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Chen W, Cheng X, Ma Y, Chen N. Foodborne doping and supervision in sports. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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2
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Lee YC, Chen CY, Cheng YY, Hsu MC, Chen TT, Chang WCW. Assessing anti-doping knowledge among Taiwanese pharmacists. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:808. [PMID: 37891558 PMCID: PMC10605328 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04795-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taiwan's unique health behaviour, such as extensive exposure to Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM), has introduced a risk of inadvertent doping among competing athletes. Pharmacy professionals have an imperative role in advising athletes on the safe use of medicines. This study provides an overview of anti-doping knowledge and educational needs among pharmacists in Taiwan and examines influencing factors. METHODS A cross-sectional online questionnaire survey consisting of five domains, namely demographic characteristics, source of prohibited substances, identification of prohibited substances, understanding of doping control, and education needs on anti-doping, was distributed to the registered pharmacists in Taiwan. In total, 491 responses were included in the analyses. RESULTS Respondents (65% female, aged 41.9 ± 11.4 years, with 68% having a Bachelor's degree) reported a moderate anti-doping knowledge score of 37.2 ± 4.9, ranging from 21 to 48 (out of 51). Fifteen per cent of them had the experience of being counselled about drug use in sports. Higher knowledge scores were observed in younger respondents, showing an age-dependent effect (p < 0.001). Individuals practising in southern Taiwan (compared to northern Taiwan) and those working at clinics (compared to hospitals) exhibited lower knowledge. Most of the respondents (90%) knew that stimulant ephedrine is prohibited in sports, but few had recognised diuretic furosemide (38%) and CHM (7%) containing β2-agonist higenamine. Approximately 90% of respondents agreed with the need for anti-doping education. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the heterogeneity of anti-doping knowledge among pharmacy professionals and provides practical relevance in organising future educational topics and research-based activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chen Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yun Cheng
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chich Hsu
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, College of Humanities and Management, National Ilan University, Ilan County 260, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - William Chih-Wei Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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3
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Ding M, Fan JL, Huang DF, Jiang Y, Li MN, Zheng YQ, Yang XP, Li P, Yang H. From non-targeted to targeted GC-MS metabolomics strategy for identification of TCM preparations containing natural and artificial musk. Chin Med 2022; 17:41. [PMID: 35365201 PMCID: PMC8974109 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moschus is a rare and precious natural medicine. Due to the properties of resources scarcity and expensive price of natural musk, artificial musk has been developed as substitute materials in some prescriptions. Rapid and accurate identification of natural or artificial musk in complex traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations is also a challenge. METHOD A strategy from non-targeted to targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics was developed for discrimination of natural and artificial musk. Firstly, GC-MS-based non-targeted analysis combined with chemometrics was used to find the potential chemical markers to distinguish natural musk and artificial musk. Subsequently, targeted metabolomics was used to analyze musk in preparations with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by use gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QQQ MS). RESULTS Two chemical markers named prasterone and androsterone have been selected and could be detected in all Compound Pien Tze Huang preparations (CPZHs) containing artificial musk, while the CPZHs containing natural musk did not detect two markers with S/N (signal to noise ratio) less than 3. CONCLUSION Our work provides an applicable approach to select the practical chemical markers for the assessment of musk in preparations to realize the traceability of musk in TCM and improve the quality control of musk-containing preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jun-Li Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dong-Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng-Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zheng
- Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhangzhou Fujian, 363000, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pien Tze Huang Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou Fujian, 363000, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Yang
- Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhangzhou Fujian, 363000, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pien Tze Huang Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou Fujian, 363000, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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4
