1
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Rodríguez M, Quiroga J, Cortés B, Morán G, Henríquez C. Effects of tamoxifen on the immune response phenotype in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1381162. [PMID: 38659456 PMCID: PMC11041636 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1381162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is widely utilized in the prevention and treatment of human breast cancer and has demonstrated the potential to modulate the immune response. It has been proposed as a therapeutic tool for immune-mediated diseases. TAM has been investigated as a possible treatment for asthma-like conditions in horses, revealing specific impacts on the innate immune system. While the effects of TAM on equine neutrophils are well-documented, its influence on lymphocytes and the modulation of the immune response polarization remains unclear. This in vitro study employed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy horses, exposing them to varying concentrations of the TAM and assessing the expression of genes involved in the polarization of the immune response (TBX21, IFNG, GATA3, IL4, IL10, FOXP3, and CTLA4) in PBMC stimulated or not with PMA/ionomycin. Additionally, the effect of TAM over the proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg) was also assessed. TAM did not significantly affect the expression of these genes and Treg at low concentrations. However, at the highest concentration, there was an impact on the expression of GATA3, IL4, IL10, and CTLA4 genes. These alterations in genes associated with a Th2 and regulatory response coincided with a noteworthy increase in drug-associated cytotoxicity but only at concentrations far beyond those achieved in pharmacological therapy. These findings suggest that the effects of TAM, as described in preclinical studies on asthmatic horses, may not be attributed to the modification of the adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabriel Morán
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio Henríquez
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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2
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Tilstra JS, Kim M, Gordon RA, Leibler C, Cosgrove HA, Bastacky S, Nickerson KM, Shlomchik MJ. B cell-intrinsic Myd88 regulates disease progression in murine lupus. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230263. [PMID: 37787782 PMCID: PMC10541815 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated in promoting disease pathogenesis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Whether such TLRs mediate disease onset, progression, or both remains undefined; yet the answer to this question has important therapeutic implications. MyD88 is an essential adaptor that acts downstream of IL-1 family receptors and most TLRs. Both global and B cell-specific Myd88 deficiency ameliorated disease in lupus-prone mice when constitutively deleted. To address whether Myd88 was needed to sustain ongoing disease, we induced B cell-specific deletion of Myd88 after disease onset in MRL.Faslpr mice using an inducible Cre recombinase. B cell-specific deletion of Myd88 starting after disease onset resulted in ameliorated glomerulonephritis and interstitial inflammation. Additionally, treated mice had reduced autoantibody formation and an altered B cell compartment with reduced ABC and plasmablast numbers. These experiments demonstrate the role of MyD88 in B cells to sustain disease in murine lupus. Therefore, targeting MyD88 or its upstream activators may be a viable therapeutic option in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S. Tilstra
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Lupus Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachael A. Gordon
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Claire Leibler
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haylee A. Cosgrove
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sheldon Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin M. Nickerson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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3
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Pellerin A, Tan Y, Lu S, Bonegio RG, Rifkin IR. Genetic Reduction of IRF5 Expression after Disease Initiation Reduces Disease in a Mouse Lupus Model by Impacting Systemic and End-Organ Pathogenic Pathways. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1308-1319. [PMID: 37721418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Gain-of-function polymorphisms in the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) are associated with an increased risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Global homozygous or heterozygous deficiency of IRF5 from birth confers protection in many lupus mouse models. However, less is known about the effects of IRF5 targeting after autoimmunity has already developed. This is an important point to clarify when considering IRF5 as a potential therapeutic target in lupus. In this study, we demonstrate that genetic reduction of IRF5 expression after disease initiation reduces disease severity in the FcγRIIB-/- Y-linked autoimmune accelerating mouse lupus model. Reduction of IRF5 expression resulted in a decrease in splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy and a reduction in splenic B cell activation and plasmablast numbers. Splenic T cell activation and differentiation were also impacted as demonstrated by an increase in the number of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and a reduction in the number of memory/effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Although serum antinuclear autoantibody levels were not altered, reduction in IRF5 expression led to decreased immune complex deposition and complement activation, diminished glomerular and interstitial disease, and a reduction in immune cell infiltrate in the kidney. Mechanistically, myeloid cells in the kidney produced less inflammatory cytokines after TLR7 and TLR9 activation. Overall, we demonstrate that genetic reduction of IRF5 expression during an active autoimmune process is sufficient to reduce disease severity. Our data support consideration of IRF5 as a therapeutic target and suggest that approaches targeting IRF5 in systemic lupus erythematosus may need to impact IRF5 activity both systemically and in target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pellerin
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Ying Tan
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Simon Lu
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Ramon G Bonegio
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston
| | - Ian R Rifkin
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston
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4
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Valeff NJ, Ventimiglia MS, Diao L, Jensen F. Lupus and recurrent pregnancy loss: the role of female sex hormones and B cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1233883. [PMID: 37859991 PMCID: PMC10584304 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1233883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a debilitating autoimmune disease characterized by uncontrolled activation of adaptive immunity, particularly B cells, which predominantly affects women in a 9 to 1 ratio compared to men. This stark sex disparity strongly suggests a role for female sex hormones in the disease's onset and progression. Indeed, it is widely recognized that estradiol not only enhances the survival of autoreactive B cells but also stimulates the production of autoantibodies associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, such as anti-nuclear antibodies and anti-dsDNA antibodies. Clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus typically emerge after puberty and persist throughout reproductive life. Furthermore, symptoms often exacerbate during the premenstrual period and pregnancy, as increased levels of estradiol can contribute to disease flares. Despite being fertile, women with lupus face a heightened risk of pregnancy-related complications, including pregnancy loss and stillbirth, which significantly surpass the rates observed in the healthy population. Therefore, this review aims to summarize and discuss the existing literature on the influence of female sex hormones on B-cell activation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, with a particular emphasis on their impact on pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalin Jimena Valeff
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET), Medical Faculty, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Silvia Ventimiglia
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET), Medical Faculty, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lianghui Diao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Federico Jensen
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET), Medical Faculty, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro Integrativo de Biología Y Química Aplicada. Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Sachdeva R, Pal R. A pregnancy hormone-cell death link promotes enhanced lupus-specific immunological effects. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1051779. [PMID: 36505418 PMCID: PMC9730325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Women of reproductive age demonstrate an increased incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus, and reproductive hormones have been implicated in disease progression. Additionally, pregnancy can be associated with disease "flares", the reasons for which remain obscure. While apoptotic bodies are believed to provide an autoantigenic trigger in lupus, whether autoantigenic constituents vary with varying cellular insults, and whether such variations can be immunologically consequential in the context of pregnancy, remains unknown. As assessed by antigenicity and mass spectrometry, apoptotic bodies elicited by different drugs demonstrated the differential presence of lupus-associated autoantigens, and varied in the ability to elicit lupus-associated cytokines from lupus splenocytes and alter the phenotype of lupus B cells. Immunization of tamoxifen-induced apoptotic bodies in lupus-prone mice generated higher humoral autoreactive responses than did immunization with cisplatin-induced apoptotic bodies, and both apoptotic bodies were poorly immunogenic in healthy mice. Incubation of lupus splenocytes (but not healthy splenocytes) with the pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) along with tamoxifen-induced apoptotic bodies (but not cisplatin-induced apoptotic bodies) induced increases in the secretion of lupus-associated cytokines and in the up-modulation of B cell phenotypic markers. In addition, levels of secreted autoantibodies (including of specificities linked to lupus pathogenesis) were enhanced. These events were associated with the heightened phosphorylation of several signaling intermediates. Observations suggest that hCG is a potential disease-promoting co-stimulant in a lupus-milieu; when combined with specific apoptotic bodies, it enhances the intensity of multiple lupus-associated events. These findings deepen mechanistic insight into the hormone's links with autoreactive responses in lupus-prone mice and humans.
