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Krumrie S, Capewell P, Smith-Palmer A, Mellor D, Weir W, Alexander CL. A scoping review of risk factors and transmission routes associated with human giardiasis outbreaks in high-income settings. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100084. [PMID: 36589877 PMCID: PMC9795371 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The flagellated pathogen Giardia duodenalis is one of the leading causes of parasitic gastrointestinal illness worldwide. In many higher income countries, such as the United Kingdom, the disease is often perceived as being travel-related, likely leading to the under-reporting of sporadic cases and outbreaks. A summary of the literature describing outbreaks and risk factors in higher income countries is necessary to improve our understanding of this pathogen and identify existing knowledge gaps. Initial literature searches were carried out in September 2016 and updated at regular intervals until November 2021, using appropriate search terms in Medline, Embase and PubMed databases. A total of 75 papers met the inclusion criteria, revealing that the consumption of contaminated water and contact with young children of diaper-wearing age were the most common transmission routes leading to outbreaks of giardiasis. Of the ten studies where food was primarily associated with outbreaks, food handlers accounted for eight of these. Another reported transmission route was direct contact with fecal material, which was reported in six studies as the primary transmission route. Travel-associated giardiasis was considered the sole transmission route in two studies, whereas multiple transmission routes contributed to giardiasis outbreaks in eleven studies. The evidence around zoonotic transmission was less clear and hampered by the lack of robust and regularly applied parasite molecular typing techniques. This literature review summarizes the findings of Giardia outbreak investigations and epidemiological studies in high-income countries. Transmission routes are identified and discussed to highlight the associated risk factors. These data also indicate gaps in our current knowledge that include the need for robust, in-depth molecular studies and have underscored the importance of water as a transmission route for Giardia cysts. These future molecular studies will improve our understanding of Giardia epidemiology and transmission pathways in higher income countries to prevent spread of this significantly under-reported pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Krumrie
- University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- Corresponding author. University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Paul Capewell
- University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- BioClavis Ltd, Queen Elizabeth Teaching and Learning Centre, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - Alison Smith-Palmer
- Gastrointestinal and Zoonoses Team, Public Health Scotland, Meridian Court, 5 Cadogan Street, Glasgow, G2 6QE, UK
| | - Dominic Mellor
- University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- Gastrointestinal and Zoonoses Team, Public Health Scotland, Meridian Court, 5 Cadogan Street, Glasgow, G2 6QE, UK
| | - Willie Weir
- University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Claire L. Alexander
- Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories, New Lister Building, 10-16 Alexandria Parade, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
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Natural Infection with Giardia Is Associated with Altered Community Structure of the Human and Canine Gut Microbiome. mSphere 2020; 5:5/4/e00670-20. [PMID: 32759335 PMCID: PMC7407069 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00670-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While enteric parasitic infections are among the most important infections in lower- and middle-income countries, their impact on gut microbiota is poorly understood. We reasoned that clinical symptoms associated with these infections may be influenced by alterations of the microbiome that occur during infection. To explore this notion, we took a two-pronged approach. First, we studied a cohort of dogs naturally infected with various enteric parasites and found a strong association between parasite infection and altered gut microbiota composition. Giardia, one of the most prevalent parasite infections globally, had a particularly large impact on the microbiome. Second, we took a database-driven strategy to integrate microbiome data with clinical data from large human field studies and found that Giardia infection is also associated with marked alteration of the gut microbiome of children, suggesting a possible explanation for why Giardia has been reported to be associated with protection from moderate to severe diarrhea. Enteric parasitic infections are among the most prevalent infections in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and have a profound impact on global public health. While the microbiome is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of gut health and human development, the impact of naturally acquired parasite infections on microbial community structure in the gut, and the extent to which parasite-induced changes in the microbiome may contribute to gastrointestinal symptoms, is poorly understood. Enteric parasites are routinely identified in companion animals in the United States, presenting a unique opportunity to leverage this animal model to investigate the impact of naturally acquired parasite infections on the microbiome. Clinical, parasitological, and microbiome profiling of a cohort of 258 dogs revealed a significant correlation between parasite infection and composition of the bacterial community in the gut. Relative to other enteric parasites, Giardia was associated with a more pronounced perturbation of the microbiome. To compare our findings to large-scale epidemiological studies of enteric diseases in humans, a database mining approach was employed to integrate clinical and microbiome data. Substantial and consistent alterations to microbiome structure were observed in Giardia-infected children. Importantly, infection