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Luo L, Xu N, Fan W, Wu Y, Chen P, Li Z, He Z, Liu H, Lin Y, Zheng G. The TGFβ2-Snail1-miRNA TGFβ2 Circuitry is Critical for the Development of Aggressive Functions in Breast Cancer. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1558. [PMID: 38299307 PMCID: PMC10831563 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
There have been contradictory reports on the biological role of transforming growth factor-βs (TGFβs) in breast cancer (BC), especially with regard to their ability to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we show that TGFβ2 is preferentially expressed in mesenchymal-like BCs and maintains the EMT phenotype, correlating with cancer stem cell-like characteristics, growth, metastasis and chemo-resistance and predicting worse clinical outcomes. However, this is only true in ERα- BC. In ERα+ luminal-type BC, estrogen receptor interacts with p-Smads to block TGFβ signalling. Furthermore, we also identify a microRNAs (miRNAs) signature (miRNAsTGFβ2 ) that is weakened in TGFβ2-overexpressing BC cells. We discover that TGFβ2-Snail1 recruits enhancer of zeste homolog-2 to convert miRNAsTGFβ2 promoters from an active to repressive chromatin configuration and then repress miRNAsTGFβ2 transcription, forming a negative feedback loop. On the other hand, miRNAsTGFβ2 overexpression reverses the mesenchymal-like traits in agreement with the inhibition of TGFβ2-Snail1 signalling in BC cells. These findings clarify the roles of TGFβ2 in BC and suggest novel therapeutic strategies based on the TGFβ2-Snail1-miRNAsTGFβ2 loop for a subset type of human BCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Luo
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityState Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Ning Xu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityState Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Weina Fan
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityState Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Yixuan Wu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityState Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Pingping Chen
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityState Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhihui Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityState Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhimin He
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityState Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Hao Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityState Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Ying Lin
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityState Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Guopei Zheng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical UniversityState Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhouChina
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2
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Li D, Hemati H, Park Y, Taftaf R, Zhang Y, Liu J, Cristofanilli M, Liu X. ICAM-1-suPAR-CD11b Axis Is a Novel Therapeutic Target for Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2734. [PMID: 37345070 PMCID: PMC10216673 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters have higher metastatic ability than single CTCs and negatively correlate with cancer patient outcomes. Along with homotypic CTC clusters, heterotypic CTC clusters (such as neutrophil-CTC clusters), which have been identified in both cancer mouse models and cancer patients, lead to more efficient metastasis formation and worse patient outcomes. However, the mechanism by which neutrophils bind to CTCs remains elusive. In this study, we found that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and CD11b on neutrophils mediate tumor cell-neutrophil binding. Consequently, CD11b deficiency inhibited tumor cell-neutrophil binding and TNBC metastasis. Furthermore, CD11b mediated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production from neutrophils. Moreover, we found that ICAM-1 in TNBC cells promotes tumor cells to secrete suPAR, which functions as a chemoattractant for neutrophils. Knockdown of uPAR in ICAM-1+ TNBC cells reduced lung-infiltrating neutrophils and lung metastasis. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed that uPAR is highly expressed in TNBCs, which positively correlates with higher neutrophil infiltration and negatively correlates with breast cancer patient survival. Collectively, our findings provide new insight into how neutrophils bind to CTC to facilitate metastasis and discover a novel potential therapeutic strategy by blocking the ICAM-1-suPAR-CD11b axis to inhibit TNBC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.L.)
| | - Hami Hemati
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.L.)
| | - Younhee Park
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.L.)
| | - Rokana Taftaf
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Youbin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 606011, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.L.)
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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3
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Mao J, Hu J, Zhang Y, Shen J, Dong F, Zhang X, Ming J, Huang T, Run X. Single Hormone Receptor-Positive Metaplastic Breast Cancer: Similar Outcome as Triple-Negative Subtype. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:628939. [PMID: 33972826 PMCID: PMC8105402 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.628939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of the breast. To understand the characteristics and prognosis of single hormone receptor-positive (HR+) MBC (estrogen receptor-positive [ER+]/progesterone receptor-negative [PR-] and ER-/PR+), we compared these tumors to double HR+ tumors as well as HR- tumors. Patients and Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to analyze MBC between 1975 and 2016. The effect of HR status was evaluated using a multivariate Cox regression model. Results We included 3369 patients with a median follow-up time of 42 months (range 0-322 months). In this study, 280 (8.3%) cases were double HR+ tumors, 2597 (77.1%) were double HR- tumors, and 492 (14.6%) cases were single HR+ tumors, of which 159 (4.7%) cases were ER-/PR+ tumors and 333 (9.9%) were ER+/PR- tumors. On multivariate Cox analysis, the prognosis was related to age, race/ethnicity, tumor grade, TNM stage, and surgery. HR status remained no impact on breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS). In the Kaplan-Meier curve, HR status was not associated with better BCSS or overall survival (OS). In patients without HER2 overexpression, the BCSS and OS of ER+/PR- and ER-/PR+ tumors were not significantly different from that of ER-/PR- and ER+/PR+ tumors. The difference remains no significant in patients with HER2 overexpression. Conclusions In comparison with both ER-/PR- and ER+/PR+ tumors, we have identified clinically and biologically distinct features of single HR+ tumors. In patients with or without HER2 overexpression, the prognosis of single HR+ tumors was similar to ER-/PR- and ER+/PR+ tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqian Mao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ximeng Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Ming
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Run
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Hu J, Zhang H, Dong F, Zhang X, Wang S, Ming J, Huang T. Metaplastic breast cancer: Treatment and prognosis by molecular subtype. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101054. [PMID: 33677236 PMCID: PMC8079171 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of breast. However, the effect of molecular subtype on treatment and prognosis of MBC remains unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to analyze patients with MBC between 2010 and 2016. Molecular subtype was stratified to TN group (ER and PR-/HER2-), HER2 group (ER and PR-/HER2+, ER/PR+ and HER2+), and HR group (ER/PR+ and HER2-). The breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) differences were estimated using multivariate Cox regression model and Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS We included 1665 patients with median follow-up time of 27 months (range 0-83 months). 1154 (69.3%), 65 (3.9%), and 446 (26.8%) patients presented in TN group, HER2 group, and HR group, respectively. On multivariate Cox analysis, the prognosis was related to age, tumor size, regional node metastasis, and surgery. Molecular subtype remained no impact on BCSS. Radiotherapy (RT) was associated with better prognosis. Patients cannot benefit from chemotherapy. In Kaplan-Meier curve, triple-negative (P = 0.047) and HR-positive (P = 0.006) patients receiving RT had a superior BCSS than that not RT. HER2-positive patients cannot benefit from RT. However, adjusted Kaplan-Meier survival model showed that triple-negative (P = 0.019) but not HER2-positive (P = 0.575) or HR-positive (P = 0.574) patients receiving RT had a superior BCSS than that not RT. CONCLUSIONS Molecular subtype is not associated with the better prognosis of MBC. Patients could benefit from RT. However, triple-negative but not HR-positive or HER2-positive patients have superior survival after receiving RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Huiqiong Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ximeng Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Shuntao Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jie Ming
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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5
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Guido LP, Gomez-Fernandez C. Advances in the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:777-783. [PMID: 32839004 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancers are heterogeneous with variable morphologic features, biologic behavior and response to therapy. Traditional histopathologic features such as size, grade, and lymph node status may be used to provide a general estimate of outcome, stratifying patients into broad prognostic groups with prescribed guidelines for therapy. With this approach however, up to 85% of breast cancer patients are overtreated, and at the other end of the spectrum, 20% of patients succumb to their disease despite receiving maximum therapy. The current routine testing for the Estrogen receptor (ER) and HER2 growth factor receptor (HER2) represents the earliest attempts to provide a targeted approach to breast cancer therapy, based on molecular drivers of the disease. The pioneering works by Perou and Sorlie et al using global gene expression profiling introduced a molecular taxonomy of breast cancer with associated prognostic implications. The Luminal, HER2-enriched, and Basal-like intrinsic subtypes are generally characterized by the presence or absence of ER and HER2. They have been further analyzed and refined using integration of genomic and transcriptomic data made possible by advancements in high throughput molecular techniques and bioinformatics. Indeed, an increased understanding of the genomic landscape of these subtypes, and the molecular basis of breast cancer growth regulation, holds the promise of a more personalized patient selection for specific targeted therapies and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Paulo Guido
- Department of Pathology, Jackson Health Systems, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Carmen Gomez-Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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6
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In Vitro Modeling of Reoxygenation Effects on mRNA and Protein Levels in Hypoxic Tumor Cells upon Entry into the Bloodstream. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051316. [PMID: 32466213 PMCID: PMC7291257 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Solid epithelial tumors like breast cancer are the most frequent malignancy in women. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are frequently released from hypoxic areas into the blood, where CTCs face elevated oxygen concentrations. This reoxygenation might challenge the use of CTCs for liquid biopsy. Methods: We modeled this situation in vitro using the breast cancer cell lines—MCF-7, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231—and the cell line BC-M1 established from DTCs in the bone marrow. Cells were cultured under hypoxia, followed by a reoxygenation pulse for 4 h, reflecting the circulation time of CTCs. Analyzed were gene products like EGFR, ErbB-2, EpCAM, PD-L1 on mRNA and protein level. Results: mRNAs of erbb2 or pdl1 and protein levels of PD-L1 displayed significant changes, whereas ErbB-2 protein levels remained constant. The strongest discrepancy between protein and mRNA levels under hypoxia was observed for EGFR, supporting the idea of cap-independent translation of egfr mRNA. Analyses of the phosphorylation of AKT, Erk 1/2, and Stat3 revealed strong alterations after reoxygenation. Conclusions: CTCs reaching secondary sites faster than reoxygenation could alter the mRNA and protein levels in the cells. CTC and DTC with high PD-L1 levels might become quiescent under hypoxia but were easily reactivated by reoxygenation.
