammation and/or cell death. Neutrophil activation markers did not differ between patients with and without a history of thrombosis and healthy controls. Interestingly, basal neutrophil activation in PNH patients significantly decreases on treatment with eculizumab, indicating that neutrophil activation is C5a driven.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Wouters
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G J van Mierlo
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P Muus
- Department of Hematology, RadboudUMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - S Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Mobile genetic elements play a major role in shaping biotic genomes and bringing about evolutionary transformations. Herein, a new class of mobile genetic elements is proposed in the form of circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) derived from the billions of cells that die in the body every day due to normal physiology and that act intra-corporeally. A recent study shows that CNAs can freely enter into healthy cells, integrate into their genomes by a unique mechanism and cause damage to their DNA. Being ubiquitous and continuously arising, CNA-induced DNA damage may be the underlying cause of ageing, ageing-related disabilities and the ultimate demise of the organism. Thus, DNA seems to act in the paradoxical roles of both preserver and destroyer of life. This new class of mobile genetic element may be relevant not only to multi-cellular organisms with established circulatory systems, but also to other multi-cellular organisms in which intra-corporeal mobility of nucleic acids may be mediated via the medium of extra-cellular fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indraneel Mittra
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai, India
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Increased Nucleosomes and Neutrophil Activation Link to Disease Progression in Patients with Scrub Typhus but Not Murine Typhus in Laos. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003990. [PMID: 26317419 PMCID: PMC4552835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity is essential in protection against rickettsial illnesses, but the role of neutrophils in these intracellular vasculotropic infections remains unclear. This study analyzed the plasma levels of nucleosomes, FSAP-activation (nucleosome-releasing factor), and neutrophil activation, as evidenced by neutrophil-elastase (ELA) complexes, in sympatric Lao patients with scrub typhus and murine typhus. In acute scrub typhus elevated nucleosome levels correlated with lower GCS scores, raised respiratory rate, jaundice and impaired liver function, whereas neutrophil activation correlated with fibrinolysis and high IL-8 plasma levels, a recently identified predictor of severe disease and mortality. Nucleosome and ELA complex levels were associated with a 4.8-fold and 4-fold increased risk of developing severe scrub typhus, beyond cut off values of 1,040 U/ml for nucleosomes and 275 U/ml for ELA complexes respectively. In murine typhus, nucleosome levels associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines and the duration of illness, while ELA complexes correlated strongly with inflammation markers, jaundice and increased respiratory rates. This study found strong correlations between circulating nucleosomes and neutrophil activation in patients with scrub typhus, but not murine typhus, providing indirect evidence that nucleosomes could originate from neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) degradation. High circulating plasma nucleosomes and ELA complexes represent independent risk factors for developing severe complications in scrub typhus. As nucleosomes and histones exposed on NETs are highly cytotoxic to endothelial cells and are strongly pro-coagulant, neutrophil-derived nucleosomes could contribute to vascular damage, the pro-coagulant state and exacerbation of disease in scrub typhus, thus indicating a detrimental role of neutrophil activation. The data suggest that increased neutrophil activation relates to disease progression and severe complications, and increased plasma levels of nucleosomes and ELA complexes represent independent risk factors for developing severe scrub typhus. Tropical rickettsial illnesses, especially scrub typhus and murine typhus, are increasingly recognized as a leading cause of treatable undifferentiated febrile illness in Asia, but remain severely neglected and under appreciated diseases in many areas. In this study we investigated the relationship of markers of neutrophil activation and cell death with disease severity in patients with acute scrub typhus and murine typhus in Laos. These easily measurable circulating markers were associated with a 4 to 5-fold increased risk of developing severe clinical disease manifestations in scrub typhus and represent independent predictors of severe disease, and possibly death. We also found strong correlations between circulating markers of cell death and neutrophil activation in patients with scrub typhus, but not murine typhus, providing indirect evidence that neutrophil extracellular traps could contribute to the vascular damage and pro-coagulant state leading to exacerbation of disease in scrub typhus, thus indicating a detrimental role of neutrophil activation. The data suggest that increased neutrophil activation relates to disease progression and severe complications, and increased plasma levels of nucleosomes and ELA complexes represent independent risk factors for developing severe scrub typhus.
