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Liu J, Gao Y. Tigecycline in the treatment of severe pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci: A case report and literature review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1040441. [PMID: 36507520 PMCID: PMC9730873 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittacosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci. Systemic infections are mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract. The most common related disease is human atypical pneumonia, which is a rare pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia. Due to the difficulty of diagnosis, there have been few reports of C. psittaci pneumonia in the past. In recent years, with the widespread application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), the number of reported cases of C. psittaci has increased year by year. However, at present, most hospitals have little understanding of C. psittaci, especially for severe patients, and lack experience in diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we report the case of a 71-year-old woman with severe pneumonia that caused by C. psittaci. This patient was diagnosed through mNGS and was treated with tigecycline successfully. The level of IL-6 in the BALF was significantly increased. We discontinued tigecycline after mNGS of the blood was negative. In this review, we analyzed 53 cases to summarize the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment strategies of severe C. psittaci pneumonia and hope to raise clinicians' awareness of this disease.
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Livingstone M, Wattegedera SR, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Aitchison K, Corbett C, Sait M, Wilson K, Chianini F, Rocchi MS, Wheelhouse N, Entrican G, Longbottom D. Efficacy of Two Chlamydia abortus Subcellular Vaccines in a Pregnant Ewe Challenge Model for Ovine Enzootic Abortion. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080898. [PMID: 34452023 PMCID: PMC8402522 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia abortus, the aetiological agent of enzootic abortion of ewes, is a major cause of reproductive loss in small ruminants worldwide, accounting for significant economic losses to the farming industry. Disease can be managed through the use of commercial inactivated or live whole organism-based vaccines, although both have limitations particularly in terms of efficacy, safety and disease-associated outbreaks. Here we report a comparison of two experimental vaccines (chlamydial outer membrane complex (COMC) and octyl glucoside (OG)-COMC) based on detergent extracted outer membrane preparations of C. abortus and delivered as prime-boost immunisations, with the commercial live vaccine Cevac® Chlamydia in a pregnant sheep challenge model. No abortions occurred in either experimental vaccine group, while a single abortion occurred in the commercial vaccine group. Bacterial shedding, as a measure of potential risk of transmission of infection to naïve animals, was lowest in the COMC vaccinated group, with reductions of 87.5%, 86.4% and 74% observed for the COMC, OG-COMC and live commercial vaccine groups, respectively, compared to the unvaccinated challenge control group. The results show that the COMC vaccine performed the best and is a safer efficacious alternative to the commercial vaccines. However, to improve commercial viability, future studies should optimise the antigen dose and number of inoculations required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag Livingstone
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (K.W.); (F.C.); (M.S.R.); (N.W.); (G.E.)
| | - Sean Ranjan Wattegedera
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (K.W.); (F.C.); (M.S.R.); (N.W.); (G.E.)
| | | | - Kevin Aitchison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (K.W.); (F.C.); (M.S.R.); (N.W.); (G.E.)
| | - Cecilia Corbett
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (K.W.); (F.C.); (M.S.R.); (N.W.); (G.E.)
| | - Michelle Sait
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (K.W.); (F.C.); (M.S.R.); (N.W.); (G.E.)
| | - Kim Wilson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (K.W.); (F.C.); (M.S.R.); (N.W.); (G.E.)
| | - Francesca Chianini
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (K.W.); (F.C.); (M.S.R.); (N.W.); (G.E.)
| | - Mara Silvia Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (K.W.); (F.C.); (M.S.R.); (N.W.); (G.E.)
| | - Nicholas Wheelhouse
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (K.W.); (F.C.); (M.S.R.); (N.W.); (G.E.)
| | - Gary Entrican
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (K.W.); (F.C.); (M.S.R.); (N.W.); (G.E.)
