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Rossi FE, Dos Santos GG, Rossi PAQ, Stubbs B, Barreto Schuch F, Neves LM. Strength training has antidepressant effects in people with depression or depressive symptoms but no other severe diseases: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2024; 334:115805. [PMID: 38428290 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Depression and subthreshold depressive symptoms reduce quality of life and function and treatment does not work effectively in one-third of patients. Exercise can reduce depressive symptoms, but more information is required regarding strength training (ST). The objective of the present meta-analysis was to summarize and estimate the efficacy of ST in people with a diagnosis of depression or subthreshold depressive symptoms and no other severe disease. We also aimed to explore the variables that could influence the antidepressant effects. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsyINFO, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception to August 2022. The overall effect antidepressant of training was moderate (SMD = -0.51, 95 % CI -0.72 to -0.30, p < 0.001). The meta-regression demonstrated preliminary evidence that the variables: duration of the intervention in weeks, weekly frequency of the intervention, number of sets, and number of repetitions can influence the antidepressant effects. However, these variables had a small role in the variation of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Eduardo Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. Professor at Graduate Program in Science and Health, Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), Teresina-PI, Brazil and Graduate Program in Movement Science Interunits, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Almeida Queiroz Rossi
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Felipe Barreto Schuch
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia, Chile; Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Melo Neves
- Santo Amaro University, Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group on Physical Activity, Mental and Physical Health and Physical Activity and Mental Health Laboratory - LAFISAM, Brazil.
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Pantoja-Cardoso A, Aragão-Santos JC, Santos PDJ, Dos-Santos AC, Silva SR, Lima NBC, Vasconcelos ABS, Fortes LDS, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME. Functional Training and Dual-Task Training Improve the Executive Function of Older Women. Geriatrics (Basel) 2023; 8:83. [PMID: 37736883 PMCID: PMC10514855 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics8050083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional training (FT) is a type of multicomponent training with emphasis on activities of daily living that stimulate different physical capacities in only one session. Dual-task training (DTT) is a type of training that simultaneously applies cognitive and motor stimuli. We investigated the effects of sixteen weeks of FT and DTT and eight weeks of detraining on older women's inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Sixty-two older women (66.9 ± 5.4 years; 27.7 ± 3.9 kg/m2) completed a 16-week intervention program comprising the FT (n = 31) and DTT (n = 31), and 43 returned after the detraining period. We used the Stroop Color Word Color test to evaluate inhibitory control, the Corsi Block Test to assess working memory, and the Trail Making Test to evaluate cognitive flexibility. Only DTT reduced the congruent response time between the pre-test and post-test (d= -0.64; p < 0.001), with no difference between the post-test and the detraining values (d = 1.13; p < 0.001). Both groups reduced the incongruent response time between the pre-test and post-test (FT: d = -0.61; p = 0.002; DTT: d= -0.59; p = 0.002) without a difference between groups. There were no significant differences in working memory and cognitive flexibility. Sixteen weeks of FT and DTT increased the inhibitory control of older women but not the working memory and cognitive flexibility, and these effects persisted after eight weeks of detraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Pantoja-Cardoso
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil;
| | - Jose Carlos Aragão-Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil; (J.C.A.-S.); (N.B.C.L.)
| | - Poliana de Jesus Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil; (P.d.J.S.); (S.R.S.)
| | - Ana Carolina Dos-Santos
- Graduation in Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil;
| | - Salviano Resende Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil; (P.d.J.S.); (S.R.S.)
| | - Newton Benites Carvalho Lima
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil; (J.C.A.-S.); (N.B.C.L.)
| | - Alan Bruno Silva Vasconcelos
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil; (P.d.J.S.); (S.R.S.)
| | - Leonardo de Sousa Fortes
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil; (J.C.A.-S.); (N.B.C.L.)
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil; (P.d.J.S.); (S.R.S.)
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Wang X, Zhang J, Chen C, Lu Z, Zhang D, Li S. The association between physical activity and cognitive function in the elderly in rural areas of northern China. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1168892. [PMID: 37409011 PMCID: PMC10318189 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1168892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity plays an important role in cognitive function in older adults, and the threshold effect and saturation effect between physical activity and cognitive function are unclear. Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the threshold effect and saturation effect between physical activity and cognitive function in the elderly. Methods The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to measure moderate-intensity physical activity and vigorous-intensity physical activity and total physical activity in older adults. Cognitive function assessment uses the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA). The scale consists of seven parts: visual space, naming, attention, language, abstract ability, delayed recall and orientation, for a total of 30 points. The total score of the study participants < 26 was defined as the optimum cutoff point for a definition of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The multivariable linear regression model was used to initially explore the relationship between physical activity and total cognitive function scores. The logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function dimensions and MCI. The threshold effect and saturation effect between the total physical activity and the total cognitive function scores were investigated by smoothed curve fitting. Results This cross-sectional survey had a total of 647 participants aged 60 years and older (mean age: 73 years, female: 53.7%). Participants' higher level of physical activity were associated with higher visual space, attention, language, abstract ability, and delayed recall scores (P < 0.05). Physical activity was not statistically associated with naming and orientation. Physical activity was a protective factor for MCI (P < 0.05). Physical activity was positively correlated with total cognitive function scores. There was a saturation effect between total physical activity and total cognitive function scores, and the saturation point was 6546 MET × min/wk. Conclusion This study showed a saturation effect between physical activity and cognitive function, and determined an optimal level of physical activity to protect cognitive function. This finding will help update physical activity guidelines based on cognitive function in the elderly.
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Solis-Urra P, Molina-Hidalgo C, García-Rivero Y, Costa-Rodriguez C, Mora-Gonzalez J, Fernandez-Gamez B, Olvera-Rojas M, Coca-Pulido A, Toval A, Bellón D, Sclafani A, Martín-Fuentes I, Triviño-Ibañez EM, de Teresa C, Huang H, Grove G, Hillman CH, Kramer AF, Catena A, Ortega FB, Gómez-Río M, Erickson KI, Esteban-Cornejo I. Active Gains in brain Using Exercise During Aging (AGUEDA): protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1168549. [PMID: 37284481 PMCID: PMC10239947 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1168549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is currently the leading cause of dementia and one of the most expensive, lethal and severe diseases worldwide. Age-related decline in executive function is widespread and plays a key role in subsequent dementia risk. Physical exercise has been proposed as one of the leading non-pharmaceutical approaches to improve executive function and ameliorate cognitive decline. This single-site, two-arm, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT) will include 90 cognitively normal older adults, aged 65-80 years old. Participants will be randomized to a 24-week resistance exercise program (3 sessions/week, 60 min/session, n = 45), or a wait-list control group (n = 45) which will be asked to maintain their usual lifestyle. All study outcomes will be assessed at baseline and at 24-weeks after the exercise program, with a subset of selected outcomes assessed at 12-weeks. The primary outcome will be indicated by the change in an executive function composite score assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery. Secondary outcomes will include changes in brain structure and function and amyloid deposition, other cognitive outcomes, and changes in molecular biomarkers assessed in blood, saliva, and fecal samples, physical function, muscular strength, body composition, mental health, and psychosocial parameters. We expect that the resistance exercise program will have positive effects on executive function and related brain structure and function, and will help to understand the molecular, structural, functional, and psychosocial mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Solis-Urra
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Cristina Molina-Hidalgo
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Neuroscience Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Yolanda García-Rivero
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jose Mora-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Gamez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marcos Olvera-Rojas
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrea Coca-Pulido
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Toval
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Darío Bellón
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alessandro Sclafani
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Martín-Fuentes
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eva María Triviño-Ibañez
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos de Teresa
- Andalusian Centre of Sports Medicine, Consejería de Turismo y Deporte, Granada, Spain
| | - Haiqing Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - George Grove
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Andrés Catena
- School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B. Ortega
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-Río
- Servicio de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
| | - Kirk I. Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Neuroscience Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Kong X, Han F, Qi W, Wang X, Zhou J, Liu S, Sun Y, Wu Y. Bidirectional longitudinal associations between balance performance and depressive symptoms in older adults: A cross-lagged panel model. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 111:105006. [PMID: 36965199 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the temporal sequences between balance and depressive symptoms is limited, and no studies have compared the strength of each direction. This study aimed to assess the association between balance performance and depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults, and further to explore the driving factors in the dynamic association. METHODS Data were obtained from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA). Overall, 3971 community-residing adults aged 50 years or older were assessed at 2004/05, 2008/09, and 2012/13. Balance was measured using three progressively more difficult tasks (side-by-side, semi-tandem, and full-tandem). Depressive symptoms were determined with a dichotomous eight-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Cross-lagged panel models were used to test the reciprocal relationships between balance and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Our analyses revealed that earlier poorer balance predicted later worse depressive symptoms consistently across waves (βW2-W4 = -0.058, P < .05, βW4-W6 = -0.067, P < .001). Conversely, the higher scores of depressive symptoms at wave 4 predicted lower level of balance at wave 6 (βW4-W6 = -0.038, P = .018). The cross-lagged effects of balance on depressive symptoms were over all stronger than the reverse effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings add novel insights into the temporal directionality of balance and depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults, and suggest that a predominance of balance disorder effects. Interventional strategy should aim to increase balance ability from earlier stages to promote successful aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Kong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fulei Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weifeng Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xingxu Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingxiu Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yili Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Zhu Q, Deng J, Yao M, Xu C, Liu D, Guo L, Zhu Y. Effects of physical activity on visuospatial working memory in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1103003. [PMID: 36874874 PMCID: PMC9974834 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1103003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Physical activity interventions improve cognitive performance, especially visuospatial working memory (VSWM). However, evidence on the effects of these interventions in children, adolescents, and older adults remains scant. This meta-analysis aimed to identify the effects of physical activity on VSWM improvement in healthy individuals and the best exercise intervention program to improve VSWM capacity. Methods We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise interventions targeting VSWM in healthy individuals from Web of Science, MEDLINE, BIOSIS Previews, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data (Chinese) databases, from inception to August 20, 2022. Results Among 21 articles (1,595 healthy participants), the heterogeneity test statistic was I2 = 32.3%, p = 0.053. The mean quality scores of the included articles were 6.9 points (reaction time [RT] studies) and 7.5 points (Score studies). Moreover, 28 RCTs were included (10 RT studies and 18 Score studies), and the subgroup analysis found significant effects for elderly participants, children, interventions involving a higher level of cognitive engagement, low and moderate exercise intensity, chronic exercise, exercise duration ≥60 min, and exercise period ≥90 days. Physical activity had a small but significant positive impact on VSWM in healthy individuals. Current evidence confirms the effects of physical activity on VSWM capacity only in children and seniors but not in young adults. Other age groups, including adolescents and middle-aged adults, have not been studied. Prescription of interventions involving high-level cognitive engagement, low and moderate exercise intensity, chronic exercise, exercise for >30 min per session, and exercise for more than 3 months is recommended for children and seniors. Discussion Future RCTs would be to fill the gap in studies on adolescents and middle-aged adults, and report detailed exercise intervention programs about different age groups.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022354737). INPLASY (https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0053).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Zhu