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Jeannet N, Fierz M, Schneider S, Künzi L, Baumlin N, Salathe M, Burtscher H, Geiser M. Acute toxicity of silver and carbon nanoaerosols to normal and cystic fibrosis human bronchial epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:279-91. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1049233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Jeannet
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
| | - Martin Fierz
- Institute of Aerosol and Sensor Technology, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Windisch, Switzerland, and
| | - Sarah Schneider
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
| | - Lisa Künzi
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Heinz Burtscher
- Institute of Aerosol and Sensor Technology, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Windisch, Switzerland, and
| | - Marianne Geiser
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
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Mittra I, Khare NK, Raghuram GV, Chaubal R, Khambatti F, Gupta D, Gaikwad A, Prasannan P, Singh A, Iyer A, Singh A, Upadhyay P, Nair NK, Mishra PK, Dutt A. Circulating nucleic acids damage DNA of healthy cells by integrating into their genomes. J Biosci 2015; 40:91-111. [PMID: 25740145 PMCID: PMC5779614 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-015-9508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Whether nucleic acids that circulate in blood have any patho-physiological functions in the host have not been explored.We report here that far from being inert molecules, circulating nucleic acids have significant biological activities of their own that are deleterious to healthy cells of the body. Fragmented DNA and chromatin (DNAfs and Cfs) isolated from blood of cancer patients and healthy volunteers are readily taken up by a variety of cells in culture to be localized in their nuclei within a few minutes. The intra-nuclear DNAfs and Cfs associate themselves with host cell chromosomes to evoke a cellular DNA-damage-repair-response (DDR) followed by their incorporation into the host cell genomes. Whole genome sequencing detected the presence of tens of thousands of human sequence reads in the recipient mouse cells. Genomic incorporation of DNAfs and Cfs leads to dsDNA breaks and activation of apoptotic pathways in the treated cells. When injected intravenously into Balb/C mice, DNAfs and Cfs undergo genomic integration into cells of their vital organs resulting in activation of DDR and apoptotic proteins in the recipient cells. Cfs have significantly greater activity than DNAfs with respect to all parameters examined, while both DNAfs and Cfs isolated from cancer patients are more active than those from normal volunteers. All the above pathological actions of DNAfs and Cfs described above can be abrogated by concurrent treatment with DNase I and/or anti-histone antibody complexed nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that circulating DNAfs and Cfs are physiological, continuously arising, endogenous DNA damaging agents with implications to ageing and a multitude of human pathologies including initiation of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indraneel Mittra
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India,
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Impaired degradation and aberrant phagocytosis of necrotic cell debris in the peripheral blood of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. J Autoimmun 2015; 56:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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de Jong HK, Koh GCKW, Bulder I, Stephan F, Wiersinga WJ, Zeerleder SS. Diabetes-independent increase of factor VII-activating protease activation in patients with Gram-negative sepsis (melioidosis). J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:41-6. [PMID: 25370187 PMCID: PMC4309501 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plasma protease factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) can release nucleosomes from late apoptotic cells. Nucleosomes are markers of cell death, and extracellular cell-free DNA has been suggested to play an important role in inflammation and has been demonstrated to correlate with severity and outcome in sepsis patients. OBJECTIVE To investigate FSAP activation in patients suffering from Burkholderia pseudomallei infection (melioidosis), an important cause of Gram-negative sepsis in Southeast Asia. As diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most important risk factor for both melioidosis and sepsis, we were also able to examine the role of DM in FSAP activation in this cohort of patients. METHODS In a prospective observational study, complexes of FSAP with α2 -antiplasmin (AP) were assayed in 44 patients with melioidosis, 34 of whom were classified as diabetic. Eighty-two healthy subjects served as controls (52 with DM and 30 without). RESULTS FSAP-AP complex levels were markedly elevated in patients as compared with controls. The FSAP level increased by 16.82 AU mL(-1) in patients with melioidosis after adjustment for the effect of DM in the regression model. As expected, FSAP activation was correlated with nucleosome release (slope = 0.74). No difference in FSAP activation on admission was seen between survivors and non-survivors, but the extent of FSAP activation correlated with stage of the disease; repeated testing during convalescence showed a return towards normal values (day 0 vs. day 28, 4.16 AU mL(-1) , 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42-12.22). CONCLUSION Patients with Gram-negative sepsis caused by B. pseudomallei have abundant FSAP activation, which significantly correlates with stage of disease. The presence of DM, however, does not influence the extent of FSAP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K de Jong