was associated with a reduction in the relative abundance of potential pathobionts, including Gammaproteobacteria, and an increase in Prevotella—a profile often associated with gut health. Taken together, these data show that widespread Giardia infection in young animals and humans is associated with significant remodeling of the gut microbiome and provide a possible explanation for the high prevalence of asymptomatic Giardia infections observed across host species. IMPORTANCE While enteric parasitic infections are among the most important infections in lower- and middle-income countries, their impact on gut microbiota is poorly understood. We reasoned that clinical symptoms associated with these infections may be influenced by alterations of the microbiome that occur during infection. To explore this notion, we took a two-pronged approach. First, we studied a cohort of dogs naturally infected with various enteric parasites and found a strong association between parasite infection and altered gut microbiota composition. Giardia, one of the most prevalent parasite infections globally, had a particularly large impact on the microbiome. Second, we took a database-driven strategy to integrate microbiome data with clinical data from large human field studies and found that Giardia infection is also associated with marked alteration of the gut microbiome of children, suggesting a possible explanation for why Giardia has been reported to be associated with protection from moderate to severe diarrhea.
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Hou YL, Yang XL, Wang CX, Zhi LX, Yang MJ, You CG. Hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia: a retrospective study of urban residents. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:81. [PMID: 30935401 PMCID: PMC6444567 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine the association between hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia (HUA). Methods The study was conducted in 3884 subjects who had not received medication enrolled as a baseline. Each participant received at least three annual health check-ups between 2011 and 2017. The risk of hyperuricemia was assessed in four Quartiles (Q1 to Q4) according to TG levels using multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models. Results The total incidence rate of HUA was 62.3/1000 person-years. In the univariate analysis, the risk of hyperuricemia in people with hypertriglyceridemia was 2.353 times that of normal triglycerides, with a 95% confidence interval of (2.011, 2.754), and the risk of hyperuricemia in men was 1.86 times of female, and the 95% confidence interval is (1.634, 2.177). After adjusting the potential confounders, the relative risk RR of TG at Q2 Q3 Q4 was 1.445 (95%CI:1.114, 1.901), 2.075 (1.611, 2.674), 2.972 (2.322, 3.804). Conclusions TG is an independent risk factor for hyperuricemia. As the level of TG increases, the risk of HUA increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Long Hou
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Lanzhou, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Baiyin, Baiyin, 730900, Gansu, China
| | - Chun-Xia Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou city, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou city, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Mei-Juan Yang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Lanzhou, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Chong-Ge You
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen Lanzhou, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
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Muhsen K, Levine MM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between Giardia lamblia and endemic pediatric diarrhea in developing countries. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55 Suppl 4:S271-93. [PMID: 23169940 PMCID: PMC3502312 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis examining the association between diarrhea in young children in nonindustrialized settings and Giardia lamblia infection. Eligible were case/control and longitudinal studies that defined the outcome as acute or persistent (>14 days) diarrhea, adjusted for confounders and lasting for at least 1 year. Data on G. lamblia detection (mainly in stools) from diarrhea patients and controls without diarrhea were abstracted. Random effects model meta-analysis obtained pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Twelve nonindustrialized-setting acute pediatric diarrhea studies met the meta-analysis inclusion criteria. Random-effects model meta-analysis of combined results (9774 acute diarrhea cases and 8766 controls) yielded a pooled OR of 0.60 (95% CI, .38-.94; P = .03), indicating that G. lamblia was not associated with acute diarrhea. However, limited data suggest that initial Giardia infections in early infancy may be positively associated with diarrhea. Meta-analysis of 5 persistent diarrhea studies showed a pooled OR of 3.18 (95% CI, 1.50-6.76; P < .001), positively linking Giardia with that syndrome. The well-powered Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) is prospectively addressing the association between G. lamblia infection and diarrhea in children in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khitam Muhsen
