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Mitermite M, Elizari JMU, Ma R, Farrell D, Gordon SV. Exploring virulence in Mycobacterium bovis: clues from comparative genomics and perspectives for the future. Ir Vet J 2023; 76:26. [PMID: 37770951 PMCID: PMC10540498 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-023-00257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we provide a summary of a plenary lecture delivered on Mycobacterium bovis, the bovine TB bacillus, at the M. bovis 2022 meeting held in Galway, Ireland, in June 2022. We focus on the analysis of genetic differences between M. bovis and the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a route to gain knowledge on what makes M. bovis function as an animal pathogen. We provide a brief historical background around M. bovis and comparative virulence experiments with M. tuberculosis, before moving to what we have learned from the studies of the M. bovis genome sequence. We discuss the need to translate knowledge on the molecular basis of virulence in M. bovis into improved control of bovine tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Mitermite
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jose Maria Urtasun Elizari
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruoyao Ma
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Damien Farrell
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen V Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Experimental infection of cattle with Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates shows the attenuation of the human tubercle bacillus for cattle. Sci Rep 2018; 8:894. [PMID: 29343690 PMCID: PMC5772528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is the collective term given to the group of bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB) in mammals. It has been reported that M. tuberculosis H37Rv, a standard reference MTBC strain, is attenuated in cattle compared to Mycobacterium bovis. However, as M. tuberculosis H37Rv was isolated in the early 1930s, and genetic variants are known to exist, we sought to revisit this question of attenuation of M. tuberculosis for cattle by performing a bovine experimental infection with a recent M. tuberculosis isolate. Here we report infection of cattle using M. bovis AF2122/97, M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and M. tuberculosis BTB1558, the latter isolated in 2008 during a TB surveillance project in Ethiopian cattle. We show that both M. tuberculosis strains caused reduced gross pathology and histopathology in cattle compared to M. bovis. Using M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. bovis AF2122/97 as the extremes in terms of infection outcome, we used RNA-Seq analysis to explore differences in the peripheral response to infection as a route to identify biomarkers of progressive disease in contrast to a more quiescent, latent infection. Our work shows the attenuation of M. tuberculosis strains for cattle, and emphasizes the potential of the bovine model as a ‘One Health’ approach to inform human TB biomarker development and post-exposure vaccine development.
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Dong H, Lv Y, Sreevatsan S, Zhao D, Zhou X. Differences in pathogenicity of three animal isolates of Mycobacterium species in a mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183666. [PMID: 28837698 PMCID: PMC5570376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal mycobacterioses are among the most important zoonoses worldwide. These are generally caused by either Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), M. bovis (MBO) or M. avium (MAV). To test the hypothesis that different species of pathogenic mycobacteria isolated from varied anatomic locations or animal species differ in virulence and pathogenicity, we performed experiments with three mycobacteria strains (NTSE-3(MTB), NTSE-4(MBO) and NTSE-5 (MAV)) obtained from animal species. Spoligotyping analysis was used to confirm both MTB and MBO strains while the MAV strain was confirmed by 16s rDNA sequencing. BALB/c mice were intranasally infected with the three strains at low and high CFU doses to evaluate variations in pathogenicity. Clinical and pathological parameters were assessed. Infected mice were euthanized at 80 days post-inoculation (dpi). Measures of lung and body weights indicated that the MBO infected group had higher mortality, more weight loss, higher bacterial burden and more severe lesions in lungs than the other two groups. Cytokine profiles showed higher levels of TNF-α for MBO versus MTB, while MAV had the highest amounts of IFN-β in vitro and in vivo. In vitro levels of other cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, and IFN-β showed that Th1 cells had the strongest response in MBO infected mice and that Th2 cells were inhibited. We found that the level of virulence among the three isolates decreased in the following order MBO>MTB>MAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Innate cytokine profiling of bovine alveolar macrophages reveals commonalities and divergence in the response to Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:441-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vinh DC. Cytokine immunomodulation for the treatment of infectious diseases: lessons from primary immunodeficiencies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1069-100. [PMID: 24881679 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.919224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, management of infectious diseases focuses on identification of the causative microbe and the use of pathogen-targeted therapy. With increasing antimicrobial resistance, novel approaches are required. One strategy is to modulate those natural host immune responses that critically mediate resistance to specific microbes. Clinically, this host-directed tactic could be used either alone or in combination with antimicrobial therapy. While conceptually attractive, there is potential concern that the pathways governing host resistance to pathogens in animal models may not extrapolate linearly to humans. Targeting these immune processes clinically may precipitate damaging, epiphenomenal responses. The field of Primary Immunodeficiencies focuses on the characterization of humans with inborn errors of immunity. These rare conditions permit the identification of those molecular and cellular processes that are central to human susceptibility to microbes. In efforts to compensate for defective host responses, this field has also provided a wealth of clinical experience in the effective use of cytokines to treat various active infections, while demonstrating their safety. In this review, we provide a historical perspective of the treatment of infectious diseases, evolving from a focus on the microbe, to an understanding of human immunity; we then outline the growing contribution of Primary Immunodeficiencies to the rational use of adjunctive cytokine immunotherapy in the management of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Vinh