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6
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Kim JW, Kim HA, Suh CH, Jung JY. Sex hormones affect the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:906475. [PMID: 36035435 PMCID: PMC9402996 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.906475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affects women more frequently than men, similar to the female predilection for other autoimmune diseases. Moreover, male patients with SLE exhibit different clinical features than female patients. Sex-associated differences in SLE required special considerations for disease management such as during pregnancy or hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Sex hormones, namely, estrogen and testosterone, are known to affect immune responses and autoimmunity. While estrogen and progesterone promote type I immune response, and testosterone enhances T-helper 1 response. Sex hormones also influence Toll-like receptor pathways, and estrogen receptor signaling is involved in the activation and tolerance of immune cells. Further, the clinical features of SLE vary according to hormonal changes in female patients. Alterations in sex hormones during pregnancy can alter the disease activity of SLE, which is associated with pregnancy outcomes. Additionally, HRT may change SLE status. Sex hormones affect the pathogenesis, clinical features, and management of SLE; thus, understanding the occurrence and exacerbation of disease caused by sex hormones is necessary to improve its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyoun-Ah Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ju-Yang Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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7
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Sex bias in systemic lupus erythematosus: a molecular insight. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM (SURREY, ENGLAND)) 2022; 4:e00004. [PMID: 35966636 PMCID: PMC9358995 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acknowledging sex differences in immune response is particularly important when we consider the differences between men and women in the incidence of disease. For example, over 80% of autoimmune disease occurs in women, whereas men have a higher incidence of solid tumors compared to women. In general women have stronger innate and adaptive immune responses than men, explaining their ability to clear viral and bacterial infections faster, but also contributing to their increased susceptibility to autoimmune disease. The autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the archetypical sexually dimorphic disease, with 90% of patients being women. Various mechanisms have been suggested to account for the female prevalence of SLE, including sex hormones, X-linked genes, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Here, we will discuss how these mechanisms contribute to pathobiology of SLE and how type I interferons work with them to augment sex specific disease pathogenesis in SLE.
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8
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Chaudhari S, Pham GS, Brooks CD, Dinh VQ, Young-Stubbs CM, Shimoura CG, Mathis KW. Should Renal Inflammation Be Targeted While Treating Hypertension? Front Physiol 2022; 13:886779. [PMID: 35770194 PMCID: PMC9236225 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.886779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research and a plethora of therapeutic options, hypertension continues to be a global burden. Understanding of the pathological roles of known and underexplored cellular and molecular pathways in the development and maintenance of hypertension is critical to advance the field. Immune system overactivation and inflammation in the kidneys are proposed alternative mechanisms of hypertension, and resistant hypertension. Consideration of the pathophysiology of hypertension in chronic inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune diseases, in which patients present with autoimmune-mediated kidney inflammation as well as hypertension, may reveal possible contributors and novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we 1) summarize current therapies used to control blood pressure and their known effects on inflammation; 2) provide evidence on the need to target renal inflammation, specifically, and especially when first-line and combinatory treatment efforts fail; and 3) discuss the efficacy of therapies used to treat autoimmune diseases with a hypertension/renal component. We aim to elucidate the potential of targeting renal inflammation in certain subsets of patients resistant to current therapies.
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9
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Xiao L, Xiao W, Zhan F. Targets of Tripterygium glycosides in systemic lupus erythematosus treatment: A network-pharmacology study. Lupus 2022; 31:319-329. [PMID: 35067081 DOI: 10.1177/09612033221076725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of Tripterygium glycosides (TGs) in treating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through network-pharmacology approach. METHODS The protein targets of TGs' three active ingredients (triptolide, tripterine, and wilforlide) and SLE were identified by database search. Then, the intersection of the two groups was studied. The drug-target network between the active ingredients of TGs and the overlapping genes was constructed, visualized, and analyzed with Cytoscape software. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment were performed to analyze these genes. Finally, we validated our predictions of the potential targets through docking study. RESULTS A total of 55 overlapping genes were discovered. Results suggested that the TGs' mechanism in SLE treatment was associated with heat shock protein family A member 5, heat shock protein family A member 8, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1, and so forth with their related 4042 gene network, which regulated ribosome, spliceosome, viral carcinogenesis, Epstein-Barr virus infection signaling, and so forth. Molecular-docking analysis proved that hydrogen bonding was the main form of interaction. CONCLUSIONS Our research provided the protein targets affected by TGs in SLE treatment. The key targets (CASP3, MAPK1, HIF1A, and so forth) involving 4042 proteins became the multitarget mechanism of TGs in SLE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xiao
- Department of Rheumatology, 26496Hainan general hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Hainan, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Respiratory, 26496Hainan general hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Hainan, China
| | - Feng Zhan
- Department of Rheumatology, 26496Hainan general hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Hainan, China
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10
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Ban T, Kikuchi M, Sato GR, Manabe A, Tagata N, Harita K, Nishiyama A, Nishimura K, Yoshimi R, Kirino Y, Yanai H, Matsumoto Y, Suzuki S, Hihara H, Ito M, Tsukahara K, Yoshimatsu K, Yamamoto T, Taniguchi T, Nakajima H, Ito S, Tamura T. Genetic and chemical inhibition of IRF5 suppresses pre-existing mouse lupus-like disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4379. [PMID: 34282144 PMCID: PMC8290003 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor IRF5 has been implicated as a therapeutic target for the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, IRF5 activation status during the disease course and the effects of IRF5 inhibition after disease onset are unclear. Here, we show that SLE patients in both the active and remission phase have aberrant activation of IRF5 and interferon-stimulated genes. Partial inhibition of IRF5 is superior to full inhibition of type I interferon signaling in suppressing disease in a mouse model of SLE, possibly due to the function of IRF5 in oxidative phosphorylation. We further demonstrate that inhibition of IRF5 via conditional Irf5 deletion and a newly developed small-molecule inhibitor of IRF5 after disease onset suppresses disease progression and is effective for maintenance of remission in mice. These results suggest that IRF5 inhibition might overcome the limitations of current SLE therapies, thus promoting drug discovery research on IRF5 inhibitors. IRF5 is a potential target for therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here the authors show using mouse SLE-like models that genetic or chemical inhibition of IRF5 after SLE onset could be more effective than, or an add on for, currently utilised type I interferon inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuma Ban
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Masako Kikuchi
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Go R Sato
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akio Manabe
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriko Tagata
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kayo Harita
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yoshimi
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yohei Kirino
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Inflammology, Social Cooperation Program, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroe Hihara
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Ito
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Yoshimatsu
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan.,RIN Institute Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tadatsugu Taniguchi
- Department of Inflammology, Social Cooperation Program, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan. .,Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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11
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Xie B, Geng Q, Xu J, Lu H, Luo H, Hu Y, Song X. The multi-targets mechanism of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus based on network pharmacology. Lupus 2020; 29:1704-1711. [PMID: 32854577 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320952541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Network pharmacology is used with bioinformatic tools to broaden the understanding of drugs' potential targets and the intersections with key genes of particular disease. Here we applied network pharmacology to collect testable hypotheses about the multi-targets mechanism of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) against systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Firstly, we predicted the potential targets of HCQ. Secondly, we got the related genes of SLE returned from databases. Thirdly, the intersections of the potential targets (HCQ) and related genes (SLE) were analyzed with gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment. Finally, we validated our predictions of the potential targets by performing docking studies with HCQ. RESULTS The results suggest that the efficacy of HCQ against SLE is mainly associated with the targets of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and CDK1, which regulate PI3K/Akt/GSK3β as well as interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. Biological process of the network associated with the three targets is concentrated in the inhibition of immune response, negative regulation of gene expression and regulation of immune system process. Molecular docking analysis proves that hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking are the main forms of interaction. CONCLUSIONS Our research provides protein targets affected by HCQ in the treatment of SLE. Three key targets (CDK2, ESR1 and CDK1) involving 1766 proteins become the multi-targets mechanism of HCQ in the treatment of SLE. As well, the research also provides a new idea for introducing network pharmacology into the evaluation of the drugs with multi-targets in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixin Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yebei Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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12
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Radaelli E, Santagostino SF, Sellers RS, Brayton CF. Immune Relevant and Immune Deficient Mice: Options and Opportunities in Translational Research. ILAR J 2019; 59:211-246. [PMID: 31197363 PMCID: PMC7114723 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1989 ILAR published a list and description of immunodeficient rodents used in research. Since then, advances in understanding of molecular mechanisms; recognition of genetic, epigenetic microbial, and other influences on immunity; and capabilities in manipulating genomes and microbiomes have increased options and opportunities for selecting mice and designing studies to answer important mechanistic and therapeutic questions. Despite numerous scientific breakthroughs that have benefitted from research in mice, there is debate about the relevance and predictive or translational value of research in mice. Reproducibility of results obtained from mice and other research models also is a well-publicized concern. This review summarizes resources to inform the selection and use of immune relevant mouse strains and stocks, aiming to improve the utility, validity, and reproducibility of research in mice. Immune sufficient genetic variations, immune relevant spontaneous mutations, immunodeficient and autoimmune phenotypes, and selected induced conditions are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sara F Santagostino
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Cory F Brayton
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Avouac J, Pezet S, Gonzalez V, Baudoin L, Cauvet A, Ruiz B, Boleto G, Brandely ML, Elmerich M, Allanore Y. Estrogens Counteract the Profibrotic Effects of TGF-β and their Inhibition Exacerbates Experimental Dermal Fibrosis. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:593-601.e7. [PMID: 31476316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.07.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis primarily affects women. This sex bias raises the question on the role female hormones could play in the development of fibrosis, which is largely unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of estrogens in the development of experimental dermal fibrosis, in the mouse models of bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis and tight skin (Tsk-1) mice, and on the activation of dermal fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Estrogen inhibition, obtained through gene inactivation for the estrogen receptor-αknockout or treatment with tamoxifen, exacerbated skin fibrosis in the bleomycin model and in the Tsk-1 mice. In the dermal fibroblasts, treatment with 17-β-estradiol significantly decreased the stimulatory effects of TGF-β on collagen synthesis and myofibroblast differentiation, decreased the activation of canonical TGF-β signaling, and markedly reduced the expression of the TGF-β target genes. Tamoxifen reversed the inhibitory effects of estrogens by restoring Smad2/3 phosphorylation and TGF-β-induced collagen synthesis. Our results demonstrate a beneficial effect of estrogens in dermal fibrosis. Estrogens reduce the TGF-β-dependent activation of dermal fibroblasts, and estrogen inhibition leads to a more severe experimental dermal fibrosis. These findings are consistent with the prominent development of systemic sclerosis in postmenopausal women and the greater severity of the disease in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Avouac
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service de Rhumatologie A, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.