| | - David Longbottom
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK; (M.L.); (S.R.W.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (M.S.); (K.W.); (F.C.); (M.S.R.); (N.W.); (G.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Katsura D, Tsuji S, Kimura F, Tanaka T, Eguchi Y, Murakami T. Gestational psittacosis: A case report and literature review. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 46:673-677. [PMID: 32077210 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gestational psittacosis is a rare disease that is associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is no examination method which allows for a quick diagnosis. We report a case of gestational psittacosis that could not be diagnosed as psittacosis during treatment and resulted in maternal and fetal death despite intensive treatment. We also reviewed 23 cases of gestational psittacosis. Fetal and maternal mortality was 82.6% (19/23) and 8.7% (2/23), respectively. In pregnant women with high fever and flu-like symptoms, we should suspect Chlamydia psittaci infection if at least one of the following is present; contact with sheep, parrots, parakeets or goats; normal or moderately decreased leucocyte count, thrombocytopenia and hepatic and/or renal dysfunction; cough and/or lobe consolidation or infiltration on chest X-ray. Antibiotic therapy with macrolide prenatally, macrolide or tetracycline postnatally and termination of pregnancy should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Katsura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shunichiro Tsuji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Fuminori Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Tomoki Tanaka
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yutaka Eguchi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
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Proteomic characterisation of the Chlamydia abortus outer membrane complex (COMC) using combined rapid monolithic column liquid chromatography and fast MS/MS scanning. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224070. [PMID: 31647835 PMCID: PMC6812762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Data are presented on the identification and partial characterisation of proteins comprising the chlamydial outer membrane complex (COMC) fraction of Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus)—the aetiological agent of ovine enzootic abortion. Inoculation with the COMC fraction is known to be highly effective in protecting sheep against experimental challenge and its constituent proteins are therefore of interest as potential vaccine candidates. Sodium N-lauroylsarcosine (sarkosyl) insoluble COMC proteins resolved by SDS-PAGE were interrogated by mass spectrometry using combined rapid monolithic column liquid chromatography and fast MS/MS scanning. Downstream database mining of processed tandem MS data revealed the presence of 67 proteins in total, including putative membrane associated proteins (n = 36), such as porins, polymorphic membrane proteins (Pmps), chaperonins and hypothetical membrane proteins, in addition to others (n = 22) that appear more likely to have originated from other subcellular compartments. Electrophoretic mobility data combined with detailed amino acid sequence information derived from secondary fragmentation spectra for 8 Pmps enabled peptides originating from protein cleavage fragments to be mapped to corresponding regions of parent precursor molecules yielding preliminary evidence in support of endogenous post-translational processing of outer membrane proteins in C. abortus. The data presented here will facilitate a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of C. abortus infection and represent an important step towards the elucidation of the mechanisms of immunoprotection against C. abortus infection and the identification of potential target vaccine candidate antigens.
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Van Kruiningen HJ, Helal Z, Leroyer A, Garmendia A, Gower-Rousseau C. ELISA Serology for Antibodies Against Chlamydia trachomatis in Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology Res 2018; 10:334-338. [PMID: 29317940 PMCID: PMC5755634 DOI: 10.14740/gr922w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently we reported IgA anti-Chlamydia antibodies in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), in particular in four patients from a single family of six with CD. Methods We studied sera from four cohorts from the north of France. These were identified as: EPIMAD (80 pediatric onset CD and 20 pediatric onset ulcerative colitis), MINOTOR (148 adult onset sporadic CD and 50 adult onset ulcerative colitis), Grande Famillies (50) and matched controls for the Grande Famillies cohort (49). Sera were tested using commercial anti-Chlamydia trachomatis (LGV2:434) IgG and IgA human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Cutoff for positivity was 11.0 standard units. Results Patients with sporadic CD, unaffected first degree relatives from multiplex families and ulcerative colitis patients had no greater serologic reactivity than controls. However, multiplex families’ patients had twice as many positives as the other groups: for IgG 20% vs. 8%; for IgA 20% vs. 10%. Conclusions Though not attaining statistical significance, the data showed that familial CD patients had greater exposure to C. trachomatis than sporadic CD patients, supporting our earlier results from one family from the north of France. More specific serologic tests based on outer membrane proteins will need to be employed against the various Chlamydia species with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeinab Helal
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ariane Leroyer
- EA4483 - IMPECS - IMPact of Environmental ChemicalS on Human Health, Faculte de Medecine, Lille 2 University, France
| | - Antonio Garmendia
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Corrine Gower-Rousseau
- Inserm, UMR 995, LIRIC, Team 5 "Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Epidemiology to Functional Analysis", Faculte de Medecine, Lille 2 University, France.,Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Economic Health, Registre Epimad, Maison Regionale de la Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Regional, Lille, France
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Abstract