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Lv S, Lei Z, Yan G, Shah SA, Ahmed S, Sun T. Chemical compositions and pharmacological activities of natural musk (Moschus) and artificial musk: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114799. [PMID: 34748869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Natural musk (Moschus), derived naturally from male musk deer (Moschus berezovskii Flerov, Moschus sifanicus Przewalski, or Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus), has long been an important component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and was used as resuscitation, blood circulation, and collateral drainage. detumescence and pain relief. Artificial musk was researched and applied into TCM as natural musk being as unsustainable resources. AIM OF THE STUDY We mainly summarized chemical compositions, pharmacological activities and mechanism of action of natural and artificial musk, and designed to serve as a foundation for further research into musk chemical compositions and pharmacological effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Those mainstream scientific databases including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, CNKI, Wiley Online Library, web of science, were used for searching with below "Keywords", as well as literature-tracking. Literatures spanned 1962 to 2021, and involved into Chinese, English, Janpanese, Korean. RESULTS Natural musk contains some very desirable but scarce compounds, as well as their biological features, which led to the development of artificial musk. The chemical ingredients, pharmacological activities, and mechanisms of action of natural and artificial musk are summarized and compared in this paper. Polypeptide and protein, muscone, musclide, steroids, muscopyridine, and other chemical constituents of musk demonstrated important therapeutic properties against inflammation, immune system disorders, neurological disorders, cardiovascular system disorders, and so on. The mechanism of action contributed to effect on mediators, acceptors and relative signal pathways. CONCLUSIONS Natural and artificial musk were revealed having some activated compounds, and showed excellent pharmacological effect. Meantime, above two sides of natural and artificial musk ought to get further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuquan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, PR China; School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Technology and Business University, NO. 3 Huangjiahu West Road, Wuhan 430065, PR China; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhixin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, PR China; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Ge Yan
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Technology and Business University, NO. 3 Huangjiahu West Road, Wuhan 430065, PR China
| | - Sayed Afzal Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Taolei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, PR China; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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5
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Fedoruk M, Geyer H. Sports drug testing and the athletes' exposome. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1814-1821. [PMID: 34694748 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Similar to the general population, elite athletes are exposed to a complex set of environmental factors including chemicals and radiation and also biological and physical stressors, which constitute an exposome that is, unlike for the general population, subjected to specific scrutiny for athletes due to applicable antidoping regulations and associated (frequent) routine doping controls. Hence, investigations into the athlete's exposome and how to distinguish between deliberate drug use and different contamination scenarios has become a central topic of antidoping research, as a delicate balance is to be managed between the vital and continually evolving developments of sensitive analytical techniques on the one hand, and the risk of the athletes' exposome potentially causing adverse analytical findings on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Fedoruk
- United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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6
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Chang WCW, Wang CY, Liu WY, Tsai CC, Wu YT, Hsu MC. Chinese Herbal Medicine Significantly Impacts the Haematological Variables of the Athlete Biological Passport. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9533. [PMID: 34574458 PMCID: PMC8469363 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the fight against sports doping, the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) system aims to indirectly unveil the doping incidents by monitoring selected biomarkers; however, several unexplored extrinsic factors may dampen a fair interpretation of ABP profiles. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) plays a pivotal role in the health care system, and some remedies have a long history of being used to treat anaemia. In this study, we addressed the concerns of whether the CHM administration could yield a measurable effect on altering the ABP haematological variables. Forty-eight healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive two-week oral administration of one of the six selected CHM products that are commonly prescribed in Taiwan (eight subjects per group). Their blood variables were determined longitudinally in the phases of baseline, intervention, and recovery over 5 weeks. Blood collection and analyses were carried out in strict compliance with relevant operating guidelines. In the groups receiving Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Astragali Radix, and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, a significant increased reticulocyte percentage and decreased OFF-hr Score were manifested during the intervention, and such effects even sustained for a period of time after withdrawal. All other variables, including haemoglobin and Abnormal Blood Profile Score, did not generate statistical significance. Our results show that the use of CHM may impact the ABP haematological variables. As a consequence, we recommend athletes, particularly those who have been registered in the testing pool, should be aware of taking specific Chinese herbal-based treatment or supplementation, and document any of its usage on the anti-doping forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Chih-Wei Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (W.C.-W.C.); (C.-Y.W.); (W.-Y.L.)
- Master Degree Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (W.C.-W.C.); (C.-Y.W.); (W.-Y.L.)
| | - Wan-Yi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (W.C.-W.C.); (C.-Y.W.); (W.-Y.L.)
| | - Chin-Chuan Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
- Chinese Medicine Department, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tse Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (W.C.-W.C.); (C.-Y.W.); (W.-Y.L.)