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Coussy F, de Koning L, Lavigne M, Bernard V, Ouine B, Boulai A, El Botty R, Dahmani A, Montaudon E, Assayag F, Morisset L, Huguet L, Sourd L, Painsec P, Callens C, Chateau-Joubert S, Servely JL, Larcher T, Reyes C, Girard E, Pierron G, Laurent C, Vacher S, Baulande S, Melaabi S, Vincent-Salomon A, Gentien D, Dieras V, Bieche I, Marangoni E. A large collection of integrated genomically characterized patient-derived xenografts highlighting the heterogeneity of triple-negative breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1902-1912. [PMID: 30859564 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents 10% of all breast cancers and is a very heterogeneous disease. Globally, women with TNBC have a poor prognosis, and the development of effective targeted therapies remains a real challenge. Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) are clinically relevant models that have emerged as important tools for the analysis of drug activity and predictive biomarker discovery. The purpose of this work was to analyze the molecular heterogeneity of a large panel of TNBC PDX (n = 61) in order to test targeted therapies and identify biomarkers of response. At the gene expression level, TNBC PDX represent all of the various TNBC subtypes identified by the Lehmann classification except for immunomodulatory subtype, which is underrepresented in PDX. NGS and copy number data showed a similar diversity of significantly mutated gene and somatic copy number alteration in PDX and the Cancer Genome Atlas TNBC patients. The genes most commonly altered were TP53 and oncogenes and tumor suppressors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways. PDX showed similar morphology and immunohistochemistry markers to those of the original tumors. Efficacy experiments with PI3K and MAPK inhibitor monotherapy or combination therapy showed an antitumor activity in PDX carrying genomic mutations of PIK3CA and NRAS genes. TNBC PDX reproduce the molecular heterogeneity of TNBC patients. This large collection of PDX is a clinically relevant platform for drug testing, biomarker discovery and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Coussy
- Unit of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Leanne de Koning
- Translational Research Department, RPPA Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Marion Lavigne
- Department of Biopathology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Bernard
- Unit of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Berengere Ouine
- Translational Research Department, RPPA Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Anais Boulai
- Unit of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Rania El Botty
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Dahmani
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Montaudon
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Franck Assayag
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Morisset
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Lea Huguet
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Laura Sourd
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Painsec
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Celine Callens
- Unit of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Servely
- BioPôle Alfort, National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maison Alfort, France
| | | | - Cecile Reyes
- Translational Research Department, Genomics Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | | | - Gaelle Pierron
- Unit of Somatic Genomics, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Sophie Vacher
- Unit of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Genomics of Excellence (ICGex) Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Samia Melaabi
- Unit of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - David Gentien
- Translational Research Department, Genomics Platform, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | | | - Ivan Bieche
- Unit of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Inserm U1016, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
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8
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Li Y, Zhang N, Zhang H, Yang Q. Comparative prognostic analysis for triple-negative breast cancer with metaplastic and invasive ductal carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2019; 72:418-424. [PMID: 30872384 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Triple-negative breast cancer comprises different histological subtypes, including metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) and ductal carcinomas (IDCs). The purpose of this study was to compare triple-negative MBC (TN-MBC) with triple-negative IDC (TN-IDC) in terms of survival and predictive factors. METHODS With access to the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database, a total of 19 383 patients met the eligibility criteria. Clinicopathological characteristics were compared between groups using the χ2 test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to evaluate the disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS). Subgroup analyses summarised the hazard ratios of TN-MBC versus TN-IDC using a forest plot. RESULTS A total of 586 patients with TN-MBC and 18 797 with TN-IDC were included in this study. Patients with TN-MBC were older and presented with larger tumour sizes, relatively rare lymph node positive disease, and had received more chemotherapy. Compared with TN-IDC, the TN-MBC group showed a significantly poorer prognosis before and after the 1:3 matched case-control analysis. Further subgroup analysis indicated that patients with TN-MBC were older, were from specific races, and those with distant metastasis and not receiving radiotherapy had worse prognosis than patients with TN-IDC in terms of DFS and OS. CONCLUSION Our results showed that patients with TN-MBC had unique clinicopathological characteristics and poorer prognostic subtype compared with TN-IDC. This improves our understanding of the clinicopathological and prognostic features of this rare entity but also provides more convincing therapeutic guidelines for TN-MBC in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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9
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Chen Y, Wang L, Liu H, Song F, Xu C, Zhang K, Chen Q, Wu S, Zhu Y, Dong Y, Zhou M, Zhang H, Tian M. PET Imaging on Dynamic Metabolic Changes after Combination Therapy of Paclitaxel and the Traditional Chinese Medicine in Breast Cancer-Bearing Mice. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:309-317. [PMID: 28795272 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to non-invasively evaluate the anticancer activity of a traditional Chinese medicine-Huaier, combined with paclitaxel (PTX) in breast cancer bearing mice by detecting dynamic metabolic changes with positron emission tomography (PET). PROCEDURES Balb/c nude mice were randomly divided into one of the four groups: Huaier, PTX, PTX + Huaier, or the control. PET imaging with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) was performed to monitor the metabolic changes in BT474 (luminal B) and MDA-MB-231 (triple-negative) breast cancer xenografts. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) study was performed immediately after the final PET scan to assess the expressions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phospho-AKT (p-AKT), caspase-3, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). RESULTS Compared to the control group, [18F]FDG accumulation demonstrated a significant decrease in PTX + Huaier (p < 0.01) or Huaier group (p < 0.05), which was consistent to the decreased expression of PI3K (p < 0.05) and p-AKT (p < 0.05) in the breast cancer xenografts. CONCLUSION The therapeutic effect of Huaier combined with PTX was superior than the PTX alone in BT474 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer-bearing mice. [18F]FDG PET imaging could be a potential non-invasive approach to assess the metabolic changes after chemotherapy combined with traditional Chinese medicine in the breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fahuan Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunqi Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China. .,Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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10
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Akrami M, Arasteh P, Mokhtari M, Tahmasebi S, Zangouri V, Hosseini S, Talei A. Does metaplastic breast carcinoma demonstrate a different clinicopathological behavior in our region: The Shiraz Breast Cancer Registry. Breast J 2018; 25:157-159. [PMID: 30592108 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Akrami
- Breast Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Peyman Arasteh
- Breast Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Maral Mokhtari
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Tahmasebi
- Breast Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Zangouri
- Surgical Oncology Division, General Surgery Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Hosseini
- Breast Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdolrasoul Talei
- Breast Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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11
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Lin CC, Lo MC, Moody R, Jiang H, Harouaka R, Stevers N, Tinsley S, Gasparyan M, Wicha M, Sun D. Targeting LRP8 inhibits breast cancer stem cells in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:165-173. [PMID: 30227220 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most difficult subtype of breast cancer to treat due to a paucity of effective targeted therapies. Many studies have reported that breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are enriched in TNBC and are responsible for chemoresistance and metastasis. In this study, we identify LRP8 as a novel positive regulator of BCSCs in TNBC. LRP8 is highly expressed in TNBC compared to other breast cancer subtypes and its genomic locus is amplified in 24% of TNBC tumors. Knockdown of LRP8 in TNBC cell lines inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling, decreases BCSCs, and suppresses tumorigenic potential in xenograft models. LRP8 knockdown also induces a more differentiated, luminal-epithelial phenotype and thus sensitizes the TNBC cells to chemotherapy. Together, our study highlights LRP8 as a novel therapeutic target for TNBC as inhibition of LRP8 can attenuate Wnt/β-catenin signaling to suppress BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ching Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Miao-Chia Lo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Rebecca Moody
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Chemical Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ramdane Harouaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas Stevers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Samantha Tinsley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mari Gasparyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Max Wicha
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Chemical Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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12