Zoonoses are infections that spread naturally between species (sometimes by a vector) from animals to other animal species or to humans or from humans to animals. Most of the zoonoses diagnosed in sheep and goats are transmitted by close contact of man with these animals and are, more often, occupational diseases that principally affect breeders, veterinarians and/or slaughterhouse workers. Some other diseases have an airborne transmission and affect the population in the vicinity of sheep/goat farms. Due to the fact that small ruminants are almost the only remaining animals which are migrating in industrialised countries, there is a severe risk for transmitting the diseases. Some other zoonotic diseases are foodborne diseases, which are mainly transmitted from animals to humans and to other animal species by contaminated food and water. Within the last decade central Europe was threatened by some new infections, e.g., bluetongue disease and schmallenberg disease, which although not of zoonotic interest, are caused by pathogens transmitted by vectors. Causal agents of both diseases have found highly effective indigenous vectors. In the future, climate change may possibly modify conditions for the vectors and influence their distribution and competence. By this, other vector-borne zoonotic infections may propagate into former disease free countries. Changes in human behaviour in consummation and processing of food, in animal housing and management may also influence future risks for zoonosis. Monitoring, prevention and control measures are proposed to limit further epidemics and to enable the containment of outbreaks. Measures depend mainly on the damage evoked or anticipated by the disease, the local situation, and the epidemiology of the zoonoses, the presence of the infective agent in wild and other animals, as well as the resistance of the causal microorganisms in the environment and the possibility to breed sheep and goats which are resistant to specific infections. In this review, the clinical signs in animals and humans of the main sheep and goat zoonoses, as well as the transmission route and the control measures are reported. Brucellosis, chlamydophilosis, Q fever, Orf, Rift valley fever and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy are described in greater detail, in order to determine factors that contribute to the choice of the control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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8
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Moslehi R, Schymura MJ, Nayak S, Coles FB. Ocular adnexal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a review of epidemiology and risk factors. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 6:181-193. [PMID: 23976898 DOI: 10.1586/eop.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ocular adnexal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), the most common form of ophthalmic NHL, has a unique incidence pattern showing a steady and rapid increase in the past few decades, nearly equal rates among both genders, and predominance among Asians/Pacific Islanders. No major cause for ocular adnexal NHL has been identified, although infectious agents, immune disorders and genetic/epigenetic factors have all been implicated in its etiology. Identifying putative risk factors and biologic mechanisms leading to carcinogenesis in ocular adnexal NHL may enable implementation of effective preventive and/or therapeutic approaches for this malignancy. This article summarizes current knowledge on epidemiology of ocular adnexal NHL and the role of various potential risk factors in its etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Moslehi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, NY, USA ; Cancer Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, NY, USA
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9
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Abstract
Chlamydiae are important intracellular bacterial pathogens of vertebrates. In the last years, novel members of this group have been discovered: Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and Simkania negevensis seems to be emerging respiratory human pathogens, while Waddlia chondrophila might be a new agent of bovine abortion. Various species have been showed to infect also the herpetofauna and fishes, and some novel chlamydiae are endosymbionts of arthropods. In addition, molecular studies evidenced a huge diversity of chlamydiae from both environmental and clinical samples, most of such a diversity could be formed by novel lineages of chlamydiae. Experimental studies showed that free-living amoebae may support multiplication of various chlamydiae, then could play an important role as reservoir/vector of chlamydial infections. Here we reviewed literature data concerning chlamydial infections, with a particular emphasis on the novely described chlamydial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Corsaro
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Azenabor AA, Kennedy P, Balistreri S. Chlamydia trachomatis infection of human trophoblast alters estrogen and progesterone biosynthesis: an insight into role of infection in pregnancy sequelae. Int J Med Sci 2007; 4:223-31. [PMID: 17848980 PMCID: PMC1975777 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The trophoblast cells are in direct contact with endometrial tissues throughout gestation, playing important early roles in implantation and placentation. The physiologic significance and the operating mechanisms involved in probable altered trophoblast functions following Chlamydia trachomatis infection were investigated to determine if C. trachomatis initiates productive infection in trophoblast, effects of such event on the biosynthesis of cholesterol and its derivatives estrogen and progesterone; and the regulator of the biosynthesis of these hormones, human chorionic gonadotropin. Chlamydia trachomatis exhibited productive infection in trophoblast typified by inclusion formation observed when chlamydia elementary bodies were harvested from trophoblast and titrated onto HEp-2 cells. Assessment of the status of C. trachomatis in trophoblast showed a relative increase in protein of HSP-60 compared with MOMP, features suggestive of chlamydial chronicity. There was a decrease in cellular cholesterol of chlamydia infected trophoblast and a down regulation of HMG-CoA reductase. The levels of estrogen and progesterone were decreased, while the expression of aromatase and adrenodoxin reductase was up regulated. Also, there was a decrease in human chorionic gonadotropin expression. The implications of these findings are that C. trachomatis infection of trophoblast may compromise cellular cholesterol biosynthesis, thus depleting the substrate pool for estrogen and progesterone synthesis. This defect may impair trophoblast functions of implantation and placentation, and consequently affect pregnancy sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Azenabor
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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Al-Adnani M, Sebire NJ. The role of perinatal pathological examination in subclinical infection in obstetrics. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 21:505-21. [PMID: 17448728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infectious agents are associated with a wide range of obstetric complications and pathological processes affecting the placenta, membranes and fetus. In some cases there will be associated maternal symptoms and signs indicating an infectious aetiology, but in the majority such infection is subclinical, and specific diagnosis or confirmation is achieved following pathological examination of the delivered placenta and/or fetus. There are two major groups of microorganism-related mechanisms associated with significant perinatal morbidity and mortality. First, ascending genital-tract infection, almost always bacterial, which ranges from localized choriodecidual inflammation to frank chorioamnionitis with fetal sepsis; this is a major cause of mid-trimester miscarriage and severe preterm delivery, and more recent data suggest that it may also have potentially important effects via cytokine release mediating neonatal cerebral injury. Second, haematogenous spread of maternal systemic infection--bacterial, viral or parasitic--which may result in isolated placental effects or transmission to the fetus with associated developmental abnormalities and neonatal complications. In many cases distinctive histopathological findings are described, and in addition a wide range of techniques is now available for culture and microscopy to confirm these diagnoses; such techniques include highly specific immunohistochemical markers and sensitive molecular diagnostic techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction. It is likely that with increasingly widespread availability of these investigative approaches to obstetric pathology, a greater understanding of the role of infectious agents in obstetric complications will become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Al-Adnani