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Deng
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meixi Yao
- Physical Education College, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Chong Xu
- Ministry of Sports and National Defense Education, Chongqing College of Electronic Engineering, Chongqing, China
| | - Demin Liu
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liya Guo
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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A Comparison of the Effects of Short-Term Physical and Combined Multi-Modal Training on Cognitive Functions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127506. [PMID: 35742756 PMCID: PMC9223650 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical training has beneficial effects not only on physical fitness, but also on cognitive functions. The most effective way to improve cognitive functions via physical training as well as the degree to which training effects transfer to untrained cognitive functions is still unclear, however. Here, we investigated the effects of adaptive and multi-modal short-term training interventions on cognitive training gains and transfer effects. Over a period of 12 weeks, 102 employees of a car manufacturing company (age range 20 to 61 years) received trainer-guided exercises, consisting of either two adaptive training interventions, physical (strength) training and multi-modal (motor-cognitive) training, or non-adaptive strength training (active control group). For the multi-modal intervention, the "Agility Board" was employed, a novel, multi-modal training device. Pre- and post-training, psychometric tests were conducted to measure cognitive abilities, such as perceptual speed, attention, short-term memory, working memory, inhibition, and mental rotation. In addition, motor-cognitive performance was assessed. Compared with the active control group, both training groups showed enhanced performance at posttest. While multi-modal training yielded performance improvements only in trained tasks, physical training was associated with improvements in untrained working memory updating and immediate recall tasks, suggesting transfer effects to short-term and working memory functioning. In summary, the results demonstrate the importance of adaptive difficulty settings for short-term physical training interventions, at least for the enhancement of working memory.
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Mahmoudi A, Amirshaghaghi F, Aminzadeh R, Mohamadi Turkmani E. Effect of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Exercise Training on Depressive Symptoms, Quality of Life, and Muscle Strength in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Biol Res Nurs 2022; 24:541-559. [PMID: 35619569 DOI: 10.1177/10998004221104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic training, resistance training, or combined training are interventions that can be modified to suit the needs of aged people. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of exercise training on depression symptoms, quality of life, and muscle strength in healthy people aged 60 or more. DATA SOURCES Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases from inception to February 2022. RESULTS Eighteen studies, totaling 1354 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, exercise training significantly declined depressive symptoms (standard mean difference (SMD): -.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): -.76 to -.28; p < .001). Moreover, there was a significant reduction in bodily pain (p < .05) and body mass (p < .01), and a significant increase in mental health (p < .001), physical functioning (p < .01), and general health (p < .001) subscales of quality of life as well as upper- (p < .001) and lower-limb strength (p < .001). Subgroup analysis revealed that depression decreased significantly when aerobic training (p = .000) and resistance training (p = .003) were applied, and for studies including both genders (p = .000) or men subjects (p = .002). Moreover, subgroup analysis demonstrated that depression reduced following both medium- (p = .006) and long-term (p = .002) interventions. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that exercise interventions may produce improvements in depressive symptoms, some components of quality of life, muscle strength, and body mass. Additional research is required to define the optimal dose of exercise training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mahmoudi
- Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 48425University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Amirshaghaghi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 48425University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Aminzadeh
- Department of Sport Science, 305467Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mohamadi Turkmani
- Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 48425University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Zhidong C, Wang X, Yin J, Song D, Chen Z. Effects of physical exercise on working memory in older adults: a systematic and meta-analytic review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2021; 18:18. [PMID: 34535084 PMCID: PMC8447686 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-021-00272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This systematic and meta-analytic review aimed to investigate the effects of physical exercise on the working memory of older adults, and to identify the moderators of these effects. Methods We searched six electronic databases for randomized controlled trials on the effects of physical exercise on working memory that were published before or on May 15, 2020. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. Stata 14.0 software was used to perform the meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, and publication bias testing. Results A total of 28 studies and 2156 participants were included. The methodological quality of the included studies was fair to excellent, and there was no publication bias. Overall, we found that physical exercise had a significant effect on working memory in older adults (standardized mean difference = 0.30, p < 0.0001). The effects of physical exercise on working memory were moderated by exercise frequency, intensity, type, duration, cognitive status, and control subgroup (active/passive), but not by intervention period or age of participant. Conclusion Physical exercise can effectively improve the working memory of older adults. The recommended physical exercise is multi-component exercise or mind–body exercise of moderate intensity for 45–60 min 3 times a week, for more than 6 months. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11556-021-00272-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Zhidong
- Shanghai University of Sport, School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Shanghai University of Sport, School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jilin Yin
- Physical Education Department, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, China
| | - Dehai Song
- Institute of P. E Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhitong Chen
- School of Physical Education and Health, Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance, 2800 Wenxiang Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Gramaglia C, Gattoni E, Marangon D, Concina D, Grossini E, Rinaldi C, Panella M, Zeppegno P. Non-pharmacological Approaches to Depressed Elderly With No or Mild Cognitive Impairment in Long-Term Care Facilities. A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front Public Health 2021; 9:685860. [PMID: 34336772 PMCID: PMC8322575 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.685860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Compared to old people who live at home, depressive symptoms are more prevalent in those who live in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Different kinds of non-pharmacological treatment approaches in LTCFs have been studied, including behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy, cognitive bibliotherapy, problem-solving therapy, brief psychodynamic therapy and life review/reminiscence. The aim of the current review was to systematically review non-pharmacological treatments used to treat depressed older adults with no or mild cognitive impairment (as described by a Mini Mental State Examination score > 20) living in LTCFs. Methods: A research was performed on PubMed and Scopus databases. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses (PRISMA) flowchart, studies selection was made. The quality of each Randomized Controlled Trial was scored using the Jadad scale, Quasi-Experimental Design studies and Non-Experimental studies were scored based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) Results: The review included 56 full text articles; according to the type of intervention, studies were grouped in the following areas: horticulture/gardening (n = 3), pet therapy (n = 4), physical exercise (n = 9), psychoeducation/rehabilitation (n = 15), psychotherapy (n = 3), reminiscence and story sharing (n = 14), miscellaneous (n = 8). Discussion and Conclusion: Despite mixed or negative findings in some cases, most studies included in this systematic review reported that the non-pharmacological interventions assessed were effective in the management of depressed elderly in the LTCFs context. Regrettably, the limitations and heterogeneity of the studies described above hinder the possibility to generalize and replicate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Gramaglia
- Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Psychiatry Ward, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gattoni
- Psychiatry Ward, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Debora Marangon
- Psychiatry Ward, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Diego Concina
- Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Grossini
- Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Carmela Rinaldi
- Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Panella
- Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zeppegno
- Department of Translational Medicine (DIMET), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Psychiatry Ward, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Novara, Italy
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11
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Serra MC, Dondero KR, Larkins D, Burns A, Addison O. Healthy Lifestyle and Cognition: Interaction between Diet and Physical Activity. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 9:64-74. [PMID: 32166628 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses current research on the impact of specific dietary patterns and exercise, both individually and combined, on cognitive function in older adults. RECENT FINDINGS Observational evidence generally supports a relationship between diet adherence and positive cognitive outcomes related to memory, executive function, and risk for cognitive impairment; however, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are limited. Exercise research is more extensive, showing improvements in cognitive performance after exercise interventions regardless of baseline cognitive status and noting lower incidences of cognitive impairment in people who engage in regular physical activity. Evidence supports adherence to specific dietary patterns and a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise as an effective approach to mitigate age-associated cognitive decline. Further research on older adults at various stages of cognitive decline, as well as longer-term RCTs, will help determine the best clinical markers of early cognitive dysfunction, and the effectiveness of early lifestyle intervention on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Serra
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology & Palliative Medicine and the Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity & Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA. .,San Antonio GRECC, South Texas VA Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | | | - Derrik Larkins
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitative Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aisling Burns
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology & Palliative Medicine and the Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity & Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Odessa Addison
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitative Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Baltimore VA Medical Center GRECC, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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The Association between Physical Activity and CAMDEX-DS Changes Prior to the Onset of Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10091882. [PMID: 33925348 PMCID: PMC8123639 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with Down syndrome are at ultra-high risk of developing Alzheimer's dementia. At present, there are no preventative or curative treatments. Evidence from sporadic Alzheimer's disease literature suggests that lifestyle factors including physical activity may help maintain cognitive and functional skills and reduce dementia risk. Our study aimed to explore the association between regular exercise undertaken by participants with Down syndrome and changes in dementia-related domains of cognition and function. This was to consider whether physical activity may be a protective measure to delay cognitive decline and dementia in Down syndrome. METHODS Demographic, lifestyle, and health information was collected at baseline and at a two year follow up from 214 adults with Down syndrome without dementia, who also underwent assessment using the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of Older People with Down Syndrome and Others with Intellectual Disabilities (CAMDEX-DS) and genetic analysis. Logistic regression models were used to examine the potential associations between decline in CAMDEX-DS domains and exercise whilst controlling for key variables. RESULTS At baseline, engaging in moderate intensity exercise was associated with a 47% reduced risk of everyday skills decline and engaging in high intensity exercise was associated with a 62% reduced risk of decline in personality and behaviour. At follow-up, high levels of exercise were associated with an 87% reduced risk of decline in personality and behaviour. Moderate intensity exercise at baseline was associated with a 62% reduction in risk of decline during the follow-up period in memory and orientation. DISCUSSION Based on our data it appears that regular moderate and high intensity exercise could reduce the risk of clinically detectable decline in a Down syndrome population with possible long-term benefits. People with Down syndrome may engage in less physical activity than their peers, and barriers remain which can prevent people with Down syndrome engaging in exercise. Our work highlights how important it is that people with Down syndrome are supported to be physically active, and to promote exercise as part of a healthy ageing plan. Clinical trials in this area would be justified to determine if engaging in exercise can lead to realistic improvements in maintaining functioning and delaying dementia onset in Down syndrome and to help develop guidance in this area.