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G C K W Koh
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkok, Thailand
| | - I Bulder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin ResearchAmsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Stephan
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin ResearchAmsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W J Wiersinga
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S S Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin ResearchAmsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, the Netherlands
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30
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de Jong HK, Koh GC, Achouiti A, van der Meer AJ, Bulder I, Stephan F, Roelofs JJ, Day NP, Peacock SJ, Zeerleder S, Wiersinga WJ. Neutrophil extracellular traps in the host defense against sepsis induced by Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis). Intensive Care Med Exp 2014. [PMID: 26215706 PMCID: PMC4678137 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-014-0021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a central player in the host response to bacteria: neutrophils release extracellular DNA (nucleosomes) and neutrophil elastase to entrap and kill bacteria. We studied the role of NETs in Burkholderia pseudomallei infection (melioidosis), an important cause of Gram-negative sepsis in Southeast Asia. Methods In a prospective observational study, circulating nucleosomes and neutrophil elastase were assayed in 44 patients with Gram-negative sepsis caused by B. pseudomallei (melioidosis) and 82 controls. Functional assays included human neutrophil stimulation and killing assays and a murine model of B. pseudomallei infection in which NET function was compromised using DNase. Specified pathogen-free 8- to 12-week-old C57BL/6 mice were sacrificed post-infection to assess bacterial loads, inflammation, and pathology. Results Nucleosome and neutrophil elastase levels were markedly elevated in patients compared to controls. NETs killed B. pseudomallei effectively, and neutrophils stimulated with B. pseudomallei showed increased elastase and DNA release in a time- and dose-dependent matter. In mice, NET disruption with intravenous DNase administration resulted in decreased nucleosome levels. Although DNase treatment of mice resulted in diminished liver inflammation, no differences were observed in bacterial dissemination or systemic inflammation. Conclusion B. pseudomallei is a potent inducer of NETosis which was reflected by greatly increased levels of NET-related components in melioidosis patients. Although NETs exhibited antibacterial activity against B. pseudomallei, NET formation did not protect against bacterial dissemination and inflammation during B. pseudomallei-induced sepsis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40635-014-0021-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna K de Jong
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-132, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands,
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31
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Stephan F, Marsman G, Bakker LM, Bulder I, Stavenuiter F, Aarden LA, Zeerleder S. Cooperation of Factor VII-Activating Protease and Serum DNase I in the Release of Nucleosomes From Necrotic Cells. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:686-93. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Femke Stephan
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Marsman
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Liza M. Bakker
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Bulder
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sacha Zeerleder
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, and Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Combination of antithrombin and recombinant thrombomodulin attenuates leukocyte-endothelial interaction and suppresses the increase of intrinsic damage-associated molecular patterns in endotoxemic rats. J Surg Res 2013; 187:581-6. [PMID: 24296334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both antithrombin (AT) and thrombomodulin are key players in physiological anticoagulant systems. Because the levels of both factors are known to decrease significantly during severe sepsis, we hypothesized that a combination therapy would be effective. METHODS A sepsis model was established using the intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A dose of 125 IU/kg of AT, 0.25 mg/kg of recombinant thrombomodulin, or a combination of both agents was injected immediately after LPS infusion (n = 7, each). Intravital observation of the mesenteric microcirculation was performed, and leukocyte adhesion and blood flow were calculated at 3 h after LPS infusion. Immediately after the observation, blood samples were obtained and coagulation markers, organ damage markers, the circulating levels of nucleosome and high-mobility group box 1 were measured. RESULTS Microscopic findings revealed the suppression of leukocyte adhesion and thrombus formation in the combination group. The number of adhesive leukocytes on the endothelium was significantly suppressed (P < 0.01), and the blood flow in venules was better maintained in the combination group compared with the placebo control (P < 0.01). The blood samples showed the suppressed activation in coagulation, no significant changes were observed in the organ damage markers in the treatment groups. The circulating levels of nucleosome and high-mobility group box 1 were both decreased significantly in the combination group compared with the placebo control (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The coadministration of AT and recombinant thrombomodulin is effective for the suppression of leukocyte activation and cell death during sepsis.