- Department of Paediatric Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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Is chlamydia pneumoniae associated with calcification in coronary atherosclerosis? Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s12055-006-0020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Attapattu JA, Prussia PR, Boyce V, Levett PN. A prospective study of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis in Barbadian women. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2004; 19:506-8. [PMID: 15512376 DOI: 10.1080/01443619964319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A prospective study to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic female genital tract Chlamydia trachomatis infection was performed on 167 women at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados, West Indies and at a private clinic. The ELISA (Microtrak, chlamydia EIA, Syva, CA) method was used to detect Chlamydia trachomatis antigen. Nineteen (11.4% 95% CI 6.5-16.3) women were found positive. The efficacy of a single 1 gram dose of azithromycin given orally to 18 patients was tested after 4 weeks. One patient who was pregnant was given 500 mg erythromycin four times daily orally for 1 week. Only six patients (including the pregnant patient) reported for follow up. All six repeat swabs were negative for C. trachomatis antigen. The prevalence of 11.4% asymptomatic chlamydial infection in endocervical swabs in Barbadian women is in agreement with a previous study which reported a prevalence of 18.4% +/7.8%. Patient compliance was assured, using a single dose of azithromycin. It was found to be as effective as doxycyline and ciprofloxacin as reported by other workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Attapattu
- School of Medicine and Research, University of the West Indies, Barbados
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Affiliation(s)
- D Longbottom
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
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Longbottom D, Fairley S, Chapman S, Psarrou E, Vretou E, Livingstone M. Serological diagnosis of ovine enzootic abortion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a recombinant protein fragment of the polymorphic outer membrane protein POMP90 of Chlamydophila abortus. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:4235-43. [PMID: 12409404 PMCID: PMC139646 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.11.4235-4243.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2002] [Revised: 06/19/2002] [Accepted: 07/23/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine enzootic abortion (OEA) resulting from infection of sheep and goats with Chlamydophila abortus is of major economic importance worldwide. Over the last 50 years the serological diagnosis of infection has been based mainly on the complement fixation test (CFT), which lacks both sensitivity and specificity because of cross-reactive antibodies to other gram-negative bacteria, including another common chlamydial pathogen of sheep, Chlamydophila pecorum. In the present study, a series of overlapping recombinant antigens representing the polymorphic outer membrane protein POMP90 of C. abortus was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a panel of 143 serum samples from sheep experimentally infected with C. abortus, from sheep clinically free of OEA, and from specific-pathogen-free lambs experimentally infected with different subtypes of C. pecorum. The results were compared to those obtained by CFT and another recently described test, an indirect ELISA (iELISA) with the recombinant OMP91B (rOMP91B) fragment (rOMP91B iELISA) (D. Longbottom, E. Psarrou, M. Livingstone, and E. Vretou, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 195:157-161, 2001). The rOMP90-3 and rOMP90-4 ELISAs were identified as being more sensitive and specific than CFT. Assays with both fragments were evaluated further with a panel of 294 field serum samples from flocks with documented histories of abortion, from flocks with no clinical histories of abortion but which had a high proportion of samples seropositive by CFT, and from animals with no histories of abortion but from which various C. pecorum subtypes had been isolated. ELISAs with both POMP90 fragments outperformed CFT with serum samples from C. pecorum-infected animals, producing no false-positive results. However, the ELISA with the rOMP90-4 fragment appeared to be more sensitive than the one with rOMP90-3, as it identified more of the OEA-positive samples. The ELISA with the rOMP90-4 fragment was also able to identify apparently healthy animals that were infected with an enteric strain of C. abortus in flocks that were probably infected with both enteric C. abortus and C. pecorum strains. The identification of animals infected with enteric C. abortus is extremely important in controlling the spread of OEA. Overall, the new rOMP90-4 ELISA was found to be a more sensitive and specific test than CFT for differentiating animals infected with C. abortus from those infected with C. pecorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Longbottom
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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Girjes AA, Carrick FN, Lavin MF. Single DNA sequence common to all chlamydial species employed for PCR detection of these organisms. Res Microbiol 1999; 150:483-9. [PMID: 10540912 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(99)00108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydial infection is responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases of the eye, genitourinary tract, and lung. This group of organisms is also implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease as well as arthritis. Since cross-species infection is widely reported (though probably underestimated), it is an advantage to have a rapid and reliable method to detect all forms of chlamydiae in patient samples. We have identified a 160/163-bp DNA fragment in Chlamydia which is highly conserved in all chlamydial species. A polymerase chain reaction method based on this sequence has been developed to detect, in clinical samples, chlamydiae which have been shown to be positive by fluorescent-staining immunoassay; this method can be utilized in combination with restriction endonuclease cleavage to identify individual chlamydial species. Thus we have developed a sensitive and rapid detection method and have used it on samples from patients with respiratory and genital infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Girjes
- Queensland Cancer Fund Research Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bancroft Centre, Brisbane, Australia.