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Cao Q, Chen X, Wu X, Liao R, Huang P, Tan Y, Wang L, Ren G, Huang J, Dong C. Inhibition of UGT8 suppresses basal-like breast cancer progression by attenuating sulfatide-αVβ5 axis. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1679-1692. [PMID: 29728441 PMCID: PMC5987921 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cao et al. show that UGT8 promotes BLBC progression through activating sulfatide–αVβ5 axis. ZA is identified as a direct inhibitor of UGT8 and suppresses BLBC progression, suggesting that inhibition of UGT8 offers a promising opportunity for treating BLBC. Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is associated with a poor clinical outcome as a result of the few treatment options and poor therapeutic response. Here, we report that elevated expression of urine diphosphate–galactose ceramide galactosyltransferase (UGT8) specifically occurs in BLBC and predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. UGT8 expression is transcriptionally up-regulated by Sox10, triggering the sulfatide biosynthetic pathway; increased sulfatide activates integrin αVβ5-mediated signaling that contributes to BLBC progression. UGT8 expression promotes, whereas UGT8 knockdown suppresses tumorigenicity and metastasis. Importantly, we identify that zoledronic acid (ZA), a marketed drug for treating osteoporosis and bone metastasis, is a direct inhibitor of UGT8, which blocks the sulfatide biosynthetic pathway. Significantly, a clinically achievable dosage of ZA exhibits apparent inhibitory effect on migration, invasion, and lung metastasis of BLBC cells. Together, our study suggests that UGT8 is a potential prognostic indicator and druggable target of BLBC and that pharmacologic inhibition of UGT8 by ZA offers a promising opportunity for treating this challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhua Cao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Surgical Oncology (Breast Center), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Surgical Oncology (Breast Center), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuebiao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Surgical Oncology (Breast Center), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruocen Liao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Surgical Oncology (Breast Center), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Huang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Surgical Oncology (Breast Center), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjia Tan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Surgical Oncology (Breast Center), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Ren
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Surgical Oncology (Breast Center), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenfang Dong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Surgical Oncology (Breast Center), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China .,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Sharma S, Zhuang R, Long M, Pavlovic M, Kang Y, Ilyas A, Asghar W. Circulating tumor cell isolation, culture, and downstream molecular analysis. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1063-1078. [PMID: 29559380 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a major contributor of cancer metastases and hold a promising prognostic significance in cancer detection. Performing functional and molecular characterization of CTCs provides an in-depth knowledge about this lethal disease. Researchers are making efforts to design devices and develop assays for enumeration of CTCs with a high capture and detection efficiency from whole blood of cancer patients. The existing and on-going research on CTC isolation methods has revealed cell characteristics which are helpful in cancer monitoring and designing of targeted cancer treatments. In this review paper, a brief summary of existing CTC isolation methods is presented. We also discuss methods of detaching CTC from functionalized surfaces (functional assays/devices) and their further use for ex-vivo culturing that aid in studies regarding molecular properties that encourage metastatic seeding. In the clinical applications section, we discuss a number of cases that CTCs can play a key role for monitoring metastases, drug treatment response, and heterogeneity profiling regarding biomarkers and gene expression studies that bring treatment design further towards personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Sharma
- Department of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Rachel Zhuang
- Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Marisa Long
- Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Mirjana Pavlovic
- Department of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Yunqing Kang
- Department of Ocean & Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Azhar Ilyas
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Waseem Asghar
- Department of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
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14
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Kim HY, Ha Thi HT, Hong S. IMP2 and IMP3 cooperate to promote the metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer through destabilization of progesterone receptor. Cancer Lett 2017; 415:30-39. [PMID: 29217458 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies and is associated with high mortality rates due to the lack of effective therapeutic targets. In this study, we demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA-binding protein 2 and 3 (IMP2 and IMP3) are specifically overexpressed in TNBC and cooperate to promote cell migration and invasion. Downregulation of both IMP2 and IMP3 in TNBC cells was found to produce a synergistic effect in suppressing cell invasion and invadopodia formation, whereas overexpression of IMP2 and IMP3 in luminal subtype cells enhanced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. We also showed that IMP2 and IMP3 are direct targets of microRNA-200a (miR-200a), which is downregulated in TNBC. Conversely, IMP2 and IMP3 suppressed the transcription of miR-200a by destabilizing progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA through recruitment of the CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 1 (CNOT1) complex. Together, our findings suggest that IMP2 and IMP3 partially determine the characteristic phenotype and synergistically promote the metastasis of TNBC by downregulating PR. The identified IMP2/3-miR-200a-PR axis represents a novel double-negative feedback loop and serves as a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Youn Kim
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Huyen Trang Ha Thi
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Suntaek Hong
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Lin Y, Wang Y, Shi Q, Yu Q, Liu C, Feng J, Deng J, Evers BM, Zhou BP, Wu Y. Stabilization of the transcription factors slug and twist by the deubiquitinase dub3 is a key requirement for tumor metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:75127-75140. [PMID: 29088851 PMCID: PMC5650406 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) represents a cellular de-differentiation process that provides cells with the increased plasticity required during embryonic development, tissue remodeling, wound healing and metastasis. Slug and Twist are two key EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs) that are tightly regulated via ubiquitination and degradation. How Slug and Twist escape degradation and become stabilized in cancer cells remains unclear. One plausible mechanism of Slug and Twist stabilization involves removal of ubiquitin by deubiquitinases (DUBs). In this study, we identified Dub3 as a novel DUB for both Slug and Twist. We further found that Dub3 overexpression increased Slug and Twist protein levels in a dose-dependent manner, whereas Dub3-knockdown decreased their protein levels. Of importance, Dub3 interacted with Slug and Twist and prevented them from degradation, thereby promoting migration, invasion, and cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties of breast cancer cells. Intriguingly, Dub3 was identified as an early response gene that was upregulated after exposure to inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, which plays a critical role in the growth and metastasis of breast cancer cells, as well as the maintenance of breast CSCs. We found that Dub3 played an essential role in IL-6 induced EMT through stabilization of Slug and Twist. Our study has uncovered an IL-6-Dub3-Slug/Twist signaling axis during EMT and suggests potential approaches that could target Dub3 to prevent metastatic breast tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Central Laboratory, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Central Laboratory, Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - B Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yadi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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16
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Bao B, Mitrea C, Wijesinghe P, Marchetti L, Girsch E, Farr RL, Boerner JL, Mohammad R, Dyson G, Terlecky SR, Bollig-Fischer A. Treating triple negative breast cancer cells with erlotinib plus a select antioxidant overcomes drug resistance by targeting cancer cell heterogeneity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44125. [PMID: 28281569 PMCID: PMC5345072 DOI: 10.1038/srep44125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Among breast cancer patients, those diagnosed with the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype have the worst prog-nosis. TNBC does not express estrogen receptor-alpha, progesterone receptor, or the HER2 oncogene; therefore, TNBC lacks targets for molecularly-guided therapies. The concept that EGFR oncogene inhibitor drugs could be used as targeted treatment against TNBC has been put forth based on estimates that 30-60% of TNBC express high levels of EGFR. However, results from clinical trials testing EGFR inhibitors, alone or in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy, did not improve patient outcomes. Results herein offer an explanation as to why EGFR inhibitors failed TNBC patients and support how combining a select antioxidant and an EGFR-specific small molecule kinase inhibitor (SMKI) could be an effective, novel therapeutic strategy. Treatment with CAT-SKL-a re-engineered protein form of the antioxidant enzyme catalase-inhibited cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), and treatment with the EGFR-specific SMKI erlotinib inhibited non-CSCs. Thus, combining the antioxidant CAT-SKL with erlotinib targeted both CSCs and bulk cancer cells in cultures of EGFR-expressing TNBC-derived cells. We also report evidence that the mechanism for CAT-SKL inhibition of CSCs may depend on antioxidant-induced downregulation of a short alternative mRNA splicing variant of the methyl-CpG binding domain 2 gene, isoform MBD2c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Cristina Mitrea
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Priyanga Wijesinghe
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Luca Marchetti
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Emily Girsch
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Rebecca L Farr
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI 48201, USA
| | - Julie L Boerner
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ramzi Mohammad
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Greg Dyson
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Stanley R Terlecky
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI 48201, USA
| | - Aliccia Bollig-Fischer
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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17
