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Brix N, Glerup M, Foell D, Kessel C, Wittkowski H, Berntson L, Fasth A, Nielsen S, Nordal E, Rygg M, Hasle H, Herlin T. Inflammatory Biomarkers Can Differentiate Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with Arthropathy from Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Better Than Standard Blood Tests. J Pediatr 2023; 258:113406. [PMID: 37023943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the predictive value of biomarkers of inflammation like phagocyte-related S100 proteins and a panel of inflammatory cytokines in order to differentiate the child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) from juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). STUDY DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, we measured S100A9, S100A12, and 14 cytokines in serum from children with ALL (n = 150, including 27 with arthropathy) and JIA (n = 236). We constructed predictive models computing areas under the curve (AUC) as well as predicted probabilities in order to differentiate ALL from JIA. Logistic regression was used for predictions of ALL risk, considering the markers as the respective exposures. We performed internal validation using repeated 10-fold cross-validation and recalibration, adjusted for age. RESULTS In ALL, the levels of S100A9, S100A12, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, matrix metalloproteinase-3, and myeloperoxidase were low compared with JIA (P < .001). IL-13 had an AUC of 100% (95% CI 100%-100%) due to no overlap between the serum levels in the 2 groups. Further, IL-4 and S100A9 had high predictive performance with AUCs of 99% (95% CI 97%-100%) and 98% (95% CI 94%-99%), respectively, exceeding both hemoglobin, platelets, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. CONCLUSIONS The biomarkers S100A9, IL-4, and IL-13 might be valuable markers to differentiate ALL from JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninna Brix
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Mia Glerup
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dirk Foell
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christoph Kessel
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Helmut Wittkowski
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lillemor Berntson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Fasth
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susan Nielsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Nordal
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, and Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marite Rygg
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Hasle
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Troels Herlin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Smith SL, Alexander S, Nair N, Viatte S, Eyre S, Hyrich KL, Morgan AW, Wilson AG, Isaacs JD, Plant D, Barton A. Pre-treatment calprotectin (MRP8/14) provides no added value to testing CRP alone in terms of predicting response to TNF inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis in a post hoc analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:611-620. [PMID: 36810200 PMCID: PMC10176427 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2022-222519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The inflammatory protein calprotectin (MRP8/14) has been identified as a promising biomarker of treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our aim was to test MRP8/14 as a biomarker of response to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-inhibitors in the largest RA cohort to date and to compare with C-reactive protein (CRP). METHODS Serum MRP8/14 was measured in 470 patients with RA about to commence treatment with adalimumab (n=196) or etanercept (n=274). Additionally, MRP8/14 was measured in the 3-month sera of 179 adalimumab-treated patients. Response was determined using European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria calculated using the traditional 4-component (4C) DAS28-CRP and alternate validated versions using 3-component (3C) and 2-component (2C), clinical disease activity index (CDAI) improvement criteria and change in individual outcome measures. Logistic/linear regression models were fitted for response outcome. RESULTS In the 3C and 2C models, patients with RA were 1.92 (CI: 1.04 to 3.54) and 2.03 (CI: 1.09 to 3.78) times more likely to be classified as EULAR responders if they had high (75th quartile) pre-treatment levels of MRP8/14 compared with low (25th quartile). No significant associations were observed for the 4C model. When only using CRP as a predictor, in the 3C and 2C analyses, patients above the 75th quartile were 3.79 (CI: 1.81 to 7.93) and 3.58 (CI: 1.74 to 7.35) times more likely to be EULAR responders and addition of MRP8/14 did not significantly improve model fit (p values=0.62 and 0.80, respectively). No significant associations were observed in the 4C analysis. Exclusion of CRP from the outcome measure (CDAI) did not result in any significant associations with MRP8/14 (OR 1.00 (CI: 0.99 to 1.01), suggesting that the associations were due to the correlation with CRP and that there is no additional utility of MRP8/14 beyond use of CRP in patients with RA starting TNFi therapy. CONCLUSION Beyond correlation with CRP, we found no evidence to suggest that MRP8/14 explains additional variability in response to TNFi in patients with RA over and above CRP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Louise Smith
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sheree Alexander
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nisha Nair
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Sebastien Viatte
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen Eyre
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kimme L Hyrich
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ann W Morgan
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Anthony G Wilson
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John D Isaacs
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Darren Plant
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Anne Barton
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Keskitalo PL, Kangas SM, Sard S, Pokka T, Glumoff V, Kulmala P, Vähäsalo P. Myeloid-related protein 8/14 in plasma and serum in patients with new-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis in real-world setting in a single center. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2022; 20:42. [PMID: 35710418 PMCID: PMC9204870 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-022-00701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the usefulness of myeloid-related protein 8/14 (MRP8/14) in the prediction of disease course in a real-world setting for patients with new-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), to identify the relationship between MRP8/14 and disease activity using the physician's global assessment of disease activity (PGA), and determine whether the MRP8/14 levels measured in serum and plasma are equally useful. METHODS In this prospective follow-up study, 87 new-onset non-systemic JIA patients were studied. Blood and synovial fluid samples were collected prior to any antirheumatic medication use. MRP8/14 was measured from serum (S-MRP8/14), plasma (P-MRP8/14), and synovial fluid samples using ELISA. RESULTS The baseline MRP8/14 blood levels were significantly higher in patients using synthetic antirheumatic drugs than in patients with no systemic medications at 1 year after diagnosis in serum (mean 298 vs. 198 ng/ml, P < 0.001) and in plasma (mean 291 vs. 137 ng/ml, P = 0.001). MRP8/14 levels at the time of JIA diagnosis were higher in patients who started methotrexate during 1.5-year follow-up compared to those who achieved long-lasting inactive disease status without systemic medications (serum: mean 298 vs. 219 ng/ml, P = 0.006 and plasma: 296 vs. 141 ng/ml, P = 0.001). P-MRP8/14 was the most effective predictive variable for disease activity (by PGA) in linear multivariate regression model (combined to ESR, CRP, leukocytes, and neutrophils), whereas S-MRP8/14 was not significant. CONCLUSION Blood MRP8/14 levels at baseline seem to predict disease course in new-onset JIA patients. P-MRP8/14 might be better than S-MRP8/14 when assessing disease activity at the time of JIA diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L. Keskitalo
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, 90220 Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Salla M. Kangas
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sirja Sard
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, 90220 Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tytti Pokka
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Virpi Glumoff
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Kulmala
- grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, 90220 Oulu, Finland ,grid.412326.00000 0004 4685 4917Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paula Vähäsalo
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, 90220, Oulu, Finland. .,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Jung JY, Suh CH, Kim HA. The role of damage-associated molecular pattern for pathogenesis and biomarkers in adult-onset Still's disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 19:459-468. [PMID: 31055973 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1615449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a systemic inflammatory disease, which presents itself as an adult form of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Innate immune activation driven by a combination of genetic and environmental factors is the primary mechanism underlying disease pathogenesis in AOSD patients. Few biomarkers have been identified for AOSD diagnosis or for the assessment of disease activity or prediction of clinical outcomes. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) can activate innate immunity, resulting in tissue damage. Changes in several DAMPs are associated with disease pathogenesis in AOSD patients. Areas covered: This review describes the role of DAMPs in AOSD pathogenesis and discusses their potential for use as disease biomarkers. Together with overall pathogenesis of AOSD, high-mobility group box-1, advanced glycation end products, S100 proteins, and neutrophil extracellular traps are introduced and discussed in detail. Expert opinion: The activation of macrophages and neutrophils is associated with several DAMPs, causing high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in AOSD patients. Involvement of certain DAMPs in AOSD patients is well documented due to the presence of sterile inflammation; however, direct evidence for some DAMPs is lacking. Further research into the role of DAMP molecules in AOSD patients may reveal new biomarkers and provide targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yang Jung