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Feist A, Sydler T, Gebbers JJ, Pospischil A, Guscetti F. No association of Chlamydia with abortion. J R Soc Med 1999; 92:237-8. [PMID: 10472259 PMCID: PMC1297174 DOI: 10.1177/014107689909200506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Case reports and serological work have raised the possibility that chlamydias can infect the placenta and thus harm the fetus. We investigated the involvement of Chlamydia in a series of 195 unselected cases of spontaneous abortion or miscarriage. Formalin-fixed placental tissues from all cases were examined immunohistochemically, for the presence of chlamydial lipopolysaccharide, as well as histopathologically. A serum sample was collected from 187 of the patients for detection of anti-chlamydial antibodies by microimmunofluorescence. All placental sections were negative for chlamydial antigen. Serological findings indicated that 8 patients had been in contact with C. trachomatis, 15 patients with C. pneumoniae, and none with C. psittaci. A few cases of perivillitis or intervillitis were detected, but none exhibited the intracytoplasmic inclusions typical of C. psittaci. Although these results are negative a search for Chlamydia in abortion materials should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feist
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Arbuckle TE, Sever LE. Pesticide exposures and fetal death: a review of the epidemiologic literature. Crit Rev Toxicol 1998; 28:229-70. [PMID: 9631282 DOI: 10.1080/10408449891344218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable concern regarding the effects on reproductive outcome of exposures to pesticides, convincing evidence for the developmental toxicity of occupational and environmental pesticide exposure in humans is lacking. In this comprehensive review of the English language epidemiologic literature, we summarize studies that have examined potential associations between fetal deaths (both spontaneous abortions and stillbirths) and specific pesticides, as well as maternal and paternal employment in occupations with potential for exposure. While many of the epidemiologic studies to date suffer from methodologic problems, the data are suggestive of increased risks of fetal deaths associated with pesticides in general and maternal employment in the agricultural industry. There is a clear need for epidemiologic research that focuses on specific pesticide products or chemical families, with improved exposure assessment. The potential role of solvents in developmental toxicity associated with pesticide use by both males and females should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Arbuckle
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few previous studies have examined the role that acute Chlamydia trachomatis lower genital tract infection plays in the development of spontaneous abortion. This study evaluated cervical C. trachomatis infections among 52 women experiencing spontaneous abortion and 59 controls. METHODS Pregnant women at less than 22 weeks of gestation who sought medical care in an emergency department in West Philadelphia were eligible for enrollment. Urine samples from enrolled women were tested for chlamydia using ligase chain reaction DNA amplification. All women were followed up to 22 weeks of pregnancy to ascertain the outcome of spontaneous abortion. RESULTS The proportion of women with chlamydial infection was 3.8% among spontaneous abortion cases and 8.5% among controls. After adjustment for potentially confounding factors, there was no substantial difference in the rate of chlamydial infection between women with and without spontaneous abortion (odds ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval 0.3-10.7). CONCLUSION These data do not support a relationship between acute C. trachomatis infection and the development of spontaneous abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sozio
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, PA 15261, USA
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Sozio J, Ness RB. Chlamydial lower genital tract infection and spontaneous abortion. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1998. [PMID: 9678141 PMCID: PMC1784775 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-0997(1998)6:1<8::aid-idog3>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few previous studies have examined the role that acute Chlamydia trachomatis lower genital tract infection plays in the development of spontaneous abortion. This study evaluated cervical C. trachomatis infections among 52 women experiencing spontaneous abortion and 59 controls. METHODS Pregnant women at less than 22 weeks of gestation who sought medical care in an emergency department in West Philadelphia were eligible for enrollment. Urine samples from enrolled women were tested for chlamydia using ligase chain reaction DNA amplification. All women were followed up to 22 weeks of pregnancy to ascertain the outcome of spontaneous abortion. RESULTS The proportion of women with chlamydial infection was 3.8% among spontaneous abortion cases and 8.5% among controls. After adjustment for potentially confounding factors, there was no substantial difference in the rate of chlamydial infection between women with and without spontaneous abortion (odds ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval 0.3-10.7). CONCLUSION These data do not support a relationship between acute C. trachomatis infection and the development of spontaneous abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sozio
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, PA 15261, USA
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Abstract
In humans, psittacosis is primarily a flulike illness following exposure to psittacine birds. In rare cases, pregnant women exposed to Chlamydia psittaci can contract gestational psittacosis: atypical pneumonia, sepsis, and placental insufficiency resulting in premature birth or miscarriage. In the United States, only two cases of gestational psittacosis have been reported, both from exposure to psittacine birds. Eleven other cases have been reported worldwide, mostly in the United Kingdom, all from exposure to infected birth fluids and membranes of farm mammals, notably sheep and goats. In these mammals, C. psittaci inhabit the reproductive tract, are transmitted sexually or by the fecal-oral route, and cause miscarriages. The case of gestational psittacosis in a Montana sheep rancher is the first farm animal-related case reported in the United States. Pregnant women should avoid close contact with C. psittaci-infected animals, particularly sheep and goats during the birthing season. Obstetricians should consider this diagnosis along with early antibiotic treatment and cesarean section delivery in the context of the patient's case history.