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chich Hsu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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7
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Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, Bilsborough J, Jeukendrup A, Morton JP, Phillips SM, Armstrong L, Burke LM, Close GL, Duffield R, Larson-Meyer E, Louis J, Medina D, Meyer F, Rollo I, Sundgot-Borgen J, Wall BT, Boullosa B, Dupont G, Lizarraga A, Res P, Bizzini M, Castagna C, Cowie CM, D'Hooghe M, Geyer H, Meyer T, Papadimitriou N, Vouillamoz M, McCall A. UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:416. [PMID: 33097528 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Football is a global game which is constantly evolving, showing substantial increases in physical and technical demands. Nutrition plays a valuable integrated role in optimising performance of elite players during training and match-play, and maintaining their overall health throughout the season. An evidence-based approach to nutrition emphasising, a 'food first' philosophy (ie, food over supplements), is fundamental to ensure effective player support. This requires relevant scientific evidence to be applied according to the constraints of what is practical and feasible in the football setting. The science underpinning sports nutrition is evolving fast, and practitioners must be alert to new developments. In response to these developments, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) has gathered experts in applied sports nutrition research as well as practitioners working with elite football clubs and national associations/federations to issue an expert statement on a range of topics relevant to elite football nutrition: (1) match day nutrition, (2) training day nutrition, (3) body composition, (4) stressful environments and travel, (5) cultural diversity and dietary considerations, (6) dietary supplements, (7) rehabilitation, (8) referees and (9) junior high-level players. The expert group provide a narrative synthesis of the scientific background relating to these topics based on their knowledge and experience of the scientific research literature, as well as practical experience of applying knowledge within an elite sports setting. Our intention is to provide readers with content to help drive their own practical recommendations. In addition, to provide guidance to applied researchers where to focus future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Collins
- Intra Performance Group, London, UK.,Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Johann Bilsborough
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New England Patriots, Foxboro, MA, USA
| | - Asker Jeukendrup
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,MySport Science, Birmingham, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S M Phillips
- Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Duffield
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Medina
- Athlete Care and Performance, Monumental Sports & Entertainment, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Flavia Meyer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ian Rollo
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gregory Dupont
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Peter Res
- Dutch Olympic Team, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mario Bizzini
- Research and Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Castagna
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Florence, Italy.,Italian Football Referees Association, Bologna, Italy
| | - Charlotte M Cowie
- Technical Directorate, Football Association, Burton upon Trent, UK.,Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Michel D'Hooghe
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Medical Centre of Excelence, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Alan McCall
- Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK .,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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8
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A Network Pharmacology Approach to Investigate the Active Compounds and Mechanisms of Musk for Ischemic Stroke. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4063180. [PMID: 32714405 PMCID: PMC7354650 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4063180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to study the material basis and effective mechanism of musk for ischemic stroke (IS) based on the network pharmacology approach. Methods We collected the chemical components and target gene of musk from the BATMAN-TCM analytical platform and identified ischemic stroke-related targets from the following databases: DisGeNET, NCBI-Gene, HPO, OMIM, DrugBank, and TTD. The targets of musk and IS were uploaded to the String database to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and then, the key targets were analyzed by topological methods. At last, the function biological process and signaling pathways of key targets were carried out by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis and cluster analysis by using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) server and Metascape platform. Results A total of 29 active compounds involving 1081 predicted targets were identified in musk and there were 1104 IS-related targets. And 88 key targets of musk for IS were obtained including AKT1, MAPK1/3, TP53, TNF, SRC, FOS, CASP3, JUN, NOS3, and IL1B. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that these key targets are mainly involved in multiple pathways which participated in TNF signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, prolactin signaling pathway, neurotrophin signaling pathway, T-cell receptor signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, and HIF1 signaling pathway. Conclusion This study revealed that the effective mechanisms of musk against IS would be associated with the regulation of apoptosis, inflammatory response, and gene transcription.