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Department of Human Genetics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, McGill University Health Centre - Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Ave, Rm A5-156, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
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Chen Y, Wu J, Tu L, Xiong X, Hu X, Huang J, Xu Z, Zhang X, Hu C, Hu X, Guo A, Wang Y, Chen H. (1)H-NMR spectroscopy revealed Mycobacterium tuberculosis caused abnormal serum metabolic profile of cattle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74507. [PMID: 24098654 PMCID: PMC3787013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To re-evaluate virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) in cattle, we experimentally infected calves with M. tb andMycobacterium bovisvia intratracheal injection at a dose of 2.0×107 CFU and observed the animals for 33 weeks. The intradermal tuberculin test and IFN-γin vitro release assay showed that both M. tb and M. bovis induced similar responses. Immunohistochemical staining of pulmonary lymph nodes indicated that the antigen MPB83 of both M. tb and M. bovis were similarly distributed in the tissue samples. Histological examinations showed all of the infected groups exhibited neutrophil infiltration to similar extents. Although the infected cattle did not develop granulomatous inflammation, the metabolic profiles changed significantly, which were characterized by a change in energy production pathways and increased concentrations of N-acetyl glycoproteins. Glycolysis was induced in the infected cattle by decreased glucose and increased lactate content, and enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation was induced by decreased TG content, and decreased gluconeogenesis indicated by the decreased concentration of glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids promoted utilization of substances other than glucose as energy sources. In addition, an increase in acute phase reactive serum glycoproteins, together with neutrophil infiltration and increased of IL-1β production indicated an early inflammatory response before granuloma formation. In conclusion, this study indicated that both M. tb and M.bovis were virulent to cattle. Therefore, it is likely that cattle with M. tb infections would be critical to tuberculosis transmission from cattle to humans. Nuclear magnetic resonance was demonstrated to be an efficient method to systematically evaluate M. tb and M. bovi sinfection in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Chen
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junfang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingling Tu
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Keqian Animal Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuekai Xiong
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xidan Hu
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiong Huang
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhiguang Xu
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiansong Zhang
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueying Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (AG); (YW)
| | - Yulan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (AG); (YW)
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Speake SW. Infectious milk: issues of pathogenic certainty within ideational regimes and their biopolitical implications. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2011; 42:530-541. [PMID: 22035726 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the 19(th) century and early decades of the 20(th) century, milk was a dangerous food that required state intervention to make it safe. Throughout this period, the germ theory of contagious disease came to prominence, but could not explicitly determine the causal relationships linking germs, milk, and human illness. Using the notion of an ideational regime, I examine how (1) knowledge claims move from uncertainty to certainty and become privileged claims within ideational regimes that (2) result in an unintended, but necessary deployment of a biopolitical strategy for governance. The argument here is that theoretical uncertainty meant managing populations as a uniform undifferentiated reality using pasteurization technologies. I use two historical moments as evidence of these processes. The first is the 1901 British Congress on Tuberculosis when I argue germ theory came to a theoretical standstill and the second is Ontario's 1938 amendment to the province's Public Health Act that permanently institutionalised province-wide compulsory pasteurisation laws organised around the notion of nutritional equivalency. This genealogical exploration should provide some insight into how bacteria became the singular cause of illness and into the conditions that led to targeting milk as the main site of intervention instead of treating individual bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Speake
- Department of Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H4
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Study of Tubercle Bacilli isolated from cases of Surgical Tuberculosis (chiefly Bone and Joint) in the Sheffield Area. J Hyg (Lond) 2010; 25:109-18. [PMID: 20474873 DOI: 10.1017/s002217240001723x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
General interest was first aroused regarding the respective powers of the human and bovine types of the tubercle bacillus to infect the human subject by the address of Koch at the Tuberculosis Congress in 1901. In this he stated that the two types produced different diseases, and that the amount of human tuberculosis due to infection by the bovine type of the tubercle bacillus was negligible.