| | - Sonia Pezet
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Gonzalez
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Léa Baudoin
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Anne Cauvet
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Ruiz
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Gonçalo Boleto
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Marie Laure Brandely
- GH Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Service de Pharmacie Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Manon Elmerich
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Yannick Allanore
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service de Rhumatologie A, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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14
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Taylor EB, Wolf VL, Dent E, Ryan MJ. Mechanisms of hypertension in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1897-1913. [PMID: 30714094 PMCID: PMC6534791 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus have an increased prevalence of hypertension. There is now a large body of evidence showing that the immune system is a key mediator in both human primary hypertension and experimental models. Many of the proposed immunological mechanisms leading to primary hypertension are paralleled in autoimmune rheumatic disorders. Therefore, examining the link between autoimmunity and hypertension can be informative for understanding primary hypertension. This review examines the prevalent hypertension, the immune mediators that contribute to the prevalent hypertension and their impact on renal function and how the risk of hypertension is potentially influenced by common hormonal changes that are associated with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Victoria L Wolf
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Elena Dent
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.,G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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15
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Tenti S, Giordano N, Cutolo M, Giannini F, Fioravanti A. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome during aromatase inhibitors therapy: A case report and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15052. [PMID: 30921233 PMCID: PMC6455664 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are a class of drugs widely used in the treatment of estrogen sensitive breast and ovarian cancer which convert testosterone to estradiol and androstenedione to estrogen. The AIs of third generation, including anastrazole, letrozole and exemestane, have actually become the standard of care of estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer in menopausal women and are recommended as adjuvant treatment after surgery in place of/or following tamoxifen. Their main side-effects include reduction in bone mineral density, occurrence of menopausal manifestations and development of musculoskeletal symptoms which are, usually, transient, but sometimes evolve into a typical form of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, a pathogenic linkage with other autoimmunity diseases, such as Sjogren syndrome (SjS), anti-synthetase antibody syndrome (ASAS), systemic sclerosis (SS) and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), was also described. PATIENT CONCERNS Here, we report the first case of a patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) developed during treatment with anastrazole. DIAGNOSIS The patient developed a sudden onset of speech disturbance and disorientation, due to ischemic lesions, after 6 months of AIs therapy and the laboratory examination showed the positivity of anti-Cardiolipin antibodies, anti-β2 Glycoprotein 1 antibodies and Lupus Anticoagulant, so a certain diagnosis of APS was achieved. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with warfarin associated to hydroxychloroquine and monthly cycles of low doses intravenous immunoglobulins. OUTCOMES A good control of the disease was obtained despite the continuation of anastrazole; the patient's clinical and laboratory situation remained not modified after AIs withdrawal. LESSONS We discussed the possible role of anastrazole treatment in inducing APS in our patient, reporting the available literature data about the association between AIs treatment and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, we analyzed the mechanism of action of estrogens in the pathophysiology of autoimmune rheumatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tenti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese
| | - Nicola Giordano
- Scleroderma Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Viale Bracci 1
| | - Maurizio Cutolo
- Research Laboratory and Academic Division of Clinical Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa
| | - Fabio Giannini
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Viale Bracci 1, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Fioravanti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese
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16
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Pan F, Tang W, Zhou Z, Gilkeson G, Lang R, Jiang W. Intestinal macrophages in mucosal immunity and their role in systemic lupus erythematosus disease. Lupus 2018; 27:1898-1902. [PMID: 30223707 DOI: 10.1177/0961203318797417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes play an important role in inducing host systemic immunity against invading pathogens and inflammatory responses. After activation, monocytes migrate to tissue sites, where they initiate both innate and adaptive immune responses, and become macrophages. Although mucosal macrophages produce inflammatory cytokines in response to pathogens, the perturbations in innate immune signaling pathway have been implicated in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this review, we focus on the role of human macrophages in intestinal innate immune responses, homeostasis, and SLE disease. We further discuss sex differences in the intestinal macrophages and their role in the physiology and pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pan
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - W Tang
- 2 The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Nangang, Harbin, China
| | - Z Zhou
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Human Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - G Gilkeson
- 4 Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - R Lang
- 1 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - W Jiang
- 5 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,6 Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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17
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Olave C, Morales N, Uberti B, Henriquez C, Sarmiento J, Ortloff A, Folch H, Moran G. Tamoxifen induces apoptotic neutrophil efferocytosis in horses. Vet Res Commun 2018; 42:57-63. [PMID: 29297134 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-017-9709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages and neutrophils are important cellular components in the process of acute inflammation and its subsequent resolution, and evidence increasingly suggests that they play important functions during the resolution of chronic, adaptive inflammatory processes. Exacerbated neutrophil activity can be harmful to surrounding tissues; this is important in a range of diseases, including allergic asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in humans, and equine asthma (also known as recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Tamoxifen (TX) is a non-steroidal estrogen receptor modulator with effects on cell growth and survival. Previous studies showed that TX treatment in horses with induced acute pulmonary inflammation promoted early apoptosis of blood and BALF neutrophils, reduction of BALF neutrophils, and improvement in animals' clinical status. The aim of this study was to describe if TX induces in vitro efferocytosis of neutrophils by alveolar macrophages. Efferocytosis assay, myeloperoxidase (MPO) detection and translocation phosphatidylserine (PS) were performed on neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood samples from five healthy horses. In in vitro samples from heathy horses, TX treatment increases the phenomenon of efferocytosis of peripheral neutrophils by alveolar macrophages. Similar increases in supernatant MPO concentration and PS translocation were observed in TX-treated neutrophils, compared to control cells. In conclusion, these results confirm that tamoxifen has a direct effect on equine peripheral blood neutrophils, through stimulation of the engulfment of apoptotic neutrophils by alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Olave
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - N Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - B Uberti
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Henriquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J Sarmiento
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A Ortloff
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Catolica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - H Folch
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - G Moran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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18
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Kokic V, Martinovic Kaliterna D, Radic M, Tandara L, Perkovic D. Association between vitamin D, oestradiol and interferon-gamma in female patients with inactive systemic lupus erythematosus: A cross-sectional study. J Int Med Res 2017; 46:1162-1171. [PMID: 29235391 PMCID: PMC5972245 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517734686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate possible associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), oestradiol (E2) and IFN-gamma (IFNγ) in female patients with inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Female patients with inactive SLE and age-matched healthy controls were recruited into this cross-sectional study. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3, E2 and IFNγ were measured by radioimmunoassay with gamma-counters and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results 36 patients and 37 controls were enrolled. In patients with SLE, the concentration of 25(OH)D3 was lower and E2 was higher compared with controls. In vitamin D deficient (i.e., 25(OH)D3≤20 ng/ml) patients, IFNγ was 150% higher compared with patients with 25(OH)D3>20 ng/ml and controls. The concentration of E2 was higher in all patients compared with controls independently of the vitamin D level. A difference was found between patients and controls in the correlation of 25(OH)D3 with E2 and a positive correlation was found between E2 and IFNγ in all participants. Conclusions Our results suggest that E2 may have a strong modulating effect on vitamin D function which is significant only at low concentration of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visnja Kokic