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13
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Zhu T, Tao W, Peng B, Su R, Wang D, Hu C, Chang YK. Effects of a Group-Based Aerobic Exercise Program on the Cognitive Functions and Emotions of Substance Use Disorder Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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14
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Aparicio VA, Flor-Alemany M, Marín-Jiménez N, Coll-Risco I, Aranda P. A 16-week concurrent exercise program improves emotional well-being and emotional distress in middle-aged women: the FLAMENCO project randomized controlled trial. Menopause 2021; 28:764-771. [PMID: 33739319 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of a supervised concurrent exercise program on emotional well-being and emotional distress in middle-aged women. METHODS This randomized controlled trial included 150 middle-aged women recruited for the FLAMENCO project. Participants were allocated into counseling (n = 75) or exercise (n = 75) groups. The counseling group attended conferences on healthy lifestyle (including diet and physical activity topics). The exercise group followed a 60-min concurrent (aerobic + resistance) exercise training 3 days/wk for 16 weeks. Emotional health was assessed with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) in two diverse timeframes, state (PANAS-S) and trait (PANAS-T) ranging from 10 to 50, where higher scores reflect greater affective emotional health/experience (positive affect subscale) and greater emotional distress (negative affect subscale). The differences between the counseling and exercise groups in PANAS were analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS The total number of women for the per-protocol analyses was 111 divided into the counseling (n = 53) and exercise (n = 58) groups. After adjusting for body mass index and Mediterranean diet adherence, PANAS-S and PANAS-T-positive affect scores increased by 3.81 and 3.02, respectively, in the exercise group whereas they decreased by 0.15 and increased by 0.51 in the counseling group (both, P < 0.05). PANAS-T negative affect decreased by 4.10 in the exercise group whereas only decreased by 0.9 in the counseling group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION A 16-week concurrent exercise program improved emotional experience in middle-aged women. Specifically, women in the exercise group significantly improved their emotional well-being and emotional distress through greater changes in positive affect and negative affect compared with the counseling group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Aparicio
- Department of Physiology, "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Flor-Alemany
- Department of Physiology, "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nuria Marín-Jiménez
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Coll-Risco
- Department of Physiology, "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Aranda
- Department of Physiology, "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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15
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Innes KE, Montgomery C, Selfe TK, Wen S, Khalsa DS, Flick M. Incorporating a Usual Care Comparator into a Study of Meditation and Music Listening for Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Randomized Feasibility Trial. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:187-206. [PMID: 33981956 PMCID: PMC8075554 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest meditation and music listening (ML) may improve cognitive and psychosocial outcomes in adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD). However, lack of a usual care group has limited conclusions. OBJECTIVE To assess the: 1) feasibility of incorporating an enhanced usual care (EUC) comparator in a trial of Kirtan Kriya meditation (KK) and ML for adults experiencing SCD; and 2) preliminary effects of active treatment (KK/ML) versus an EUC program. METHODS Forty participants with SCD were randomized 1:1:2 to a 12-week KK, ML, or EUC program. KK and ML participants were asked to practice 12 minutes/day; EUC participants were given a comprehensive educational packet regarding healthy aging and strategies for improving/maintaining brain health and asked to record any activities or strategies used. Feasibility was assessed using measures of retention, adherence, treatment expectancies, and participant satisfaction, as well as information from exit questionnaires and daily practice/activity logs. Cognitive functioning, stress, mood, sleep-quality, and health-related quality of life (QOL) were measured pre- and post-intervention using well-validated instruments. RESULTS Thirty-two participants (80%) completed the 3-month study, with retention highest in the EUC group (p < 0.05). Active treatment participants averaged 6.0±0.4 practice sessions/week, and EUC participants, 7.5±0.6 brain health activities/week. Treatment expectancies were similar across groups. EUC participants indicated high satisfaction with the program and study. Despite limited study power, the active treatment group showed significantly greater gains in subjective memory functioning (ps≤0.025) and nonsignificant improvements in cognitive performance (TMT-B), perceived stress, QOL, and mood (ps≤0.08) compared to the EUC group. CONCLUSION Findings of this pilot feasibility trial suggest incorporation of an EUC program is feasible, and that participation in a simple 12-week relaxation program may be helpful for adults with SCD versus engagement in an EUC program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E. Innes
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Caitlin Montgomery
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Terry Kit Selfe
- Health Science Center Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sijin Wen
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Madison Flick
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, West Virginia University HSC, Morgantown, WV, USA
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16
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Zhong F, Wen X, Yang M, Lai HY, Momma H, Cheng L, Sun X, Nagatomi R, Huang C. Effect of an 8-week Exercise Training on Gut Microbiota in Physically Inactive Older Women. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:610-623. [PMID: 33321523 DOI: 10.1055/a-1301-7011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exercise can alter the composition of gut microbiota. However, studies examining the effects of exercise on gut microbiota in the elderly are lacking. This study aims to investigate whether an 8-week exercise training affect gut microbiota in physically inactive elderly women. Fourteen women were randomly assigned to either exercise group or control group. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to reveal changes in gut microbiota. Alpha diversity did not change significantly. A tendency to form 2 clusters was observed for operational taxonomic units (OTU) after intervention. At phylum, class, and order levels, a significant difference was observed between two groups for Fusobacteria (F=5.257, P=0.045), Betaproteobacteria (F=5.149, P=0.047), and Bifidobacteriales (F=7.624, P=0.020). A significant interaction was observed between two groups for Actinobacteria (F=8.434, P=0.016). At family and genus levels, a significant main effect of groups was observed in Bifidobacteriaceae (F=7.624, P=0.020), Bifidobacterium (F=7.404, P=0.022), and Gemmiger (F=5.881, P=0.036). These findings indicate that an 8-week exercise training may induce partial changes in relative abundance and OTU clustering of gut microbiota in physically inactive elderly women. Also, exercise may increase the abundance of bacteria associated with anti-inflammation such as Verrucomicrobia, reduce the abundance of bacteria associated with pro-inflammation such as Proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhong
- Department of Sports and Exercise Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Wen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hsin-Yi Lai
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haruki Momma
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Ecology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nagatomi
- Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of Sports and Exercise Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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17
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Lee J. Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Interventions on Cognitive and Physiologic Adaptations for Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9216. [PMID: 33317169 PMCID: PMC7764103 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The purpose of this meta-analysis is to investigate the effects of exercise intervention for older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). (2) Methods: Databases including PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane were used to search for studies that reported effects of exercise for older adults with MCI and randomized controlled trials up to July 2020. Exercise interventions of all selected studies were summarized, and effect sizes of exercise interventions were calculated. (3) Results: A total of 14 studies, including 1178 older adults with MCI were included. Exercise participation in older adults with MCI improved cognitive functions (d = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.10-1.65, p = 0.01; k = 5]) and handgrip strength (d = 0.62, 95% [CI]; 0.23-1.01, p = 0.00; k = 4) compared with control groups. Aerobic exercise or resistance exercise at moderate to vigorous levels for at least 150 min, 1 time/week, for 6 weeks was the minimum level to obtain beneficial effects from exercise for older adults with MCI. (4) Conclusions: Older adults with MCI who participated in exercise received beneficial effects, including improvement in cognitive functions and handgrip strength, but further studies to confirm the effects are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junga Lee
- Sports Medicine and Science, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea
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18
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Miller KJ, Areerob P, Hennessy D, Gonçalves-Bradley DC, Mesagno C, Grace F. Aerobic, resistance, and mind-body exercise are equivalent to mitigate symptoms of depression in older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. F1000Res 2020; 9:1325. [PMID: 34158928 PMCID: PMC8191520 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.27123.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise has been identified as an allied health strategy that can support the management of depression in older adults, yet the relative effectiveness for different exercise modalities is unknown. To meet this gap in knowledge, we present a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to examine the head-to-head effectiveness of aerobic, resistance, and mind-body exercise to mitigate depressive symptoms in adults aged ≥ 65 years. Methods: A PRISMA-NMA compliant review was undertaken on RCTs from inception to September 12
th, 2019. PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched for eligible RCTs enrolling adults with a mean age ≥ 65 years, comparing one or more exercise intervention arms, and which used valid measures of depressive symptomology. Comparative effectiveness was evaluated using network meta-analysis to combine direct and indirect evidence, controlling for inherent variation in trial control groups. Results: The systematic review included 82 RCTs, with 69 meeting eligibility for the network meta-analysis (
n = 5,379 participants). Pooled analysis found each exercise type to be effective compared with controls (Hedges’
g = -0.27 to -0.51). Relative head-to-head comparisons were statistically comparable between exercise types: resistance versus aerobic (Hedges’