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Genkinger JM, Loffredo CA, Singer SM. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of albendazole compared with metronidazole as treatments for infections with Giardia duodenalis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e682. [PMID: 20485492 PMCID: PMC2867942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metronidazole is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of giardiasis in humans. In spite of its therapeutic efficacy for giardiasis, low patient compliance, especially in children, side effects, and the emergence of metronidazole-resistant strains may restrict its use. Albendazole has been used to treat Giardia duodenalis infections in recent years. However, efficacy studies in vivo and in vitro have produced diverse results as to its effectiveness. A moderately benign side effect profile, combined with established efficacy against many helminths, renders it promising for treatment of giardiasis in humans. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed a search in the PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, the ISI Web of Science, LILIACS, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register for trials published before February 2010 as well as in references of relevant research and review articles. Eight randomized clinical trials (including 900 patients) comparing the effectiveness of albendazole with that of metronidazole were included in meta-analysis. After extracting and validating the data, the pooled risk ratio (RR) was calculated using an inverse-variance random-effects model. Albendazole was found to be equally as effective as metronidazole in the treatment of giardiasis in humans (RR 0.97; 95% CI, 0.93, 1.01). In addition, safety analysis suggested that patients treated with albendazole had a lower risk of adverse effects compared with those who received metronidazole (RR 0.36; 95% CI, 0.10, 1.34), but limitations of the sample size precluded a definite conclusion. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The effectiveness of albendazole, when given as a single dose of 400 mg/day for 5 days, was comparable to that of metronidazole. Patients treated with albendazole tended to have fewer side effects compared with those who took metronidazole. Given the safety, effectiveness, and low costs of albendazole, this drug could be potentially used as an alternative and/or a replacement for the existing metronidazole therapy protocols in the treatment of giardiasis in humans.
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Abstract
Giardia lamblia, the cause of human giardiasis, is among the most common intestinal protozoa worldwide. Human infection may range from asymptomatic shedding of giardial cysts to symptomatic giardiasis, being responsible for abdominal cramps, nausea, acute or chronic diarrhoea, with malabsorption and failure of children to thrive. At present, treatment options include the nitroimidazoles derivatives; especially metronidazole, which has been the mainstay of treatment for decades and is still widely used. The increasing number of reports of refractory cases with this group of drugs and other antigiardial agents, has raised concern and led to a search for other compounds, some of which have arisen due to the introduction of drugs initially addressed to other diseases. The present article examines some of the most important points of antigiardial pharmacotherapy available at present and the future prospects of development of new agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel A Escobedo
- Jefe del departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Pediatrico Universitario Pedro Borrás, Ciudad de La Habana, CP, Cuba.
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Nash TE, Ohl CA, Thomas E, Subramanian G, Keiser P, Moore TA. Treatment of patients with refractory giardiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:22-8. [PMID: 11389490 DOI: 10.1086/320886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2000] [Revised: 10/30/2000] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is one of the most common parasitic infections. Although standard treatments are usually curative, some immunocompromised patients, including patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome as well as healthy patients, have giardiasis that is refractory to recommended regimens. We report our experience with 6 patients with giardiasis, for whom therapy with a combination of quinacrine and metronidazole resulted in cures for 5 of the 6 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Nash
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Giardia lamblia is both the most common intestinal parasite in the United States and a frequent cause of diarrheal illness throughout the world. In spite of its recognition as an important human pathogen, there have been relatively few agents used in therapy. This paper discusses each class of drugs used in treatment, along with their mechanism of action, in vitro and clinical efficacy, and side effects and contraindications. Recommendations are made for the preferred treatment in different clinical situations. The greatest clinical experience is with the nitroimidazole drugs, i.e., metronidazole, tinidazole, and ornidazole, which are highly effective. A 5- to 7-day course of metronidazole can be expected to cure over 90% of individuals, and a single dose of tinidazole or ornidazole will cure a similar number. Quinacrine, which is no longer produced in the United States, has excellent efficacy but may be poorly tolerated, especially in children. Furazolidone is an effective alternative but must be administered four times a day for 7 to 10 days. Paromomycin may be used during early pregnancy, because it is not systematically absorbed, but it is not always effective. Patients who have resistant infection can usually be cured by a prolonged course of treatment with a combination of a nitroimidazole with quinacrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Gardner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3212, USA
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Effet du nifuroxazide sur Giardia intestinalis. Med Mal Infect 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(05)80149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Eight adults presenting with giardiasis to a gastrointestinal unit during a two year period were studied in detail. Symptoms were varied, diarrhoea occurring in only five patients. Four of the eight gave a history of travel to endemic zones, and three of those who gave no such history had possible predisposing conditions (gastric surgery (2), and borderline IgA deficiency (1]. Most patients exhibited mild malabsorption of fat and vitamin B12, and some abnormality of jejunal disaccharidases was usual. Jejunal histology varied from normal to partial villous atrophy, and the intraepithelial lymphocyte count was raised in those patients with the most marked histological abnormality. Treatment with metronidazole was uniformly successful, and most of the above abnormalities reverted to normal within a month of treatment.