- a Department of Rheumatology , Ajou University of medical school , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- a Department of Rheumatology , Ajou University of medical school , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun-Ah Kim
- a Department of Rheumatology , Ajou University of medical school , Suwon , Republic of Korea
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Tappeiner C, Klotsche J, Sengler C, Niewerth M, Liedmann I, Walscheid K, Lavric M, Foell D, Minden K, Heiligenhaus A. Risk Factors and Biomarkers for the Occurrence of Uveitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Data From the Inception Cohort of Newly Diagnosed Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1685-1694. [PMID: 29732713 DOI: 10.1002/art.40544/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the prognostic value of demographic, clinical, and therapeutic factors and laboratory biomarkers and to assess their role in predicting uveitis occurrence in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS Patients with JIA were enrolled within the first year after JIA diagnosis. Demographic and clinical parameters were documented. Serum samples were collected at study enrollment, at 3-month follow-up visits within the first year, and then every 6 months. A multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of demographic, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic parameters on uveitis onset. RESULTS We included 954 JIA patients (67.2% female, 54.2% antinuclear antibody [ANA] positive, mean ± SD age at onset 7.1 ± 4.6 years). Uveitis occurred in 133 patients (observation period 44.5 months). Young age at JIA onset and ANA positivity were significantly associated with the onset of uveitis (both P < 0.001). Treatment of arthritis with methotrexate alone (hazard ratio [HR] 0.18 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.12-0.29], P < 0.001) or combined with etanercept (HR 0.10 [95% CI 0.04-0.23], P < 0.001) or adalimumab (HR 0.09 [95% CI 0.01-0.61], P = 0.014) reduced the risk of uveitis onset and the occurrence of uveitis-related complications. Predictors of uveitis onset included elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate at baseline (HR 2.36 [95% CI 1.38-4.02], P = 0.002) and continuing moderate or high disease activity during follow-up as measured by the 10-joint clinical Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (HR 4.30 [95% CI 2.51-7.37], P < 0.001). Additionally, S100A12 levels ≥250 ng/ml at baseline were significantly associated with the risk of uveitis (HR 2.10 [95% CI 1.15-3.85], P = 0.016). CONCLUSION Apart from demographic risk factors and treatment modalities, JIA disease activity scores and laboratory biomarkers could be used to better define the group of JIA patients at high risk of uveitis onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Tappeiner
- Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany, and St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jens Klotsche
- German Rheumatism Research Center and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Ina Liedmann
- German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Dirk Foell
- University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kirsten Minden
- German Rheumatism Research Center and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Tappeiner C, Klotsche J, Sengler C, Niewerth M, Liedmann I, Walscheid K, Lavric M, Foell D, Minden K, Heiligenhaus A. Risk Factors and Biomarkers for the Occurrence of Uveitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Data From the Inception Cohort of Newly Diagnosed Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1685-1694. [PMID: 29732713 PMCID: PMC6174956 DOI: 10.1002/art.40544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To analyze the prognostic value of demographic, clinical, and therapeutic factors and laboratory biomarkers and to assess their role in predicting uveitis occurrence in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Methods Patients with JIA were enrolled within the first year after JIA diagnosis. Demographic and clinical parameters were documented. Serum samples were collected at study enrollment, at 3‐month follow‐up visits within the first year, and then every 6 months. A multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of demographic, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic parameters on uveitis onset. Results We included 954 JIA patients (67.2% female, 54.2% antinuclear antibody [ANA] positive, mean ± SD age at onset 7.1 ± 4.6 years). Uveitis occurred in 133 patients (observation period 44.5 months). Young age at JIA onset and ANA positivity were significantly associated with the onset of uveitis (both P < 0.001). Treatment of arthritis with methotrexate alone (hazard ratio [HR] 0.18 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.12–0.29], P < 0.001) or combined with etanercept (HR 0.10 [95% CI 0.04–0.23], P < 0.001) or adalimumab (HR 0.09 [95% CI 0.01–0.61], P = 0.014) reduced the risk of uveitis onset and the occurrence of uveitis‐related complications. Predictors of uveitis onset included elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate at baseline (HR 2.36 [95% CI 1.38–4.02], P = 0.002) and continuing moderate or high disease activity during follow‐up as measured by the 10‐joint clinical Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (HR 4.30 [95% CI 2.51–7.37], P < 0.001). Additionally, S100A12 levels ≥250 ng/ml at baseline were significantly associated with the risk of uveitis (HR 2.10 [95% CI 1.15–3.85], P = 0.016). Conclusion Apart from demographic risk factors and treatment modalities, JIA disease activity scores and laboratory biomarkers could be used to better define the group of JIA patients at high risk of uveitis onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Tappeiner
- Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany, and St. Franziskus Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jens Klotsche
- German Rheumatism Research Center and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Ina Liedmann
- German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Dirk Foell
- University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kirsten Minden
- German Rheumatism Research Center and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Mimura T, Kondo Y, Ohta A, Iwamoto M, Ota A, Okamoto N, Kawaguchi Y, Kono H, Takasaki Y, Takei S, Nishimoto N, Fujimoto M, Asanuma YF, Mimori A, Okiyama N, Kaneko S, Takahashi H, Yokosawa M, Sumida T. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for adult Still’s disease. Mod Rheumatol 2018; 28:736-757. [DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2018.1465633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Mimura
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuya Kondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akihide Ohta
- Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akiko Ota
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Public Health, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nami Okamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Kono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Takasaki
- Department of Rheumatology, Juntendo University Koshigaya Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shuji Takei
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nishimoto
- Department of Molecular Regulation for Intractable Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yu Funakubo Asanuma
- Department of Rheumatology and Applied Immunology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akio Mimori
- Department of Rheumatology, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Iwate, Japan
| | - Naoko Okiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shunta Kaneko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yokosawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Peng S, Sun X, Wang X, Wang H, Shan Z, Teng W, Li C. Myeloid related proteins are up-regulated in autoimmune thyroid diseases and activate toll-like receptor 4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:217-226. [PMID: 29656212 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myeloid-related protein (MRP) family plays an important role in the promotion of cell proliferation and the production of inflammatory cytokines. We investigated the expression of MRP6, MRP8 and MRP14 in thyroid tissues, serum, and peripheral blood monocular cells (PBMCs) in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). METHOD The expression of MRP6, MRP8, and MRP14 was investigated using immunohistochemical staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in the thyroid glands of 7 patients with Graves' disease (GD), 8 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), and 7 healthy controls (HC). The serum levels of MRP8/MRP14 complex and MRP6 were investigated in 30 patients with GD, 36 with HT, and 30 with HC. The mRNA expression of MRP proteins in PBMCs was also explored. PBMCs from each group were incubated with MPRs and their effect on Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4) expression and their effect on the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines in supernatant were analyzed upon incubating with TLR4 and signaling pathways inhibitors. RESULTS Serum levels of MRP8/MRP14 and MRP6 were up-regulated in patients with AITD. In addition, mRNA expression of MRP proteins in PBMCs and the thyroid gland was markedly elevated in AITD patients. MRP6 and MPR8 promoted the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in cultured PBMCs, and this elevation was more pronounced in AITD patients; we also found that this up-regulation was regulated by TLR4/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The expression of MRP proteins was elevated in AITD patients. Therefore, an MRP-TLR4 dependent signaling may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AITD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiao Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China
| | - Xuren Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
| | - Chenyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China.