g = -0.06,
PrI = -0.91, 0.79), mind-body versus aerobic (Hedges’
g = -0.12,
PrI = -0.95, 0.72), mind-body versus resistance (Hedges’
g = -0.06,
PrI = -0.90, 0.79). High levels of compliance were demonstrated for each exercise treatment. Conclusions: Aerobic, resistance, and mind-body exercise demonstrate equivalence to mitigate symptoms of depression in older adults aged ≥ 65 years, with comparably encouraging levels of compliance to exercise treatment. These findings coalesce with previous findings in clinically depressed older adults to encourage personal preference when prescribing exercise for depressive symptoms in older adults. Registration: PROSPERO
CRD42018115866 (23/11/2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Miller
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, 3350, Australia
| | - Pinyadapat Areerob
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, 3350, Australia
| | - Declan Hennessy
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, 3350, Australia
| | | | - Christopher Mesagno
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, 3350, Australia
| | - Fergal Grace
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, 3350, Australia
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19
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Miller KJ, Areerob P, Hennessy D, Gonçalves-Bradley DC, Mesagno C, Grace F. Aerobic, resistance, and mind-body exercise are equivalent to mitigate symptoms of depression in older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. F1000Res 2020; 9:1325. [PMID: 34158928 PMCID: PMC8191520 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.27123.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise has been identified as an allied health strategy that can support the management of depression in older adults, yet the relative effectiveness for different exercise modalities is unknown. To meet this gap in knowledge, we present a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to examine the head-to-head effectiveness of aerobic, resistance, and mind-body exercise to mitigate depressive symptoms in adults aged ≥ 65 years. Methods: A PRISMA-NMA compliant review was undertaken on RCTs from inception to September 12 th, 2019. PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched for eligible RCTs enrolling adults with a mean age ≥ 65 years, comparing one or more exercise intervention arms, and which used valid measures of depressive symptomology. Comparative effectiveness was evaluated using network meta-analysis to combine direct and indirect evidence, controlling for inherent variation in trial control groups. Results: The systematic review included 82 RCTs, with 69 meeting eligibility for the network meta-analysis ( n = 5,379 participants). Pooled analysis found each exercise type to be effective compared with controls (Hedges' g = -0.27 to -0.51). Relative head-to-head comparisons were statistically comparable between exercise types: resistance versus aerobic (Hedges' g = -0.06, PrI = -0.91, 0.79), mind-body versus aerobic (Hedges' g = -0.12, PrI = -0.95, 0.72), mind-body versus resistance (Hedges' g = -0.06, PrI = -0.90, 0.79). High levels of compliance were demonstrated for each exercise treatment. Conclusions: Aerobic, resistance, and mind-body exercise demonstrate equivalence to mitigate symptoms of depression in older adults aged ≥ 65 years, with comparably encouraging levels of compliance to exercise treatment. These findings coalesce with previous findings in clinically depressed older adults to encourage personal preference when prescribing exercise for depressive symptoms in older adults. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42018115866 (23/11/2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Miller
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, 3350, Australia
| | - Pinyadapat Areerob
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, 3350, Australia
| | - Declan Hennessy
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, 3350, Australia
| | | | - Christopher Mesagno
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, 3350, Australia
| | - Fergal Grace
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, 3350, Australia
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20
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Torromino G, Maggi A, De Leonibus E. Estrogen-dependent hippocampal wiring as a risk factor for age-related dementia in women. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 197:101895. [PMID: 32781107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Women are more prone than men to develop age-related dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This has been linked to the marked decrease in circulating estrogens during menopause. This review proposes to change this perspective and consider women's vulnerability to developing AD as a consequence of sex differences in the neurobiology of memory, focusing on the hippocampus. The hippocampus of cognitively impaired subjects tends to shrink with age; however, in many cases, this can be prevented by exercise or cognitive training, suggesting that if you do not use the hippocampus you lose it. We will review the developmental trajectory of sex steroids-regulated differences on the hippocampus, proposing that the overall shaping action of sex-steroids results in a lower usage of the hippocampus in females, which in turn makes them more vulnerable to the effects of ageing, the "network fragility hypothesis". To explain why women rely less on hippocampus-dependent strategies, we propose a "computational hypothesis" that is based on experimental evidence suggesting that the direct effects of estrogens on hippocampal synaptic and structural plasticity during the estrous-cycle confers instability to the memory-dependent hippocampal network. Finally, we propose to counteract AD with training and/or treatments, such as orienteering, which specifically favour the use of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Torromino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Gulbrandsen P, Lindstrøm JC, Finset A, Hall JA. Patient affect, physician liking for the patient, physician behavior, and patient reported outcomes: A modeling approach. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2020; 103:1143-1149. [PMID: 31964578 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine associations between patient affect and physician liking of the patient, and their associations with physician behavior and patient-reported outcomes. METHODS Structural equation modeling based on coding of 497 videotaped hospital encounters, with questionnaires assessing pre-visit patient affect, post-visit patient affect and encounter evaluations, and physician liking of the patient, involving 71 physicians. RESULTS In first visits, patient reported outcomes were strongly correlated with physician behavior and less so with physician liking, while in later visits, patient reported outcomes were directly related to physician liking and not mediated by physician behavior. Physician liking predicted physician behavior, more for female physicians in first visits. Patient negative affect before the visit was negatively associated with male physicians' liking. When acquainted, both patient positive and negative affect were associated with physician liking. CONCLUSION Physician liking of the patient plays a dynamic role in a consultation, is influenced by patient pre-encounter affect, and influences physician behavior. The dynamics are different in first and later visits, and influenced by physician gender. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Physicians should be aware how patient affect influences their behavior, and administrators should take any prior relationship between patient and physician into account when evaluating patient reported outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Gulbrandsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Norway; HØKH, Research Centre, Akershus University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Jonas Christoffer Lindstrøm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Norway; HØKH, Research Centre, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - Arnstein Finset
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Institute of Basal Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Judith A Hall
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Macaulay TR, Fisher BE, Schroeder ET. Potential Indirect Mechanisms of Cognitive Enhancement After Long-Term Resistance Training in Older Adults. Phys Ther 2020; 100:907-916. [PMID: 31944253 PMCID: PMC7530578 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia and other age-associated cognitive disorders is steadily increasing worldwide. With no cure after diagnosis, successful treatment likely requires maximum adherence to preventative countermeasures. Many potential risk factors are modifiable through exercise. Specifically, mounting evidence suggests that long-term resistance training (RT) can help maintain cognitive abilities with aging and have additional benefits to overall brain health. Physical therapists are uniquely positioned to administer such clinical interventions designed to slow disease progression. However, a neuroscientific foundation for these benefits must be established to justify the integration of RT for brain health into practice. The mechanisms of cognitive decline are commonly linked to fundamental processes of aging. Even healthy older adults experience decreases in physical capacity, vascular function, brain structure and function, glucose regulation, inflammation, mood, and sleep quality. Yet, clinical trials involving RT in older adults have consistently demonstrated improvements in each of these systems with concomitant enhancement of cognitive performance. Beneficial adaptations may indirectly or directly mediate benefits to brain function, and understanding this relationship can help us develop optimal intervention strategies for the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Macaulay
- Clinical Exercise Research Center, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 East Alcazar St, CHP 149, Los Angeles, CA 90089 (USA). Address all correspondence to Mr Macaulay at:
| | - Beth E Fisher
- Clinical Exercise Research Center, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California
| | - E Todd Schroeder
- Clinical Exercise Research Center, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California
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23
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Gasquoine PG, Chen PY. Effect of physical exercise on popular measures of executive function in older, nonclinical, participants of randomized controlled trials: A meta-analytic review. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:203-211. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1732980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gerard Gasquoine
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Po-Yi Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