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9
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Dietary Supplement and Food Contaminations and Their Implications for Doping Controls. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081012. [PMID: 32727139 PMCID: PMC7466328 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A narrative review with an overall aim of indicating the current state of knowledge and the relevance concerning food and supplement contamination and/or adulteration with doping agents and the respective implications for sports drug testing is presented. The identification of a doping agent (or its metabolite) in sports drug testing samples constitutes a violation of the anti-doping rules defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Reasons for such Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) include the intentional misuse of performance-enhancing/banned drugs; however, also the scenario of inadvertent administrations of doping agents was proven in the past, caused by, amongst others, the ingestion of contaminated dietary supplements, drugs, or food. Even though controversial positions concerning the effectiveness of dietary supplements in healthy subjects exist, they are frequently used by athletes, anticipating positive effects on health, recovery, and performance. However, most supplement users are unaware of the fact that the administration of such products can be associated with unforeseeable health risks and AAFs in sports. In particular anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and stimulants have been frequently found as undeclared ingredients of dietary supplements, either as a result of cross-contaminations due to substandard manufacturing practices and missing quality controls or an intentional admixture to increase the effectiveness of the preparations. Cross-contaminations were also found to affect therapeutic drug preparations. While the sensitivity of assays employed to test pharmaceuticals for impurities is in accordance with good manufacturing practice guidelines allowing to exclude any physiological effects, minute trace amounts of contaminating compounds can still result in positive doping tests. In addition, food was found to be a potential source of unintentional doping, the most prominent example being meat tainted with the anabolic agent clenbuterol. The athletes’ compliance with anti-doping rules is frequently tested by routine doping controls. Different measures including offers of topical information and education of the athletes as well as the maintenance of databases summarizing low- or high-risk supplements are important cornerstones in preventing unintentional anti-doping rule violations. Further, the collection of additional analytical data has been shown to allow for supporting result management processes.
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10
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Choi SY, Eom Y, Kim JY, Jang DH, Song JS, Kim HM. Effect of natural extract eye drops in dry eye disease rats. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1023-1030. [PMID: 32685387 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.07.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the therapeutic effect of natural extract eye drops containing bee venom, musk, and deer antlers in dry eye disease (DED) animal models. METHODS Scopolamine-injected DED rats and lacrimal gland-excised rats were allocated into control, saline, and natural extract groups respectively and a normal group (lacrimal gland excision was not performed) in lacrimal gland-excised rats. After eye drop instillation 4 times a day for 5d, corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) scores, tear MUC5AC levels, and tear lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were measured. RESULTS In scopolamine-injected rats, the natural extract-treated group had significantly lower CFS scores (1.7±0.5, 4.7±1.4, 3.8±1.9, P=0.006) and tear LDH levels (0.10±0.01, 0.19±0.01, 0.16±0.08 OD, P=0.014) but higher tear MUC5AC levels (12.9±3.7, 7.9±2.0, 9.7±3.6 ng/mL, P=0.041) compared with the control and saline-treated groups. There were no significant differences between the control and saline-treated groups. In lacrimal gland-excised rats, the natural extract-treated group also had lower CFS scores (4.3±1.2, 11.5±2.3, 9.0±1.9, P<0.001, P=0.001) and tear LDH levels (0.30±0.08, 0.48±0.12, 0.39±0.05 OD, P<0.05) but higher tear volume (4.3±0.9, 1.9±0.7, 2.8±1.1 mm, P=0.005, P=0.124) and tear MUC5AC levels (8.2±2.0, 2.9±1.2, 5.4±2.2 ng/mL, P<0.001, P=0.047) compared with the control and saline-treated groups. There were no significant differences in the CFS scores, tear MUC5AC level, and tear LDH level between the normal and natural extract-treated groups. CONCLUSION The natural extract consisting of bee venom, musk, and deer antlers may have effectiveness in DED treatment by restoring the damaged ocular surface, increasing tear volume, and recovering the tear mucin layer in DED rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Youn Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,BGN World Tower Eye Clinic, Seoul 05551, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsub Eom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Yong Kim
- Medical O Co., Ltd., Seoul 06025, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jong Suk Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Myung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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11
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Goh HFJ, Zhang M, Chee HL, Chan XHD. Refractory Hypotension Following Elective Total Hip Replacement Surgery in a Patient Treated With Herbal Medicine: A Case Report. A A Pract 2020; 14:e01172. [PMID: 32132357 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We describe refractory postoperative hypotension due to adrenal insufficiency in a patient treated with steroid-adulterated herbal medicine. A 62-year-old man underwent an elective total hip replacement. Surgery was uneventful, but he became profoundly hypotensive 8 hours later, requiring intensive care unit admission, intubation, vasopressor support, and renal replacement therapy. Subsequent workup revealed that he had been consuming a herbal medication adulterated with prednisolone. Adrenal insufficiency secondary to chronic exogenous steroids was diagnosed following cortisol measurements and an adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test. He responded well to steroid therapy and made a full recovery. The use of herbal medicine should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fen Jacqueline Goh