- 1 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Hospital of Split, School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Mislav Radic
- 2 Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Leida Tandara
- 3 Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostic, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Dijana Perkovic
- 2 Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia
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19
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Silva LAS, Felix FB, Araujo JMD, Souza EV, Camargo EA, Grespan R. Agonistic activity of tamoxifen, a selective estrogen-receptor modulator (SERM), on arthritic ovariectomized mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 51:e6799. [PMID: 29160416 PMCID: PMC5685064 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arthritis is positively associated with the decline of sex hormones, especially estrogen. Tamoxifen (TMX) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator, possessing agonist or antagonistic activity in different tissues. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of TMX on the zymosan-induced arthritis model. Female Swiss normal and ovariectomized (OVX) mice were divided into groups and treated for five days with TMX (0.3, 0.9 or 2.7 mg/kg) or 17-β-estradiol (E2, 50 µg/kg). On the fifth day, arthritis was induced and 4 h later, leukocyte migration into joint cavities was evaluated. The neutrophil migration in OVX animals, but not in normal mice, treated with TMX (all tested doses) was significantly decreased compared with mice that received the vehicle (P≤0.05). Similarly, this effect was also demonstrated in the E2-treated group. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that TMX presented agonist effects in inhibiting neutrophil migration and preventing arthritis progression in OVX mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A S Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - F B Felix
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - J M D Araujo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - E V Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - E A Camargo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - R Grespan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
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20
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Laffont S, Seillet C, Guéry JC. Estrogen Receptor-Dependent Regulation of Dendritic Cell Development and Function. Front Immunol 2017; 8:108. [PMID: 28239379 PMCID: PMC5300975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity, infectious diseases and cancer affect women and men differently. Because they tend to develop more vigorous adaptive immune responses than men, women are less susceptible to some infectious diseases but also at higher risk of autoimmunity. The regulation of immune responses by sex-dependent factors probably involves several non-redundant mechanisms. A privileged area of study, however, concerns the role of sex steroid hormones in the biology of innate immune cells, especially dendritic cells (DCs). In recent years, our understanding of the lineage origin of DC populations has expanded, and the lineage-committing transcription factors shaping peripheral DC subsets have been identified. Both progenitor cells and mature DC subsets express estrogen receptors (ERs), which are ligand-dependent transcription factors. This suggests that estrogens may contribute to the reported sex differences in immunity by regulating DC biology. Here, we review the recent literature and highlight evidence that estrogen-dependent activation of ERα regulates the development or the functional responses of particular DC subsets. The in vitro model of GM-CSF-induced DC differentiation shows that CD11c+ CD11bint Ly6cneg cells depend on ERα activation by estrogen for their development, and for the acquisition of competence to activate naive CD4+ T lymphocytes and mount a robust pro-inflammatory cytokine response to CD40 stimulation. In this model, estrogen signaling in conjunction with GM-CSF is necessary to promote early interferon regulatory factor (Irf)-4 expression in macrophage-DC progenitors and their subsequent differentiation into IRF-4hi CD11c+ CD11bint Ly6cneg cells, closely related to the cDC2 subset. The Flt3L-induced model of DC differentiation in turn shows that ERα signaling promotes the development of conventional DC (cDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) with higher capability of pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to TLR stimulation. Likewise, cell-intrinsic ER signaling positively regulates the TLR-driven production of type I interferons (IFNs) in mouse pDCs in vivo. This effect of estrogens likely contributes to the greater proficiency of women's pDCs than men's as regards the production of type I IFNs elicited by TLR7 ligands. In summary, evidence is emerging in support of the notion that estrogen signaling regulates important aspects of cDC and pDC development and/or effector functions, in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Laffont
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS , Toulouse , France
| | - Cyril Seillet
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS , Toulouse , France
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21
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Zhan Y, Guo Y, Lu Q. Aberrant Epigenetic Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Its Implication in Precision Medicine. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 149:141-155. [PMID: 27607472 DOI: 10.1159/000448793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made in the last decades in understanding the complex immune dysregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), yet the efforts to pursue an effective treatment of SLE proved to be futile. The pathoetiology of SLE involves extremely complicated and multifactorial interaction among various genetic and epigenetic factors. Multiple gene loci predispose to disease susceptibility, and the interaction with epigenetic modifications mediated through sex, hormones, and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis complicates susceptibility and manifestations of this disease. Finally, certain environmental and psychological factors probably trigger the disease via epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent epigenetic studies of SLE and suggest a personalized approach to the dissection of disease onset and therapy or precision medicine. We speculate that in the future, precision medicine based on epigenetic and genetic information could help guide more effective targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
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22
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Iyappan A, Kawalia SB, Raschka T, Hofmann-Apitius M, Senger P. NeuroRDF: semantic integration of highly curated data to prioritize biomarker candidates in Alzheimer's disease. J Biomed Semantics 2016; 7:45. [PMID: 27392431 PMCID: PMC4939021 DOI: 10.1186/s13326-016-0079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases are incurable and debilitating indications with huge social and economic impact, where much is still to be learnt about the underlying molecular events. Mechanistic disease models could offer a knowledge framework to help decipher the complex interactions that occur at molecular and cellular levels. This motivates the need for the development of an approach integrating highly curated and heterogeneous data into a disease model of different regulatory data layers. Although several disease models exist, they often do not consider the quality of underlying data. Moreover, even with the current advancements in semantic web technology, we still do not have cure for complex diseases like Alzheimer's disease. One of the key reasons accountable for this could be the increasing gap between generated data and the derived knowledge. RESULTS In this paper, we describe an approach, called as NeuroRDF, to develop an integrative framework for modeling curated knowledge in the area of complex neurodegenerative diseases. The core of this strategy lies in the usage of well curated and context specific data for integration into one single semantic web-based framework, RDF. This increases the probability of the derived knowledge to be novel and reliable in a specific disease context. This infrastructure integrates highly curated data from databases (Bind, IntAct, etc.), literature (PubMed), and gene expression resources (such as GEO and ArrayExpress). We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach by asking real-world biomedical questions that link these resources to prioritize the plausible biomarker candidates. Among the 13 prioritized candidate genes, we identified MIF to be a potential emerging candidate due to its role as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. We additionally report on the effort and challenges faced during generation of such an indication-specific knowledge base comprising of curated and quality-controlled data. CONCLUSION Although many alternative approaches have been proposed and practiced for modeling diseases, the semantic web technology is a flexible and well established solution for harmonized aggregation. The benefit of this work, to use high quality and context specific data, becomes apparent in speculating previously unattended biomarker candidates around a well-known mechanism, further leveraged for experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandhi Iyappan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754, Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shweta Bagewadi Kawalia
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754, Sankt Augustin, Germany.