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Tang P, Tse GM. Immunohistochemical Surrogates for Molecular Classification of Breast Carcinoma: A 2015 Update. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 140:806-14. [PMID: 27472239 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2015-0133-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT -The pioneering works on molecular classification (MC) by Perou and Sorlie et al in the early 2000s using global gene expression profiling identified 5 intrinsic subtypes of invasive breast cancers (IBCs): luminal A, luminal B, normal breast-like, HER2-enriched, and basal-like subtypes, each unique in incidence, survival, and response to therapy. Because the application of gene expression profiling in daily practice is not economical or practical at the present time, many investigators have studied the use of immunohistochemical (IHC) surrogates as a substitute for determining the MC of IBC. OBJECTIVE -To discuss the continuing efforts that have been made to develop clinically significant and readily available IHC surrogates for the MC of IBC. DATA SOURCES -Data were obtained from pertinent peer-reviewed English-language literature. CONCLUSIONS -The most commonly used IHC surrogates are estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), dividing IBC into luminal, HER2, and triple-negative subtypes. The addition of Ki-67, cytokeratin 5, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) separates luminal B from luminal A subtypes, and basal-like subtype from triple-negative breast cancer. More recently, biomarkers such as androgen receptor and p53 have been shown to further stratify these molecular subtypes. Although many studies of IHC-based MC have shown clinical significance similar to gene expression profiling-defined MC, its critical limitations are: (1) a lack of standardization in terminology, (2) a lack of standardization in biomarkers used for each subtype, and (3) the lack of a uniform cutoff for each biomarker. A panel of IHC surrogates for each subtype of IBC is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary M Tse
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and the Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
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18
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Sinha A, Paul BT, Sullivan LM, Sims H, Bastawisy AE, Yousef HF, Zekri ARN, Bahnassy AA, ElShamy WM. BRCA1-IRIS overexpression promotes and maintains the tumor initiating phenotype: implications for triple negative breast cancer early lesions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:10114-10135. [PMID: 28052035 PMCID: PMC5354646 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are cancer cells endowed with self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation, increased chemo-resistance, and in breast cancers the CD44+/CD24-/ALDH1+ phenotype. Triple negative breast cancers show lack of BRCA1 expression in addition to enhanced basal, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and TIC phenotypes. BRCA1-IRIS (hereafter IRIS) is an oncogene produced by the alternative usage of the BRCA1 locus. IRIS is involved in induction of replication, transcription of selected oncogenes, and promoting breast cancer cells aggressiveness. Here, we demonstrate that IRIS overexpression (IRISOE) promotes TNBCs through suppressing BRCA1 expression, enhancing basal-biomarkers, EMT-inducers, and stemness-enforcers expression. IRISOE also activates the TIC phenotype in TNBC cells through elevating CD44 and ALDH1 expression/activity and preventing CD24 surface presentation by activating the internalization pathway EGFR→c-Src→cortactin. We show that the intrinsic sensitivity to an anti-CD24 cross-linking antibody-induced cell death in membranous CD24 expressing/luminal A cells could be acquired in cytoplasmic CD24 expressing IRISOE TNBC/TIC cells through IRIS silencing or inactivation. We show that fewer IRISOE TNBC/TICs cells form large tumors composed of TICs, resembling TNBCs early lesions in patients that contain metastatic precursors capable of disseminating and metastasizing at an early stage of the disease. IRIS-inhibitory peptide killed these IRISOE TNBC/TICs, in vivo and prevented their dissemination and metastasis. We propose IRIS inactivation could be pursued to prevent dissemination and metastasis from early TNBC tumor lesions in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Sinha
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Bibbin T. Paul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Lisa M. Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Hillary Sims
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ahmed El Bastawisy
- Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend F. Yousef
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Abeer A. Bahnassy
- Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael M. ElShamy
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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19
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Bollig-Fischer A. How the future of clinical cancer diagnostics can contribute to overcoming race-associated cancer disparities. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:1233-1235. [PMID: 27792413 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1254552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Frohwitter G, Buerger H, VAN Diest PJ, Korsching E, Kleinheinz J, Fillies T. Cytokeratin and protein expression patterns in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity provide evidence for two distinct pathogenetic pathways. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:107-113. [PMID: 27347109 PMCID: PMC4906805 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity is a morphological heterogeneous disease. Various cytokeratin (CK) expression patterns with different prognostic values have been described, but little is known concerning the underlying biological cell mechanisms. Therefore, the present study investigated 193 cases of oral SCCs using immunohistochemistry for α/β/γ-catenin, glucose transporter 1, caspase-3, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, hypoxia inducible factor-1α, carbonic anhydrase 9, heat shock protein (hsp) 70, mast/stem cell growth factor receptor, p21, p27, p16, p53, B-cell lymphoma 6, epidermal growth factor receptor, cyclin D1 and CK1, 5/6, 8/18, 10, 14 and 19. Expression patterns were analyzed with biomathematical permutation analysis. The present results revealed a significant association between the expression of low-molecular weight CK8/18 and 19 and a high-tumor grade, β and γ-catenin expression, deregulated cell cycle proteins and a predominant localization of the tumor on the floor of the mouth. By contrast, expression of high-molecular weight CK1, 5/6, 10 and 14 was significantly associated with the expression of p21 and hsp70. In conclusion, the current study presents evidence for the existence of two parallel pathogenetic pathways in oral SCCs, characterized by the expression of low- and high-molecular weight CKs. Additional studies are required to demonstrate the extent that these results may be used to improve therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Horst Buerger
- Institute of Pathology, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany; Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J VAN Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eberhard Korsching
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Kleinheinz
- Department of Cranio and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Fillies
- Department of Cranio and Maxillofacial Surgery, Marienhospital Stuttgart, D-70199 Stuttgart, Germany
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21
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Liu J, Lin PC, Zhou BP. Inflammation fuels tumor progress and metastasis. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 21:3032-40. [PMID: 26004407 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666150514105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a beneficial response that can remove pathogens, repair injured tissue and restore homeostasis to damaged tissues and organs. However, increasing evidence indicate that chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in tumor development, as well as progression, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. We will review the current knowledge regarding the contribution of inflammation to epithelial mesenchymal transition. We will also provide some perspectives on the relationship between ER-stress signals and metabolism, and the role of these processes in the development of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Binhua P Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536.
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22
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Aydiner A, Sen F, Tambas M, Ciftci R, Eralp Y, Saip P, Karanlik H, Fayda M, Kucucuk S, Onder S, Yavuz E, Muslumanoglu M, Igci A. Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma Versus Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Survival and Response to Treatment. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2341. [PMID: 26717372 PMCID: PMC5291613 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) differs from classic invasive ductal carcinomas regarding incidence, pathogenesis, and prognosis. The purpose of this study was to compare patients with MBC with clinicopathologic and treatment-matched patients with triple-negative breast carcinoma (TNBC) in terms of response to treatment, progression, and survival.Fifty-four patients with MBC and 51 with TNBC, who were treated at Istanbul University, Institute of Oncology, between 1993 and 2014, were included in the study. After correctly matching the patients with 1 of the 2 groups, they were compared to determine differences in response to treatment, disease progression, clinical course, and survival.At a median follow-up of 28 months, 18 patients (17.1%) died and 27 (25.5%) had disease progression. Metaplastic histology was significantly correlated with worse 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) (51 ± 9% vs. 82 ± 6%, P = 0.013) and overall survival (OS) (68 ± 8% vs. 94 ± 4%, P = 0.009) compared with TNBC histology. Patients who received taxane-based chemotherapy (CT) regimens or adjuvant radiotherapy had significantly better PFS (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001) and OS (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001) compared with others. In the multivariate analysis, MBC (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.09, P < 0.001), presence of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) (HR: 12.8, P = 0.05), and metastasis development at any time during the clinical course (HR: 38.7, P < 0.001) were significant factors that decreased PFS, whereas metastasis development was the only independent prognostic factor of OS (HR: 23.8, P = 0.009).MBC is significantly correlated with worse PFS and OS compared with TNBC. Patients with MBC are resistant to conventional CT agents, and more efficient treatment regimens are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Aydiner
- From the Department of Medical Oncology (AA, FS, RC, YE, PS); Department of Radiation Oncology (MT, MF, SK); Surgical Oncology Unit, Institute of Oncology (HK); Department of Pathology (SO, EY); and Surgical Oncology Unit, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey (MM, AI)
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23
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Steroid Receptor Coactivator-3 (SRC-3/AIB1) as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Triple Negative Breast Cancer and Its Inhibition with a Phospho-Bufalin Prodrug. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140011. [PMID: 26431029 PMCID: PMC4592245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the poorest prognosis of all types of breast cancer and currently lacks efficient targeted therapy. Chemotherapy is the traditional standard-of-care for TNBC, but is frequently accompanied by severe side effects. Despite the fact that high expression of steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3) is correlated with poor survival in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer patients, its role in TNBC has not been extensively investigated. Here, we show that high expression of SRC-3 correlates with both poor overall survival and post progression survival in TNBC patients, suggesting that SRC-3 can serve as a prognostic marker for TNBC. Furthermore, we demonstrated that bufalin, a SRC-3 small molecule inhibitor, when introduced even at nM concentrations, can significantly reduce TNBC cell viability and motility. However, because bufalin has minimal water solubility, its in vivo application is limited. Therefore, we developed a water soluble prodrug, 3-phospho-bufalin, to facilitate its in vivo administration. In addition, we demonstrated that 3-phospho-bufalin can effectively inhibit tumor growth in an orthotopic TNBC mouse model, suggesting its potential application as a targeted therapy for TNBC treatment.