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Viaje S, Crombez G, Lord SR, Close JCT, Sachdev P, Brodaty H, Delbaere K. The role of concern about falling on stepping performance during complex activities. BMC Geriatr 2019; 19:333. [PMID: 31775634 PMCID: PMC6882024 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms explaining the role of concern about falling on fall risk in older people. Anxiety is known to interact with cognitive resources and, as people get older, they require more cognitive resources to maintain balance. This might affect an individual’s ability to perform cognitive-motor tasks concurrently. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a visuospatial dual-task on stepping performance in older people with and without concern about falling and the impact of repeating this task in those with high concern about falling. Methods Three-hundred-eight community-dwelling older people, aged 70 to 90 years old, participated in the study. Participants were asked to perform a Choice Stepping Reaction Time (CSRT) task in two conditions; once without any other tasks (single task condition), and once while simultaneously performing a visuospatial task (dual-task condition). Participants were asked to rate their levels of concern and confidence specifically related to each of the 25 stepping trials (before/after). We also measured general concern about falling, affect, and sensorimotor and cognitive functioning. Results Total stepping reaction times increased when participants also performed the visuospatial task. The relation between general concern about falling and stepping reaction time, was affected by sensorimotor and executive functioning. Generalised linear mixed models showed that the group with moderate to high levels of general concern about falling had slower total stepping reaction times than those with lower levels of concern about falling, especially during the dual-task condition. Individuals with greater general concern about falling showed reduced confidence levels about whether they could do the stepping tasks under both conditions. Repeatedly performing the stepping task reduced the immediate task-specific concern about falling levels and increased confidence in all participants. Conclusions These findings reveal that people with higher general concern about falling experienced more difficulties during a dual-task condition than people with lower levels of concern. Of further interest, better sensorimotor and cognitive functioning reduced this effect. Graded exposure has potential to reduce concern about falling during fear-evoking activities, especially in conjunction with therapies that improve balance, mood and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaira Viaje
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, PO Box 1165, Sydney, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Geert Crombez
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stephen R Lord
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, PO Box 1165, Sydney, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C T Close
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, PO Box 1165, Sydney, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South, Sydney, Wales, Australia.,Dementia Centre for Research CollaborationUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South, Sydney, Wales, Australia.,Dementia Centre for Research CollaborationUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kim Delbaere
- Falls, Balance and Injury Research Centre, Neuroscience Research Australia, University of New South Wales, PO Box 1165, Sydney, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Falck RS, Davis JC, Best JR, Crockett RA, Liu-Ambrose T. Impact of exercise training on physical and cognitive function among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 79:119-130. [PMID: 31051329 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exercise plays a key role in healthy aging by promoting both physical and cognitive function. Physical function and cognitive function appear to be interrelated and may share common mechanisms. Thus, exercise-induced improvements in physical function and cognitive function may co-occur and be associated with each other. However, no systematic review has specifically assessed and compared the effects of exercise on both physical function and cognitive function in older adults, and the association between changes in both outcomes after exercise training. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (N = 48 studies) among older adults (60+ years). These data suggest exercise training has a significant benefit for both physical function (g = 0.39; p < 0.001) and cognitive function (g = 0.24; p < 0.001). At the study level, there was a positive correlation between the size of the exercise-induced effect on physical function and on cognitive function (b = 0.41; p = 0.002). Our results indicate exercise improves both physical and cognitive function, reiterating the notion that exercise is a panacea for aging well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Falck
- Aging, Mobility and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer C Davis
- Faculty of Management, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John R Best
- Aging, Mobility and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rachel A Crockett
- Aging, Mobility and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Aging, Mobility and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Center for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Duckham RL, Tait JL, Nowson CA, Sanders KM, Taaffe DR, Hill KD, Daly RM. Strategies and challenges associated with recruiting retirement village communities and residents into a group exercise intervention. BMC Med Res Methodol 2018; 18:173. [PMID: 30572835 PMCID: PMC6302307 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-018-0633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide the highest level of scientific evidence, but successful participant recruitment is critical to ensure the external and internal validity of results. This study describes the strategies associated with recruiting older adults at increased falls risk residing in retirement villages into an 18-month cluster RCT designed to evaluate the effects of a dual-task exercise program on falls and physical and cognitive function. METHODS Recruitment of adults aged ≥65 at increased falls risk residing within retirement villages (size 60-350 residents) was initially designed to occur over 12 months using two distinct cohorts (C). Recruitment occurred via a three-stage approach that included liaising with: 1) village operators, 2) independent village managers, and 3) residents. To recruit residents, a variety of different approaches were used, including distribution of information pack, on-site presentations, free muscle and functional testing, and posters displayed in common areas. RESULTS Due to challenges with recruitment, three cohorts were established between February 2014 and April 2015 (14 months). Sixty retirement villages were initially invited, of which 32 declined or did not respond, leaving 28 villages that expressed interest. A total of 3947 individual letters of invitation were subsequently distributed to residents of these villages, from which 517 (13.1%) expressions of interest (EOI) were received. Across three cohorts with different recruitment strategies adopted there were only modest differences in the number of EOI received (10.5 to 15.3%), which suggests that no particular recruitment approach was most effective. Following the initial screening of these residents, 398 (77.0%) participants were deemed eligible to participate, but a final sample of 300 (58.0% of the 517 EOI) consented and was randomized; 7.6% of the 3947 residents invited. Principal reasons for not participating, despite being eligible, were poor health, lack of time and no GP approval. CONCLUSION This study highlights that there are significant challenges associated with recruiting sufficient numbers of older adults from independent living retirement villages into an exercise intervention designed to improve health and well-being. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12613001 161718 . Date registered 23rd October 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Duckham
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), St. Albans, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jamie L Tait
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Caryl A Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Kerrie M Sanders
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, St. Albans, Australia
| | - Dennis R Taaffe
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keith D Hill
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robin M Daly
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
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Kowalski KA, MacDonald SWS, Yeates KO, Tuokko HA, Rhodes RE. Decomposing the within-person and between-person sources of variation in physical activity-cognition associations for low-active older adults. Psychol Health 2018; 33:1431-1455. [PMID: 30430863 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1508682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine within-person and between-person sources of variation in the relationship between physical activity and cognition in older adults participating in a walking program. To explore whether demographic, health and fitness variables, and their interactions with activity, are significant predictors of cognition. DESIGN Brief longitudinal burst design. PARTICIPANTS 118 participants (91 females, mean age = 72.81 + 5.24 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cognition, self-reported moderate-to-vigorous walking and self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were assessed at baseline and 6, 9, 12 and 16 weeks follow-up. Attendance at weekly walks was also recorded. RESULTS Within-persons, changes in physical activity were related to select measures of executive functioning, with increased activity predictive of better cognition (three of four cognitive functions, p<.05). Between-persons, activity was also associated with cognition (two of four cognitive functions, p<.05). Younger age and higher education were related to better cognition. Interactions of demographic, health, and fitness variables with changes in within-person activity were generally non-significant. CONCLUSION The results highlight the importance of distinguishing within- from between-person effects in longitudinal analyses of the association between physical activity and cognition. This stringent within-person test of association underscores the potential value of simple physical activity interventions for improving cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Kowalski
- a Department of Psychology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,b School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,c Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Stuart W S MacDonald
- a Department of Psychology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,c Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Keith O Yeates
- d Department of Psychology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Holly A Tuokko
- a Department of Psychology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,c Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- b School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada.,c Institute on Aging & Lifelong Health, University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
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Exercise Intervention Associated with Cognitive Improvement in Alzheimer's Disease. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:9234105. [PMID: 29713339 PMCID: PMC5866875 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9234105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with the syndrome of cognitive and functional decline. Pharmacotherapy has always been in a dominant position for the treatment of AD. However, in most cases, drug therapy is accompanied with clinical delays when older adults have suffered from cognitive decline in episodic memory, working memory, and executive function. On the other hand, accumulating evidence suggests that exercise intervention may ameliorate the progression of cognitive impairment in aging ones while the standard strategy is lacking based on different levels of cognitive decline especially in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. MCI is the preclinical stage of AD in which neurodegeneration may be reversed via neuroplasticity. Therefore, taking exercise intervention in the early stage of MCI and healthy aging at the risk of AD could slow down the process of cognitive impairment and provide a promising cost-effective nonpharmacological therapy to dementia.
