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Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Tomas-Carus P, Timón R, Olcina G, Burtscher M. Acute physiological response to a normobaric hypoxic exposure: sex differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:1495-1504. [PMID: 35585281 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although preliminary studies suggested sex-related differences in physiological responses to altitude/hypoxia, controlled studies from standardised exposures to normobaric hypoxia are largely lacking. Hence, the goals of this study were to provide information on cardiorespiratory responses to a 7-h normobaric hypoxia exposure and to explore potential differences between men and women. In this crossover study, a total of 15 men and 14 women were subjected to a 7-h exposure in normoxia (FiO2: 21%) and normobaric hypoxia (FiO2: 15%). Values of peripheral oxygen saturation, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and respiratory gases were recorded every hour (8 time points), and oxygen saturation every 30 min (15 time points). Compared to normoxia, exposure to hypoxia significantly increased minute ventilation from baseline to hour 7 in males (+ 71%) and females (+ 40%), significantly greater in men (p < 0.05). A steeper decrease in peripheral oxygen saturation until 2.5 h in hypoxia was seen in females compared to males (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the ventilatory response to hypoxia was more pronounced in men compared to women. Moreover, during the first hours in hypoxia, peripheral oxygen saturation dropped more markedly in women than in men, likely due an initially lower and/or less efficient ventilatory response to moderate hypoxia. Those findings should be considered when performing interventions for therapy or prevention in normobaric hypoxia. Nevertheless, further large-scaled and well-controlled studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Camacho-Cardenosa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Av. Menéndez Pidal, Edificio IMIBIC, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Pablo Tomas-Carus
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Rafael Timón
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Pulse Oximeter Performance during Rapid Desaturation. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114236. [PMID: 35684858 PMCID: PMC9185462 DOI: 10.3390/s22114236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The reliability of pulse oximetry is crucial, especially in cases of rapid changes in body oxygenation. In order to evaluate the performance of pulse oximeters during rapidly developing short periods of concurrent hypoxemia and hypercapnia, 13 healthy volunteers underwent 3 breathing phases during outdoor experiments (39 phases in total), monitored simultaneously by five different pulse oximeters. A significant incongruity in values displayed by the tested pulse oximeters was observed, even when the accuracy declared by the manufacturers were considered. In 28.2% of breathing phases, the five used devices did not show any congruent values. The longest uninterrupted congruent period formed 74.4% of total recorded time. Moreover, the congruent periods were rarely observed during the critical desaturation phase of the experiment. The time difference between the moments when the first and the last pulse oximeter showed the typical study endpoint values of SpO2 85% and 75% was 32.1 ± 23.6 s and 24.7 ± 19.3 s, respectively. These results suggest that SpO2 might not be a reliable parameter as a study endpoint, or more importantly as a safety limit in outdoor experiments. In the design of future studies, more parameters and continuous clinical assessment should be included.
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Alani SS, Stierwalt J, LaPointe LL, Morris RJ, Jeong AC, Filson Moses J, Upton TD. An Investigation of Pulse Oximetry Levels during Swallowing in Healthy Adults and in Individuals with Severe and Very Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Semin Speech Lang 2022; 43:361-377. [PMID: 35276735 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To compare pulse oximetry (PO) levels during swallowing in healthy adults and adults with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Participants included two groups of 60 healthy adults, balanced for gender. The young group ranged from 18 to 38 years, and the older group from 60 to 87 years. In addition, there were 11 participants with COPD aged 43 to 82 years. PO levels were collected as each participant swallowed 10 mL of water, 10 mL of applesauce, and a piece of diced pear (three trials each). Analyses for the healthy groups revealed neither statistically significant main effects for bolus type nor interactions between gender and age. For between-subject effects, there was no main effect for gender, but there was a large main effect for age, and a gender and age interaction. In the group with COPD, there were no significant differences across bolus types; however, PO measures were consistently lower than the healthy groups for all bolus types. Healthy adults exhibited stable PO levels across bolus types. Adults with COPD, although exhibiting significantly lower PO levels, also remained stable. For clinicians who monitor PO measures, these results offer a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of these measures during swallowing in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim S Alani
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, College of Health and Human Services, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California
| | - Julie Stierwalt
- Division of Speech Pathology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Leonard L LaPointe