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9
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Smith SL, Plant D, Eyre S, Hyrich K, Morgan AW, Wilson AG, Isaacs JD, Barton A. The predictive value of serum S100A9 and response to etanercept is not confirmed in a large UK rheumatoid arthritis cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:1019-1024. [PMID: 28096457 PMCID: PMC5445600 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim was to correlate protein concentrations of S100A9 in pretreatment serum samples with response to the tumour-necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor drugs etanercept in a large UK replication cohort. Methods Pretreatment serum samples from patients with RA (n = 236) about to commence treatment with etanercept had S100A9 serum concentration measured using an ELISA. Following the experimental procedure, S100A9 concentrations were analysed with respect to EULAR response. Results No evidence of association between S100A9 concentration and EULAR response to the TNF-inhibitor biologic drug etanercept was observed following multinomial logistic regression analysis (non-responder vs moderate responder, P = 0.957; and non-responder vs good responder, P = 0.316). Furthermore, no significant associations were observed when correlating pretreatment S100A9 concentrations with clinical parameters of disease activity (P > 0.05). Conclusion In the largest replication cohort conducted to date, no evidence for association was observed to support the use of S100A9 as a clinical biomarker predictive of response to the TNF-inhibitor biologic drug etanercept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Louise Smith
- Arthritis Research UK, Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester
| | - Darren Plant
- National Institute for Health Research Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre
| | - Stephen Eyre
- Arthritis Research UK, Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester
| | - Kimme Hyrich
- Arthritis Research UK, Centre for Epidemiology, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester
| | - Ann W Morgan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and National Institute of Health Research Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Anthony G Wilson
- University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John D Isaacs
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and National Institute of Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anne Barton
- Arthritis Research UK, Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester.,National Institute for Health Research Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust and University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre
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van den Bosch MH, Blom AB, Schelbergen RF, Koenders MI, van de Loo FA, van den Berg WB, Vogl T, Roth J, van der Kraan PM, van Lent PL. Alarmin S100A9 Induces Proinflammatory and Catabolic Effects Predominantly in the M1 Macrophages of Human Osteoarthritic Synovium. J Rheumatol 2016; 43:1874-1884. [PMID: 27481901 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.160270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 have been shown to regulate synovial activation, cartilage damage, and osteophyte formation in osteoarthritis (OA). Here we investigated the effect of S100A9 on the production of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloprotease (MMP) in OA synovium, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-differentiated/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-differentiated macrophages, and OA fibroblasts. METHODS We determined which cell types in the synovium produced S100A8 and S100A9. Further, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and MMP, and the activation of canonical Wnt signaling, was determined in human OA synovium, OA fibroblasts, and monocyte-derived macrophages following stimulation with S100A9. RESULTS We observed that S100A8 and S100A9 were mainly produced by GM-CSF-differentiated macrophages present in the synovium, and to a lesser extent by M-CSF-differentiated macrophages, but not by fibroblasts. S100A9 stimulation of OA synovial tissue increased the production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Additionally, various MMP were upregulated after S100A9 stimulation. Experiments to determine which cell type was responsible for these effects revealed that mainly stimulation of GM-CSF-differentiated macrophages and to a lesser extent M-CSF-differentiated macrophages with S100A9 increased the expression of these proinflammatory cytokines and MMP. In contrast, stimulation of fibroblasts with S100A9 did not affect their expression. Finally, stimulation of GM-CSF-differentiated, but not M-CSF-differentiated macrophages with S100A9 activated canonical Wnt signaling, whereas incubation of OA synovium with the S100A9 inhibitor paquinimod reduced the activation of canonical Wnt signaling. CONCLUSION Predominantly mediated by M1-like macrophages, the alarmin S100A9 stimulates the production of proinflammatory and catabolic mediators and activates canonical Wnt signaling in OA synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H van den Bosch
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Arjen B Blom
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Rik F Schelbergen
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Marije I Koenders
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Fons A van de Loo
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Wim B van den Berg
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Thomas Vogl
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Johannes Roth
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center
| | - Peter L van Lent
- From Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.M.H. van den Bosch, MSc, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; A.B. Blom, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; R.F. Schelbergen, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; M.I. Koenders, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; F.A. van de Loo, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; W.B. van den Berg, PhD, Professor, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; T. Vogl, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster; J. Roth, PhD, Professor, Institute of Immunology, University of Münster; P.M. van der Kraan, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center; P.L. van Lent, PhD, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center.
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The role of calprotectin in pediatric disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:542363. [PMID: 24175291 PMCID: PMC3794633 DOI: 10.1155/2013/542363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calprotectin (CP) is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein of the S100 family expressed mainly by neutrophils with important extracellular activity. The aim of the current review is to summarize the latest findings concerning the role of CP in a diverse range of inflammatory and noninflammatory conditions among children. Increasing evidence suggests the implication of CP in the diagnosis, followup, assessment of relapses, and response to treatment in pediatric pathological conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, celiac disease, intestinal cystic fibrosis, acute appendicitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Kawasaki disease, polymyositis-dermatomyositis, glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, malaria, HIV infection, hyperzincemia and hypercalprotectinemia, and cancer. Further studies are required to provide insights into the actual role of CP in these pathological processes in pediatrics.
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Calprotectin in rheumatoid arthritis : association with disease activity in a cross-sectional and a longitudinal cohort. Mol Diagn Ther 2013; 17:49-56. [PMID: 23329363 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-013-0016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calprotectin is potentially a more sensitive biomarker of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) than conventional acute-phase proteins such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) because it directly reflects inflammation in the synovium and synovial fluid rather than systemic inflammatory activity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate relationships between serum calprotectin levels, disease activity, and response to treatment. Calprotectin was also investigated as a predictive marker of clinical response. METHODS This observational study included selected cohorts of patients with RA treated at La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain. Associations between serum calprotectin levels and clinical and laboratory parameters were analyzed in a cross-sectional cohort of 60 patients with varying disease activity, and changes in calprotectin levels in response to treatment with infliximab were analyzed at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of treatment in a longitudinal cohort of 20 patients with very active disease. RESULTS In the cross-sectional cohort, calprotectin levels correlated with rheumatoid factor levels (r = 0.25; p < 0.05) but not with titers of antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide. Significant correlations were also observed between calprotectin levels and the 28 swollen joint count (28-SJC), Disease Activity Score based on a 28-joint count (DAS28), Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), ESR, and CRP levels. In the longitudinal cohort, calprotectin levels at baseline were not predictive of response to treatment but significantly decreased during treatment in responders (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Calprotectin levels strongly correlate with clinical and laboratory assessments of joint inflammation and also decrease in response to treatment, indicating that calprotectin is a promising marker for assessment and monitoring of disease activity in patients with RA. Investigations are required to further evaluate its diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential.