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Takashima I, Imai Y, Itoh N, Kariwa H, Hashimoto N. Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Chlamydia psittaci in the feces of budgerigars. Microbiol Immunol 1996; 40:21-6. [PMID: 8871524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1996.tb03312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the ompA gene of Chlamydia psittaci was evaluated for its ability to detect chlamydiae in fecal specimens of budgerigars as compared with isolation procedures using cell culture and embryonated egg inoculations. Several procedures for PCR template DNA preparation were compared so as to determine their detection levels for chlamydiae propagated in cell culture in the presence of fecal materials. Tween-20 and proteinase K treatments followed by centrifugation of the template DNA were found to be an appropriate procedure for DNA preparation for primary PCR. Subsequent nested PCR was shown to detect 4.8 IFU/ml or 84 particles/ml of chlamydiae. Chlamydiae in 50 fecal specimens from apparently healthy budgerigars were examined by nested PCR and several other methods. Nested PCR detected chlamydiae at a higher rate (12/50, 24%) than the isolation procedure in embryonated eggs (6/50, 12%). Primary PCR combined with the isolation procedure in cell culture gave a detection rate (5/50, 10%) similar to that of isolation from embryonated eggs. Detection rates by primary PCR (1/50, 2%) and in cell culture (0%) were inferior to the other procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Takashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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24
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Griffiths PC, Plater JM, Martin TC, Hughes SL, Hughes KJ, Hewinson RG, Dawson M. Epizootic bovine abortion in a dairy herd: characterization of a Chlamydia psittaci isolate and antibody response. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1995; 151:683-93. [PMID: 8605581 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(95)80149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A chlamydial agent was recovered from the placental cotyledons of an aborting cow from a 100-cow dairy herd in Cumbria. Immunoblotting analysis of purified elementary bodies of the isolate revealed a reactivity pattern typical of serotype I Chlamydia psittaci strains. Nucleotide sequencing of the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene further confirmed the isolate, BA1, as a serotype I strain. The sequence was identical to that of the type strain of ovine enzootic abortion, B577. In both the antigenic and MOMP sequencing analyses BA1 was distinguishable from serotype II C. pecorum strains. A sequential series of sera obtained from the aborting cow, from which BA1 was recovered, was analysed by immunoblotting against the homologous isolate, and demonstrated reactivity to major chlamydial antigens over a 110-day period. Close contact between ruminant species on the farm suggested that the C. psittaci strain may have been transmitted to cattle from infected sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Griffiths
- Virology Department, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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25
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Abstract
This investigation was undertaken in response to the occurrence of nine cases of respiratory chlamydial infection in 8 months within the district of Dudley. All nine cases of respiratory chlamydia were due to Chlamydia psittaci, not Chlamydia pneumoniae. Five cases had avian exposure, but no other aetiological factors were identified. Faecal specimens were obtained from only two of the implicated birds and were negative. Two local aviaries were identified as sources of implicated birds. The two aviaries were themselves linked. Bird faecal specimens were taken from the two implicated aviaries and were both positive for Chlamydia psittaci. Appropriate public health control measures were introduced in these aviaries. A press statement was released to identify and advise, by telephone, those who purchased birds from the aviaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Davies
- Dudley Health Authority, West Midlands
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26
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Smith JR, Taylor-Robinson D. Infection due to Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy and the newborn. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1993; 7:237-55. [PMID: 8513644 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3552(05)80154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria in the genus Chlamydia comprise three species, C. trachomatis, C. psittaci and C. pneumoniae. C. trachomatis infection is common, varying in prevalence in women from 0% to 37%. In the United States, the prevalence rate is estimated currently to be about 5%. Pregnancy may predispose to an increased chance of infection with C. trachomatis, through physiological immunosuppression and/or cervical ectopy. Maternal antibodies to C. trachomatis provide limited, if any, protection for the newborn. C. trachomatis causes pelvic inflammatory disease--which can result in tubal infertility or ectopic pregnancy and postabortal or late postpartum endometritis. It may also cause chorioamnionitis and premature delivery of the fetus. The incidence of vertical transmission of chlamydiae from mother to baby varies; if the mother is untreated, 20-50% of the newborns will develop conjunctivitis and 10-20% will develop pneumonia. C. psittaci infection in pregnancy is rare, but can cause spontaneous abortion. Whether C. pneumoniae infection in pregnancy has any influence on the outcome has not been ascertained. C. trachomatis can be detected by one or more of several methods; enzyme immunoassays are the least sensitive, but the most widely used. Screening for C. trachomatis in pregnancy may be of benefit in areas of high prevalence, and is generally regarded as being cost-effective if the prevalence rate is more than 5%. Pregnant women are best treated with erythromycin, 250 mg four times daily for 7 days. This will prevent infection of the newborn in more than 90% of cases. The infected neonate should be treated with erythromycin, given systemically and also with topical tetracycline if conjunctivitis is present.