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Tamara Raschka
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754, Sankt Augustin, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, RheinAhrCampus, Joseph-Rovan-Allee 2, 53424, Remagen, Germany
| | - Martin Hofmann-Apitius
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754, Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Senger
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, 53754, Sankt Augustin, Germany
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23
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Mascella F, Gianni L, Affatato A, Fantini M. Aromatase inhibitors and anti-synthetase syndrome. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 29:494-7. [PMID: 27225465 DOI: 10.1177/0394632016651086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant therapy in postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive breast cancer (BC) is actually centered on the use of anti-aromatase inhibitors (AI). Several reports, however, are emerging in literature associating the use of this drugs to rheumatic disorders. This case report describes the first case of anti-synthetase syndrome diagnosis after treatment with anti-estrogen agents in a patient with pre-existing rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Mascella
- Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Ospedale degli Infermi, Rimini, Azienda Sanitaria della Romagna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gianni
- Oncology Department, Ospedale degli Infermi, Azienda Sanitaria della Romagna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Affatato
- Oncology Department, Ospedale degli Infermi, Azienda Sanitaria della Romagna, Italy
| | - Manuela Fantini
- Oncology Department, Ospedale degli Infermi, Azienda Sanitaria della Romagna, Italy
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24
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Zarkavelis G, Kollas A, Kampletsas E, Vasiliou V, Kaltsonoudis E, Drosos A, Khaled H, Pavlidis N. Aromatase inhibitors induced autoimmune disorders in patients with breast cancer: A review. J Adv Res 2016; 7:719-726. [PMID: 28275510 PMCID: PMC5328027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) is characterized by particular cutaneous manifestations such as non-scaring plaques mainly in sunlight exposed parts of the body along with specific serum autoantibodies (i.e. antinuclear antibodies (ANA), Ro/SSa, La/SSb). It is considered either idiopathic or drug induced. The role of chemotherapeutic agents in causing SCLE has been investigated with the taxanes being the most common anticancer agents. However, recent data emerging point toward antiestrogen therapies as a causative factor not only for SCLE but also for a variety of autoimmune disorders. This is a report of a case of a 42 year old woman who developed clinical manifestations of SCLE after letrozole treatment in whom remission of the cutaneous manifestations was noticed upon discontinuation of the drug. In addition, an extensive review of the English literature has been performed regarding the association of antiestrogen therapy with autoimmune disorders. In conclusion, Oncologists should be aware of the potential development of autoimmune reactions in breast cancer patients treated with aromatase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Zarkavelis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ioannina University Hospital, S. Niarchos Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aristomenes Kollas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ioannina University Hospital, S. Niarchos Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Kampletsas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ioannina University Hospital, S. Niarchos Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Dermatology, Ioannina University Hospital, S. Niarchos Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evripides Kaltsonoudis
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Ioannina University Hospital, S. Niarchos Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandros Drosos
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Ioannina University Hospital, S. Niarchos Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Hussein Khaled
- Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Nicholas Pavlidis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ioannina University Hospital, S. Niarchos Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece
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Taylor EB, Ryan MJ. Understanding mechanisms of hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 11:1753944716637807. [PMID: 26985016 PMCID: PMC5065379 DOI: 10.1177/1753944716637807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that predominately affects women of reproductive age. Hypertension is an important cardiovascular risk factor that is prevalent in this patient population. Despite the high incidence of hypertension in women with SLE, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of hypertension remain poorly understood. This review will focus on disease-related factors, including inflammation, autoantibodies, and sex hormones that may contribute to hypertension in patients with SLE. In addition, we will highlight studies performed by our laboratory using the female NZBWF1 (F1 hybrid of New Zealand Black and New Zealand White strains) mouse model, a spontaneous model of SLE that mimics human disease and develops hypertension and renal injury. Specifically, using female NZBWF1 mice, we have demonstrated that multiple factors contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension, including the inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, oxidative stress, as well as B-cell hyperactivity and autoantibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Zhang M, Yu G, Chan B, Pearson JT, Rathanaswami P, Delaney J, Ching Lim A, Babcook J, Hsu H, Gavin MA. Interleukin-21 receptor blockade inhibits secondary humoral responses and halts the progression of preestablished disease in the (NZB × NZW)F1 systemic lupus erythematosus model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 67:2723-31. [PMID: 26097207 DOI: 10.1002/art.39233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that is driven in part by chronic B and T lymphocyte hyperresponsiveness to self antigens. A deficiency of interleukin-21 (IL-21) or IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) in mice dramatically reduces inflammation and B and T cell activation in models of autoimmunity, including SLE. However, whether IL-21 is essential for the maintenance and amplification of preestablished inflammation has not been widely examined in various animal models. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of novel mouse IL-21R neutralizing antibodies on recall responses to antigen challenge and on disease progression in the (NZB × NZW)F1 (NZB/NZW) mouse model of SLE. METHODS Humoral and cellular immune responses to immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) were measured in mice dosed with IL-21R blocking antibodies. Progression of nephritis and markers of immune activation was monitored in NZB/NZW mice following different anti-IL-21R treatment regimens. RESULTS IL-21R blockade specifically inhibited secondary IgG responses to SRBC immunization. In NZB/NZW mice, IL-21R blockade completely inhibited the onset of nephritis, which was associated with dramatic reductions in splenomegaly and in B cell and T cell activation. When administered to mice with preexisting disease, anti-IL-21R antibody halted the disease progression and mortality and reversed the nephritis in a subset of mice. Furthermore, treatment cessation was not followed by rapid reemergence of disease. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the importance of IL-21 in promoting humoral recall responses and in sustaining autoimmune inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gang Yu
- Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Brian Chan
- Amgen, Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Cunningham MA, Wirth JR, Scott JL, Eudaly J, Collins EL, Gilkeson GS. Early Ovariectomy Results in Reduced Numbers of CD11c+/CD11b+ Spleen Cells and Impacts Disease Expression in Murine Lupus. Front Immunol 2016; 7:31. [PMID: 26913030 PMCID: PMC4753299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety percent of those diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus are female, with peak incidence between the ages of 15 and 45, when women are most hormonally active. Despite significant research effort, the mechanisms underlying this sex bias remain unclear. We previously showed that a functional knockout of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) resulted in significantly reduced renal disease and increased survival in murine lupus. Dendritic cell (DC) development, which requires both estrogen and ERα, is impacted, as is activation status and cytokine production. Since both estrogen and testosterone levels have immunomodulating effects, we presently studied the phenotype of NZM2410 lupus-prone mice following post- and prepubertal ovariectomy (OVX) ± estradiol (E2) replacement to determine the impact of hormonal status on disease expression and DC development in these mice. We observed a trend toward survival benefit in addition to decreased proteinuria and improved renal histology in the early OVX, but not late OVX- or E2-repleted WT mice. Interestingly, there was also a significant difference in splenic DC subsets by flow cytometry. Spleens from NZM mice OVX'd early had a significant decrease in proinflammatory CD11c+CD11b+ DCs (vs. unmanipulated WTs, late OVX- and E2-repleted mice). These early OVX'd animals also had a significant increase in tolerogenic CD11c+CD8a+ DCs vs. WT. These data join a growing body of evidence that supports a role for hormone modulation of DCs that likely impacts the penetrance and severity of autoimmune diseases, such as lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Cunningham
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Jena R Wirth
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Jennifer L Scott
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Jackie Eudaly
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Erin L Collins
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Gary S Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