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Moncrieffe H, Ursu S, Holzinger D, Patrick F, Kassoumeri L, Wade A, Roth J, Wedderburn LR. A subgroup of juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients who respond well to methotrexate are identified by the serum biomarker MRP8/14 protein. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52:1467-76. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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McCoy SS, Crowson CS, Maradit-Kremers H, Therneau TM, Roger VL, Matteson EL, Gabriel SE. Longterm outcomes and treatment after myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2013; 40:605-10. [PMID: 23418388 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.120941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk profiles, treatment, and outcomes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with myocardial infarction (MI) and matched MI patients without RA. METHODS We used a population-based cohort of Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents with MI from the period 1979-2009. We identified 77 patients who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology 1987 criteria for RA and 154 MI patients without RA matched for age, sex, and calendar year. Data collection from medical records included RA and MI characteristics, antirheumatic and cardioprotective medications, reperfusion therapy, and outcomes (mortality, heart failure, and recurrent ischemia). RESULTS The mean age at MI was 72.4 years and 55% of patients were female in both cohorts. Cardiovascular risk factor profiles, MI characteristics, and treatment with reperfusion therapy or cardioprotective medications were similar in MI patients with and those without RA. Patients with RA experienced poorer longterm outcomes compared to patients without RA--for mortality: hazard ratio (HR) 1.47; 95% CI 1.04, 2.08; and for recurrent ischemia: HR 1.51; 95% CI 1.04, 2.18. CONCLUSION MI patients with RA received similar treatment with reperfusion therapy and cardioprotective medications and had similar short-term outcomes compared to patients without RA. Patients with RA had poorer longterm outcomes. Despite similar treatment, MI patients with RA had worse longterm outcomes than MI patients without RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S McCoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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van Lent PLEM, Blom AB, Schelbergen RFP, Slöetjes A, Lafeber FPJG, Lems WF, Cats H, Vogl T, Roth J, van den Berg WB. Active involvement of alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 in the regulation of synovial activation and joint destruction during mouse and human osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1466-76. [PMID: 22143922 DOI: 10.1002/art.34315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 are involved in mediating cartilage destruction during murine and human osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Two different murine models of OA that differed in terms of synovial activation were compared. Cartilage destruction was measured histologically. Synovial biopsy and serum samples from OA patients were derived from the Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee (CHECK) patients with symptomatic early OA. Expression of mediators in the synovium was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunolocalization. RESULTS In collagenase-induced OA, which showed marked synovial activation, interleukin-1β was expressed at significant levels only during the early stages of disease, whereas S100A8 and S100A9 expression remained high for a prolonged period of time (up to day 21 after induction). In S100A9-knockout mice, we found a major impact of S100A8 and S100A9 on synovial activation (62% inhibition) and OA cartilage destruction (45-73% inhibition) as compared to wild-type controls. In contrast, in the surgically induced destabilized medial meniscus model, in which synovial involvement is scant, we found no role of S100A8 and S100A9 in the focal OA cartilage destruction. Examination of arthroscopic synovial biopsy samples from patients in the early symptomatic OA CHECK cohort revealed substantial levels of S100A8 and S100A9 messenger RNA and protein, which correlated significantly with synovial lining thickness, cellularity in the subintima, and joint destruction. Levels of S100A8/A9 serum protein were significantly enhanced (19%) at baseline in patients who had pronounced progression of joint destruction after 2 years. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the S100A8 and S100A9 proteins are crucially involved in synovial activation and cartilage destruction during OA and that high levels may predict joint destruction in humans with OA.
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Malemud CJ. Myeloid-related protein activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Inflam 2011; 2011:580295. [PMID: 21876832 PMCID: PMC3157825 DOI: 10.4061/2011/580295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SA100A8, SA100A9, and SA100A12 are members of the myeloid-related protein class. SA100A8 and SA100A9, also known as MRP-8 and MRP-14, respectively, are intracellular Ca2+-binding proteins produced mainly by neutrophils and monocytes where they exist as a heterodimeric complex in the cytosol. The MRP-8/-14 complex has been shown to promote chronic inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In that regard, MRP-8 and MRP-14 regulate the inflammatory response through their capacity to recruit neutrophils and monocytes to target tissues resulting in attachment to endothelium. MRPs also activate the signal transduction pathway principally involving the stress-activated/mitogen-activated protein kinases. MRP-8/MRP-14 also increased nitric oxide synthesis. Most recently, the MRP-8/MRP-14 complex was shown to be a novel ligand for the toll-like receptors (TLRs) and TLR-4, in particular. Engagement of TLRs by the MRP-8/-14 complex may be particularly important for activating antigen-presenting dendritic cells which regulate critical autoimmune responses that promote chronic synovitis characteristic of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2061 Cornell Road, Suite 207, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Andrés Cerezo L, Mann H, Pecha O, Pleštilová L, Pavelka K, Vencovský J, Senolt L. Decreases in serum levels of S100A8/9 (calprotectin) correlate with improvements in total swollen joint count in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R122. [PMID: 21791097 PMCID: PMC3239361 DOI: 10.1186/ar3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to examine the serum levels of S100 proteins and to evaluate their role in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Serum levels of S100A8/9 and S100A12 were analysed in 43 patients with recent-onset RA, both before and three months after the initiation of conventional treatment, as well as in 32 healthy individuals. Disease activity was assessed based on serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), the Disease Activity Score for 28 joints (DAS28) and the total number of swollen joints count for 66 joints (SJC). RESULTS The levels of serum S100A8/9 and S100A12 were significantly higher in patients with recent-onset RA compared to the levels in healthy individuals (P < 0.0001) and normalised after three months of treatment. Using age- and sex-adjusted analysis, S100A8/9 levels were correlated with CRP (r = 0.439, P < 0.01), DAS28 (r = 0.501, P = 0.002) and SJC (r = 0.443, P = 0.007), while S100A12 was less significantly correlated with these parameters. Higher levels of S100A8/9 at baseline predicted improvement in the levels of CRP and SJC over time. Moreover, decreases in serum S100A8/9 were associated with decreased serum levels of CRP (r = 0.459, P = 0.005) and improvements in SJC (r = 0.459, P = 0.005). In multiple linear regression analyses, decreases in S100A8/9 but not CRP were significant predictors for improvements in SJC (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to show normalisation of elevated S100 proteins in patients with recent-onset RA after the initiation of conventional treatment. Therefore, S100A8/9 might potentially be a predictive marker for improvement in the total number of swollen joints in patients in the early phase of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Andrés Cerezo