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Hadley KM, Carrington D, Frew CE, Gibson AA, Hislop WS. Ovine chlamydiosis in an abattoir worker. J Infect 1992; 25 Suppl 1:105-9. [PMID: 1522332 DOI: 10.1016/0163-4453(92)92254-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The strain of Chlamydia psittaci causing enzootic abortion in ewes (the EAE strain) may cause serious infection in pregnant women, often resulting in hepatic and renal dysfunction, disseminated intravascular coagulation and fetal loss. The first case of such an infection in an abattoir worker is described and the possibility of human-to-human transmission considered. Direct handling of sheep or their products of conception can usually be established but this is not always so. There is much still to be learned about this uncommon but severe zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Hadley
- Department of Bacteriology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
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29
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Dhingra PN, Mahajan VM. Ocular chlamydial zoonosis: an experimental study in monkeys. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 14:235-41. [PMID: 1959319 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(91)90004-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two locally isolated strains of Chlamydia psittaci from faeces of apparently healthy sheep and conjunctiva of Holstein heifers suffering from conjunctivitis and pneumonia were used for ocular experimental studies in 7 Rhesus monkeys. Titrated (ELD50 10(3.6)/0.2 ml and 10(4.5)/0.2 ml) partially purified yolk sac suspension of each strain was instilled onto conjunctiva of each animal. The clinical and laboratory studies were followed till 8 weeks post-infection. Both the strains produced trachoma like follicles (0.3-0.5 mm dia) preferably on lower conjunctiva between 2-4 weeks of post-infection. Pannus was not observed in any of the experimental eye. Laboratory studies revealed a good correlation between reisolation, fluorescent antibody test and cytology between 2-4 weeks of post-infection. Highest complement fixing antibody titre 1:32 was recorded in 4 out of 7 animals. The studies indicated that both the animal strains had no barrier across ocular tissues in monkeys, vis-à-vis human conjunctiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Dhingra
- Department of Veterinary Bacteriology and Virology, College of Veterinary Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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30
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Lundemose JB, Lundemose AG, Gregersen M, Helweg-Larsen K, Simonsen J. Chlamydia and sudden infant death syndrome. A study of 166 SIDS and 30 control cases. Int J Legal Med 1990; 104:3-7. [PMID: 11453089 DOI: 10.1007/bf01816475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia inclusions could be demonstrated by an immunofluorescence assay in formalin-fixed lung sections in 32 of 166 cases (19.4%) of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and in the lungs of only 1 of 30 infants with a known cause of death (3.3%). The difference is statistically significant (P = 0.04). Chlamydia trachomatis is an agent of pneumonia in 1-4 month-old infants who have acquired the disease from an infected cervix during birth, but other chlamydia species are also capable of causing pneumonia. The lung sections of the 32 chlamydia positive SIDS cases did not show typical histological signs of pneumonia. Even though chlamydia inclusions were detected in the lungs of 32 SIDS cases a causal relation between chlamydia infection and SIDS could not be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Lundemose
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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31
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Villemonteix P, Agius G, Ducroz B, Rouffineau J, Plocoste V, Castets M, Magnin G. Pregnancy complicated by severe Chlamydia psittaci infection acquired from a goat flock: a case report. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1990; 37:91-4. [PMID: 2198179 DOI: 10.1016/0028-2243(90)90101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Villemonteix
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Centre Hospitalier La Milétrie, Poitiers, France
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32
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Hodgson ES. Zoonoses--a suitable case for research? Br J Gen Pract 1990; 40:314-6. [PMID: 2121175 PMCID: PMC1371307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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33
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Howie A, Leaver HA, Aitken ID, Hay LA, Anderson IE, Williams GE, Jones G. The effect of chlamydial infection on the initiation of premature labour: serial measurements of intrauterine prostaglandin E2 in amniotic fluid, allantoic fluid and utero-ovarian vein, using catheterised sheep experimentally infected with an ovine abortion strain of Chlamydia psittaci. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1989; 37:203-11. [PMID: 2608698 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(89)90087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of premature labour by an ovine abortion strain of Chlamydia psittaci was studied in relation to Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which plays a major role in parturition. The local intrauterine concentration of PGE2 was monitored after experimental infection with C. psittaci, during late gestation, using a catheterised sheep model. Indwelling catheters were implanted into the amniotic and allantoic cavities of six control sheep, and into six sheep infected with an ovine abortion of C. psittaci. The release of PGE2 into the utero-ovarian vein of these sheep was also monitored. Infection with C. psittaci was associated with a premature rise in PGE2 in the amniotic fluid between days 122 and 135 of gestation (P less than 0.01). A premature increase in PGE2 was defected between days 127 and 136 of gestation (P less than 0.05) in the allantoic fluid of sheep infected with C. psittaci, but not in the control uninfected sheep. Chlamydial infection significantly decreased the secretion of PGE2 into the utero-ovarian vein. The mean concentration of PGE2 in the utero-ovarian vein of infected sheep was 68.8 +/- 5.2% of the PGE2 concentration of control sheep between days 122 to 141 of gestation (P less than 0.01). The release of PGE2 into the utero-ovarian vein increased between days 126 to 136 of gestation in infected and control sheep (P less than 0.01). The results from the catheterised sheep model indicated that C. psittaci infection is associated with a local intrauterine release of PGE2. The magnitude of this release was similar to the PGE2 release in control sheep prior to parturition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Howie
- Blood Transfusion Centre, Edinburgh, UK
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34