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Gasquoine PG. Effects of physical activity on delayed memory measures in randomized controlled trials with nonclinical older, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia participants. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2018; 40:874-886. [PMID: 29510648 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1442815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Longitudinal studies have found that physical activity protects against Alzheimer disease, but the mechanism is unknown. The prevailing model derives from animal research and has physical activity directly affecting brain physiology by increasing brain volume, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and hippocampal neurogenesis with consequent gains in neuropsychological test scores. Supporting evidence has been mixed, with physical-activity-related gains across multiple neuropsychological domains considered indicative of the protective effect. Hippocampal-mediated delayed memory functioning is the first neurocognitive skill to be impaired in the early stages of Alzheimer disease, and physical-activity-related gains on delayed memory measures would provide the strongest support for the model. RESULTS Review of 26 randomized controlled trials with nonclinical older, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia participants found only one with significant physical-activity-related gains in delayed memory compared to controls. This evidence does not support the physiological brain change model. Similarly, there is questionable support from those randomized controlled trials that have measured physical-activity-related brain volume and blood BDNF levels (neurogenesis having no valid labeling technique in living humans). CONCLUSION Physical-activity-related protective effects against Alzheimer disease are likely mediated through pathways outside the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gerard Gasquoine
- a Department of Psychological Science , University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , Edinburg , TX , USA
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30
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Innes KE, Selfe TK, Khalsa DS, Kandati S. Meditation and Music Improve Memory and Cognitive Function in Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:899-916. [PMID: 28106552 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While effective therapies for preventing or slowing cognitive decline in at-risk populations remain elusive, evidence suggests mind-body interventions may hold promise. OBJECTIVES In this study, we assessed the effects of Kirtan Kriya meditation (KK) and music listening (ML) on cognitive outcomes in adults experiencing subjective cognitive decline (SCD), a strong predictor of Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Sixty participants with SCD were randomized to a KK or ML program and asked to practice 12 minutes/day for 3 months, then at their discretion for the ensuing 3 months. At baseline, 3 months, and 6 months we measured memory and cognitive functioning [Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ), Trail-making Test (TMT-A/B), and Digit-Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)]. RESULTS The 6-month study was completed by 53 participants (88%). Participants performed an average of 93% (91% KK, 94% ML) of sessions in the first 3 months, and 71% (68% KK, 74% ML) during the 3-month, practice-optional, follow-up period. Both groups showed marked and significant improvements at 3 months in memory and cognitive performance (MFQ, DSST, TMT-A/B; p's≤0.04). At 6 months, overall gains were maintained or improved (p's≤0.006), with effect sizes ranging from medium (DSST, ML group) to large (DSST, KK group; TMT-A/B, MFQ). Changes were unrelated to treatment expectancies and did not differ by age, gender, baseline cognition scores, or other factors. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this preliminary randomized controlled trial suggest practice of meditation or ML can significantly enhance both subjective memory function and objective cognitive performance in adults with SCD, and may offer promise for improving outcomes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Innes
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Center for the Study of Complementary and Alternative Therapies, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Terry Kit Selfe
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Center for the Study of Complementary and Alternative Therapies, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Dharma Singh Khalsa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Integrative Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Alzheimer's Research and Prevention Foundation, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sahiti Kandati
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University School of Public Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Levy B, Tsoy E, Gable S. Developing Cognitive Markers of Alzheimer's Disease for Primary Care: Implications for Behavioral and Global Prevention. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:1259-1272. [PMID: 27567831 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive approach to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) warrants a synergy across multiple domains and procedures. Whereas the study of biological markers has mobilized major activity in the field, the development of cognitive markers is largely ignored, despite the unique advantages they may offer. Cognitive markers essentially assess the core clinical feature that biological markers intend to predict. In this respect, cognitive markers expand the foundation of preclinical diagnostics and disease staging in a manner that integrates both physiological and psychological factors. In addition, the cost-effective implementation of cognitive markers makes them remarkably conducive to community-wide screenings, and thereby a vital component of any global blueprint for prevention. Specifically, in the primary care setting, cognitive markers may provide effective gate keeping for more invasive, labor intensive, and expensive procedures. From this perspective, cognitive markers may provide the first step for identifying preclinical treatment recipients in general public. Moreover, the detection of preclinical decline via cognitive markers can increase awareness of AD risk and the motivation for making protective lifestyle changes. The behavioral approach might be expedient for prevention in light of the compelling evidence of lifestyle amelioration of AD risk. In an integrative view, incorporating cognitive markers to primary care may facilitate a synergetic development in preventive interventions that carries epidemiological significance. This paper addresses the theoretical, methodological, and pragmatic aspects of this prospect.
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Sex differences in exercise efficacy to improve cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in older humans. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 46:71-85. [PMID: 28442274 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate the deleterious effects of aging on brain health. However, a large amount of variation exists in its efficacy. Sex of participants and exercise type are two possible factors contributing to this variation. To better understand this, we conducted a concurrent systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitively healthy older adults. Executive functions, episodic memory, visuospatial function, word fluency, processing speed and global cognitive function were examined for exercise- and sex-dependent effects. For executive functions, three types of exercise interventions - aerobic training, resistance training, and multimodal training (i.e., both aerobic and resistance training) - were associated with larger effect sizes in studies comprised of a higher percentage of women compared to studies with a lower percentage of women. This suggests that women's executive processes may benefit more from exercise than men. Regardless of sex, compared to control, all three exercise training approaches enhanced visuospatial function, but only multimodal training enhanced episodic memory. Overall, aerobic training led to greater benefits than resistance training in global cognitive function and executive functions, while multimodal combined training led to greater benefits than aerobic training for global cognitive function, episodic memory, and word fluency. Possible underlying mechanisms, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor and sex steroid hormones, are discussed.
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Rathore A, Lom B. The effects of chronic and acute physical activity on working memory performance in healthy participants: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Syst Rev 2017; 6:124. [PMID: 28666470 PMCID: PMC5493123 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how physical activity (PA) influences cognitive function in populations with cognitive impairments, such as dementia, is an increasingly studied topic yielding numerous published systematic reviews. In contrast, however, there appears to be less interest in examining associations between PA and cognition in cognitively healthy individuals. Therefore, the objective of this review was to evaluate and synthesize randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies that investigated the effects of both chronic and acute PA on working memory performance (WMP) in physically and cognitively healthy individuals. METHODS Following the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review of studies published between August 2009 and December 2016 was performed on RCTs investigating the effects of chronic and acute PA on WMP with healthy participants as the sample populations. Searches were conducted in Annual Reviews, ProQuest, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science. Main inclusion criteria stipulated (1) healthy sample populations, (2) PA interventions, (3) WMP as an outcome, and (4) RCT designs. Descriptive statistics included cohort and intervention characteristics and a risk of bias assessment. Analytical statistics included meta-analyses and moderation analyses. RESULTS From 7345 non-duplicates, 15 studies (eight chronic PA and seven acute PA studies) met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated. Overall, there was noticeable variance between both cohort and intervention characteristics. Sample populations ranged from primary school children to retirement community members with PA ranging from cycling to yoga. The majority of studies were characterized by "low" or "unclear" risk of selection, performance, detection, attrition, reporting, or other biases. Meta-analysis of chronic PA revealed a significant, small effect size while analysis of acute PA revealed a non-significant, trivial result. Age and intensity were significant moderators while allocation concealment, blinding, and intervention length were not. CONCLUSIONS Chronic PA can significantly improve WMP while acute PA cannot. The limiting factors for acute PA studies point to the diversity of working memory instruments utilized, unequal sample sizes between studies, and the sample age groups. Large-scale, high-quality RCTs are needed in order to provide generalizable and more powerful analysis between PA and WMP in a systematic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeem Rathore
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC USA
| | - Barbara Lom
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, NC USA
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Duvivier BMFM, Schaper NC, Koster A, van Kan L, Peters HPF, Adam JJ, Giesbrecht T, Kornips E, Hulsbosch M, Willems P, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Savelberg HHCM. Benefits of Substituting Sitting with Standing and Walking in Free-Living Conditions for Cardiometabolic Risk Markers, Cognition and Mood in Overweight Adults. Front Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28642713 PMCID: PMC5463393 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We investigated whether substituting sitting with standing and self-perceived light walking in free-living conditions would improve cardiometabolic risk factors, mood, and cognition in overweight/obese adults. Methods: In a randomized, cross-over study, 24 (m/f: 13/11) sedentary overweight/obese participants (64 ± 7 years, BMI 29 ± 2 kg/m2) followed two activity regimens of each 4 days in free-living conditions: “Sit”: sitting 13.5 h/day, standing 1.4 h/day, self-perceived light-intensity walking 0.7 h/day; for “SitLess” these activities lasted 7.6, 4.0, and 4.3 h/day, respectively. Meals were standardized and physical activity was assessed by accelerometry (activPAL). Insulin sensitivity (expressed as Matsuda-index based on an oral glucose tolerance test), circulating lipids, blood pressure, mood (pleasantness and arousal), and cognition were assessed on the morning after the activity regimens. Quality of life and sleep were assessed on the last day of the activity regimens. Results: We observed that AUC (0–190 min) for insulin decreased by 20% after SitLess vs. Sit [10,125 (656) vs. 12,633 (818); p = 0.006]. Insulin sensitivity improved by 16% after SitLess vs. Sit [Matsuda-index, mean (SEM): 6.45 (0.25) vs. 5.58 (0.25) respectively; p = 0.007]. Fasting triglycerides, non-HDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B decreased by 32, 7, and 4% respectively, whereas HDL-cholesterol increased by 7% after SitLess vs. Sit (all p < 0.01). Diastolic blood pressure was lower after SitLess vs. Sit (p < 0.05). Pleasantness (as one marker of mood status) after the oral glucose tolerance test was higher after SitLess vs. Sit (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between regimens for cognition, quality of life and sleep. Conclusions: Reducing sitting time in free-living conditions markedly improved insulin sensitivity, circulating lipids, and diastolic blood pressure. Substituting sitting with standing and self-perceived light walking is an effective strategy to improve cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M F M Duvivier