- Institute of Rheumatology, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, Na Slupi 4, 128 50 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Annaloro C, Onida F, Lambertenghi Deliliers G. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in autoimmune diseases. Expert Rev Hematol 2011; 2:699-715. [PMID: 21082959 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.09.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The term 'autoimmune diseases' encompasses a spectrum of diseases whose clinical manifestations and, possibly, biological features vary widely. The results of conventional treatment are considered unsatisfactory in aggressive forms, with subsets of patients having short life expectancies. Relying on wide experimental evidence and more feeble clinical data, some research groups have used autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the most disabling autoimmune diseases with the aim of resetting the patient's immune system. Immunoablative conditioning regimens are preferred over their myeloablative counterparts, and some form of in vivo and/or ex vivo T-cell depletion is generally adopted. Despite 15 years' experience, published controlled clinical trials are still lacking, with the evidence so far available coming from pilot studies and registry surveys. In multiple sclerosis, clinical improvement, or at least lasting disease stabilization, can be achieved in the majority of the patients; nevertheless, the worst results are observed in patients with progressive disease, where no benefit can be expected from conventional therapy. Concerning rheumatologic diseases, wide experience has been acquired in systemic sclerosis, with long-term improvements in cutaneous disease being frequently reported, although visceral involvement remains unchanged at best. Autografting has proved to be barely effective in rheumatoid arthritis and quite toxic in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, whereas it leads to clinical remission and the reversal of visceral impairment in the majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A promising indication is Crohn's disease, in which long-term endoscopic remission is frequently observed. Growing experience with autologous HCST in autoimmune diseases has progressively reduced concerns about transplant-related mortality and secondary myelodysplasia/leukemia. Therefore, a sustained complete remission seems to be within the reach of autografting in some autoimmune diseases; in others, the indications, risks and benefits of autografting need to be better defined. Consequently, the search for new drugs should also be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Annaloro
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center-Hematology I, Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan, Italy
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Basso D, Greco E, Padoan A, Fogar P, Scorzeto M, Fadi E, Bozzato D, Moz S, Navaglia F, Zambon CF, Seraglia R, De Carlo E, Valerio A, Reggiani C, Pedrazzoli S, Plebani M. Altered intracellular calcium fluxes in pancreatic cancer induced diabetes mellitus: Relevance of the S100A8 N-terminal peptide (NT-S100A8). J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:456-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Yin LM, Li HY, Zhang QH, Xu YD, Wang Y, Jiang YL, Wei Y, Liu YY, Yang YQ. Effects of S100A9 in a rat model of asthma and in isolated tracheal spirals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 398:547-52. [PMID: 20599758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
S100A9 is a member of the S100 family of proteins that contain two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. We previously reported that S100A9 was differentially expressed during the early airway response phase of asthma and can be regulated by acupuncture. To understand the possible role of S100A9 in asthma, the effects of the S100A9 were investigated in a rat model of asthma and in isolated tracheal spirals. The pulmonary function and isometric tension were measured after the administration of purified recombinant S100A9. The results of in vivo experiments showed that S100A9 (0.1microg/kg) significantly decreased the pulmonary resistance and increased the dynamic compliance. The in vitro experimental results showed that S100A9 (100, 200, 400, or 800ng/ml, final concentrations) significantly reduced the isometric tension of isolated tracheal spirals. These results suggest that S100A9 elicits dose-dependent anti-asthmatic effects and may provide further insight into the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Miao Yin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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22
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Baillet A. [S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 proteins in rheumatoid arthritis]. Rev Med Interne 2010; 31:458-61. [PMID: 20398973 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2009.10.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although S100 proteins represent 40% of the neutrophil cytoplasmic proteins, their physiological and pathological functions are still unclear. S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 protein concentrations are dramatically enhanced in synovial fluid and synovium of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Their expression seems to correlate with disease activity and joint damage. These proteins are likely involved in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis by enhancing extracellular matrix proteolysis, autoimmunity and inducing the pseudotumoral phenotype of the synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 assessment will probably constitute a relevant tool for rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis and will improve inflammatory arthritides management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baillet
- Clinique universitaire de rhumatologie, CHU hôpital Sud, avenue de Kimberley, BP 338, 38434 Echirolles cedex, France.
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23
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Halayko AJ, Ghavami S. S100A8/A9: a mediator of severe asthma pathogenesis and morbidity? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 87:743-55. [PMID: 19898558 DOI: 10.1139/y09-054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 12% of children and 6% of adults in Canada have been diagnosed with asthma. Although in most patients symptoms are controlled by inhaled steroids, a subpopulation (approximately 10%) characterized by excessive airway neutrophilia, is refractory to treatment; these patients exhibit severe disease, and account for more than 50% of asthma health care costs. These numbers underscore the need to better understand the biology of severe asthma and identify pro-asthma mediators released by cells, such as neutrophils, that are unresponsive to common steroid therapy. This review focuses on a unique protein complex consisting of S100A8 and S100A9. These subunits belong to the large Ca2+-binding S100 protein family and are some of the most abundant proteins in neutrophils and macrophages. S100A8/A9 is a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) protein complex released in abundance in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer, but there are no definitive studies on its role in inflammation and obstructive airways disease. Two receptors for S100A8/A9, the multiligand receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), are expressed in lung. TLR4 is linked with innate immunity that programs local airway inflammation, and RAGE participates in mediating fibroproliferative remodeling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. S100A8/A9 can induce cell proliferation, or apoptosis, inflammation, collagen synthesis, and cell migration. We hypothesize that this capacity suggests S100A8/A9 could underpin chronic airway inflammation and airway remodeling in asthma by inducing effector responses of resident and infiltrating airway cells. This review highlights some key issues related to this hypothesis and provides a template for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Respiratory Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R8, Canada.
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Baillet A, Trocmé C, Berthier S, Arlotto M, Grange L, Chenau J, Quétant S, Sève M, Berger F, Juvin R, Morel F, Gaudin P. Synovial fluid proteomic fingerprint: S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 proteins discriminate rheumatoid arthritis from other inflammatory joint diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49:671-82. [PMID: 20100792 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated SF and serum proteomic fingerprints of patients suffering from RA, OA and other miscellaneous inflammatory arthritides (MIAs) in order to identify RA-specific biomarkers. METHODS SF profiles of 65 patients and serum profiles of 31 patients were studied by surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry technology. The most discriminating RA biomarkers were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight and their overexpression was confirmed by western blotting and ELISA. RESULTS Three biomarkers of 10 839, 10 445 and 13 338 Da, characterized as S100A8, S100A12 and S100A9 proteins, were the most up-regulated proteins in RA SF. Their expression was about 10-fold higher in RA SF vs OA SF. S100A8 exhibited a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 69% in discriminating RA from other MIAs, whereas S100A12 displayed a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 64%. Three peptides of 3351, 3423 and 3465 Da, corresponding to the alpha-defensins-1, -2 and -3, were also shown to differentiate RA from other MIAs with weaker sensitivity and specificity. Levels of S100A12, S100A8 and S100A9 were statistically correlated with the neutrophil count in MIA SF but not in the SF of RA patients. S100A8, S100A9, S100A12 and alpha-defensin expression in serum was not different in the three populations. CONCLUSION The most enhanced proteins in RA SF, the S100A8, S100A9 and S00A12 proteins, distinguished RA from MIA with high accuracy. Possible implication of resident cells in this increase may play a role in RA physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athan Baillet
- GREPI CNRS UMR 5525, Grenoble University, Grenoble, France.