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24
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Kornegoor R, van Diest PJ, Buerger H, Korsching E. Tracing differences between male and female breast cancer: both diseases own a different biology. Histopathology 2015; 67:888-97. [PMID: 25941088 DOI: 10.1111/his.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare and poorly characterized disease. In the present study we used a novel biomathematical model to further characterize MBC and to identify differences between male and female breast cancer (FBC). METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 134 cases of MBC were stained immunohistochemically for 13 key oncoproteins, and staining percentages were used in a mathematical model to identify dependency patterns between these proteins. The results were compared with a large group of FBC (n = 728). MBC and FBC clearly differed on the molecular level. In detail, the results suggest a different role for progesterone receptor (PR) compared to oestrogen receptor (ER) in MBC, while in FBC ER and PR show a similar pattern. In addition, Androgen receptor (AR) seems to be a more powerful effector in MBC. Grades 1 and 2 tumours were clearly separated from grade 3 tumours, and luminal types A and B tumours also showed a different pattern. CONCLUSIONS Defined morphological and molecular phenotypes can be identified in MBC, but these seem to be the result of different molecular mechanisms and perhaps multiple genetic pathways, as characterized previously in FBC, emphasizing the rising concept that MBC and FBC should be regarded as different and unique diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kornegoor
- Department of Pathology, Gelre ziekenhuizen, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Dontu G, Ince TA. Of mice and women: a comparative tissue biology perspective of breast stem cells and differentiation. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2015; 20:51-62. [PMID: 26286174 PMCID: PMC4595531 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue based research requires a background in human and veterinary pathology, developmental biology, anatomy, as well as molecular and cellular biology. This type of comparative tissue biology (CTB) expertise is necessary to tackle some of the conceptual challenges in human breast stem cell research. It is our opinion that the scarcity of CTB expertise contributed to some erroneous interpretations in tissue based research, some of which are reviewed here in the context of breast stem cells. In this article we examine the dissimilarities between mouse and human mammary tissue and suggest how these may impact stem cell studies. In addition, we consider the differences between breast ducts vs. lobules and clarify how these affect the interpretation of results in stem cell research. Lastly, we introduce a new elaboration of normal epithelial cell types in human breast and discuss how this provides a clinically useful basis for breast cancer classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Dontu
- Stem Cell Group, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, King's College London School of Medicine, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tan A Ince
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave., Miami, 33136, FL, USA.
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26
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Boerner JL, Nechiporchik N, Mueller KL, Polin L, Heilbrun L, Boerner SA, Zoratti GL, Stark K, LoRusso PM, Burger A. Protein expression of DNA damage repair proteins dictates response to topoisomerase and PARP inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119614. [PMID: 25774912 PMCID: PMC4361640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) have a poor prognosis. New approaches for the treatment of TNBC are needed to improve patient survival. The concept of synthetic lethality, brought about by inactivating complementary DNA repair pathways, has been proposed as a promising therapeutic option for these tumors. The TNBC tumor type has been associated with BRCA mutations, and inhibitors of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a family of proteins that facilitates DNA repair, have been shown to effectively kill BRCA defective tumors by preventing cells from repairing DNA damage, leading to a loss of cell viability and clonogenic survival. Here we present preclinical efficacy results of combining the PARP inhibitor, ABT-888, with CPT-11, a topoisomerase I inhibitor. CPT-11 binds to topoisomerase I at the replication fork, creating a bulky adduct that is recognized as damaged DNA. When DNA damage was stimulated with CPT-11, protein expression of the nucleotide excision repair enzyme ERCC1 inversely correlated with cell viability, but not clonogenic survival. However, 4 out of the 6 TNBC cells were synergistically responsive by cell viability and 5 out of the 6 TNBC cells were synergistically responsive by clonogenic survival to the combination of ABT-888 and CPT-11. In vivo, the BRCA mutant cell line MX-1 treated with CPT-11 alone demonstrated significant decreased tumor growth; this decrease was enhanced further with the addition of ABT-888. Decrease in tumor growth correlated with an increase in double strand DNA breaks as measured by γ-H2AX phosphorylation. In summary, inhibiting two arms of the DNA repair pathway simultaneously in TNBC cell lines, independent of BRCA mutation status, resulted in un-repairable DNA damage and subsequent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Boerner
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicole Nechiporchik
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kelly L. Mueller
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lisa Polin
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lance Heilbrun
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Boerner
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gina L. Zoratti
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Karri Stark
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Patricia M. LoRusso
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Angelika Burger
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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27
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BELIZZI ANTONIA, GRECO MARIARAFFAELLA, RUBINO ROSA, PARADISO ANGELO, FORCINITI STEFANIA, ZEEBERG KATRINE, CARDONE ROSAANGELA, RESHKIN STEPHANJOEL. The scaffolding protein NHERF1 sensitizes EGFR-dependent tumor growth, motility and invadopodia function to gefitinib treatment in breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:1214-24. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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28
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Nelson RA, Guye ML, Luu T, Lai LL. Survival outcomes of metaplastic breast cancer patients: results from a US population-based analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 22:24-31. [PMID: 25012264 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) is a rare histologic subtype needing further characterization. The aim of our study was to compare MBC to infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast and to identify demographic, clinicopathologic, treatment, and survival differences. METHODS MBC and IDC patients were identified using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) public-use data set. Disease-specific survival (DSS) differences were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess factors prognostic for DSS. To control for hormone receptor status, a subsequent planned analysis was completed for receptor-negative MBC and IDC. Lastly, a matched case-control analysis was conducted to minimize potential bias due to baseline demographic, clinical, and pathologic differences. RESULTS The SEER data set included 1,011 MBC and 253,818 IDC patients diagnosed from 2001 to 2010. MBC patients had larger, higher grade tumors, had less frequent axillary nodal involvement, and were more likely to be treated with mastectomy. Five-year DSS rates were significantly worse for patients with MBC than for IDC patients (78 vs. 93 %, p < 0.0001) and for patients with receptor-negative MBC than receptor-negative IDC (77 vs. 85 %, p < 0.0001). The findings were confirmed on matched analysis. Prognostic factors identified on multivariate analyses included age, MBC histology, tumor grade, T stage, and axillary lymph node involvement. CONCLUSIONS MBC patients have shorter DSS than IDC patients. Improved clinical and biological understanding of MBC may result in more effective therapy and better cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Nelson
- Division of Biostatistics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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29
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Boecker W, Stenman G, Loening T, Andersson MK, Sinn HP, Barth P, Oberhellmann F, Bos I, Berg T, Marusic Z, Samoilova V, Buchwalow I. Differentiation and histogenesis of syringomatous tumour of the nipple and low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma: evidence for a common origin. Histopathology 2014; 65:9-23. [PMID: 24382117 DOI: 10.1111/his.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Syringomatous tumour of the nipple and low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma (LGAdSC) of the breast are regarded as distinct entities. To clarify the nature of these two lesions, we compared the expression of different lineage/differentiation markers in 12 syringomatous tumours of the nipple, nine LGAdSCs, and normal breast epithelium. METHODS AND RESULTS Using triple immunofluorescence labelling and quantitative RT-PCR for keratins, p63, and smooth muscle actin, we demonstrated that syringomatous tumour and LGAdSC contain p63+/K5/14+ tumour cells, K10+ squamous cells, and K8/18+ glandular cells, with intermediary cells being found in both lineages. Identical p63+/K5/14+ cells were also found in the normal breast duct epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence that syringomatous tumour of the nipple and LGAdSC are identical or nearly identical lesions. They contain p63+/K5/14+ cells as the key cells from which the K10+ squamous lineage and the K8/18+ glandular lineage arise. On the basis of our findings in normal breast tissue and associated benign lesions, we suggest that p63+/K5/14+ cells of the normal breast duct epithelium or early related cells might play a key role in the neoplastic transformation of both syringomatous tumour and LGAdSC. We propose that the differentiation patterns found in both lesions reflect the early ontogenetic stages of the normal breast epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Boecker
- Institute for Hematopathology, Reference Centre for Gynaeco- and Breast Pathology, Hamburg, Germany; Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
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30
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Mishra A, Gauri SS, Mukhopadhyay SK, Chatterjee S, Das SS, Mandal SM, Dey S. Identification and structural characterization of a new pro-apoptotic cyclic octapeptide cyclosaplin from somatic seedlings of Santalum album L. Peptides 2014; 54:148-58. [PMID: 24503375 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small cyclic peptides exhibiting potent biological activity have great potential for anticancer therapy. An antiproliferative cyclic octapeptide, cyclosaplin was purified from somatic seedlings of Santalum album L. (sandalwood) using gel filtration and RP-HPLC separation process. The molecular mass of purified peptide was found to be 858 Da and the sequence was determined by MALDI-ToF-PSD-MS as 'RLGDGCTR' (cyclic). The cytotoxic activity of the peptide was tested against human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell line in a dose and time-dependent manner. The purified peptide exhibited significant antiproliferative activity with an IC50 2.06 μg/mL. In a mechanistic approach, apoptosis was observed in differential microscopic studies for peptide treated MDA-MB-231 cells, which was further confirmed by mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA fragmentation assay, cell cycle analysis and caspase 3 activities. The modeling and docking experiments revealed strong affinity (kcal/mol) of peptide toward EGFR and procaspase 3. The co-localization studies revealed that the peptide sensitizes MDA-MB-231 cells by possibly binding to EGFR and induces apoptosis. This unique cyclic octapeptide revealed to be a favorable candidate for development of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abheepsa Mishra
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Samiran S Gauri
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav K Mukhopadhyay
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Shibendu S Das
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Santi M Mandal
- Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Satyahari Dey
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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31
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Herrera-Goepfert R, Vela-Chávez T, Carrillo-García A, Lizano-Soberón M, Amador-Molina A, Oñate-Ocaña LF, Hallmann RSR. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA sequences in metaplastic breast carcinomas of Mexican women. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:445. [PMID: 24083491 PMCID: PMC3852771 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metaplastic carcinoma, an uncommon subtype of breast cancer, is part of the spectrum of basal-like, triple receptor-negative breast carcinomas. The present study examined 20 surgical specimens of metaplastic breast carcinomas, for the presence of high-risk Human papillomavirus (HPV), which is suspected to be a potential carcinogenic agent for breast carcinoma. METHODS Mastectomy specimens from patients harboring metaplastic breast carcinoma, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), and who attended the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia in Mexico City, were retrieved from the files of the Department of Pathology accumulated during a 16-year period (1995-2008). Demographic and clinical information was obtained from patients' medical records. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors and HPV type-specific amplification was performed by means of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Quantitative Real-time (RT) PCR was conducted in HPV positive cases. Statistically, the association of continuous or categorical variables with HPV status was tested by the Student t, the Chi square, or Fisher's exact tests, as appropriate. RESULTS High-risk HPV DNA was detected in eight (40%) of 20 metaplastic breast carcinomas: seven (87.5%) HPV-16 and one (12.5%) HPV-18. Mean age of patients with HPV-positive cases was 49 years (range 24-72 years), the same as for HPV-negative cases (range, 30-73 years). There were not striking differences between HPV + and HPV- metaplastic carcinomas regarding clinical findings. Nearly all cases were negative for estrogen, progesterone and Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), but positive for Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). CONCLUSIONS High-risk HPV has been strongly associated with conventional breast carcinomas, although the subtle mechanism of neoplastic transformation is poorly understood. In Mexican patients, the prevalence of HPV infection among metaplastic breast carcinomas is higher than in non-metaplastic ones, as so the HPV viral loads; notwithstanding, HPV viral loads show wide variation and remain even lower than cervical and other non-cervical carcinomas, making it difficult to assume that HPV could play a key role in breast carcinogenesis. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the meaning of the presence of high-risk HPVDNA in breast carcinomas.