- School of Communication Science and Disorders, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Richard J Morris
- School of Communication Science and Disorders, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Allan C Jeong
- Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems, Instructional Systems and Learning Technologies Program, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Jennifer Filson Moses
- Department of Psychology and Statistics, Los Angeles Pierce College, Woodland Hills, California
| | - Thomas D Upton
- Rehabilitation Education Training Program, School of Health Sciences, Applied Sciences and Arts, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
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Lang M, Vizcaíno-Muñoz G, Jopia P, Silva-Urra J, Viscor G. Physiological Responses at Rest and Exercise to High Altitude in Lowland Children and Adolescents. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1009. [PMID: 34685380 PMCID: PMC8541065 DOI: 10.3390/life11101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, the number of lowland children exposed to high altitude (HA) has increased drastically. Several factors may influence the development of illness after acute HA exposure on children and adolescent populations, such as altitude reached, ascent velocity, time spent at altitude and, especially, their age. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the resting cardiorespiratory physiological and submaximal exercise responses under natural HA conditions by means of the six-minute walking test (six MWT). Secondly, we aimed to identify the signs and symptoms associated with acute mountain sickness (AMS) onset after acute HA exposure in children and adolescents. Forty-two children and adolescents, 18 boys and 24 girls aged from 11 to 15 years old, participated in this study, which was performed at sea level (SL) and during the first 42 h at HA (3330 m). The Lake Louise score (LLS) was recorded in order to evaluate the evolution of AMS symptoms. Submaximal exercise tests (six MWT) were performed at SL and HA. Physiological parameters such as heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate and arterialized oxygen saturation were measured at rest and after ending exercise testing at the two altitudes. After acute HA exposure, the participants showed lower arterial oxygen saturation levels at rest and after the submaximal test compared to SL (p < 0.001). Resting heart rate, respiratory rate and diastolic blood pressure presented higher values at HA (p < 0.01). Moreover, heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and dyspnea values increased before, during and after exercise at HA (p < 0.01). Moreover, submaximal exercise performance decreased at HA (p < 0.001). The AMS incidence at HA ranged from 9.5% to 19%, with mild to moderate symptoms. In conclusion, acute HA exposure in children and adolescent individuals produces an increase in basal cardiorespiratory parameters and a decrement in arterial oxygen saturation. Moreover, cardiorespiratory parameters increase during submaximal exercise at HA. Mild to moderate symptoms of AMS at 3330 m and adequate cardiovascular responses to submaximal exercise do not contraindicate the ascension of children and adolescents to that altitude, at least for a limited period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morin Lang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Human Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
| | - Guillem Vizcaíno-Muñoz
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.V.-M.); (G.V.)
| | - Paulina Jopia
- Occupational Health Department, Institute of Occupational Safety, Copiapó 1530000, Chile;
| | - Juan Silva-Urra
- Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile;
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.V.-M.); (G.V.)
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Frimer Z, Goldberg S, Joseph L, Picard E. Are there gender differences in blood oxygen saturation in prepubertal children? THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2021; 15:657-660. [PMID: 33590698 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies reported higher oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) in healthy young adult females as compared to males. The objective of the current study was to evaluate whether or not similar differences exist in prepubertal children. METHODS SpO2 levels, respiratory rate, and pulse were measured in 4- to 10-year-old males and females. Anthropometric variables, including ethnic origin, age, height, weight, BMI (Body Mass Index), BSA (Body Surface Area), barometric pressure, and altitude above sea level were collected as well. RESULTS Ninety five males and 93 females participated in the study. Groups were similar, in terms of respiratory rate, pulse, and anthropometric variables. Mean SpO2 in males was 96.95 ± 1.09%, similar to SpO2 in females measuring 96.85 ± 0.98%, P = .52. CONCLUSION In contrast to young adults, there is no gender-related difference in mean oxygen saturation in prepubertal healthy children. It is likely that this difference is due to variations in age-related sex hormones. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanism explaining why prepubertal children do not show gender-specific differences in oxygen saturation in contrast to adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zev Frimer
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with The Hebrew University, School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shmuel Goldberg
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with The Hebrew University, School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leon Joseph
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with The Hebrew University, School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elie Picard