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Mirandola L, Wade R, Verma R, Pena C, Hosiriluck N, Figueroa JA, Cobos E, Jenkins MR, Chiriva-Internati M. Sex-driven differences in immunological responses: challenges and opportunities for the immunotherapies of the third millennium. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 34:134-42. [PMID: 25901858 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1018417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Male-based studies, both at the biochemical and at the pre-clinical/clinical trial levels, still predominate in the scientific community. Many studies are based on the wrong assumption that both sexes are fundamentally identical in their response to treatments. As a result, findings obtained mainly in males are applied to females, resulting in negative consequences female patients. In cancer immunotherapy, there is still a scarce focus on this topic. Here we review the main differences in immune modulation and immune system biology between males and females with a particular focus on how these differences affect cancer immunotherapy and cancer vaccines. METHODS We reviewed articles published on PubMed from 1999 to 2014, using the keywords: sex hormones, immune response, estrogen, immunotherapy, testosterone, cancer vaccines, sex-based medicine. We also present new data wherein the expression of the cancer testis antigen, Ropporin-1, was determined in patients with multiple myeloma, showing that the expression of Ropporin-1 was influenced by sex. RESULTS Male and female immune systems display radical differences mainly due to the immune regulatory effects of sex hormones. These differences might have a dramatic impact on the immunological treatment of cancer. Moreover, the expression of tumor antigens that can be targeted by anti-cancer vaccines is associated with sex. CONCLUSION Future clinical trials focusing on cancer immunotherapy will need to take into account the differences in the immune response and in the frequency of target antigen expression between male and females, in order to optimize these anti-cancer immunotherapies of the third millennium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mirandola
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, TX , USA
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Perez B, Henriquez C, Sarmiento J, Morales N, Folch H, Galesio JS, Uberti B, Morán G. Tamoxifen as a new therapeutic tool for neutrophilic lung inflammation. Respirology 2015; 21:112-8. [PMID: 26510482 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Neutrophilic asthma is an important disease subgroup, including patients with severe phenotypes and erratic responses to standard treatments. Tamoxifen (TX), a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used as treatment of human breast cancer, has been shown to induce early apoptosis of equine blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) neutrophils in vitro. Equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is a naturally occurring neutrophilic condition, closely related with human asthma. Our purpose was to investigate the therapeutic potential of tamoxifen in horses with neutrophilic lung inflammation. METHODS Twelve horses underwent acute lung inflammation through exposure to allergens known to cause RAO, after which they received treatment with either tamoxifen or dexamethasone. Outcome measures included evaluation of clinical signs, BALF cytology, and early apoptosis of blood and BALF neutrophils. RESULTS Tamoxifen treatment decreased BALF neutrophil counts (65.3 ± 19.38% before treatment; 7.6 ± 4.5% 2 days post-treatment,; and 13.6 ± 9.3% 5 days post-treatment). A similar decrease was observed with dexamethasone treatment (48.6 ± 5.88% before treatment; 11.5 ± 8.1% 2 days post-treatment; 14.6 ± 10.3% 5 days post-treatment). Clinical and endoscopic scores improved in both treatment groups. Tamoxifen treatment significantly increased early apoptosis of peripheral blood neutrophils at 5 days post-treatment (27.04 ± 15.2%), and in BALF neutrophils at 2 and 5 days post-treatment (42.11 ± 11.67% and 48.98 ± 2.6%, respectively). CONCLUSION Tamoxifen treatment in horses with induced acute pulmonary inflammation promoted early apoptosis of blood and BALF neutrophils, reduction in BALF neutrophils and improvement in the animals' clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Graduate School, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio Henriquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jose Sarmiento
- Department of Physiology, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natalia Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hugo Folch
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan S Galesio
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Benjamin Uberti
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gabriel Morán
- Department of Pharmacology, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Chen JY, Ballou SP. The Effect of Antiestrogen Agents on Risk of Autoimmune Disorders in Patients with Breast Cancer. J Rheumatol 2014; 42:55-9. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.140367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To investigate the relationship between antiestrogen therapy in women with breast cancer and risk of autoimmune disease.Methods.We used a national database to assess the incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) following treatment with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) or aromatase inhibitors (AI) in women with breast cancer. The total number of patients in our study was 190,620.Results.We observed highly significant, cumulative dose-dependent increased OR of incidence of both SLE and RA following treatment with SERM (p < 0.0001). The odds of developing RA were also increased following AI therapy (p < 0.001), but there was a trend for reduced odds of SLE, though this trend did not attain statistical significance (p = 0.070 for 2–11 months of treatment and p = 0.254 for 12+ months of treatment).Conclusion.Antiestrogen agents may have an important effect on risk of autoimmune disease.
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Gilbert EL, Ryan MJ. Estrogen in cardiovascular disease during systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Ther 2014; 36:1901-1912. [PMID: 25194860 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that disproportionately affects women during their childbearing years. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in this patient population at an age when women often have low cardiovascular risk. Hypertension is a major cardiovascular disease risk factor, and its prevalence is markedly increased in women with SLE. Estrogen has traditionally been implicated in SLE disease progression because of the prevalence of the disease in women; however, its role in cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension is unclear. The objective of this review is to discuss evidence for the role of estrogen in both human and murine SLE with emphasis on the effect of estrogen on cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension. METHODS PubMed was used to search for articles with terms related to estradiol and SLE. The references of retrieved publications were also reviewed. FINDINGS The potential permissive role of estrogen in SLE development is supported by studies from experimental animal models of lupus in which early removal of estrogen or its effects leads to attenuation of SLE disease parameters, including autoantibody production and renal injury. However, data about the role of estrogens in human SLE are much less clear, with most studies not reaching firm conclusions about positive or negative outcomes after hormonal manipulations involving estrogen during SLE (ie, oral contraceptives, hormone therapy). Significant gaps in knowledge remain about the effect of estrogen on cardiovascular risk factors during SLE. Studies in women with SLE were not designed to determine the effect of estrogen or hormone therapy on blood pressure even though hypertension is highly prevalent, and risk of premature ovarian failure could necessitate use of hormone therapy in women with SLE. Recent evidence from an experimental animal model of lupus found that estrogen may protect against cardiovascular risk factors in adulthood. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that estrogen may have distinct temporal effects on cardiovascular risk factors during SLE. IMPLICATIONS Data from experimental models of lupus suggest that estrogens may have an important permissive role for developing SLE early in life. However, their role in adulthood remains unclear, particularly for the effect on cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. Additional work is needed to understand the effect of estrogens in human SLE, and preclinical studies in experimental models of SLE may contribute important mechanistic insight to further advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Gilbert
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.
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Rahimi Darabad R, Suzuki T, Richards SM, Jakobiec FA, Zakka FR, Barabino S, Sullivan DA. Does estrogen deficiency cause lacrimal gland inflammation and aqueous-deficient dry eye in mice? Exp Eye Res 2014; 127:153-60. [PMID: 25084452 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have proposed that estrogen deficiency will lead to a Sjögren's syndrome (SjS)-like lacrimal gland inflammation, aqueous tear deficiency and dry eye. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this proposal is correct. Lacrimal glands were obtained from adult, age-matched wild type (WT) and aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice, in which estrogen synthesis is completely eliminated. Tissues were also obtained from autoimmune MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice as inflammation controls. Tear volumes in WT and ArKO mice were measured and glands were processed for molecular biological and histological evaluation. Our results demonstrate that estrogen absence does not lead to a SjS-like inflammation in lacrimal tissue or to an aqueous-deficient dry eye. There was no upregulation of genes associated with inflammatory pathways in lacrimal glands of male or female ArKO mice. Such inflammatory activity was prominent in autoimmune MRL/lpr tissues. We also found no evidence of inflammation in lacrimal gland tissue sections of estrogen-deficient mice, and tear volumes of ArKO males were actually increased as compared to those WT controls. Interestingly, our study did show that estrogen absence influences the expression of thousands of lacrimal gland genes, and that this impact is sex- and genotype-specific. Our findings demonstrate that estrogen absence is not a risk factor for the development of SjS-like lacrimal gland inflammation or for aqueous-deficient dry eye in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Rahimi Darabad
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomo Suzuki
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen M Richards
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frederick A Jakobiec
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fouad R Zakka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Barabino
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA.