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Oslejsková L, Grigorian M, Hulejová H, Vencovsky J, Pavelka K, Klingelhöfer J, Gay S, Neidhart M, Brabcová H, Suchy D, Senolt L. Metastasis-inducing S100A4 protein is associated with the disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:1590-4. [PMID: 19828600 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between metastasis-inducing protein S100A4 and disease activity in patients with RA, and to demonstrate the effect of TNF-alpha blocking therapy on plasma levels of S100A4 in these patients. METHODS Plasma levels of the S100A4 protein were analysed in 40 anti-TNF-alpha naive patients with active RA. Of the 40 patients, 25 were treated with adalimumab and monitored over time. The conformational form of S100A4 was analysed using size-exclusion gel chromatography. TNF-alpha mRNA expression and protein synthesis were analysed by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Baseline levels of S100A4 were significantly correlated with disease activity in RA patients (r = 0.41; P < 0.01). After 12 weeks of treatment with adalimumab, there was an obvious shift in the conformations of S100A4 from the multimeric to the dimeric forms, whereas the total levels of the S100A4 protein remained unchanged. This suggests that the bioactive (multimer) S100A4 may decline in response to successful treatment with adalimumab. In addition, we showed significant up-regulation of TNF-alpha mRNA (P < 0.01), and protein release to the cell culture medium of monocytes stimulated with the S100A4 multimer compared with those treated with the dimer and to the unstimulated monocytes (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that the levels of the S100A4 protein are correlated with RA disease activity. Furthermore, only the bioactive form, but not the total amount of S100A4, decreases after successful TNF-alpha blocking therapy in patients with RA. These data support an important role for the S100A4 multimer in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Oslejsková
- Institute of Rheumatology Connective Tissue Research Laboratory, Na Slupi 4, 12850 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Soyfoo MS, Roth J, Vogl T, Pochet R, Decaux G. Phagocyte-specific S100A8/A9 protein levels during disease exacerbations and infections in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2009; 36:2190-4. [PMID: 19755614 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.081302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE S100A8 and S100A9 are calcium binding proteins of the S100 family highly expressed in neutrophils and monocytes. S100 proteins are novel ligands of TLR4 important in modulating inflammation. High levels of S100A8/A9 found in human inflammatory diseases are a marker of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). We determined levels of S100A8/A9 in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and analyzed their relation to clinical variables of disease activity. METHODS A group of 93 patients with SLE were studied over a period of 3 years, and 143 serum samples were analyzed. S100A8/A9 serum concentrations were determined by a sandwich ELISA. Sera from 10 primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients and 50 healthy volunteers were used as controls. Correlations to SLEDAI, ANA, anti-dsDNA, WBC, CH50, C4, and CRP were made. In addition, infections were recorded in all SLE patients. RESULTS Serum levels of S100A8/A9 were significantly (p = 0.04) higher in SLE patients (1412 +/- 664 ng/ml) versus healthy controls (339 +/- 35 ng/ml) and pSS patients (400 +/- 85 ng/ml). The only significant correlation (r = 0.219; p = 0.015) was found was between S100A8/A9 and SLEDAI. Further, SLE patients with concomitant infections had higher serum levels of S100A8/A9 (39300 +/- 13375 ng/ml) than those without infections (1150 +/- 422 ng/ml). CONCLUSION Serum levels of S100A8/A9 are significantly raised in SLE versus pSS patients and healthy controls and can be correlated to a disease activity index. S100A8/A9 is a more relevant marker of infection in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Soyfoo
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, 1070, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Ehrchen JM, Sunderkötter C, Foell D, Vogl T, Roth J. The endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 agonist S100A8/S100A9 (calprotectin) as innate amplifier of infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:557-66. [PMID: 19451397 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1008647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is crucial for initiation and amplification of inflammatory responses. During this process, phagocytes are activated by PAMPs that are recognized by PRRs. Phagocytes are also activated by endogenous danger signals called alarmins or DAMPs via partly specific, partly common PRRs. Two members of the S100 protein family, S100A8 and S100A9, have been identified recently as important endogenous DAMPs. The complex of S100A8 and S100A9 (also called calprotectin) is actively secreted during the stress response of phagocytes. The association of inflammation and S100A8/S100A9 was discovered more than 20 years ago, but only now are the molecular mechanisms involved in danger signaling by extracellular S100A8/S100A9 beginning to emerge. Taking advantage of mice lacking the functional S100A8/S100A9 complex, these molecules have been identified as endogenous activators of TLR4 and have been shown to promote lethal, endotoxin-induced shock. Importantly, S100A8/S100A9 is not only involved in promoting the inflammatory response in infections but was also identified as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread. This proinflammatory action of S100A8/S100A9 involves autocrine and paracrine mechanisms in phagocytes, endothelium, and other cells. As a net result, extravasation of leukocytes into inflamed tissues and their subsequent activation are increased. Thus, S100A8/S100A9 plays a pivotal role during amplification of inflammation and represents a promising new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Ehrchen
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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Frosch M, Ahlmann M, Vogl T, Wittkowski H, Wulffraat N, Foell D, Roth J. The myeloid-related proteins 8 and 14 complex, a novel ligand of toll-like receptor 4, and interleukin-1beta form a positive feedback mechanism in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:883-91. [PMID: 19248102 DOI: 10.1002/art.24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fever of unknown origin is a diagnostic challenge in children, especially for differentiation of systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (systemic-onset JIA) and infectious diseases. We undertook this study to analyze the relevance of myeloid-related proteins (MRPs) 8 and 14, endogenous activators of Toll-like receptor 4, in diagnosis and pathogenesis of systemic-onset JIA. METHODS Serum concentrations of MRP-8/MRP-14 were analyzed in 60 patients with systemic-onset JIA, 85 patients with systemic infections, 40 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 5 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia, 18 patients with neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), and 50 healthy controls. In addition, we investigated the link between interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and MRP-8/MRP-14 in systemic-onset JIA. RESULTS Serum MRP-8/MRP-14 concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) elevated in patients with active systemic-onset JIA (mean +/- 95% confidence interval 14,920 +/- 4,030 ng/ml) compared with those in healthy controls (340 +/- 70 ng/ml), patients with systemic infections (2,640 +/- 720 ng/ml), patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (650 +/- 280 ng/ml), patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (840 +/- 940 ng/ml), and patients with NOMID (2,830 +/- 580 ng/ml). In contrast to C-reactive protein levels, MRP-8/MRP-14 concentrations distinguished systemic-onset JIA from infections, with a specificity of 95%. MRP-14 in serum of patients with systemic-onset JIA was a strong inducer of IL-1beta expression in phagocytes. CONCLUSION The analysis of MRP-8/MRP-14 in serum is an excellent tool for the diagnosis of systemic-onset JIA, allowing early differentiation between patients with systemic-onset JIA and those with other inflammatory diseases. MRP-8/MRP-14 and IL-1beta represent a novel positive feedback mechanism activating phagocytes via 2 major signaling pathways of innate immunity during the pathogenesis of systemic-onset JIA.