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Affiliated with The Hebrew University, School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Strewe C, Moser D, Buchheim JI, Gunga HC, Stahn A, Crucian BE, Fiedel B, Bauer H, Gössmann-Lang P, Thieme D, Kohlberg E, Choukèr A, Feuerecker M. Sex differences in stress and immune responses during confinement in Antarctica. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:20. [PMID: 30992051 PMCID: PMC6469129 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antarctica challenges human explorers by its extreme environment. The effects of these unique conditions on the human physiology need to be understood to best mitigate health problems in Antarctic expedition crews. Moreover, Antarctica is an adequate Earth-bound analogue for long-term space missions. To date, its effects on human physiology have been studied mainly in male cohorts though more female expeditioners and applicants in astronaut training programs are selected. Therefore, the identification of sex differences in stress and immune reactions are becoming an even more essential aim to provide a more individualized risk management. Methods Ten female and 16 male subjects participated in three 1-year expeditions to the German Antarctic Research Station Neumayer III. Blood, saliva, and urine samples were taken 1–2 months prior to departure, subsequently every month during their expedition, and 3–4 months after return from Antarctica. Analyses included cortisol, catecholamine and endocannabinoid measurements; psychological evaluation; differential blood count; and recall antigen- and mitogen-stimulated cytokine profiles. Results Cortisol showed significantly higher concentrations in females than males during winter whereas no enhanced psychological stress was detected in both sexes. Catecholamine excretion was higher in males than females but never showed significant increases compared to baseline. Endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamides increased significantly in both sexes and stayed consistently elevated during the confinement. Cytokine profiles after in vitro stimulation revealed no sex differences but resulted in significant time-dependent changes. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly higher in males than females, and hemoglobin increased significantly in both sexes compared to baseline. Platelet counts were significantly higher in females than males. Leukocytes and granulocyte concentrations increased during confinement with a dip for both sexes in winter whereas lymphocytes were significantly elevated in both sexes during the confinement. Conclusions The extreme environment of Antarctica seems to trigger some distinct stress and immune responses but—with the exception of cortisol and blood cell counts—without any major relevant sex-specific differences. Stated sex differences were shown to be independent of enhanced psychological stress and seem to be related to the environmental conditions. However, sources and consequences of these sex differences have to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Strewe
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - D Moser
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - J-I Buchheim
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - H-C Gunga
- Institut für Physiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Stahn
- Institut für Physiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B E Crucian
- NASA - Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Fiedel
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - H Bauer
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - P Gössmann-Lang
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - D Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis und Sports Biochemistry, Kreischa, Germany
| | - E Kohlberg
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - A Choukèr
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - M Feuerecker
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Levental S, Picard E, Mimouni F, Joseph L, Samuel TY, Bromiker R, Mandel D, Arish N, Goldberg S. Sex-linked difference in blood oxygen saturation. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2018; 12:1900-1904. [PMID: 29227023 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known whether SpO2 in healthy volunteers is affected by sex. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether there are differences in SpO2 between young healthy adult males and females and to evaluate whether the differences are already present at birth. METHODS We studied two cohorts of patients. The first one consisted of young adult volunteers (105 males and 102 females). In these patients, SpO2 was measured as well as selected anthropometric variables (height, weight), vital signs (respiratory rate, pulse rate and body temperature) and obtained data on menstrual cycle phase of the female participants. For the second cohort, we reanalyzed data from a previous prospective study that was performed to compare SpO2 of newborns infants born at different altitudes (sea level or 760 m above sea level). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In young male adults, mean SpO2 was 97.1% ± 1.2% versus 98.6% ± 1.0% in females (P < .001). This difference remained significant (P = .002) after correction for BMI, BSA and age, variables that were significantly different between sexes in univariate analysis. The SpO2 in females was unaffected by menstrual phase. In contrast to findings in adults, there were no significant differences in SpO2 measurements in newborn infants attributable to sex. CONCLUSIONS Healthy young female adults have a higher (1.5%) SpO2 than their male counterparts. This difference is not yet present at birth. Further studies are needed to determine the timing of sex-differences, and to better define the mechanism(s) behind this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagi Levental