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Converse PJ, Eisenach KD, Theus SA, Nuermberger EL, Tyagi S, Ly LH, Geiman DE, Guo H, Nolan ST, Akar NC, Klinkenberg LG, Gupta R, Lun S, Karakousis PC, Lamichhane G, McMurray DN, Grosset JH, Bishai WR. The impact of mouse passaging of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains prior to virulence testing in the mouse and guinea pig aerosol models. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10289. [PMID: 20422019 PMCID: PMC2858211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been hypothesized that the virulence of lab-passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis and recombinant M. tuberculosis mutants might be reduced due to multiple in vitro passages, and that virulence might be augmented by passage of these strains through mice before quantitative virulence testing in the mouse or guinea pig aerosol models. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By testing three M. tuberculosis H37Rv samples, one deletion mutant, and one recent clinical isolate for survival by the quantitative organ CFU counting method in mouse or guinea pig aerosol or intravenous infection models, we could discern no increase in bacterial fitness as a result of passaging of M. tuberculosis strains in mice prior to quantitative virulence testing in two animal models. Surface lipid expression as assessed by neutral red staining and thin-layer chromatography for PDIM analysis also failed to identify virulence correlates. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that animal passaging of M. tuberculosis strains prior to quantitative virulence testing in mouse or guinea pig models does not enhance or restore potency to strains that may have lost virulence due to in vitro passaging. It is critical to verify virulence of parental strains before genetic manipulations are undertaken and comparisons are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Converse
- Department of Medicine, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
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Whelan AO, Coad M, Cockle PJ, Hewinson G, Vordermeier M, Gordon SV. Revisiting host preference in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: experimental infection shows M. tuberculosis H37Rv to be avirulent in cattle. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8527. [PMID: 20049086 PMCID: PMC2795854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments in the late 19th century sought to define the host specificity of the causative agents of tuberculosis in mammals. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the human tubercle bacillus, was independently shown by Smith, Koch, and von Behring to be avirulent in cattle. This finding was erroneously used by Koch to argue the converse, namely that Mycobacterium bovis, the agent of bovine tuberculosis, was avirulent for man, a view that was subsequently discredited. However, reports in the literature of M. tuberculosis isolation from cattle with tuberculoid lesions suggests that the virulence of M. tuberculosis for cattle needs to be readdressed. We used an experimental bovine infection model to test the virulence of well-characterized strains of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis in cattle, choosing the genome-sequenced strains M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. bovis 2122/97. Cattle were infected with approximately 106 CFU of M. tuberculosis H37Rv or M. bovis 2122/97, and sacrificed 17 weeks post-infection. IFN-γ and tuberculin skin tests indicated that both M. bovis 2122 and M. tuberculosis H37Rv were equally infective and triggered strong cell-mediated immune responses, albeit with some indication of differential antigen-specific responses. Postmortem examination revealed that while M. bovis 2122/97–infected animals all showed clear pathology indicative of bovine tuberculosis, the M. tuberculosis–infected animals showed no pathology. Culturing of infected tissues revealed that M. tuberculosis was able to persist in the majority of animals, albeit at relatively low bacillary loads. In revisiting the early work on host preference across the M. tuberculosis complex, we have shown M. tuberculosis H37Rv is avirulent for cattle, and propose that the immune status of the animal, or genotype of the infecting bacillus, may have significant bearing on the virulence of a strain for cattle. This work will serve as a baseline for future studies into the genetic basis of host preference, and in particular the molecular basis of virulence in M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam O. Whelan
- TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Coad
- TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Cockle
- TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Hewinson
- TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, United Kingdom
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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