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Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a human pathogen that causes ocular disease (trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis), genital disease (cervicitis, urethritis, salpingitis, and lymphogranuloma venereum), and respiratory disease (infant pneumonitis). Respiratory chlamydioses also occur with infection by avian strains of C. psittaci or infection by the newly described TWAR agent. Diagnosis of most acute C. trachomatis infections relies on detection of the infecting agent by cell culture, fluorescent antibody, immunoassay, cytopathologic, or nucleic acid hybridization methods. Individual non-culture tests for C. trachomatis are less sensitive and specific than the best chlamydial cell culture system but offer the advantages of reduced technology and simple transport of clinical specimens. Currently available nonculture tests for C. trachomatis perform adequately as screening tests in populations in which the prevalence of infection is greater than 10%. A negative culture or nonculture test for C. trachomatis does not, however, exclude infection. The predictive value of a positive nonculture test may be unsatisfactory when populations of low infection prevalence are tested. Tests that detect antibody responses to chlamydial infection have limited utility in diagnosis of acute chlamydial infection because of the high prevalence of persistent antibody in healthy adults and the cross-reactivity due to infection by the highly prevalent C. trachomatis and TWAR agents. Assays for changes in antibody titer to the chlamydial genus antigen are used for the diagnosis of respiratory chlamydioses. A single serum sample that is negative for chlamydial antibody excludes the diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Barnes
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Laboratory Program, Center for Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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35
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Helm CW, Smart GE, Cumming AD, Lambie AT, Gray JA, MacAulay A, Smith IW. Sheep-acquired severe Chlamydia psittaci infection in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1989; 28:369-72. [PMID: 2565261 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7292(89)90611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There have been five confirmed cases of severe Chlamydia psittaci infection during pregnancy, three having been treated in Edinburgh, Scotland. The most recent case is presented and previous experience is reviewed. The illness usually causes thrombocytopenia with disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal failure and hepatic dysfunction during the late second and early third trimester. The outcome for the fetus is usually fatal and the infection only resolves after delivery or abortion. The main hope is for education to prevent infection occurring in susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Helm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland
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36
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LUNDEMOSE ANKERG, LUNDEMOSE JYTTEBANNER, BIRKELUND SVEND, CHRISTIANSEN GUNNA. Detection ofChlamydiain postmortal formalin-fixed tissue. APMIS 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1989.tb00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Because of recent reports of abortion in farmers' wives following infection with ovine strains of Chlamydia psittaci during pregnancy, the distribution of chlamydial antibodies was studied in rural populations in north-west England, where endemic chlamydial infection with abortion is common in sheep. Immunoperoxidase assays with C. trachomatis and ovine C. psittaci showed no significant differences in either the frequency or titres of antibodies between sheep farmers and other types of farmer or non-farming adults living in the same areas. The frequency and titres of antibodies in farmers' wives were no greater than in farmers, and were unrelated to their previous obstetric history or type of farming. Overall, 62/255 (24%) of this rural population had antibody detected by C. trachomatis antigen and only 30/255 (13%) detected by C. psittaci antigen. The possible significance of these findings is discussed. This survey does not suggest that the risk of infection with C. psittaci is especially high in people working with sheep, but the complications following infection during pregnancy deserve the specific instructions that have been given to pregnant women to avoid exposure, especially during lambing, in farming and veterinary work.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hobson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Liverpool
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38
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Concomitant zoonotic infections with ovine Chlamydia and 'Q' fever in pregnancy: clinical features, diagnosis, management and public health implications. Case report. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1988; 95:951-4. [PMID: 3191071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1988.tb06590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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39
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McGivern D, White R, Paul ID, Caul EO, Roome AP, Westmoreland D. Concomitant zoonotic infections with ovine Chlamydia and 'Q' fever in pregnancy: clinical features, diagnosis, management and public health implications. Case report. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1988; 95:294-8. [PMID: 3370201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1988.tb06872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D McGivern
- Department of Medicine, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Weinberg
- Medical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
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41
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BUZONI-GATEL D, RODOLAKIS A, PLOMMET M. T cell mediated and humoral immunity in a mouse Chlamydia psittaci systemic infection. Res Vet Sci 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)30742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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McPhee SJ, Erb B, Harrington W. Psittacosis. West J Med 1987; 146:91-6. [PMID: 3825113 PMCID: PMC1307199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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44
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45
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46
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Wong SY, Gray ES, Buxton D, Finlayson J, Johnson FW. Acute placentitis and spontaneous abortion caused by chlamydia psittaci of sheep origin: a histological and ultrastructural study. J Clin Pathol 1985; 38:707-11. [PMID: 4008668 PMCID: PMC499272 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.38.6.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A sheep farmer's wife who had been assisting with lambing developed an influenza like illness in the 28th week of pregnancy. After five days of malaise she spontaneously delivered a stillborn infant; she became acutely ill during the immediate postpartum period with septicaemic shock, acute renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The diagnosis was made by isolation and identification of Chlamydia psittaci from the placenta, fetal heart blood, and fetal lung, together with maternal serological evidence. The prominent histological and ultrastructural appearances of the chlamydial placentitis are described.
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