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Schimmel M, Nur E, Biemond BJ, van Mierlo GJ, Solati S, Brandjes DP, Otten HM, Schnog JJ, Zeerleder S. Nucleosomes and neutrophil activation in sickle cell disease painful crisis. Haematologica 2013; 98:1797-803. [PMID: 23911704 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.088021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of vaso-occlusive painful sickle cell crisis. Upon activation, polymorphonuclear neutrophils can form neutrophil extracellular traps. Neutrophil extracellular traps consist of a meshwork of extracellular DNA, nucleosomes, histones and neutrophil proteases. Neutrophil extracellular traps have been demonstrated to be toxic to endothelial and parenchymal cells. This prospective cohort study was conducted to determine neutrophil extracellular trap formation in sickle cell patients during steady state and painful crisis. As a measure of neutrophil extracellular traps, plasma nucleosomes levels were determined and polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation was assessed measuring plasma levels of elastase-α1-antitrypsin complexes in 74 patients in steady state, 70 patients during painful crisis, and 24 race-matched controls using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Nucleosome levels in steady state sickle cell patients were significantly higher than levels in controls. During painful crisis levels of both nucleosomes and elastase-α1-antitrypsin complexes increased significantly. Levels of nucleosomes correlated significantly to elastase-α1-antitrypsin complex levels during painful crisis, (Sr = 0.654, P<0.001). This was seen in both HbSS/HbSβ(0)-thalassemia (Sr=0.55, P<0.001) and HbSC/HbSβ(+-)thalassemia patients (Sr=0.90, P<0.001) during painful crisis. Levels of nucleosomes showed a correlation with length of hospital stay and were highest in patients with acute chest syndrome. These data support the concept that neutrophil extracellular trap formation and neutrophil activation may play a role in the pathogenesis of painful sickle cell crisis and acute chest syndrome.
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Mrakovcic M, Absenger M, Riedl R, Smole C, Roblegg E, Fröhlich LF, Fröhlich E. Assessment of long-term effects of nanoparticles in a microcarrier cell culture system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56791. [PMID: 23457616 PMCID: PMC3573004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-sized materials could find multiple applications in medical diagnosis and therapy. One main concern is that engineered nanoparticles, similar to combustion-derived nanoparticles, may cause adverse effects on human health by accumulation of entire particles or their degradation products. Chronic cytotoxicity must therefore be evaluated. In order to perform chronic cytotoxicity testing of plain polystyrene nanoparticles on the endothelial cell line EAhy 926, we established a microcarrier cell culture system for anchorage-dependent cells (BioLevitator(TM)). Cells were cultured for four weeks and exposed to doses, which were not cytotoxic upon 24 hours of exposure. For comparison, these particles were also studied in regularly sub-cultured cells, a method that has traditionally been used to assess chronic cellular effects. Culturing on basal membrane coated microcarriers produced very high cell densities. Fluorescent particles were mainly localized in the lysosomes of the exposed cells. After four weeks of exposure, the number of cells exposed to 20 nm polystyrene particles decreased by 60% as compared to untreated controls. When tested in sub-cultured cells, the same particles decreased cell numbers to 80% of the untreated controls. Dose-dependent decreases in cell numbers were also noted after exposure of microcarrier cultured cells to 50 nm short multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Our findings support that necrosis, but not apoptosis, contributed to cell death of the exposed cells in the microcarrier culture system. In conclusion, the established microcarrier model appears to be more sensitive for the identification of cellular effects upon prolonged and repeated exposure to nanoparticles than traditional sub-culturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mrakovcic
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Absenger
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Regina Riedl
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Smole
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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van Montfoort ML, Stephan F, Lauw MN, Hutten BA, Van Mierlo GJ, Solati S, Middeldorp S, Meijers JC, Zeerleder S. Circulating Nucleosomes and Neutrophil Activation as Risk Factors for Deep Vein Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:147-51. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and the exposure of nucleosomes on these neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to coagulation activation and the propagation of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in animal models. However, no data are available on the role of neutrophil extracellular traps or nucleosomes in patients with thrombosis.
Methods and Results—
We conducted a case–control study, in which levels of circulating nucleosomes and neutrophil elastase–α1-antitrypsin complexes were assessed in plasma from 150 patients with objectified symptomatic DVT (cases) and compared with 195 patients with a clinical suspicion of DVT but in whom DVT was excluded (controls). We explored the association between both nucleosomes and elastase–α1-antitrypsin complexes, and the presence of DVT by calculating the odds ratio with corresponding 95% CIs. Elevated levels of both circulating nucleosomes and elastase–α1-antitrypsin complexes were associated with a 3-fold risk of DVT, and the associations remained similar after adjustment for potential confounders (malignancy, smoking, recent immobilization, recent hospitalization). The risk increased with higher nucleosome and elastase–α1-antitrypsin complex levels, suggesting a dose-dependent relationship among circulating nucleosomes, activated neutrophils, and DVT.