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32
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Esbah O, Turkoz FP, Turker I, Durnali A, Ekinci AS, Bal O, Sonmez OU, Budakoglu B, Arslan UY, Oksuzoglu B. Metaplastic breast carcinoma: case series and review of the literature. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:4645-9. [PMID: 23167395 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.9.4645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MpBC) is a rare disease entity, accounting for less than 1% of all breast carcinomas. Furthermore, it is a heterogenous disease with different subgroups, including malignant epithelial (carcinoma) and stromal (sarcoma) features. Here we evaluated, retrospectively, 14 female MpBC patients admitted to Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital between 2005 and 2011. Median age was 45.5 (range:16.0-76.0) and tumor size 57.5 mm (range: 20.0-80.0 mm). Histopathological subtypes were as follows: 5 carcinosarcoma, 5 squamous and 4 adenosquamous carcinoma. All but one with upfront lung metastasis, had their primary breast tumor operated. Axillary lymph nodes were involved in 64.3%. The most common sites of metastasis were lungs and brain. Chemotherapy including antracycline, taxane and even platinium was planned for adjuvant, neoadjuvant and palliative purposes in 9, 3 and 1 patient, respectively. Median cycles of chemotherapy was 6 (range:4-8). Median follow-up of the patients was 52 months (95%CI 10.4-93.6 month). Median 3 year progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in this patients cohort were 33% and 56%, respectively. In conclusion, MpBC is a rare and orphan disease without standardized treatment approaches and the prognosis is poor so that larger studies to investigate different treatment schedules are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Esbah
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara Oncology Teaching and Research Hospital, Turkey.
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33
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Song Y, Liu X, Zhang G, Song H, Ren Y, He X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Sun S, Liang X, Sun Q, Pang D. Unique clinicopathological features of metaplastic breast carcinoma compared with invasive ductal carcinoma and poor prognostic indicators. World J Surg Oncol 2013; 11:129. [PMID: 23738706 PMCID: PMC3679991 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-11-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metaplastic breast carcinoma is a rare aggressive malignant neoplasm. The purposes of this study are to review the pathologic features and clinical outcomes of metaplastic breast carcinoma compared to invasive ductal carcinoma and to evaluate the prognosis of metaplastic breast carcinoma. Methods The cases of 55 patients with metaplastic breast carcinomapresenting between 1991 and 2006 were analyzed and compared to the cases of 767 age-matched patients with invasive ductal carcinoma from the same time period. Results The group of patients with metaplastic breast carcinoma presented with a larger tumor size, lower lymph node involvement, higher percentage of triple-negative (estrogen receptor-, progesterone receptor- and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative) cases, and Ki-67 over-expression compared with the group of patients with invasive ductal carcinoma and triple-negative invasive ductal carcinomas. Patients in the metaplastic breast carcinoma group tended to have more local (often chest wall) recurrences (P = 0.038) and distant (often lung) metastases (P = 0.001) than those in the invasive ductal carcinomas group. The prognosis of metaplastic breast carcinoma was poorer than that of invasive ductal carcinoma and triple-negative invasive ductal carcinomas; the 5-year overall survival rate was 54.5% in metaplastic breast carcinoma versus 85.1% in invasive ductal carcinoma, and 73.3% in triple-negative invasive ductal carcinomas (P <0.001). The 5-year disease-free survival rate was 45.5% in metaplastic breast carcinoma versus 71.2% in invasive ductal carcinoma, and 60.3% in triple-negative invasive ductal carcinomas (P <0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed tumor size larger than 5.0 cm, lymph node involvement and Ki-67≥14% were significantly related to 5-year overall survival (P = 0.010; P = 0.010; P = 0.035) and 5-year disease-free survival (P = 0.020; P = 0.018; P = 0.049). Conclusions Metaplastic breast carcinoma shows a poorer prognosis than both invasive ductal carcinoma and triple-negative invasive ductal carcinomas. Tumor size larger than 5.0 cm, lymph node involvement and Ki-67 ≥14% indicate a poor prognosis in patients with metaplastic breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin 150081, China
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Yu YL, Chou RH, Liang JH, Chang WJ, Su KJ, Tseng YJ, Huang WC, Wang SC, Hung MC. Targeting the EGFR/PCNA signaling suppresses tumor growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells with cell-penetrating PCNA peptides. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61362. [PMID: 23593472 PMCID: PMC3620387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine 211 (Y211) phosphorylation of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) coincides with pronounced cancer cell proliferation and correlates with poor survival of breast cancer patients. In epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-resistant cells, both nuclear EGFR (nEGFR) expression and PCNA Y211 phosphorylation are increased. Moreover, the resistance to EGFR TKI is a major clinical problem in treating EGFR-overexpressing triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Thus, effective treatment to combat resistance is urgently needed. Here, we show that treatment of cell-penetrating PCNA peptide (CPPP) inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human TNBC cells. The Y211F CPPP specifically targets EGFR and competes directly for PCNA tyrosine Y211 phosphorylation and prevents nEGFR from binding PCNA in vivo; it also suppresses tumor growth by sensitizing EGFR TKI resistant cells, which have enhanced nEGFR function and abrogated classical EGFR membrane signaling. Furthermore, we identify an active motif of CPPP, RFLNFF (RF6 CPPP), which is necessary and sufficient to inhibit TKI-resistant TNBC cell growth of orthotopic implanted tumor in mice. Finally, the activity of its synthetic retro-inverted derivative, D-RF6 CPPP, on an equimolar basis, is more potent than RF6 CPPP. Our study reveals a drug candidate with translational potential for the future development of safe and effective therapeutic for EGFR TKI resistance in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Luen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLY); (MCH)
| | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hong Liang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jung Su
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YLY); (MCH)
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Ramalho S, Serra KP, Vassallo J, Soares FA, Pinto GA, Teixeira LC, Cunha IWD, Derchain SF, de Souza G. HER2 expression in Brazilian patients with estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative breast carcinoma. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:120-7. [PMID: 22647460 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between clinical and pathological factors and survival in patients with double negative HER2-overexpressing carcinoma and triple negative carcinoma. One hundred and sixty-one (161) patients diagnosed with breast cancer negative for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) were included. Of the total, 58 patients had double negative HER2-overexpressing (ER/PR-negative and HER2-positive) and 103 had triple negative (ER-negative, PR-negative and HER2-negative). ER and PR expression was assessed through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and HER2 expression was measured by immunohistochemistry and Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) analysis in tissue microarray. More than 80% had stages II and III disease and histologic grade III and nuclear grade 3. Patients with triple negative breast carcinoma had undifferentiated histologic types in 11% of cases and vascular invasion in 14.5%. Both groups had more than 50% visceral metastases. HER2 expression (p=0.42) and vascular invasion (p=0.05) did not interfere with survival. Survival of patients with Stages I-II disease was significantly longer than in those with Stage III disease both for double negative HER2-overexpressing carcinomas (p<0.0001) and triple negative carcinomas (p=0.03). The study shows that hormone receptor-negative breast carcinomas were undifferentiated and diagnosed at advanced stages and that HER2 expression was not associated with overall survival.