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WOLFE MARTINS. Giardiasis. Prim Care 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0095-4543(21)00673-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Twenty-three waterborne outbreaks of giardiasis have been reported in the US, 1972-77. Data indicate that disinfection as the only treatment for surface water sources is ineffective in preventing waterborne transmission of this organism. To protect against transmission, all surface water should receive chemical pretreatment, preferably with sedimentation, and filtration in addition to disinfection. Outbreak data indicate that negative coliform tests do not provide assurance that water is free of Giardia cysts.
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Welch JS, Rowsell BJ, Freeman C. TREATMENT OF INTESTINAL AMOEBIASIS AND GIARDIASIS EFFICACY OF METRONIDAZOLE AND TINIDAZOLE COMPARED. Med J Aust 1978. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1978.tb112560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John S. Welch
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Brisbane
- Cherbourg HospitalQueensland
| | - Brian J. Rowsell
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Brisbane
- Cherbourg HospitalQueensland
| | - Cherryl Freeman
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Brisbane
- Cherbourg HospitalQueensland
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Burke JA. The clinical and laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES 1977; 7:373-91. [PMID: 143358 DOI: 10.3109/10408367709151690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Recently acquired giardiasis was suspected in 199 patients because of typical symptoms following a trip to a known endemic area. In 130 cases giardiasis was confirmed by stool examination, although most of the samples obtained less than 3 wk after probable infection were negative for Giardia lamblia. Prepatency was documented in 35 patients who, after one or more negative stool examinations, started to excrete Giardia. The median prepatent period was 14 days, and in most cases the prepatent period was less than 3 wk. The median incubation time of giardiasis was 8 days, and in two-thirds of the cases the symptoms had continued for over a week before the parasite became detectable in faeces. A practical conclusion was that, in suspected cases of giardiasis with negative stool findings during the first 3 wk after possible exposure to Giardia, examination of repeated faecal samples is still effective in confirming the diagnosis.
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Abstract
Forty children with symptomatic intestinal amoebiasis were treated with tinidazole in a single dose of 50 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days. A cure rate of 97% was obtained. Tinidazole was tolerated well in children and proved to be a valuable new amoebicidal drug.
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Bennett JS. Editorial: Giardiasis. CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL 1976; 114:95-6. [PMID: 1253055 PMCID: PMC1956808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Sawyer PR, Brogden RN, Pinder RM, Speight TM, Avery GS. Tinidazole: a review of its antiprotozoal activity and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1976; 11:423-40. [PMID: 954609 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-197611060-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tinidazole, a synthetic imidazole derivative, has been used in the oral treatment of several protozoal infections - trichomoniasis, giardiasis and amoebiasis. Among the protozoal organisms inhibited by tinidazole are Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichomonas foetus, and Entamoeba histolytica. In vitro, tinidazole has been shown to possess antiprotozoal activity at least comparable to, and in some cases greater than, metronidazole. Tinidazole also has activity against some Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli, including Bacteroides spp. Following oral administration of a 2g dose, like metronidazole serum levels peak in about 2 hours but persist for longer. Any clinical significance of the longer plasma half-life (tinidazole 12.5h; metronidazole 7.3h) has yet to be demonstrated. Tinidazole is approximately 20% bound to plasma proteins. Only unchanged drug has been found in the plasma and urine of tinidazole-treated subjects, although metabolites have been detected in animal studies. A single 2g dose of tinidazole has been shown to be effective therapy in vaginal trichomoniasis and in urogenital trichomoniasis in males. Single-dose therapy in general offers advantages in regard to convenience, and in the treatment of a sexually transmissible disease such as trichomoniasis, single-dose therapy facilitates compliance of patient and sexual partner. In comparative studies, tinidazole, in both single-dose and traditional multiple-dose regimens, has been shown to be equivalent and often superior to other antitrichomonal agents, including metronidazole. In intestinal amoebiasis, tinidazole has been evaluated after both once-a-day and multiple daily dose regimens, with the former giving slightly better results. When both metronidazole and tinidazole were administered in multiple daily dose regimens, the two agents yielded similar cure rates; in one study fewer tinidazole-treated patients required a second course. Tinidazole has also been successful in some cases of amoebic liver abscess, but an advantage over metronidazole has not been demonstrated. Results in the treatment of giardiasis, especially with the single-dose regimen, are promising, and in one study, tinidazole proved effective in infections resistant to metronidazole. Even in large doses, tinidazole has been well tolerated, although rarely vomiting may occur and the patient may need to be re-treated with a multiple dose regimen.