Conclusion—
Our study suggests an association among circulating nucleosomes, activated neutrophils, and presence of DVT in humans, which might have implications for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits L. van Montfoort
- From the Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.L.v.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC (F.S., G.J.v.M., S.S., S.Z.), Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.Z.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center (B.A.H.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Femke Stephan
- From the Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.L.v.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC (F.S., G.J.v.M., S.S., S.Z.), Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.Z.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center (B.A.H.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mandy N. Lauw
- From the Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.L.v.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC (F.S., G.J.v.M., S.S., S.Z.), Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.Z.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center (B.A.H.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara A. Hutten
- From the Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.L.v.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC (F.S., G.J.v.M., S.S., S.Z.), Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.Z.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center (B.A.H.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. Van Mierlo
- From the Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.L.v.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC (F.S., G.J.v.M., S.S., S.Z.), Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.Z.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center (B.A.H.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shabnam Solati
- From the Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.L.v.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC (F.S., G.J.v.M., S.S., S.Z.), Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.Z.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center (B.A.H.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia Middeldorp
- From the Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.L.v.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC (F.S., G.J.v.M., S.S., S.Z.), Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.Z.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center (B.A.H.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost C.M. Meijers
- From the Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.L.v.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC (F.S., G.J.v.M., S.S., S.Z.), Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.Z.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center (B.A.H.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sacha Zeerleder
- From the Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.L.v.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC (F.S., G.J.v.M., S.S., S.Z.), Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.M., J.C.M.M.), Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center (M.N.L., S.Z.), and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center (B.A.H.), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Circulating nucleosomes and severity of illness in children suffering from meningococcal sepsis treated with protein C. Crit Care Med 2012; 40:3224-9. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e318265695f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Soni GV, Dekker C. Detection of nucleosomal substructures using solid-state nanopores. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:3180-3186. [PMID: 22554358 DOI: 10.1021/nl301163m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Histone proteins assemble onto DNA into nucleosomes that control the structure and function of eukaryotic chromatin. More specifically, the structural integrity of nucleosomes regulates gene expression rates and serves as an important early marker for cell apoptosis. Nucleosomal (sub)structures are however hard to detect and characterize. Here, we show that solid-state nanopores are well suited for fast and label-free detection of nucleosomes and its histone subcomplexes. (Nucleo-)protein complexes are individually driven through the nanopore by an applied electric field, which results in characteristic conductance blockades that provide quantitative information on the molecular size of the translocating complex. We observe a systematic dependence of the conductance blockade and translocation time on the molecular weight of the nucleosomal substructures. This allows discriminating and characterizing these protein and DNA-protein complexes at the single-complex level. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to distinguish nucleosomes and dinucleosomes as a first step toward using the nanopore platform to study chromatin arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam V Soni
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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Stephan F, Dienava-Verdoold I, Bulder I, Wouters D, Mast AE, Te Velthuis H, Aarden LA, Zeerleder S. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of factor VII-activating protease. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:1165-71. [PMID: 22449009 PMCID: PMC3574557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) is a serine protease that circulates in plasma in its inactive single-chain form and can be activated upon contact with dead cells. When activated by apoptotic cells, FSAP leads to the release of nucleosomes. The serpins C1-inhibitor and α(2) -antiplasmin are reported to be the major inhibitors of FSAP. However, regulation of FSAP activity by Kunitz-type inhibitors is not well studied. OBJECTIVES To compare the inhibition of FSAP activity and FSAP-induced nucleosome release from apoptotic cells by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) with that of C1-inhibitor and α(2) -antiplasmin. METHODS Apoptotic cells were incubated with plasma or FSAP in presence of the inhibitor, and nucleosome release was analyzed with flow cytometry. Monoclonal antibodies against TFPI and altered forms of TFPI were used to investigate which domains of TFPI contribute to FSAP inhibition. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We show that TFPI abrogates FSAP activity and nucleosome release from apoptotic cells. TFPI is a much more efficient inhibitor than C1-inhibitor or α(2) -antiplasmin. The active site of K2 is required for inhibition of FSAP. A direct binding interaction between FSAP and the C-terminal domain of TFPI is also required for efficient inhibition. Inhibition of FSAP-induced nucleosome release by recombinant TFPI might, in part, explain the anti-inflammatory effects of recombinant TFPI infusion observed in animal and human sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stephan
- Departments of Immunopathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Jylhävä J, Jylhä M, Lehtimäki T, Hervonen A, Hurme M. Circulating cell-free DNA is associated with mortality and inflammatory markers in nonagenarians: The Vitality 90+ Study. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:372-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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40
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Al-Shuneigat JM, Mahgoub SS, Huq F. Colorectal carcinoma: nucleosomes, carcinoembryonic antigen and ca 19-9 as apoptotic markers; a comparative study. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:50. [PMID: 21787404 PMCID: PMC3150249 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal carcinoma is a common and often fatal disease in which methods of early detection and monitoring are essential. The present study was conducted for measuring serum levels of nucleosomes, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA 19-9 in patients newly diagnosed with colorectal carcinoma and confirmed by clinicopathological study. Method Thirty subjects were included in the current study: six normal subjects as a control group with mean age (45.6 ± 7.9) and twenty four colorectal carcinoma patients with mean age (46.9 ± 15.6), which were classified pathologically according to the degree of malignant cell differentiation into well differentiated (group I), moderately differentiated (group II) and poorly differentiated (group III). Fasting venous blood samples were collected preoperative. Results The results revealed a significant increase in serum level of nucleosomes in patients with poorly differentiated tumors versus patients with well differentiated tumors (p = 0.041). The levels of CEA and CA19-9 showed no significant increase (p = 0.569 and 0.450, respectively). Conclusion In conclusion, serum level of nucleosomes provides a highly sensitive and specific apoptotic marker for colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad M Al-Shuneigat
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry Mu'tah University, Al Karak, Jordan.