- Department Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands.,Division Endocrinology, Department Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands.,CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas C Schaper
- Division Endocrinology, Department Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands.,CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Koster
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department Social Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Linh van Kan
- Department Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Jos J Adam
- Department Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Timo Giesbrecht
- Unilever Research and DevelopmentPort Sunlight, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Kornips
- Department Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Martine Hulsbosch
- Department Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Paul Willems
- Department Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Hans H C M Savelberg
- Department Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+Maastricht, Netherlands
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Hess NCL, Smart NA. Isometric Exercise Training for Managing Vascular Risk Factors in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:48. [PMID: 28316570 PMCID: PMC5334511 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia diagnosed amongst the elderly. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition often indicative of the earliest symptomatology of AD with 10%–15% of MCI patients reportedly progressing to a diagnosis of AD. Individuals with a history of vascular risk factors (VRF’s) are considered high risk candidates for developing cognitive impairment in later life. Evidence suggests that vascular injury resulting from untreated VRF’s promotes progression from MCI to AD and exacerbates the severity of dementia in AD, and neuroimaging studies have found that the neurodegenerative processes associated with AD are heavily driven by VRF’s that promote cerebral hypoperfusion. Subsequently, common links between vascular disorders such as hypertension and neurodegenerative disorders such as AD include compromised vasculature, cerebral hypoperfusion and chronic low grade inflammation (a hallmark of both hypertension and AD). Exercise has been demonstrated to be an effective intervention for blood pressure management, chronic low grade inflammation and improvements in cognition. Data from recent analyses suggests that isometric exercise training (IET) may improve vascular integrity and elicit blood pressure reductions in hypertensives greater than those seen with dynamic aerobic and resistance exercise. IET may also play an effective role in the management of VRF’s at the MCI stage of AD and may prove to be a significant strategy in the prevention, attenuation or delay of progression to AD. A plausible hypothesis is that the reactive hyperemia stimulated by IET initiates a cascade of vascular, neurotrophic and neuro-endocrine events that lead to improvements in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C L Hess
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil A Smart
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Signorile JF. TARGETED RESISTANCE TRAINING TO IMPROVE INDEPENDENCE AND REDUCE FALL RISK IN OLDER CLIENTS. ACSMS HEALTH & FITNESS JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/fit.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schättin A, Baur K, Stutz J, Wolf P, de Bruin ED. Effects of Physical Exercise Combined with Nutritional Supplements on Aging Brain Related Structures and Functions: A Systematic Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:161. [PMID: 27458371 PMCID: PMC4933713 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline in gray and white brain matter goes together with cognitive depletion. To influence cognitive functioning in elderly, several types of physical exercise and nutritional intervention have been performed. This paper systematically reviews the potential additive and complementary effects of nutrition/nutritional supplements and physical exercise on cognition. The search strategy was developed for EMBASE, Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, and PsycInfo databases and focused on the research question: “Is the combination of physical exercise with nutrition/nutritional supplementation more effective than nutrition/nutritional supplementation or physical exercise alone in effecting on brain structure, metabolism, and/or function?” Both mammalian and human studies were included. In humans, randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of nutrition/nutritional supplements and physical exercise on cognitive functioning and associated parameters in healthy elderly (>65 years) were included. The systematic search included English and German language literature without any limitation of publication date. The search strategy yielded a total of 3129 references of which 67 studies met the inclusion criteria; 43 human and 24 mammalian, mainly rodent, studies. Three out of 43 human studies investigated a nutrition/physical exercise combination and reported no additive effects. In rodent studies, additive effects were found for docosahexaenoic acid supplementation when combined with physical exercise. Although feasible combinations of physical exercise/nutritional supplements are available for influencing the brain, only a few studies evaluated which possible combinations of nutrition/nutritional supplementation and physical exercise might have an effect on brain structure, metabolism and/or function. The reason for no clear effects of combinatory approaches in humans might be explained by the misfit between the combinations of nutritional methods with the physical interventions in the sense that they were not selected on sharing of similar neuronal mechanisms. Based on the results from this systematic review, future human studies should focus on the combined effect of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and physical exercise that contains elements of (motor) learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schättin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kilian Baur
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Stutz
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wolf
- Sensory-Motor Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D de Bruin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) Zurich, Switzerland
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Merom D, Grunseit A, Eramudugolla R, Jefferis B, Mcneill J, Anstey KJ. Cognitive Benefits of Social Dancing and Walking in Old Age: The Dancing Mind Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:26. [PMID: 26941640 PMCID: PMC4761858 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A physically active lifestyle has the potential to prevent cognitive decline and dementia, yet the optimal type of physical activity/exercise remains unclear. Dance is of special interest as it complex sensorimotor rhythmic activity with additional cognitive, social, and affective dimensions. Objectives To determine whether dance benefits executive function more than walking, an activity that is simple and functional. Methods Two-arm randomized controlled trial among community-dwelling older adults. The intervention group received 1 h of ballroom dancing twice weekly over 8 months (~69 sessions) in local community dance studios. The control group received a combination of a home walking program with a pedometer and optional biweekly group-based walking in local community park to facilitate socialization. Main outcomes Executive function tests: processing speed and task shift by the Trail Making Tests, response inhibition by the Stroop Color-Word Test, working memory by the Digit Span Backwards test, immediate and delayed verbal recall by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and visuospatial recall by the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test (BVST). Results One hundred and fifteen adults (mean 69.5 years, SD 6.4) completed baseline and delayed baseline (3 weeks apart) before being randomized to either dance (n = 60) or walking (n = 55). Of those randomized, 79 (68%) completed the follow-up measurements (32 weeks from baseline). In the dance group only, “non-completers” had significantly lower baseline scores on all executive function tests than those who completed the full program. Intention-to-treat analyses showed no group effect. In a random effects model including participants who completed all measurements, adjusted for baseline score and covariates (age, education, estimated verbal intelligence, and community), a between-group effect in favor of dance was noted only for BVST total learning (Cohen’s D Effect size 0.29, p = 0.07) and delayed recall (Cohen’s D Effect size = 0.34, p = 0.06). Conclusion The superior potential of dance over walking on executive functions of cognitively healthy and active older adults was not supported. Dance improved one of the cognitive domains (spatial memory) important for learning dance. Controlled trials targeting inactive older adults and of a higher dose may produce stronger effects, particularly for novice dancers. Trial registration Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ACTRN12613000782730).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafna Merom
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University , Penrith, NSW , Australia
| | - Anne Grunseit
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Ranmalee Eramudugolla
- Centre for Research on Aging, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Barbara Jefferis
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London , London , UK
| | - Jade Mcneill
- Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW , Australia
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- Centre for Research on Aging, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia
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Brown LJE, Adlam T, Hwang F, Khadra H, Maclean LM, Rudd B, Smith T, Timon C, Williams EA, Astell AJ. Computerized Self-Administered Measures of Mood and Appetite for Older Adults: The Novel Assessment of Nutrition and Ageing Toolkit. J Appl Gerontol 2016; 37:157-176. [PMID: 26912736 DOI: 10.1177/0733464816630636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The "Novel Assessment of Nutrition and Ageing" (NANA) toolkit is a computerized system for collecting longitudinal information about older adults' health and behavior. Here, we describe the validation of six items for measuring older adults' self-reported mood and appetite as part of the NANA system. In Study 1, 48 community-living older adults (aged 65-89 years) completed NANA measures of their current mood and appetite alongside standard paper measures, on three occasions, in a laboratory setting. In Study 2, 40 community-living older adults (aged 64-88 years) completed daily NANA measures of momentary mood and appetite in their own homes, unsupervised, alongside additional measures of health and behavior, over three 7-day periods. The NANA measures were significantly correlated with standard measures of mood and appetite, and showed stability over time. They show utility for tracking mood and appetite longitudinally, and for better understanding links with other aspects of health and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tom Smith
- 7 Generic Robotics Ltd., Reading, UK
| | | | | | - Arlene J Astell
- 9 University of Sheffield, UK.,10 Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences, Canada
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Ikudome S, Mori S, Unenaka S, Kawanishi M, Kitamura T, Nakamoto H. Effect of Long-Term Body-Mass-Based Resistance Exercise on Cognitive Function in Elderly People. J Appl Gerontol 2016; 36:1519-1533. [DOI: 10.1177/0733464815625834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study examined the effect of a body-mass-based home exercise program on cognitive functioning among 170 male and female elderly people (52-81 years). This program comprised five kinds of resistance exercises that elderly people can perform at home without supervision or specialized equipment using only their body mass for resistance. Various cognitive tasks were used to assess cognitive functioning, including a simple reaction task, Go/No-Go reaction task, Stroop task, serial subtraction task, and coincident timing task. These tasks were performed before and after a 3-month body-mass-based home exercise program. Although there were no significant improvements in the simple reaction and coincident timing tasks, significant improvement was shown in the Go/No-Go reaction task and serial subtraction task. This study shows that even simple resistance exercise, using only body mass for resistance, may be an effective method for preventing age-related cognitive decline of inhibitory control and working memory among elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Ikudome
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Japan
| | - Shiro Mori
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Japan
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41