- From the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Obukhova EN, Buryak AK. Determination of Isomers in Doping Control by Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819090077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Hwang JH, Ma JN, Park JH, Jung HW, Park YK. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of MOK, a polyherbal extract, on lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:26-36. [PMID: 30365058 PMCID: PMC6257867 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MOK, a pharmacopuncture medicine consisting of 10 herbs, has a long history as treatment for various inflammatory conditions. To investigate the mechanisms of action of MOK, its anti‑inflammatory and antioxidative effects were assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RAW 264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of MOK extract for 30 min prior to stimulation with or without LPS for the indicated times. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured using Griess reagent, while the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6 and the antioxidant enzymes Mn superoxide dismutase and heme oxygenase‑1, were determined using reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction analysis. Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)‑2, superoxide dismutase (SOD)2, catalase (CAT) and heme oxygenase‑1 (HO‑1), and the phosphorylation of mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including ERK1/2, JNK and p38. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry were used to observe the nuclear expression of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB p65. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prostaglandin (PG)E2 production were determined using the ROS assay and an enzyme immunoassay. With MOK treatment, there was a notable decrease in NO and PGE2 production induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells by downregulation of iNOS and COX‑2 mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, with MOK treatment, there was a decrease in the mRNA expression levels of TNF‑α, IL‑1β and IL‑6, as well as in the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK, by blocking the nuclear translocation of NF‑κB p65 in LPS‑stimulated cells. In addition, MOK treatment led to an increase in the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and HO‑1 in LPS‑stimulated cells, with a concomitant decrease in ROS generation. These results indicate that the inflammatory responses in activated macrophages are inhibited by MOK through downregulation of the transcription levels of inflammatory mediators and inhibition of the MAPK/NF‑κB pathway. Moreover, MOK protects against oxidative damage by upregulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes and generating ROS scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Hwang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13120
| | - Jun Nan Ma
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Park
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Jung
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Park
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang 38066, Republic of Korea
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He Y, Wang J, Wang M, Zhang J. Discrimination of wild and domestic deer musk using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:1078-1085. [PMID: 30120795 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Musk is the dried secretion of the musk pod (sac) of adult male musk deer, and has been used as perfume and traditional medicine for thousands of years. Steroid was regarded as 1 of the most important active compounds in musk. In order to protect the wild musk deer, musk deer farming has been carried out in China, India, and Nepal. However, it is hard to differentiate the 2 origins of musk by morphological identification. No other method has been reported so far for the discrimination of wild and domestic deer musk. The establishment of a reliable discrimination method has become an urgent work. In the present study, 6 batches of wild deer musk and 14 batches of domestic deer musk were collected. Analysis of steroid components in musk was carried out with GC-MS/MS. Androgen, progestin, estrogen, and sterol were detected in those samples. Large diversity was observed in the concentrations of steroids in musk. No obvious difference could be observed in steroid concentrations between wild and domestic deer musk by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Furthermore, the δ13 C values of steroids were determined by gas chromatography/combustion coupled with isotopic ratio mass spectrometry. There were significant differences (P < .01) in steroid δ13 C values between wild origin musk and domesticated origin musk. Isotopic ratio mass spectrometry can be used to discriminate wild and domestic deer musk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jingzhu Wang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhen Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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15
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Wang J, He Y, Liu X, Yang Z, Yang W. Steroid profile and IRMS analysis of musk administration for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1779-1787. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhu Wang
- National Anti‐Doping LaboratoryChina Anti‐Doping Agency Beijing China
| | - Yi He
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing China
| | - Xin Liu
- National Anti‐Doping LaboratoryChina Anti‐Doping Agency Beijing China
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- National Anti‐Doping LaboratoryChina Anti‐Doping Agency Beijing China
| | - Wenning Yang
- China Resources Zizhu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Beijing China
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16
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Abstract
Local healthcare providers often question the possible steroidal activity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbs or herbal products and implicate them as a cause for adrenal insufficiency or Cushing's syndrome in patients with a history of TCM intake. We conducted a comprehensive database search for evidence of potential glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgenic or oestrogenic activity of herbs or herbal products. Overall, there are not many herbs whose steroidal activity is well established; among these, most cases were based on preclinical studies. Liquorice root may cause pseudoaldosteronism through interference with the steroidogenesis pathway. Although ginseng and cordyceps have some in vitro glucocorticoid activities, the corroborating clinical data is lacking. Deer musk and deer antler contain androgenic steroids, while epimedium has oestrogenic activity. On the other hand, adulteration of herbal products with exogenous glucocorticoids is a recurrent problem encountered locally in illegal products masquerading as TCM. Healthcare providers should stay vigilant and report any suspicion to the relevant authorities for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Fung
- Traditional Medicine Information Service, Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yeh Ching Linn