- Pediatric Pulmonology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elie Picard
- Pediatric Pulmonology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francis Mimouni
- Neonatology Department, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leon Joseph
- Pediatric Pulmonology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Y Samuel
- Pediatric Department, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reuben Bromiker
- Neonatology Department, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Mandel
- Neonatology Department, the Tel Aviv Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nissim Arish
- Pulmonology Institute Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shmuel Goldberg
- Pediatric Pulmonology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Goldberg S, Ollila HM, Lin L, Sharifi H, Rico T, Andlauer O, Aran A, Bloomrosen E, Faraco J, Fang H, Mignot E. Analysis of Hypoxic and Hypercapnic Ventilatory Response in Healthy Volunteers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168930. [PMID: 28045995 PMCID: PMC5207520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A previous study has suggested that the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) allele DQB1*06:02 affects hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) but not hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) in an Asian population. The current study evaluated the relationship in Caucasians and Asians. In addition we assessed whether gender or polymorphisms in genes participating in the control of breathing affect HVR and HCVR. Methods A re-breathing system was used to measure HVR and HCVR in 551 young adults (56.8% Caucasians, 30% Asians). HLA-DQB1*06:02 and tagged polymorphisms and coding variants in genes participating in breathing (PHOX2B, GPR4 and TASK2/KCNK5) were analyzed. The associations between HVR/HCVR and HLA-DQB1*06:02, genetic polymorphisms, and gender were evaluated using ANOVA or frequentist association testing with SNPTEST. Results HVR and gender are strongly correlated. HCVR and gender are not. Mean HVR in women was 0.276±0.168 (liter/minute/%SpO2) compared to 0.429±0.266 (liter/minute/%SpO2) in men, p<0.001 (55.4% higher HVR in men). Women had lower baseline minute ventilation (8.08±2.36 l/m vs. 10.00±3.43l/m, p<0.001), higher SpO2 (98.0±1.3% vs. 96.6±1.7%, p<0.001), and lower EtCO2 (4.65±0.68% vs. 4.82±1.02%, p = 0.025). One hundred and two (18.5%) of the participants had HLA-DQB1*06:02. No association was seen between HLA-DQB1*06:02 and HVR or HCVR. Genetic analysis revealed point wise, uncorrected significant associations between two TASK2/KCNK5 variants (rs2815118 and rs150380866) and HCVR. Conclusions This is the largest study to date reporting the relationship between gender and HVR/ HCVR and the first study assessing the association between genetic polymorphisms in humans and HVR/HCVR. The data suggest that gender has a large effect on hypoxic breathing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Goldberg
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanna Maria Ollila
- Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Ling Lin
- Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Husham Sharifi
- Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Tom Rico
- Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Olivier Andlauer
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, Newham Centre for Mental Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adi Aran
- Neuropediatric unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Bloomrosen
- Department of Family Medicine, Hebrew University and Clalit Health Services, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Juliette Faraco
- Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
| | - Han Fang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lorente-Aznar T, Perez-Aguilar G, García-Espot A, Benabarre-Ciria S, Mendia-Gorostidi JL, Dols-Alonso D, Blasco-Romero J. [Estimation of arterial oxygen saturation in relation to altitude]. Med Clin (Barc) 2016; 147:435-440. [PMID: 27692623 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Arterial Oxygen Saturation (AOS) predicts altitude sickness. OBJECTIVES To estimate the AOS values with relation to altitude. Furthermore, make a graph to use during activity which assesses the AOS for each altitude and the normal range. PATIENTS AND METHOD Values of AOS were assessed during eight high mountain activities in the Alps, Himalaya, Caucasus and Andes; 53 mountaineers participated, 17 of them in more than one activity; 761 measurements of AOS were registered. RESULTS A Logistic Regression Model was made to estimate the AOS values dependent on altitude, adjusted to possible related factors. A strong lineal relationship exists between altitude and AOS (R2=.83, P<.001); .7 points more in women. The AOS in a particular altitude is not related to age, weight, height, smoking, heart rate, or even with previous experiences in mountains. The calculation of the AOS responds to the follow equation: Blood Oxygen Saturation=103.3-(altitude × .0047)+(Z), being Z=.7 in men and 1.4 in women. A scatter plot was made to relate the estimated altitude with the AOS, with their normal limits values: percentiles 2.5 and 97.5. CONCLUSIONS The simple calculation of the AOS estimated for a particular altitude with the proposed graphic can help in the early decision-making onsite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teófilo Lorente-Aznar
- Unidad Docente de Medicina de Familia, Huesca, España; Servicio Aragonés de Salud, Huesca, España.