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Matthé A, Roberson DN, Netz Y. The relationship between cognitive and physical function among residents of a Czech senior home. ACTA GYMNICA 2015. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2015.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Walsh JN, Manor B, Hausdorff J, Novak V, Lipsitz L, Gow B, Macklin EA, Peng CK, Wayne PM. Impact of Short- and Long-term Tai Chi Mind-Body Exercise Training on Cognitive Function in Healthy Adults: Results From a Hybrid Observational Study and Randomized Trial. Glob Adv Health Med 2015; 4:38-48. [PMID: 26331103 PMCID: PMC4533658 DOI: 10.7453/gahmj.2015.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive decline amongst older adults is a significant public health concern. There is growing interest in behavioral interventions, including exercise, for improving cognition. Studies to date suggest tai chi (TC) may be a safe and potentially effective exercise for preserving cognitive function with aging; however, its short-term and potential long-term impact on physically active, healthy adults is unclear. OBJECTIVE To compare differences in cognitive function among long-term TC expert practitioners and age-matched and gender-matched TC-naïve adults and to determine the effects of short-term TC training on measures of cognitive function in healthy, nonsedentary adults. DESIGN A hybrid design including an observational comparison and a 2-arm randomized clinical trial (RCT). PARTICIPANTS Healthy, nonsedentary, TC-naive adults (50 y-79 y) and age-matched and gender-matched long-term TC experts. METHODS A cross-sectional comparison of cognitive function in healthy TC-naïve (n=60) and TC expert (24.5 y ÷ 12 y experience; n=27) adults: TC-naïve adults then completed a 6-month, 2-arm, wait-list randomized clinical trial of TC training. Six measures of cognitive function were assessed for both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons. RESULTS TC experts exhibited trends towards better scores on all cognitive measures, significantly so for category fluency (P=.01), as well as a composite z score summarizing all 6 cognitive assessments (P=.03). In contrast, random assignment to 6 months of TC training in TC-naïve adults did not significantly improve any measures of cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS In healthy nonsedentary adults, long-term TC training may help preserve cognitive function; however, the effect of short-term TC training in healthy adults remains unclear. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01340365.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn N Walsh
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States (Ms Walsh)
| | - Brad Manor
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States (Dr Manor)
| | - Jeffrey Hausdorff
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Dr Hausdorff)
| | - Vera Novak
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States (Dr Novak)
| | - Lewis Lipsitz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States (Dr Lipsitz)
| | - Brian Gow
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States (Mr Gow)
| | - Eric A Macklin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States (Dr Macklin)
| | | | - Peter M Wayne
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States (Dr Wayne)
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Lindheimer JB, O’Connor PJ, Dishman RK. Quantifying the Placebo Effect in Psychological Outcomes of Exercise Training: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Sports Med 2015; 45:693-711. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Brodziak A, Wolińska A, Kołat E, Różyk-Myrta A. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:585-97. [PMID: 25708246 PMCID: PMC4349161 DOI: 10.12659/msm.892542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to present the available and verified methods of prevention of cognitive decline in healthy older adults and to review clinical trials of therapies to improve impaired cognitive performance. We discuss data about the actual possibility of pharmacological treatment, usefulness of physical exercises, and effectiveness of different cognitive training methods. In a separate chapter we discuss why older people cope much better in life challenges then it would appear from the measurements made by use of neuro-psychological tests. We also discuss the so-called issue of transfers, ie, the question of how certain cognitive characteristics, improved through cognitive training, are transferred to other mental skills. We distinguish between simple and sophisticated (usually computerized) forms of cognitive training and pay particular attention to methods that are simple and easy to use. In particular, we discuss the so-called “learning therapy”, which amounts to “reading aloud and simple arithmetic calculations”, the method based on “switching between words and imagination”, and also the method consisting of personal counseling, support, and assistance in learning, especially in the form of home visits. In the final chapter we formulate practical advice, not only for individuals who want to undertake the preventing or correction activities alone with eventual help of medical professionals, but also for the members of health institutions that wish to implement preventive and therapeutic actions directed to a chosen population. We also discuss the indications and rationale for further research and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Brodziak
- Independent Researcher, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | | | - Estera Kołat
- Institute of Nursing, University of Applied Sciences, Nysa, Poland
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Kvelde T, Lord SR, Close JC, Reppermund S, Kochan NA, Sachdev P, Brodaty H, Delbaere K. Depressive symptoms increase fall risk in older people, independent of antidepressant use, and reduced executive and physical functioning. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2015; 60:190-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Fiatarone Singh MA, Gates N, Saigal N, Wilson GC, Meiklejohn J, Brodaty H, Wen W, Singh N, Baune BT, Suo C, Baker MK, Foroughi N, Wang Y, Sachdev PS, Valenzuela M. The Study of Mental and Resistance Training (SMART) Study—Resistance Training and/or Cognitive Training in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Sham Controlled Trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014; 15:873-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Takeuchi H, Taki Y, Nouchi R, Hashizume H, Sekiguchi A, Kotozaki Y, Nakagawa S, Miyauchi CM, Sassa Y, Kawashima R. Working memory training improves emotional states of healthy individuals. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:200. [PMID: 25360090 PMCID: PMC4199268 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) capacity is associated with various emotional aspects, including states of depression and stress, reactions to emotional stimuli, and regulatory behaviors. We have previously investigated the effects of WM training (WMT) on cognitive functions and brain structures. However, the effects of WMT on emotional states and related neural mechanisms among healthy young adults remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated these effects in young adults who underwent WMT or received no intervention for 4 weeks. Before and after the intervention, subjects completed self-report questionnaires related to their emotional states and underwent scanning sessions in which brain activities related to negative emotions were measured. Compared with controls, subjects who underwent WMT showed reduced anger, fatigue, and depression. Furthermore, WMT reduced activity in the left posterior insula during tasks evoking negative emotion, which was related to anger. It also reduced activity in the left frontoparietal area. These findings show that WMT can reduce negative mood and provide new insight into the clinical applications of WMT, at least among subjects with preclinical-level conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Takeuchi
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taki
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan ; Division of Medical Image Analysis, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan ; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Rui Nouchi
- Department of Advanced Brain Science, Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hashizume
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sekiguchi
- Department of Advanced Brain Science, Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuka Kotozaki
- Department of Advanced Brain Science, Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Seishu Nakagawa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Carlos Makoto Miyauchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuko Sassa
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan ; Division of Medical Image Analysis, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan ; Department of Advanced Brain Science, Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan
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González-Palau F, Franco M, Bamidis P, Losada R, Parra E, Papageorgiou SG, Vivas AB. The effects of a computer-based cognitive and physical training program in a healthy and mildly cognitive impaired aging sample. Aging Ment Health 2014; 18:838-46. [PMID: 24697325 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2014.899972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Long Lasting Memories (LLM) program concerns a newly integrated platform which combines cognitive exercises with physical activity within the context of advanced technologies. The main objective of this study was to present the preliminary results that determine the possible effectiveness of the LLM program in the improvement of cognitive functions and symptoms of depression in healthy elderly and subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHOD Fifty healthy and MCI subjects participated in the study. All of them received one hour's physical training and 35 minutes' cognitive training, 3 times a week, during the 12 weeks of the program. Before and after the intervention all participants were assessed using a battery of neuropsychological tests. RESULTS The results showed a significant improvement after the LLM training in global cognitive function, in verbal memory, in attention, in episodic memory and symptoms of depression. CONCLUSION This study indicates that LLM is a promising solution for older adults with and without cognitive impairment, maintaining their wellbeing with few professional and technical requirements.
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Takeuchi H, Taki Y, Nouchi R, Hashizume H, Sekiguchi A, Kotozaki Y, Nakagawa S, Miyauchi CM, Sassa Y, Kawashima R. Working memory training impacts the mean diffusivity in the dopaminergic system. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:3101-11. [PMID: 25023736 PMCID: PMC4575686 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0845-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic transmission plays a critical role in working memory (WM). Mean diffusivity (MD) is a sensitive and unique neuroimaging tool for detecting microstructural differences particularly in the areas of the dopaminergic system. Despite previous investigation of the effects of WM training (WMT) on dopamine receptor binding potentials, the effects of WMT on MD remain unknown. In this study, we investigated these effects in young adult subjects who either underwent WMT or received no intervention for 4 weeks. Before and after the intervention or no-intervention periods, subjects underwent scanning sessions in diffusion-weighted imaging to measure MD. Compared with no intervention, WMT resulted in an increase in MD in the bilateral caudate, right putamen, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area. Furthermore, the increase in performance on WMT tasks was significantly positively correlated with the mean increase in MD in the clusters of the left DLPFC and of the right ACC. These results suggest that WMT caused microstructural changes in the regions of the dopaminergic system in a way that is usually interpreted as a reduction in neural components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Takeuchi
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Taki
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Division of Medical Neuroimaging Analysis, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rui Nouchi
- Human and Social Response Research Division, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hashizume
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sekiguchi
- Division of Medical Neuroimaging Analysis, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuka Kotozaki
- Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Seishu Nakagawa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Carlos Makoto Miyauchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sassa
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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50
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Kelly ME, Loughrey D, Lawlor BA, Robertson IH, Walsh C, Brennan S. The impact of exercise on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 16:12-31. [PMID: 24862109 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Data from epidemiological, cross-sectional, and neuroimaging research show a relationship between higher levels of exercise and reduced risk of cognitive decline but evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is less consistent. This review examines the impact of aerobic exercise, resistance training, and Tai Chi on the cognitive function of older adults without known cognitive impairment. We investigate explanations for inconsistent results across trials and discrepancies between evidence from RCTs and other research data. Twenty-five RCTs were included in the review. Meta-analysis results revealed significant improvements for resistance training compared to stretching/toning on measures of reasoning (p<0.005); and for Tai Chi compared to 'no exercise' controls on measures of attention (p<0.001) and processing speed (p<0.00001). There were no significant differences between exercise and controls on any of the remaining 26 comparisons. Results should be interpreted with caution however as differences in participant profiles, study design, exercise programmes, adherence rates, and outcome measures contribute to both discrepancies within the exercise research literature and inconsistent results across trials.
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