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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17
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Nieschlag E, Vorona E. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Medical consequences of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids: effects on reproductive functions. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:R47-58. [PMID: 25805894 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are appearance and performance-enhancing drugs (APEDs) used in competitive athletics, in recreational sports, and by body-builders. The global lifetime prevalence of AASs abuse is 6.4% for males and 1.6% for women. Many AASs, often obtained from the internet and dubious sources, have not undergone proper testing and are consumed at extremely high doses and in irrational combinations, also along with other drugs. Controlled clinical trials investigating undesired side effects are lacking because ethical restrictions prevent exposing volunteers to potentially toxic regimens, obscuring a causal relationship between AASs abuse and possible sequelae. Because of the negative feedback in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, in men AASs cause reversible suppression of spermatogenesis, testicular atrophy, infertility, and erectile dysfunction (anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism). Should spermatogenesis not recover after AASs abuse, a pre-existing fertility disorder may have resurfaced. AASs frequently cause gynecomastia and acne. In women, AASs may disrupt ovarian function. Chronic strenuous physical activity leads to menstrual irregularities and, in severe cases, to the female athlete triad (low energy intake, menstrual disorders and low bone mass), making it difficult to disentangle the effects of sports and AASs. Acne, hirsutism and (irreversible) deepening of the voice are further consequences of AASs misuse. There is no evidence that AASs cause breast carcinoma. Detecting AASs misuse through the control network of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) not only aims to guarantee fair conditions for athletes, but also to protect them from medical sequelae of AASs abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Nieschlag
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and AndrologyUniversity of Münster, 48129 Münster, GermanyCenter of Excellence in Genomic Medicine ResearchKing Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCentre of EndocrinologyDiabetology and Rheumatology, Dortmund, Germany Centre of Reproductive Medicine and AndrologyUniversity of Münster, 48129 Münster, GermanyCenter of Excellence in Genomic Medicine ResearchKing Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCentre of EndocrinologyDiabetology and Rheumatology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elena Vorona
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and AndrologyUniversity of Münster, 48129 Münster, GermanyCenter of Excellence in Genomic Medicine ResearchKing Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCentre of EndocrinologyDiabetology and Rheumatology, Dortmund, Germany
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:1-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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Lee KH, Jeong HS, Rhee H. A patient with minimal change disease and acute focal tubulointerstitial nephritis due to traditional medicine: a case report and small literature review. Explore (NY) 2014; 10:319-23. [PMID: 25037506 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gongjin-dan (GJD) is a traditional formula that is widely used in Korea and China, and it has been used from 1345 AD in China to improve the circulation between the kidneys and the heart and to prevent all diseases. However, its adverse effects have not yet been reported. We present a patient with minimal change disease and focal tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with GJD. A 72-year-old man visited the clinic for generalized edema 20 days after starting GJD. His serum albumin level was low and nephrotic-range proteinuria was detected. A kidney biopsy showed minimal change disease and acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. After stopping GJD, a spontaneous complete remission was achieved. We discuss the possible pathogenesis of GJD-induced minimal change disease and review the adverse effects of GJD's ingredients and traditional Chinese medicines that can induce proteinuria. We report a new adverse effect of GJD, which might induce increased IL-13 production and an allergic response, leading to minimal change disease and focal tubulointerstitial nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-Hyeun Lee
- Graduate School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea; Hemin Traditional Korean Medical Clinic, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sol Jeong
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Harin Rhee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Dvorak J, Saugy M, Pitsiladis YP. Challenges and threats to implementing the fight against doping in sport. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:807-9. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Neuroprotective effect of a formula, moschus combined with borneolum synthcticum, from traditional chinese medicine on ischemia stroke in rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:157938. [PMID: 24782904 PMCID: PMC3982284 DOI: 10.1155/2014/157938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Moschus compatible with borneolum synthcticum is a well-known herb pair in Traditional Chinese Medicine and the present study aims to assess the neuroprotective effect of a formula composed of this herb pair on ischemia stroke in rats. The middle cerebral artery occlusion model of focal cerebral ischemia in rat was performed by using intraluminal suture method. The behavioral scores, infarct volume, and neuron ultrastructure of model and formula-treated rats were investigated after the 2 h of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion. Meanwhile the expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-9, Bcl-2, and Bax were measured by western blot analysis. The formula treatment showed obvious neuroprotective effect according to significant decrease of the neurological scores (P < 0.01) and the infarct volumes (P < 0.05) when compared to the MCAO group. We also observed that this formula had antiapoptosis activity on neuron cell under electron microscope. Furthermore, our result supported the idea that pro- and postadministration of this formula had an antiapoptosis effect by decreasing remarkably the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 (P < 0.05) as well as increasing significantly the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax (P < 0.01). All evidences demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of this formula on ischemia stroke due to decrease of brain infract volume and modulation of the expression of apoptosis-related proteins.