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Deane S, Meyers FJ, Gershwin ME. On reversing the persistence of memory: Hematopoietic stem cell transplant for autoimmune disease in the first ten years. J Autoimmun 2008; 30:180-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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Mirkinson LJ, Katona IM. Systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis: update on pathogenesis and treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2007; 3:313-21. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hammer HB, Odegard S, Fagerhol MK, Landewé R, van der Heijde D, Uhlig T, Mowinckel P, Kvien TK. Calprotectin (a major leucocyte protein) is strongly and independently correlated with joint inflammation and damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66:1093-7. [PMID: 17234650 PMCID: PMC1954700 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2006.064741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calprotectin is a major leucocyte protein, shown to correlate well with laboratory and clinical assessments in several inflammatory rheumatic diseases, and large concentrations of calprotectin have been found in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The objective of the present study was to examine correlations between calprotectin and joint damage. METHODS 145 patients with RA were analysed cross sectionally with laboratory (calprotectin, C reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)), clinical (28 joint counts (tender, swollen), physician global VAS, DAS28 and RA Articular Damage score (RAAD)), and radiographic (plain hand radiographs; modified Sharp's method) measurements, on the same day. RESULTS Calprotectin showed a highly significant correlation with measures of joint damage; modified Sharp score r = 0.43 (p<0.001) and RAAD r = 0.40 (p<0.001). The association with modified Sharp score and RAAD score was maintained after adjustment for CRP, ESR, rheumatoid factor, DAS28, sex, and age in a multiple regression analysis (p = 0.018 and p = 0.04, respectively), while neither CRP nor ESR showed any independent associations. Highly significant correlations (p<0.001) were also found between calprotectin and both laboratory and clinical markers of inflammation. CONCLUSION Calprotectin was found to significantly and independently explain the variation in the radiological and clinical assessments of joint damage. Longitudinal studies are required to examine whether calprotectin may predict the progression of joint damage in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Berner Hammer
- Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Box 23, Vinderen, N-0319 Oslo, Norway.
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Foell D, Wittkowski H, Vogl T, Roth J. S100 proteins expressed in phagocytes: a novel group of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:28-37. [PMID: 16943388 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0306170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules have been introduced as important proinflammatory factors of innate immunity. One example known for many years to be expressed in cells of myeloid origin are phagocytic S100 proteins, which mediate inflammatory responses and recruit inflammatory cells to sites of tissue damage. An emerging concept of pattern recognition involves the multiligand receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in sensing not only pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) but also endogenous DAMPs, including S100 proteins. S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 are found at high concentrations in inflamed tissue, where neutrophils and monocytes belong to the most abundant cell types. They exhibit proinflammatory effects in vitro at concentrations found at sites of inflammation in vivo. Although S100A12 binds to RAGE, at least part of the proinflammatory effects of the S100A8/S100A9 complex depend upon interaction with other receptors. Because of the divergent expression patterns, the absence of S100A12 in rodents, the different interaction partners described, and the specific intracellular and extracellular effects reported for these proteins, it is important to differentiate between distinct S100 proteins rather than subsuming them with the term "S100/calgranulins." Analyzing the molecular basis of the specific effects exhibited by these proteins in greater detail bears the potential to elucidate important mechanisms of innate immunity, to establish valid biomarkers of phagocytic inflammation, and eventually to reveal novel targets for innovative anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Foell
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Muenster Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, Muenster D-48149, Germany
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Sunahori K, Yamamura M, Yamana J, Takasugi K, Kawashima M, Yamamoto H, Chazin WJ, Nakatani Y, Yui S, Makino H. The S100A8/A9 heterodimer amplifies proinflammatory cytokine production by macrophages via activation of nuclear factor kappa B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8:R69. [PMID: 16613612 PMCID: PMC1526633 DOI: 10.1186/ar1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 03/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9, two Ca2+-binding proteins of the S100 family, are secreted as a heterodimeric complex (S100A8/A9) from neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. Serum and synovial fluid levels of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/A9 were all higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) than in patients with osteoarthritis (OA), with the S100A8/A9 heterodimer being prevalent. By two-color immunofluorescence labeling, S100A8/A9 antigens were found to be expressed mainly by infiltrating CD68+ macrophages in RA synovial tissue (ST). Isolated ST cells from patients with RA spontaneously released larger amounts of S100A8/A9 protein than did the cells from patients with OA. S100A8/A9 complexes, as well as S100A9 homodimers, stimulated the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, by purified monocytes and in vitro-differentiated macrophages. S100A8/A9-mediated cytokine production was suppressed significantly by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors and almost completely by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitors. NF-κB activation was induced in S100A8/A9-stimulated monocytes, but this activity was not inhibited by p38 MAPK inhibitors. These results indicate that the S100A8/A9 heterodimer, secreted extracellularly from activated tissue macrophages, may amplify proinflammatory cytokine responses through activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsue Sunahori
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamura
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jiro Yamana
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kouji Takasugi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masanori Kawashima
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Walter J Chazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Physics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue, Nashville, TN 87232-8725, USA
| | - Yuichi Nakatani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 1091-1 Sagamiko, Tsukui-gun, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
| | - Satoru Yui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 1091-1 Sagamiko, Tsukui-gun, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Makino
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Abstract
The goal of studies of autoimmune disease biomarkers is to identity markers that fluctuate with disease development and severity, but then normalize following successful therapy. The perfect marker could thus serve as a diagnostic tool, as well as a monitoring device for therapeutic drug efficacy. Current biomarker discovery efforts are focused on three groups of proteins reflective of the autoimmune disease process: (1) degradation products arising from destruction of affected tissues, (2) enzymes that play a role in tissue degradation and (3) cytokines and other proteins associated with immune activation. Potential biomarkers for two autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, have been described in recent publications. For rheumatoid arthritis, these markers (by group) include (1) aggrecan fragments, C-propeptide of type II collagen and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, (2) matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1, MMP-3 and MMP-1/inhibitor complexes and (3) thioredoxin, IL-16 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. For multiple sclerosis, they include (1) neurofilament light protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein, (2) MMP-2 and MMP-9 and (3) TNF-alpha and soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1. The utility of most of these markers is limited by their restriction to relatively inaccessible anatomic sites (synovial or cerebrospinal fluid). Thus, from a practical standpoint, the most useful autoimmune biomarkers will be those measurable in serum or plasma.