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41
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Zhu C, Yang Q, Liu L, Wang S. A potent fluorescent probe for the detection ofcellapoptosis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5524-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc05158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A new positively charged fluorescent probe poly(p-phenylene vinylene) derivative has been developed for cell apoptosis detection in a simple way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Qiong Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
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Grunke M, Antoni CE, Kavanaugh A, Hildebrand V, Dechant C, Schett G, Manger B, Ronneberger M. Standardization of joint examination technique leads to a significant decrease in variability among different examiners. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:860-4. [PMID: 20156953 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.090195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reduce the amount of variability among assessors, we conducted joint examination standardization seminars in conjunction with multicenter clinical trials for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The examination techniques used were based on the recommendations of the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR). METHODS To evaluate the effect of standardization, participants at the seminars examined a given patient with RA before and after they were made familiar with the EULAR examination technique. The number of tender and swollen joints as well as the variance among the examiners before and after the training were compared. Joints were rated positive or negative for tenderness and swelling without grading. RESULTS Overall, 553 individuals from a variety of countries in Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia participated. Examiners included different kinds of health professionals, mainly physicians and nurses. We found a substantial variance among examiners before the training in the standardized method. This variance could be significantly reduced by the training. We also found that the number of joints considered active was markedly reduced after the training. CONCLUSION Standardized joint examination training significantly reduces variability among different assessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Grunke
- Unit for Rheumatology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Maverakis E, Miyamura Y, Bowen MP, Correa G, Ono Y, Goodarzi H. Light, including ultraviolet. J Autoimmun 2009; 34:J247-57. [PMID: 20018479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light is intricately linked to the functional status of the cutaneous immune system. In susceptible individuals, UV radiation can ignite pathogenic inflammatory pathways leading to allergy or autoimmunity. In others, this same UV radiation can be used as a phototherapy to suppress pathogenic cutaneous immune responses. These vastly different properties are a direct result of UV light's ability to ionize molecules in the skin and thereby chemically alter them. Sometimes these UV-induced chemical reactions are essential, the formation of pre-vitamin D(3) from 7-dehydrocholesterol, for example. In other instances they can be potentially detrimental. UV radiation can ionize a cell's DNA causing adjacent pyrimidine bases to chemically bond to each other. To prevent malignant transformation, a cell may respond to this UV-induced DNA damage by undergoing apoptosis. Although this pathway prevents skin cancer it also has the potential of inducing or exacerbating autoreactive immune responses by exposing the cell's nuclear antigens. Ultraviolet-induced chemical reactions can activate the immune system by a variety of other mechanisms as well. In response to UV irradiation keratinocytes secrete cytokines and chemokines, which activate and recruit leukocytes to the skin. In some individuals UV-induced chemical reactions can synthesize novel antigens resulting in a photoallergy. Alternatively, photosensitizing molecules can damage cells by initiating sunburn-like phototoxic reactions. Herein we review all types of UV-induced skin reactions, especially those involving the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA.