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Geyer H, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Anabolic agents: recent strategies for their detection and protection from inadvertent doping. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:820-6. [PMID: 24632537 PMCID: PMC4033149 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List, anabolic agents consist of exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), endogenous AAS and other anabolic agents such as clenbuterol and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Currently employed strategies for their improved detection include the prolongation of the detection windows for exogenous AAS, non-targeted and indirect analytical approaches for the detection of modified steroids (designer steroids), the athlete's biological passport and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the detection of the misuse of endogenous AAS, as well as preventive doping research for the detection of SARMs. The recent use of these strategies led to 4-80-fold increases of adverse analytical findings for exogenous AAS, to the detection of the misuse of new designer steroids, to adverse analytical findings of different endogenous AAS and to the first adverse analytical findings of SARMs. The strategies of the antidoping research are not only focused on the development of methods to catch the cheating athlete but also to protect the clean athlete from inadvertent doping. Within the past few years several sources of inadvertent doping with anabolic agents have been identified. Among these are nutritional supplements adulterated with AAS, meat products contaminated with clenbuterol, mycotoxin (zearalenone) contamination leading to zeranol findings, and natural products containing endogenous AAS. The protection strategy consists of further investigations in case of reasonable suspicion of inadvertent doping, publication of the results, education of athletes and development of methods to differentiate between intentional and unintentional doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, , Cologne, Germany
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:164-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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He Y, Wang J, Liu X, Xu Y, He Z. Influences of musk administration on the doping test. Steroids 2013; 78:1047-52. [PMID: 23891647 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Musk is widely used as a traditional drug in Asia for the treatment of stroke, tumour, and cardiopathy with an oral dosage of 0.03-0.1 g per day. Because of the potential anabolic effect, musk preparations have been included in the list of medical products containing prohibited substances employed for doping. The application of musk pod formulation was regarded as the reason of some adverse analytical findings in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. In order to investigate the influence of musk administration on the doping test, we executed a chemical analysis and excretion study. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis demonstrated the diversity of steroid concentrations in musk samples. Furthermore, the δ(13)C-values of steroids from wild deer musk showed more depleted than those of domestic deer musk by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) analysis. Because the steroids from some musk had δ(13)C-values in the range of naturally produced steroids in human body, the possible abuse of this kind of musk is very hard to be detected by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in doping control. Musk grains from wild and domestic deer were administrated for the excretion study respectively. Spot urine samples were collected from two male volunteers before and after 100 mg musk grains administration. The profiles and carbon isotope ratios of urinary steroids were determined by GC-MS and GC/C/IRMS. The ingestion of either wild or domestic deer musk did not lead to the adverse analytical finding of doping control in the single dosage of 100mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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Thieme D, Rautenberg C, Grosse J, Schoenfelder M. Significant increase of salivary testosterone levels after single therapeutic transdermal administration of testosterone: suitability as a potential screening parameter in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:819-25. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis; Dresdner str. 12 01731 Kreischa Germany
| | | | - Joachim Grosse
- Institute of Doping Analysis; Dresdner str. 12 01731 Kreischa Germany
| | - Martin Schoenfelder
- Institute of Preventive Paediatrics; Technical University Munich; Germany
- Research Institute of Molecular Sport and Rehabilitation Medicine; Paracelsus Medical Private University Salzburg; Austria
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