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Jiang W, Gilkeson G. Sex Differences in monocytes and TLR4 associated immune responses; implications for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1:1. [PMID: 25309746 DOI: 10.7243/2055-2394-1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that TLR7 and TLR9 signaling play a role in SLE pathogenesis. Our recent study revealed that estrogen receptor α knockout mice have impaired inflammatory responses to TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 ligand stimulation in DCs, B cells and whole spleen cells. These findings indicate that estrogen receptor mediated signaling may impact universal TLR responsiveness. Whether estrogen has a direct or indirect effect on TLR responsiveness by immune cells is not clear. There is evidence of a role of TLR4 in SLE disease pathogenesis, such as the kidney damage, the induction of CD40 and autoantibodies, the suppression of regulatory T cells, and the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) in SLE pathogenesis that can be induced by TLR4-mediated monocyte activation, suggesting that TLR4 and TLR4 responsiveness are also important for SLE disease. This review will focus on TLR4 responses and monocytes, which are understudied in systemic autoimmune diseases such as SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Gary Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
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Mok CC, Ying SKY, Ma KM, Wong CK. Effect of raloxifene on disease activity and vascular biomarkers in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: subgroup analysis of a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Lupus 2013; 22:1470-8. [PMID: 24113197 DOI: 10.1177/0961203313507987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of raloxifene on disease activity and vascular biomarkers in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Subgroup data were analyzed for postmenopausal female SLE patients who participated in a randomized controlled trial of raloxifene on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Patients who were receiving a stable daily dose of prednisolone (≤10 mg) for ≥6 months were assigned to receive raloxifene (60 mg/day) or placebo on top of calcium and vitamin D. Disease activity was assessed by the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment (SELENA), SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) and physicians' global assessment (PGA) every three months. Lupus flares were assessed by the SELENA flare instrument. Serial serum levels of homocysteine, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) were measured. RESULTS A total of 62 patients (30 raloxifene, 32 placebo) were studied (age 52.5 ± 6.7 years; SLE duration 9.3 ± 7.6 years; menopause duration 7.2 ± 6.6 years). The SLEDAI at entry was 1.8 ± 2.3 (SLEDAI ≥ 6 in 8%). After 12 months, a significant gain in bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (1.6%, p = 0.02), and reduction in bone resorption and formation markers was observed in the raloxifene but not in the placebo treated patients. The SELENA-SLEDAI and PGA scores area under the curve over 12 months were not significantly different between the two groups. There were three episodes of mild/moderate lupus flares (33% musculoskeletal, 33% dermatological) in the raloxifene group, compared to nine episodes of mild/moderate flares (27% musculoskeletal, 45% dermatological) in the placebo group (p = 0.11). The low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level increased significantly in the placebo but not raloxifene treated patients. No significant changes in homocysteine, hsCRP and sTM levels were observed in either group of patients. CONCLUSIONS Raloxifene significantly improves lumbar spine BMD in SLE patients but does not cause an increase in lupus activity or flares.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Mok
- 1Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong
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Lee SW, Park KH, Park S, Kim JH, Hong SY, Lee SK, Choi D, Park YB. Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Alleviates Nephritis in (NZB/NZW)F1 Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1902-12. [DOI: 10.1002/art.37955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Lee
- Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul; Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Hyung Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul; Republic of Korea
| | - Sungha Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine and Severance Cardiovascular Hospital; Seoul; Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul; Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yu Hong
- Yonsei University College of Medicine and Severance Cardiovascular Hospital; Seoul; Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Kon Lee
- Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul; Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Choi
- Yonsei University College of Medicine and Severance Cardiovascular Hospital; Seoul; Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul; Republic of Korea
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36
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Female sex hormones ameliorate arthritis in SKG mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:740-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Landego I, Jayachandran N, Wullschleger S, Zhang TT, Gibson IW, Miller A, Alessi DR, Marshall AJ. Interaction of TAPP adapter proteins with phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate regulates B-cell activation and autoantibody production. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2760-70. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Landego
- Department of Immunology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; Canada
| | | | - Stephan Wullschleger
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit; School of Life Sciences; Sir James Black Centre; University of Dundee; Dundee; UK
| | - Ting-ting Zhang
- Department of Immunology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; Canada
| | - Ian W. Gibson
- Department of Pathology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; Canada
| | - Angela Miller
- Department of Pathology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg; Canada
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit; School of Life Sciences; Sir James Black Centre; University of Dundee; Dundee; UK
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Abstract
There are substantial experimental, epidemiological and clinical evidences that show that breast cancer pathology is influenced by endogenous estrogens. This knowledge is the foundation upon which endocrine deprivation therapy has been developed as a major modality for the management of breast cancer. Tamoxifen, which functions as a competitive partial agonist-inhibitor of estrogen at its receptor, has been widely used for more than three decades for adjuvant endocrine treatment in breast cancer. Currently, other effective drugs for endocrine therapy include raloxifene, different aromatase inhibitors (particularly third-generation agents) and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. In recent years, a growing body of evidence suggests that these drugs can also act as immune modulators by altering the function of various leukocytes and the release of different cytokines. Moreover, there is evidence that anti-estrogens may prove to be beneficial in the treatment or prevention of some autoimmune diseases due to their effects on immune function. However, their immunopharmacological aspects in the present state of knowledge are not precisely comprehensible. Only a clear pathophysiological understanding could lead to an efficient strategy for breast cancer prevention and decrease in the mortality due to this disease.
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Prussia A, Thepchatri P, Snyder JP, Plemper RK. Systematic approaches towards the development of host-directed antiviral therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:4027-52. [PMID: 21747723 PMCID: PMC3131607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12064027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the onset of antiviral therapy, viral resistance has compromised the clinical value of small-molecule drugs targeting pathogen components. As intracellular parasites, viruses complete their life cycle by hijacking a multitude of host-factors. Aiming at the latter rather than the pathogen directly, host-directed antiviral therapy has emerged as a concept to counteract evolution of viral resistance and develop broad-spectrum drug classes. This approach is propelled by bioinformatics analysis of genome-wide screens that greatly enhance insights into the complex network of host-pathogen interactions and generate a shortlist of potential gene targets from a multitude of candidates, thus setting the stage for a new era of rational identification of drug targets for host-directed antiviral therapies. With particular emphasis on human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus, two major human pathogens, we review screens employed to elucidate host-pathogen interactions and discuss the state of database ontology approaches applicable to defining a therapeutic endpoint. The value of this strategy for drug discovery is evaluated, and perspectives for bioinformatics-driven hit identification are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Prussia
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; E-Mails: (A.P.); (J.P.S.)
- Emory Institute for Drug Discovery (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Pahk Thepchatri
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; E-Mails: (A.P.); (J.P.S.)
- Emory Institute for Drug Discovery (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (P.T.); (R.K.P.); Tel.: +1-404-593-0547 (P.T.); +1-404-727-1605 (R.K.P.); Fax: +1-404-727-9223 (P.T.); +1-404-727-9223 (R.K.P.)
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; E-Mails: (A.P.); (J.P.S.)
- Emory Institute for Drug Discovery (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Richard K. Plemper
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (P.T.); (R.K.P.); Tel.: +1-404-593-0547 (P.T.); +1-404-727-1605 (R.K.P.); Fax: +1-404-727-9223 (P.T.); +1-404-727-9223 (R.K.P.)
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Abstract
Estrogenic hormones possess both immunostimulating and immunosuppressive properties. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), pregnancy is associated with disease flares. In some situations, exogenous estrogen predisposes to development of new SLE, flares of preexisting SLE, and thromboses in susceptible individuals. In contrast, treatment with exogenous estrogen protects postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients from active RA and osteoporosis. The search for estrogen-like compounds with anti-inflammatory properties may expand treatment options in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Walker
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Missouri, 2120 Southern Star Loop, Las Cruces, NM 88011, USA.
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Emmerson E, Hardman MJ. The role of estrogen deficiency in skin ageing and wound healing. Biogerontology 2011; 13:3-20. [PMID: 21369728 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-011-9322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The links between hormonal signalling and lifespan have been well documented in a range of model organisms. For example, in C. elegans or D. melanogaster, lifespan can be modulated by ablating germline cells, or manipulating reproductive history or pregnenolone signalling. In mammalian systems, however, hormonal contribution to longevity is less well understood. With increasing age human steroid hormone profiles change substantially, particularly following menopause in women. This article reviews recent links between steroid sex hormones and ageing, with special emphasis on the skin and wound repair. Estrogen, which substantially decreases with advancing age in both males and females, protects against multiple aspects of cellular ageing in rodent models, including oxidative damage, telomere shortening and cellular senescence. Estrogen's effects are particularly pronounced in the skin where cutaneous changes post-menopause are well documented, and can be partially reversed by classical Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). Our research shows that while chronological ageing has clear effects on skin wound healing, falling estrogen levels are the principle mediator of these effects. Thus, both HRT and topical estrogen replacement substantially accelerate healing in elderly humans, but are associated with unwanted deleterious effects, particularly cancer promotion. In fact, much current research effort is being invested in exploring the therapeutic potential of estrogen signalling manipulation to reverse age-associated pathology in peripheral tissues. In the case of the skin the differential targeting of estrogen receptors to promote healing in aged subjects is a real therapeutic possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Emmerson
- The University of Manchester, A V Hill Building, Manchester, UK
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42
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Maj T, Switała-Jelen K, Miazek A, Szafarowicz-Basta B, Kiczak L, Slawek A, Chelmonska-Soyta A. Effects of tamoxifen on estrogen receptor-α level in immune cells and humoral specific response after immunization of C3H/He male mice with syngeneic testicular germ cells (TGC). Autoimmunity 2011; 44:520-30. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2010.549529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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43
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Murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:271694. [PMID: 21403825 PMCID: PMC3042628 DOI: 10.1155/2011/271694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disorder. The study of diverse mouse models of lupus has provided clues to the etiology of SLE. Spontaneous mouse models of lupus have led to identification of numerous susceptibility loci from which several candidate genes have emerged. Meanwhile, induced models of lupus have provided insight into the role of environmental factors in lupus pathogenesis as well as provided a better understanding of cellular mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of disease. The SLE-like phenotypes present in these models have also served to screen numerous potential SLE therapies. Due to the complex nature of SLE, it is necessary to understand the effect specific targeted therapies have on immune homeostasis. Furthermore, knowledge gained from mouse models will provide novel therapy targets for the treatment of SLE.