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The Effects of Sex on Cardiopulmonary Responses to Acute Normobaric Hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol 2016; 17:108-15. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2015.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Silva-Urra JA, Urizar C, Basualto-Alarcón C, Torrella JR, Pagés T, Behn C, Viscor G. Effects of oxygen supplementation on acute mountain sickness symptoms and functional capacity during a 2-kilometer walk test on Chajnantor plateau (5050 meters, Northern Chile). Wilderness Environ Med 2012; 22:250-6. [PMID: 21962052 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that administration of low-flow oxygen will improve physical performance in subjects unacclimatized to altitude. We evaluated the effects of oxygen supplementation on functional capacity and acute mountain sickness (AMS) symptoms in young, healthy male and female subjects who performed a 2-km fast walk test following rapid ascent to the Chajnantor plateau (5050 m above sea level) in Northern Chile. METHODS The participants were randomly distributed into 2 groups according to oxygen supplementation levels: 1 or 3 L O(2) · min(-1). Within each group, males and females were evaluated separately. A preliminary walk test was carried out at sea level on a 100-m long, flat track with 10 U-turns. For the first walk at altitude, subjects carried the supplementary oxygen system but did not breathe the oxygen. Subjects received oxygen through a facemask the following day during the second test. The nights prior to altitude tests were spent at 2400 m in San Pedro de Atacama. RESULTS Supplementary oxygen administration during a 2-km walk test significantly improved walking times at 5050 m. We also observed a significant improvement in AMS symptoms. As expected, however, performance was poorer at altitude compared to test values at sea level, despite supplementary oxygen administration. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the beneficial effects of supplementary oxygen administration on physical capacity, reducing the incidence of AMS and, thus, improving health and safety conditions for high altitude workers following rapid ascent, when adequate acclimatization is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Silva-Urra
- Unidad de Fisiología, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
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Goldberg S, Buhbut E, Mimouni FB, Joseph L, Picard E. Effect of Moderate Elevation above Sea Level on Blood Oxygen Saturation in Healthy Young Adults. Respiration 2012; 84:207-11. [DOI: 10.1159/000336554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Sildenafil and bosentan improve arterial oxygenation during acute hypoxic exercise: a controlled laboratory trial. Wilderness Environ Med 2011; 22:211-21. [PMID: 21723164 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sildenafil and, recently, bosentan have been reported to increase arterial saturation and exercise capacity at altitude. The mechanisms behind this are still poorly defined but may be related to attenuation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and improved gas exchange. This study was designed to examine and compare the effect of sildenafil and bosentan on pulmonary gas exchange during acute hypoxic exercise in a controlled laboratory setting. METHODS Sixteen athletic university students (8 males, 8 females) were examined during exercise in a hypoxic chamber (11% oxygen) before and after the administration of either sildenafil (n=10) or bosentan (n=6). Respiratory and metabolic measurements were taken at rest and during increasing exercise intensity (up to 90% of their individual maximal oxygen uptake [VO(2)max]) in concert with arterial blood gas sampling. RESULTS Both drugs resulted in small, but significant increases in arterial PO(2) (2-3 Torr) and O(2) saturation (3-4%) at rest and during hypoxic exercise, in both men and women. No significant changes in arterial PCO(2) or ventilation were seen at rest or during exercise in hypoxia; however, heart rate (both at rest and during exercise) was increased with both sildenafil and bosentan in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that sildenafil and bosentan equally improve arterial oxygenation in acute hypoxia in both men and women, which could account for improved physical performance at altitude.
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Cooper CE, Penfold SM, Elwell CE, Angus C. Comparison of local adipose tissue content and SRS-derived NIRS muscle oxygenation measurements in 90 individuals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 662:177-81. [PMID: 20204789 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1241-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Adipose content in the region over the vastus lateralis muscle was measured in a young (21.1 +/- 3.1 years old, mean +/- SD) population of males (n = 62) and females (n = 28). Three techniques were used: skinfold thickness, ultrasound and near infrared spectroscopy. All techniques closely correlated with each other and all showed a significantly larger adipose content in females and a limited overlap with the range of values in males. Spatially resolved near infrared spectroscopy (SRS-NIRS) was then used to measure the tissue oxygenation index (TOI) at the same site. A source-detector separation of 4 cm was used to allow for significant light penetration into muscle tissue. TOI at rest was significantly higher in the female (65.3 +/- 7.0, mean +/- SD) than the male (61.9 +/- 5.1, mean +/- SD) group. There was a strong positive correlation between adipose content and TOI in male subjects. However, no correlation was seen in the female group. The possible optical and physiological explanations for these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Cooper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK.
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