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Cooper CL, Karim RZ, Selinger C, Carmalt H, Lee CS, O'Toole SA. Molecular alterations in metaplastic breast carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2013; 66:522-8. [PMID: 23372178 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2012-201086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast is a rare and heterogeneous subtype of breast carcinoma with a generally poor outcome, and few therapeutic options once disease recurs or progresses. Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast are usually of a larger size at diagnosis, with less frequent nodal metastasis compared with invasive ductal carcinoma no special type, and lack hormone and HER2 receptor expression. Recent research has revealed some potentially actionable genetic changes in a subset of these rare tumours. However, ongoing efforts to further characterise the genetic basis and the molecular alterations underlying the distinctive morphological and clinical characteristics of these tumours are needed in order to identify new targets for treatment. This review will describe the theories of pathogenesis of metaplastic breast carcinoma, and highlight genetic changes and potential therapeutic targets in this generally poor prognosis malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Louise Cooper
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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van Bogaert LJ. Breast cancer molecular subtypes as identified by immunohistochemistry in South African black women. Breast J 2013; 19:210-1. [PMID: 23294416 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Cakir A, Gonul II, Uluoglu O. A comprehensive morphological study for basal-like breast carcinomas with comparison to nonbasal-like carcinomas. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:145. [PMID: 23082819 PMCID: PMC3488514 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast carcinomas can be classified into five subtypes based on gene expression profiling or immunohistochemical characteristics. Among these subtypes, basal-like breast carcinomas (BLBCs) are one of the most studied group, due to their poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalance, morphological and immunohistochemical features of BLBCs, in Turkish population. Methods Five hundred invasive breast carcinomas were reviewed for several morphological features and immunostained for oestrogen and progesterone receptors, c-ERB-B2, cytokeratin5/6, cytokeratin14, vimentin and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Basal-like breast carcinoma was defined as a triple negative tumor with cytokeratin5/6 and/or EGFR positive. Results The prevalance of BLBC was 9.6%. All medullary carcinomas and 55.6% of metaplastic carcinomas showed basal-like immunophenotype. Patients with BLBC were younger (p=0.04) and had higher-grade tumors (p<0.0001). Morphologic features associated with BLBC included increased mitosis, nuclear pleomorphism, presence of geographic and/or central necrosis, pushing margin of invasion and stromal lymphocytic response (p<0.0001). Presence of prominent nucleoli and vesicular nuclear chromatin were the cytological features correlated with basal-like phenotype (p<0.0001). On multivariate analyses, BLBCs were associated with high mitotic number (p<0.0001), the presence of vesicular chromatin (p=0.004), high tubular grade (p=0.011), lymphocytic response (p=0.031) and the absence of carcinoma insitu (p=0.039). Vimentin was positive in 53.2% of BLBCs, while cytokeratin14 was less frequently expressed (27.7%). Conclusions BLBCs have some distinctive, but not pathognomonical, morphological features. Paying attention to these features and adding cytokeratin14 and vimentin to the immunohistochemical panel can help the definitive diagnosis of BLBCs. Virtual slide Http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/5962175467857400
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Cakir
- Department of Pathology, Gazi University School of Medicine, Besevler 06500, Ankara, Turkey.
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van Bogaert LJ. P16INK4a immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry: need for scoring uniformization to be clinically useful in gynecological pathology. Ann Diagn Pathol 2012; 16:422-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kornegoor R, Verschuur-Maes AHJ, Buerger H, Hogenes MC, de Bruin PC, Oudejans JJ, Hinrichs B, van Diest PJ. Immunophenotyping of male breast cancer. Histopathology 2012; 61:1145-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liedtke C, Packeisen J, Hess KR, Vogt U, Kiesel L, Kersting C, Korsching E, Brandt B, Buerger H. Systematic analysis of in vitro chemosensitivity and mib-1 expression in molecular breast cancer subtypes. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:2066-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Schymik B, Buerger H, Krämer A, Voss U, van der Groep P, Meinerz W, van Diest PJ, Korsching E. Is there 'progression through grade' in ductal invasive breast cancer? Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 135:693-703. [PMID: 22886478 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent molecular data pointed towards the possibility of a stepwise dedifferentiation in a subgroup of invasive breast cancer (BC) cases. It was hypothesized that oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) grade 3 (G3) ductal invasive BCs are the end stage of a dedifferentiation process of luminal BC. A progression of luminal A towards luminal B BCs associated with a 'progression through grade' and an increased cell proliferation seemed the obvious explanation. In order to verify this hypothesis on a morphological and immunohistochemical level, we investigated 865 invasive BC cases. All cases were reviewed for the presence of intratumoural heterogeneity in grade of the invasive cancer and the presence of associated ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). With the use of tissue microarrays, the molecular subtype was determined and correlated with clinico-pathological features. In addition, all cases were stained for p21, p27, Ki-67, Cyclin D1, bcl-2, p53, and p16 and the results subjected to a biomathematical dependency analysis. The frequency of ER-positivity decreased with tumour size. The frequency of luminal A BC decreased as well, whereas the number of luminal B BCs remained constant. A gradual increase of the frequency of basal-like, HER2-driven and non-expressor BCs with tumour size was seen. In only 1 out of 865 BC cases, both a G1 and a G3 invasive cancer component was seen within the same BC. In two cases, a ductal invasive G1 carcinoma was associated with a poorly-differentiated DCIS. The frequency of columnar cell lesions was evenly distributed over ER+ and ER- ductal invasive G3 carcinomas. The biomathematical analysis gave striking hints against an obligate progression of BC trough grade. In conclusion, our results show that a morphological recognizable striking 'progression through grade' at least in its extreme form from G1 towards G3 is a very rare event in the natural course of invasive BC, including luminal BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schymik
- Clinics of Gynecology, St. Vincenz Hospital, Paderborn, Germany
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Yunokawa M, Koizumi F, Kitamura Y, Katanasaka Y, Okamoto N, Kodaira M, Yonemori K, Shimizu C, Ando M, Masutomi K, Yoshida T, Fujiwara Y, Tamura K. Efficacy of everolimus, a novel mTOR inhibitor, against basal-like triple-negative breast cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1665-71. [PMID: 22703543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) typically have a poor prognosis because such cancers have no effective therapeutic targets, such as estrogen receptors for endocrine therapy or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptors for anti-HER2 therapy. As the phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cascade is activated in TNBCs, mTOR is a potential molecular target for anticancer therapy. In this study, we investigated the antitumor activities of everolimus, an oral mTOR inhibitor, in nine TNBC cell lines. Everolimus effectively inhibited cell growth at concentrations under 100 nM (IC(50)) in five cell lines and even in the 1-nM range in three of the five cell lines. To identify specific characteristics that could be used as predictive markers of efficacy, we evaluated the expressions of proteins in the mTOR cascade, basal markers, and cancer stem cell markers using western blotting, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), or immunohistochemistry. All five of the sensitive cell lines were categorized as a basal-like subtype positive for either epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or CK5/6, although resistant cell lines were not of this subtype and tended to exhibit the characteristics of cancer stem cells, with decreased E-cadherin and the increased expression of Snail or Twist. In vivo assays demonstrated antitumor activity in a mouse xenograft model of basal-like breast cancer, rather than non-basal breast cancer. These results suggest that everolimus has favorable activity against basal-like subtypes of TNBCs. Epidermal growth factor receptor and CK5/6 are positive predictive markers of the TNBC response to everolimus, while cancer stem cell markers are negative predictive markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Yunokawa