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35
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Jarvis JN, Petty HR, Tang Y, Frank MB, Tessier PA, Dozmorov I, Jiang K, Kindzelski A, Chen Y, Cadwell C, Turner M, Szodoray P, McGhee JL, Centola M. Evidence for chronic, peripheral activation of neutrophils in polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8:R154. [PMID: 17002793 PMCID: PMC1779452 DOI: 10.1186/ar2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although strong epidemiologic evidence suggests an important role for adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), there remain many aspects of the disease that suggest equally important contributions of the innate immune system. We used gene expression arrays and computer modeling to examine the function in neutrophils of 25 children with polyarticular JRA. Computer analysis identified 712 genes that were differentially expressed between patients and healthy controls. Computer-assisted analysis of the differentially expressed genes demonstrated functional connections linked to both interleukin (IL)-8- and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-regulated processes. Of special note is that the gene expression fingerprint of children with active JRA remained essentially unchanged even after they had responded to therapy. This result differed markedly from our previously reported work, in which gene expression profiles in buffy coats of children with polyarticular JRA reverted to normal after disease control was achieved pharmacologically. These findings suggest that JRA neutrophils remain in an activated state even during disease quiescence. Computer modeling of array data further demonstrated disruption of gene regulatory networks in clusters of genes modulated by IFN-gamma and IL-8. These cytokines have previously been shown to independently regulate the frequency (IFN-gamma) and amplitude (IL-8) of the oscillations of key metabolites in neutrophils, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) and superoxide ion. Using real-time, high-speed, single-cell photoimaging, we observed that 6/6 JRA patients displayed a characteristic defect in 12% to 23% of the neutrophils tested. Reagents known to induce only frequency fluctuations of NAD(P)H and superoxide ion induced both frequency and amplitude fluctuations in JRA neutrophils. This is a novel finding that was observed in children with both active (n = 4) and inactive (n = 2) JRA. A subpopulation of polyarticular JRA neutrophils are in a chronic, activated state, a state that persists when the disease is well controlled pharmacologically. Furthermore, polyarticular JRA neutrophils exhibit an intrinsic defect in the regulation of metabolic oscillations and superoxide ion production. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that neutrophils play an essential role in the pathogenesis of polyarticular JRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Jarvis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Howard R Petty
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Arthritis & Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 820 NE 13St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mark Barton Frank
- Arthritis & Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 820 NE 13St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Philippe A Tessier
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUL, 2705 boul. Laurier, Ste-Foy, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Arthritis & Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 820 NE 13St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kaiyu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Andrei Kindzelski
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yanmin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Craig Cadwell
- Arthritis & Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 820 NE 13St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mary Turner
- Arthritis & Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 820 NE 13St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Peter Szodoray
- Arthritis & Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 820 NE 13St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Julie L McGhee
- University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael Centola
- Arthritis & Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 820 NE 13St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Cui JW, Wang J, He K, Jin BF, Wang HX, Li W, Kang LH, Hu MR, Li HY, Yu M, Shen BF, Wang GJ, Zhang XM. Proteomic analysis of human acute leukemia cells: insight into their classification. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:6887-96. [PMID: 15501966 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE French-American-British (FAB) classification of acute leukemia with genetic heterogeneity is important for treatment and prognosis. However, the distinct protein profiles that contribute to the subtypes and facilitate molecular definition of acute leukemia classification are still unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The proteins of leukemic cells from 61 cases of acute leukemia characterized by FAB classification were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and the differentially expressed protein spots were identified by both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and tandem electrospray ionization MS (ESI-MS/MS). RESULTS The distinct protein profiles of acute leukemia FAB types or subtypes were successfully explored, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), its subtypes (M2, M3, and M5) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), which were homogeneous within substantial samples of the respective subgroups but clearly differed from all other subgroups. We found a group of proteins that were highly expressed in M2 and M3, rather than other subtypes. Among them, myeloid-related proteins 8 and 14 were first reported to mark AML differentiation and to differentiate AML from ALL. Heat shock 27 kDa protein 1 and other proteins that are highly expressed in ALL may play important roles in clinically distinguishing AML from ALL. Another set of proteins up-regulated was restricted to granulocytic lineage leukemia. High-level expression of NM23-H1 was found in all but the M3a subtype, with favorable prognosis. CONCLUSIONS These data have implications in delineating the pathways of aberrant gene expression underlying the pathogenesis of acute leukemia and could facilitate molecular definition of FAB classification. The extension of the present analysis to currently less well-defined acute leukemias will identify additional subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Wei Cui
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, the First Clinical Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Foell D, Frosch M, Sorg C, Roth J. Phagocyte-specific calcium-binding S100 proteins as clinical laboratory markers of inflammation. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 344:37-51. [PMID: 15149869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 02/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The EF-hand homolog family of S100 proteins comprises the largest group of calcium-binding proteins. Within this S100 family, the phagocyte-specific calcium-binding proteins are pro-inflammatory molecules expressed and secreted by phagocytes, which play a pivotal role within the innate immune system. Although the exact biological functions of these proteins still remain to be defined in greater detail, there is evidence that they are involved in a pro-inflammatory axis associated with various inflammatory conditions. The three members of this group, S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 are overexpressed at local sites of inflammation. High concentrations are found in synovial fluid, sputum, stool and blood plasma/serum during inflammation. Both the S100A8/S100A9 complex and S100A12 have been proven to be useful as diagnostic markers of inflammation especially in non-infectious inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, chronic inflammatory lung and bowel disease. They indicate phagocyte activation more sensitively than conventional parameters of inflammation. As a consequence, there is a strong correlation to the inflammation of various acute and chronic disorders, making these proteins sensitive parameters for the monitoring of disease activity and response to treatment in individual patients. The phagocyte-specific S100 proteins are able to indicate minimal residual inflammation, which is not detected by other diagnostic tests, and they may even be prospective markers for the outcome of patients. In this review, pro-inflammatory functions of S100 proteins and their usefulness as biomarkers of inflammation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Foell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Cui JW, Wang J, He K, Jin BF, Wang HX, Li W, Kang LH, Hu MR, Li HY, Yu M, Shen BF, Wang GJ, Zhang XM. Two-dimensional electrophoresis protein profiling as an analytical tool for human acute leukemia classification. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:268-79. [PMID: 15624164 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to profile the proteins of leukemic cells from 61 cases of akute leukemia (AL) characterized by the French-American-British (FAB) classification. The differentially expressed protein spots were identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and electrospray ionization-tandem MS (ESI-MS/MS). The distinct protein profiles (DPPs) of AL FAB subtypes were explored successfully, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), its subtypes (M2, M3, and M5), and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), which were homogeneous within different samples of the same subgroup but clearly differed from all other subgroups. We also found a group of proteins differentially expressed between AL cells and normal white blood cells. Among the DPPs of AL subtypes, some proteins have been reported, but most of them were first reported here to mark AML differentiation and to discriminate AML from ALL. These data show that 2-DE protein profiling could be used as an analytical tool for facilitating molecular definition of human AL classification and understanding the mechanism of leukemogensis, and the extension of the present analysis to the currently less well-defined AL will identify additional subgroups and may promote the identification of new targets for specific treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Wei Cui
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The First Clinical Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Foell D, Roth J. Proinflammatory S100 proteins in arthritis and autoimmune disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:3762-71. [PMID: 15593206 DOI: 10.1002/art.20631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Foell
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Foell D, Wittkowski H, Hammerschmidt I, Wulffraat N, Schmeling H, Frosch M, Horneff G, Kuis W, Sorg C, Roth J. Monitoring neutrophil activation in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis by S100A12 serum concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:1286-95. [PMID: 15077313 DOI: 10.1002/art.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phagocytes are extensively involved in the synovial inflammation associated with chronic arthritis. The aim of our study was to determine neutrophil activation in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) by analyzing S100A12 (EN-RAGE; calgranulin C), a proinflammatory protein secreted by human neutrophils. METHODS S100A12 serum concentrations were determined in 124 patients with chronic active polyarticular-, oligoarticular-, or systemic-onset JRA. S100A12 was also analyzed in synovial fluid obtained from 22 patients. Changes in S100A12 levels in response to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF alpha) therapy, intraarticular injections of corticosteroids, and methotrexate (MTX) treatment were analyzed. Forty-five patients were followed up after successful antiinflammatory treatment, for a mean period of 2.8 years. RESULTS The mean serum level of S100A12 was 395 ng/ml in patients with active polyarticular JRA and 325 ng/ml in patients with active oligoarticular JRA (normal <120 ng/ml). The level of S100A12 was approximately 10-fold higher in synovial fluid than in serum, indicating release at sites of local inflammation. In patients with systemic-onset JRA, the mean level of S100A12 was 3,700 ng/ml. Moreover, serum levels decreased in response to different antiinflammatory therapies (i.e., intraarticular injections of corticosteroids, MTX, or etanercept). S100A12 levels were elevated in 20 patients who experienced disease flares after the initial induction of remission, even weeks before the relapses became clinically apparent. CONCLUSION S100A12 serum concentrations indicate neutrophil activation in JRA and correlate with disease activity. S100A12 may indicate synovial inflammation even when other signs of arthritis are absent. Its function as a proinflammatory factor secreted by activated neutrophils makes this protein a potential target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Foell
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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