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Bæk O, Schaltz-Buchholzer F, Campbell A, Amenyogbe N, Campbell J, Aaby P, Benn CS, Kollmann TR. The mark of success: The role of vaccine-induced skin scar formation for BCG and smallpox vaccine-associated clinical benefits. Semin Immunopathol 2024; 46:13. [PMID: 39186134 PMCID: PMC11347488 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-024-01022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Skin scar formation following Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or smallpox (Vaccinia) vaccination is an established marker of successful vaccination and 'vaccine take'. Potent pathogen-specific (tuberculosis; smallpox) and pathogen-agnostic (protection from diseases unrelated to the intentionally targeted pathogen) effects of BCG and smallpox vaccines hold significant translational potential. Yet despite their use for centuries, how scar formation occurs and how local skin-based events relate to systemic effects that allow these two vaccines to deliver powerful health promoting effects has not yet been determined. We review here what is known about the events occurring in the skin and place this knowledge in the context of the overall impact of these two vaccines on human health with a particular focus on maternal-child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Bæk
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Nelly Amenyogbe
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
- Dalhousie University, 5980 University Ave #5850, 4th floor Goldbloom Pavilion, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada
- Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | | | - Peter Aaby
- Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Christine Stabell Benn
- University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia.
- Dalhousie University, 5980 University Ave #5850, 4th floor Goldbloom Pavilion, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada.
- Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
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Sanz-Muñoz I, Sánchez-dePrada L, Sánchez-Martínez J, Rojo-Rello S, Domínguez-Gil M, Hernán-García C, Fernández-Espinilla V, de Lejarazu-Leonardo RO, Castrodeza-Sanz J, Eiros JM. Possible Mpox Protection from Smallpox Vaccine-Generated Antibodies among Older Adults. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:656-658. [PMID: 36732061 PMCID: PMC9973709 DOI: 10.3201/eid2903.221231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallpox vaccination may confer cross-protection to mpox. We evaluated vaccinia virus antibodies in 162 persons ≥50 years of age in Spain; 68.5% had detectable antibodies. Highest coverage (78%) was among persons 71-80 years of age. Low antibody levels in 31.5% of this population indicates that addressing their vaccination should be a priority.
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St Clair LA, Chaulagain S, Klein SL, Benn CS, Flanagan KL. Sex-Differential and Non-specific Effects of Vaccines Over the Life Course. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 441:225-251. [PMID: 37695431 PMCID: PMC10917449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35139-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Biological sex and age have profound effects on immune responses throughout the lifespan and impact vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Mounting evidence from epidemiological, clinical, and animal model studies show that males and females respond differentially to vaccination throughout the lifespan. Within age groups, females tend to produce greater vaccine-induced immune responses than males, with sex differences apparent across all age groups, but are most pronounced among reproductive aged individuals. Females report more adverse effects following vaccination than males. Females, especially among children under 5 years of age, also experience more non-specific effects of vaccination. Despite these known sex- and age-specific differences in vaccine-induced immune responses and outcomes, sex and age are often ignored in vaccine research. Herein, we review the known sex differences in the immunogenicity, effectiveness, reactogenicity, and non-specific effects of vaccination over the lifespan. Ways in which these data can be leveraged to improve vaccine research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A St Clair
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabal Chaulagain
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christine Stabell Benn
- Institute of Clinical Research and Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia.
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Amato M, Werba JP, Frigerio B, Coggi D, Sansaro D, Ravani A, Ferrante P, Veglia F, Tremoli E, Baldassarre D. Relationship between Influenza Vaccination Coverage Rate and COVID-19 Outbreak: An Italian Ecological Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E535. [PMID: 32947988 PMCID: PMC7563271 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The lack of specific vaccines or drugs against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) warrants studies focusing on alternative clinical approaches to reduce the spread of this pandemic disease. In this study, we investigated whether anti-influenza vaccination plays a role in minimizing the diffusion of COVID-19 in the Italian population aged 65 and over. Methods: Four COVID-19 outcomes were used: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence, hospitalizations for COVID-19 symptoms, admissions to intensive care units for reasons related to SARS-CoV-2, and deaths attributable to COVID-19. Results: At univariate analyses, the influenza vaccination coverage rates correlated negatively with all COVID-19 outcomes (Beta ranging from -134 to -0.61; all p < 0.01). At multivariable analyses, influenza vaccination coverage rates correlated independently with SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence (Beta (95% C.I.): -130 (-198, -62); p = 0.001), hospitalizations for COVID-19 symptoms (Beta (95% C.I.): -4.16 (-6.27, -2.05); p = 0.001), admission to intensive care units for reasons related to SARS-CoV-2 (Beta (95% C.I.): -0.58 (-1.05, -0.12); p = 0.017), and number of deaths attributable to COVID-19 (Beta (95% C.I.): -3.29 (-5.66, -0.93); p = 0.010). The R2 observed in the unadjusted analysis increased from 82% to 159% for all the considered outcomes after multivariable analyses. Conclusions: In the Italian population, the coverage rate of the influenza vaccination in people aged 65 and over is associated with a reduced spread and a less severe clinical expression of COVID-19. This finding warrants ad hoc studies to investigate the role of influenza vaccination in preventing the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Amato
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (J.P.W.); (B.F.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (A.R.); (P.F.); (F.V.); (E.T.)
| | - José Pablo Werba
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (J.P.W.); (B.F.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (A.R.); (P.F.); (F.V.); (E.T.)
| | - Beatrice Frigerio
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (J.P.W.); (B.F.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (A.R.); (P.F.); (F.V.); (E.T.)
| | - Daniela Coggi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (J.P.W.); (B.F.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (A.R.); (P.F.); (F.V.); (E.T.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Sansaro
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (J.P.W.); (B.F.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (A.R.); (P.F.); (F.V.); (E.T.)
| | - Alessio Ravani
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (J.P.W.); (B.F.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (A.R.); (P.F.); (F.V.); (E.T.)
| | - Palma Ferrante
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (J.P.W.); (B.F.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (A.R.); (P.F.); (F.V.); (E.T.)
| | - Fabrizio Veglia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (J.P.W.); (B.F.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (A.R.); (P.F.); (F.V.); (E.T.)
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (J.P.W.); (B.F.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (A.R.); (P.F.); (F.V.); (E.T.)
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.A.); (J.P.W.); (B.F.); (D.C.); (D.S.); (A.R.); (P.F.); (F.V.); (E.T.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy
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