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44
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Zhang Y, Saha S, Rosenfeld G, Gonzalez J, Pepeljugoski KP, Peeva E. Raloxifene modulates estrogen-mediated B cell autoreactivity in NZB/W F1 mice. J Rheumatol 2010; 37:1646-57. [PMID: 20551107 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.090911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estrogen has been found to exacerbate disease activity in murine lupus and to induce a lupus-like syndrome in nonspontaneously autoimmune mice. This has led to the consideration that estrogen may be a risk factor for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) may serve to ameliorate lupus activity. We evaluated the effects and mechanism of action of the SERM raloxifene in murine lupus. METHODS Effects of raloxifene on the development of lupus in NZB/W F1 mice were evaluated in the presence and absence of estrogen by assessing the serum DNA reactivity, glomerular IgG deposition and kidney damage, B cell maturation and selection, and activation status of marginal zone and follicular B cells. RESULTS Compared to estradiol-treated mice, mice treated with estradiol and raloxifene had significantly lower serum anti-DNA antibody levels and less kidney damage. These effects of raloxifene were due, at least in part, to antagonism of the influence of estrogen on DNA-reactive B cells. Raloxifene was found to prevent estrogen-mediated suppression of autoreactive B cell elimination at the T1/T2 selection checkpoint, to reduce estrogen-induced CD40 overexpression on follicular B cells, making them less responsive to T cell costimulation, and to ameliorate estrogen-mediated CD22 downregulation on marginal zone B cells, thereby decreasing their responsiveness to B cell antigen receptor-mediated stimuli. CONCLUSION Raloxifene suppressed estrogen-mediated effects on the survival, maturation, and activation of autoreactive B cells in NZB/W F1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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45
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Elbirt D, Sthoeger D, Asher I, Sthoeger ZM. The management of systemic lupus erythematosus: Facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2010; 28:330-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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46
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Dinesh RK, Hahn BH, Singh RP. PD-1, gender, and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 9:583-7. [PMID: 20433954 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) are responsible for inhibitory T cell signaling that helps mediate the mechanisms of tolerance and immune homeostasis. The PD-1:PD-L signaling pathway has been shown to play an important role in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune conditions, chronic infection, and cancer. Recently, investigators have explored the role of sex hormones in modulating the pathway in autoimmune conditions. Exploring the effects of sex hormones on the PD-1:PD-L pathway could shed light on the gender biased nature of many autoimmune conditions as well as aide in the development of therapeutics targeting the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Dinesh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA
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Ichii O, Konno A, Sasaki N, Endoh D, Hashimoto Y, Kon Y. Onset of autoimmune glomerulonephritis derived from the telomeric region of MRL-chromosome 1 is associated with the male sex hormone in mice. Lupus 2009; 18:491-500. [PMID: 19395450 DOI: 10.1177/0961203308098989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Female B6.MRLc1(82-100) congenic mice develop more severe autoimmune glomerulonephritis (AGN) than males. We assessed the effects of gonadectomy on the pathogenesis of AGN in these mice. One-month-old male and female mice were divided into sham-operated group (SG) and gonadectomized group (GG), and the pathological changes were investigated at 8 months. SG females showed higher spleen and thymus weights, serum total IgG and autoantibody levels, glomerular damage scores and percent IgG- and CD3-positive glomeruli as compared with SG males. Gonadectomy showed more remarkable effects in males than in females. Spleen and thymus weights, urinary albumin excretion, glomerular damage scores, percent IgG- and CD3-positive glomeruli, and CD3-positive areas in the spleen were significantly higher in GG males than in SG males. CD3-positive cells were observed in both the thymic cortex and medulla in all animals except SG males. The expression ratio of active Fc gamma receptor (Fcgr) 3 to inhibitory Fcgr2b in the kidneys, which we have previously demonstrated to have a great impact on pathogenesis in B6.MRLc1(82-100), was significantly higher in GG males than in SG males. These results suggested that the differences in the pathogenesis of AGN are primarily because of the inhibitory roles of the male sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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48
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Monneaux F, Muller S. Molecular therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical trials and future prospects. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:234. [PMID: 19591653 PMCID: PMC2714128 DOI: 10.1186/ar2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has greatly improved since treatment regimens combining corticosteroids and immunosuppressive medications have been widely adopted in therapeutic strategies given to these patients. Immune suppression is evidently efficient but also leads to higher susceptibility to infectious and malignant diseases. Toxic effects and sometimes unexpectedly dramatic complications of current therapies have been progressively reported. Identifying novel molecular targets therefore remains an important issue in the treatment of lupus. The aim of this review article is to highlight emerging pharmacological options and new therapeutic avenues for lupus with a particular focus on non-antibody molecular strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Monneaux
- CNRS, Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Pauklin S, Petersen-Mahrt SK. Progesterone inhibits activation-induced deaminase by binding to the promoter. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1238-44. [PMID: 19553525 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of activation-induced deaminase (AID), an essential factor in Ig diversification, can alter not only somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination (CSR), but may also influence oncogenesis. AID deaminates cytosine to uracil in the Ig locus, thereby initiating Ig diversification. Unregulated AID can induce oncogenic DNA alterations in Ig and non-Ig loci, leading to mutations, recombination, and translocations. In this study, we demonstrate that AID mRNA production in activated mouse splenic B cells can be reduced by treatment with the sex hormone progesterone. This down-regulation is independent of translation or splicing and is predominantly achieved by inhibiting transcription. During cell treatment we could detect progesterone receptor bound to the AID promoter in proximity to NF-kappaB binding. Importantly, the progesterone-induced repression was also extended to the protein level of AID and its activity on somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siim Pauklin
- DNA Editing Lab, Clare Hall Laboratories, Cancer Research U.K., South Mimms, United Kingdom
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50
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Qu XA, Gudivada RC, Jegga AG, Neumann EK, Aronow BJ. Inferring novel disease indications for known drugs by semantically linking drug action and disease mechanism relationships. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10 Suppl 5:S4. [PMID: 19426461 PMCID: PMC2679404 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-s5-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discovering that drug entities already approved for one disease are effective treatments for other distinct diseases can be highly beneficial and cost effective. To do this predictively, our conjecture is that a semantic infrastructure linking mechanistic relationships between pharmacologic entities and multidimensional knowledge of biological systems and disease processes will be highly enabling. RESULTS To develop a knowledge framework capable of modeling and interconnecting drug actions and disease mechanisms across diverse biological systems contexts, we designed a Disease-Drug Correlation Ontology (DDCO), formalized in OWL, that integrates multiple ontologies, controlled vocabularies, and data schemas and interlinks these with diverse datasets extracted from pharmacological and biological domains. Using the complex disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) as an example, a high-dimensional pharmacome-diseasome graph network was generated as RDF XML, and subjected to graph-theoretic proximity and connectivity analytic approaches to rank drugs versus the compendium of SLE-associated genes, pathways, and clinical features. Tamoxifen, a current candidate therapeutic for SLE, was the highest ranked drug. CONCLUSION This early stage demonstration highlights critical directions to follow that will enable translational pharmacotherapeutic research. The uniform application of Semantic Web methodology to problems in data integration, knowledge representation, and analysis provides an efficient and potentially powerful means to allow mining of drug action and disease mechanism relationships. Further improvements in semantic representation of mechanistic relationships will provide a fertile basis for accelerated drug repositioning, reasoning, and discovery across the spectrum of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan A Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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