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van Till JWO, van Veen SQ, den Broeder V, Bresser P, Lutter R, Out TA, Schultz MJ, Gouma DJ, Boermeester MA. Compartmental apoptosis and neutrophil accumulation in severe peritonitis. J Surg Res 2009; 164:321-8. [PMID: 20036382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migration and activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and apoptosis are central to inflammatory tissue damage. This study examines the relation of these processes, and their expression in the abdominal, systemic, and bronchoalveolar compartments in patients with severe peritonitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-one consecutive patients undergoing laparotomy for severe secondary peritonitis. Eight operated patients without peritonitis and 10 long-term mechanically ventilated noninfected patients served as controls. Peritoneal fluid, blood, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained on d 0 (day of initial laparotomy), 2, and 3. Levels of chemokines (interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1), PMN-counts, PMN activation [myeloperoxidase (MPO), elastase] and apoptosis (nucleosomes) were determined. RESULTS In peritonitis patients, levels of chemokines and markers of PMN sequestration were increased in all compartments. IL-8 levels were higher in BALF than in plasma, and did not originate from the circulation or from lysis of alveolar cells. Pulmonary nucleosome levels were higher in patients who died (P=0.020), and corresponded with PMN-count in BALF (P<0.001), levels of chemokines (IL-8, P=0.003; MCP-1, P=0.001), and PMN-activation (MPO, P<0.001; elastase P=0.007). CONCLUSION Severe peritonitis produces an early pulmonary expression of chemoattractants creating a gradient for PMN sequestration and activation into the lung. These parameters are associated with expression of apoptosis in the lung, which is increased in nonsurviving peritonitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Olivier van Till
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Keyhani E, Khavari-Nejad S, Keyhani J, Attar F. Acriflavine-Mediated Apoptosis and Necrosis in Yeast Candida utilis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1171:284-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Nucleosomes, complexes of DNA and histone proteins, are released from dying and stressed cells into the blood circulation. Concentrations of circulating nucleosomes in plasma and serum are frequently found to be elevated in various cancers, and also in such acute conditions as stroke, trauma, and sepsis as well as in autoimmune diseases. The first part of this review focuses on the structural and functional properties of nucleosomes, the potential sources of nucleosome release into the circulation, the metabolism of circulating nucleosomes, and their pathophysiological role in disease. It goes on to describe the relevance of circulating nucleosomes in the diagnosis and prognosis of non-malignant conditions such as sepsis, stroke, and autoimmune disease. Finally, it describes the clinical value of nucleosomes in the diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and monitoring of therapy in cancer; in particular, their potential as a new diagnostic tool for the early estimation of response to cytotoxic cancer therapy is emphasized.
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Wijbrandts CA, Remans PH, Klarenbeek PL, Wouters D, van den Bergh Weerman MA, Smeets TJ, Vervoordeldonk MJ, Baeten D, Tak PP. Analysis of apoptosis in peripheral blood and synovial tissue very early after initiation of infliximab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:3330-9. [PMID: 18975323 DOI: 10.1002/art.23989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infliximab treatment results in a decrease in synovial cellularity as early as 48 hours after initiation of therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to investigate whether infliximab induces apoptosis within the first 24 hours after infusion. METHODS The percentage of apoptotic cells was determined by flow cytometry in blood drawn from 21 patients directly before, 1 hour after, and 24 hours after infliximab infusion. Synovial tissue samples obtained before, 1 hour after (n = 5), or 24 hours after (n = 5) initiation of therapy were subjected to immunohistochemistry to detect active caspase 3 and to TUNEL assay and electron microscopy to detect apoptosis. In addition, plasma levels of nucleosomes (generated during apoptosis) and C4b/c (an indicator of complement activation) were measured. RESULTS There were no signs of apoptosis induction in peripheral blood monocytes or lymphocytes after infliximab treatment. Circulating lymphocyte counts were increased within 1 hour after infusion (P < 0.05). There was no definite evidence of apoptosis induction in the synovium, except in 1 patient 24 hours after the infliximab infusion. Consistent with these results, there was no increase in nucleosome levels nor were there signs of complement activation. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the rapid decrease in synovial cellularity observed after initiation of anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody therapy cannot be explained by apoptosis induction at the site of inflammation. It is tempting to speculate that the striking effects on synovial inflammation may be explained by other mechanisms, such as decreased migration toward the synovial compartment and reduced retention in the inflamed synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Wijbrandts
- Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Urbonaviciute V, Fürnrohr BG, Meister S, Munoz L, Heyder P, De Marchis F, Bianchi ME, Kirschning C, Wagner H, Manfredi AA, Kalden JR, Schett G, Rovere-Querini P, Herrmann M, Voll RE. Induction of inflammatory and immune responses by HMGB1-nucleosome complexes: implications for the pathogenesis of SLE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:3007-18. [PMID: 19064698 PMCID: PMC2605236 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and nucleosomes represent a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the mechanisms involved in breaking the immunological tolerance against these poorly immunogenic nuclear components are not fully understood. Impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic cells with consecutive release of nuclear antigens may contribute to the immune pathogenesis. The architectural chromosomal protein and proinflammatory mediator high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is tightly attached to the chromatin of apoptotic cells. We demonstrate that HMGB1 remains bound to nucleosomes released from late apoptotic cells in vitro. HMGB1–nucleosome complexes were also detected in plasma from SLE patients. HMGB1-containing nucleosomes from apoptotic cells induced secretion of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and expression of costimulatory molecules in macrophages and dendritic cells (DC), respectively. Neither HMGB1-free nucleosomes from viable cells nor nucleosomes from apoptotic cells lacking HMGB1 induced cytokine production or DC activation. HMGB1-containing nucleosomes from apoptotic cells induced anti-dsDNA and antihistone IgG responses in a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2–dependent manner, whereas nucleosomes from living cells did not. In conclusion, HMGB1–nucleosome complexes activate antigen presenting cells and, thereby, may crucially contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE via breaking the immunological tolerance against nucleosomes/dsDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Urbonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research (IZKF), Research Group N2, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Semnani RT, Venugopal PG, Mahapatra L, Skinner JA, Meylan F, Chien D, Dorward DW, Chaussabel D, Siegel RM, Nutman TB. Induction of TRAIL- and TNF-alpha-dependent apoptosis in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by microfilariae of Brugia malayi. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 181:7081-9. [PMID: 18981128 PMCID: PMC3662363 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of professional APC has been postulated as a major mechanism underlying Ag-specific T cell hyporesponsiveness in patients with patent filarial infection. To address the nature of this dysregulation, dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages generated from elutriated monocytes were exposed to live microfilariae (mf), the parasite stage that circulates in blood and is responsible for most immune dysregulation in filarial infections. DC exposed to mf for 24-96 h showed a marked increase in cell death and caspase-positive cells compared with unexposed DC, whereas mf exposure did not induce apoptosis in macrophages. Interestingly, 48-h exposure of DC to mf induced mRNA expression of the proapoptotic gene TRAIL and both mRNA and protein expression of TNF-alpha. mAb to TRAIL-R2, TNF-R1, or TNF-alpha partially reversed mf-induced cell death in DC, as did knocking down the receptor for TRAIL-R2 using small interfering RNA. The mf also induced gene expression of BH3-interacting domain death agonist and protein expression of cytochrome c in DC; mf-induced cleavage of BH3-interacting domain death agonist could be shown to induce release of cytochrome c, leading to activation of caspase 9. Our data suggest that mf induce DC apoptosis in a TRAIL- and TNF-alpha-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Tolouei Semnani
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20872, USA.
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Zeerleder S, Zwart B, te Velthuis H, Stephan F, Manoe R, Rensink I, Aarden LA. Nucleosome-releasing factor: a new role for factor VII-activating protease (FSAP). FASEB J 2008; 22:4077-84. [PMID: 18753248 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-110429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasma proteins such as early complement components and IgM are involved in the removal of late apoptotic or secondary necrotic (sn) cells. We have recently described how a plasma protease that could be inhibited by the protease inhibitor aprotinin was essential to remove nucleosomes from sn cells. An obvious candidate, plasmin, did indeed have nucleosome-releasing factor (NRF) activity. However, recalcified plasma (r-plasma) retained its NRF activity after plasminogen depletion, which suggests the existence of another protease responsible for NRF activity in plasma. In this study we have used size-exclusion and anion-exchange chromatography to purify the protease responsible for NRF activity in plasma. SDS-PAGE analysis of chromatography fractions containing NRF activity revealed a protein band corresponding with NRF activity. Sequence analysis showed this band to be factor VII-activating protease (FSAP). We developed monoclonal antibodies to FSAP and were able to completely inhibit NRF activity in plasma with monoclonal antibodies to FSAP. Using affinity chromatography we were able to purify single-chain (sc) FSAP from r-plasma. Purified scFSAP efficiently removes nucleosomes from sn cells. We report that factor VII-activating protease may function in cellular homeostasis by catalyzing the release of nucleosomes from secondary necrotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Zeerleder
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research at CLB, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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