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Miller MJ. Protozoan and helminth parasites - a review of current treatment. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1976; 20:433-64. [PMID: 796870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7094-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Baranski MC, Carneiro Filho M, Santos LAC, Trezub CJ. Tratamento da giardiase com tinidazol. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1975. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86821975000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estudou-se a eficácia terapêutica do tinidazol, um novo derivado nitroimidazólico, em trinta pacientes com giardiase. A posologia diária foi de 300 mg em 20 pacientes com idade superior a 10 anos, e de 150 mg em 10 crianças com idade inferior a 10 anos. O tratamento teve a duração de cinco dias. O diagnóstico e os controles de cura parasitológicos foram feitos pelos métodos de Hoffman, Pons & Janer e de Faust e cols. Foram realizados três controles, com intervalos de sete dias, iniciando-se na semana subsequente ao término do tratamento. Obtiveram cura parasitológica em 96,6% dos casos. Ressaltam a excelente tolerância da droga, mesmo em pacientes com grave doença fundamental ou em crianças, não se registrando efeitos colaterais. Concluem ser o tinidazol excelente droga giardicida.
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Lim JK. Clinical Trial Of Tinidazole (Fasigyn) In Acute And Chronic Intestinal Amoebiasis. KISAENGCH'UNGHAK CHAPCHI. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1974; 12:135-140. [PMID: 12913475 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1974.12.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tinidazole (Fasigyn), a new drug which is active in vitro and in vivo against Entamoeba histolytica, was used in 30 Korean patients with acute and chronic intestinal amoebiasis. In aute amoebic dysentry eight of ten patients given tinidazole 150 mg q.i.d. for 10 days were cured clinically and parasitologically. In chronic intestinal amoebiasis, the parasitological cure was obtained 6 out of 10 patients given150 mg q.i.d. for 10 days and 8 out of 10 in patients given 300 mg q.i.d. for 7 days. Tinidazole is well tolerated and is free from serious toxicity. There was no significant alteration in blood count, liver function tests and urine analysis of any of the patients treated with tinidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Kyoo Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Korea
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Infante PF, Ackerman JH, MacKenzie AL. Letter: Secular trends in leukaemia mortality. Lancet 1974; 2:720-1. [PMID: 4142991 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)93297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Letter: Giardiasis in Russia (cont.). N Engl J Med 1974; 290:861-2. [PMID: 4817850 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197404112901522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
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Schellen TM, Meinhardt G. Treatment of trichomoniasis with a single oral dose of tinidazole ('Fasigyn'). Curr Med Res Opin 1974; 2:158-64. [PMID: 4407702 DOI: 10.1185/03007997409113632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kettis AA, Magnius L. Giardia lamblia infection in a group of students after a visit to Leningrad in March 1970. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1973; 5:289-92. [PMID: 4780365 DOI: 10.3109/inf.1973.5.issue-4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sterner G, Forssell J, Lantorp K. Outbreak of giardia lamblia infections in a tourist-group; Treatment with tinidazole. Infection 1973; 1:133-6. [PMID: 4275040 DOI: 10.1007/bf01641322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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