- Department of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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SANDHU RUPNINDER, RIVENBARK ASHLEYG, COLEMAN WILLIAMB. Loss of post-transcriptional regulation of DNMT3b by microRNAs: a possible molecular mechanism for the hypermethylation defect observed in a subset of breast cancer cell lines. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:721-32. [PMID: 22664488 PMCID: PMC3982716 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A hypermethylation defect associated with DNMT hyperactivity and DNMT3b overexpression characterizes a subset of breast cancers and breast cancer cell lines. We analyzed breast cancer cell lines for differential expression of regulatory miRs to determine if loss of miR-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of DNMT3b represents the molecular mechanism that governs the overexpression of DNMT3b that drives the hypermethylation defect in breast cancer. MicroRNAs (miRs) that regulate (miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-29c, miR-148a, miR-148b) or are predicted (miR-26a, miR-26b, miR-203, miR-222) to regulate DNMT3b were examined among 10 hypermethylator and 6 non-hypermethylator breast cancer cell lines. Hypermethylator cell lines express diminished levels of miR-29c, miR-148a, miR-148b, miR-26a, miR-26b, and miR-203 compared to non-hypermethylator cell lines. miR expression patterns correlate inversely with methylation-sensitive gene expression (r=-0.66, p=0.0056) and directly with the methylation status of these genes (r=0.72, p=0.002). To determine the mechanistic role of specific miRs in the dysregulation of DNMT3b among breast cancer cell lines, miR levels were modulated by transfection of pre-miR precursors for miR-148b, miR-26b, and miR-29c into hypermethylator cell lines (Hs578T, HCC1937, SUM185) and transfection of antagomirs directed against miR-148b, miR-26b, and miR-29c into non-hypermethylator cell lines (BT20, MDA-MB-415, MDA-MB-468). Antagomir-mediated knock-down of miR-148b, miR-29c, and miR-26b significantly increased DNMT3b mRNA in non-hypermethylator cell lines, and re-expression of miR-148b, miR-29c, and miR-26b following transfection of pre-miR precursors significantly reduced DNMT3b mRNA in hypermethylator cell lines. These findings strongly suggest that: i) post-transcriptional regulation of DNMT3b is combinatorial, ii) diminished expression of regulatory miRs contributes to DNMT3b overexpression, iii) re-expression of regulatory miRs reduces DNMT3b mRNA levels in hypermethylator breast cancer cell lines, and iv) down-regulation of regulatory miRs increases DNMT3b mRNA levels in non-hypermethylator breast cancer cell lines. In conlcusion, the molecular mechanism governing the DNMT3b-mediated hypermethylation defect in breast cancer cell lines involves the loss of post-transcriptional regulation of DNMT3b by regulatory miRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- RUPNINDER SANDHU
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Program in Translational Medicine
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC,
USA
| | - ASHLEY G. RIVENBARK
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC,
USA
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Mueller KL, Madden JM, Zoratti GL, Kuperwasser C, List K, Boerner JL. Fibroblast-secreted hepatocyte growth factor mediates epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in triple-negative breast cancers through paracrine activation of Met. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R104. [PMID: 22788954 PMCID: PMC3680928 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have shown clinical efficacy in lung, colon, and pancreatic cancers. In lung cancer, resistance to EGFR TKIs correlates with amplification of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor tyrosine kinase Met. Breast cancers do not respond to EGFR TKIs, even though EGFR is overexpressed. This intrinsic resistance to EGFR TKIs in breast cancer does not correlate with Met amplification. In several tissue monoculture models of human breast cancer, Met, although expressed, is not phosphorylated, suggesting a requirement for a paracrine-produced ligand. In fact, HGF, the ligand for Met, is not expressed in epithelial cells but is secreted by fibroblasts in the tumor stroma. We have identified a number of breast cancer cell lines that are sensitive to EGFR TKIs. This sensitivity is in conflict with the observed clinical resistance to EGFR TKIs in breast cancers. Here we demonstrate that fibroblast secretion of HGF activates Met and leads to EGFR/Met crosstalk and resistance to EGFR TKIs in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods The SUM102 and SUM149 TNBC cell lines were used in this study. Recombinant HGF as well as conditioned media from fibroblasts expressing HGF were used as sources for Met activation. Furthermore, we co-cultured HGF-secreting fibroblasts with Met-expressing cancer cells to mimic the paracrine HGF/Met pathway, which is active in the tumor microenvironment. Cell growth, survival, and transformation were measured by cell counting, clonogenic and MTS assays, and soft agar colony formation, respectively. Student's t test was used for all statistical analysis. Results Here we demonstrate that treatment of breast cancer cells sensitive to EGFR TKIs with recombinant HGF confers a resistance to EGFR TKIs. Interestingly, knocking down EGFR abrogated HGF-mediated cell survival, suggesting a crosstalk between EGFR and Met. HGF is secreted as a single-chain pro-form, which has to be proteolytically cleaved in order to activate Met. To determine whether the proteases required to activate pro-HGF were present in the breast cancer cells, we utilized a fibroblast cell line expressing pro-HGF (RMF-HGF). Addition of pro-HGF-secreting conditioned fibroblast media to TNBC cells as well as co-culturing of TNBC cells with RMF-HGF fibroblasts resulted in robust phosphorylation of Met and stimulated proliferation in the presence of an EGFR TKI. Conclusions Taken together, these data suggest a role for Met in clinical resistance to EGFR TKIs in breast cancer through EGFR/Met crosstalk mediated by tumor-stromal interactions.
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Epigenetic Regulation of Cancer Stem Cell Genes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:257-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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At the crossroads: EGFR and PTHrP signaling in cancer-mediated diseases of bone. Odontology 2012; 100:109-29. [PMID: 22684584 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-012-0070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor is a well-established cancer therapeutic target due to its stimulation of proliferation, motility, and resistance to apoptosis. Recently, additional roles for the receptor have been identified in growth of metastases. Similar to development, metastatic spread requires signaling interactions between epithelial-derived tumor cells and mesenchymal derivatives of the microenvironment. This necessitates reactivation of developmental signaling molecules, including the hypercalcemia factor parathyroid hormone-related protein. This review covers the variations of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in cancers that produce bone metastases, regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein, and evidence that the two molecules drive cancer-mediated diseases of bone.
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Single cell profiling of circulating tumor cells: transcriptional heterogeneity and diversity from breast cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33788. [PMID: 22586443 PMCID: PMC3346739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To improve cancer therapy, it is critical to target metastasizing cells. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are rare cells found in the blood of patients with solid tumors and may play a key role in cancer dissemination. Uncovering CTC phenotypes offers a potential avenue to inform treatment. However, CTC transcriptional profiling is limited by leukocyte contamination; an approach to surmount this problem is single cell analysis. Here we demonstrate feasibility of performing high dimensional single CTC profiling, providing early insight into CTC heterogeneity and allowing comparisons to breast cancer cell lines widely used for drug discovery. Methodology/Principal Findings We purified CTCs using the MagSweeper, an immunomagnetic enrichment device that isolates live tumor cells from unfractionated blood. CTCs that met stringent criteria for further analysis were obtained from 70% (14/20) of primary and 70% (21/30) of metastatic breast cancer patients; none were captured from patients with non-epithelial cancer (n = 20) or healthy subjects (n = 25). Microfluidic-based single cell transcriptional profiling of 87 cancer-associated and reference genes showed heterogeneity among individual CTCs, separating them into two major subgroups, based on 31 highly expressed genes. In contrast, single cells from seven breast cancer cell lines were tightly clustered together by sample ID and ER status. CTC profiles were distinct from those of cancer cell lines, questioning the suitability of such lines for drug discovery efforts for late stage cancer therapy. Conclusions/Significance For the first time, we directly measured high dimensional gene expression in individual CTCs without the common practice of pooling such cells. Elevated transcript levels of genes associated with metastasis NPTN, S100A4, S100A9, and with epithelial mesenchymal transition: VIM, TGFß1, ZEB2, FOXC1, CXCR4, were striking compared to cell lines. Our findings demonstrate that profiling CTCs on a cell-by-cell basis is possible and may facilitate the application of ‘liquid biopsies’ to better model drug discovery.
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Abstract
Molecular subtyping of breast cancer by gene expression has proven its significance in females. Immunohistochemical surrogates have been used for this classification, because gene expression profiling is not yet routinely feasible. Male breast cancer is rare and large series are lacking. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry for molecular subtyping of male breast cancer. A total of 134 cases of male breast cancer were immunohistochemically stained on tissue microarrays for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), as well as for CK5/6, CK14, and Ki67. HER2 was also assessed by chromogen in situ hybridization. Cases were classified as luminal A (ER+ and/or PR+, and HER2- and Ki67 low), luminal B (ER+ and/or PR+, and HER2+ or Ki67 high), HER2 driven (ER-, PR-, HER2+), basal-like (ER-, PR-, HER2-, CK5/6+ and/or CK14+ and/or EGFR+), or unclassifiable triple-negative (negative for all six markers). Luminal type A was by far the most encountered type of male breast cancers, representing 75% of the cases. Luminal type B was seen in 21% and the remaining 4% of cases were classified as basal-like (n=4) and unclassifiable triple-negative (n=1). No HER2 driven cases were identified. Patients with basal-like cancer were significantly younger (P=0.034). Luminal B type cancers showed significantly higher histological grade (P<0.001), mitotic index (P<0.001), and PR negativity (P=0.005) compared with luminal type A cancers. In conclusion, most male breast cancers are luminal A and luminal B types, whereas basal-like, unclassifiable triple-negative, and HER2 driven male breast cancers are rare. Luminal type B seem to represent a subtype with an aggressive phenotype. This distribution of molecular subtypes in male breast cancer is clearly different compared with female breast cancers, pointing to possible important differences in carcinogenesis.
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Adamo V, Ricciardi G, De Placido S, Colucci G, Conte P, Giuffrida D, Gebbia N, Masci G, Cognetti F, Dondi D, Venturini M. Management and treatment of triple-negative breast cancer patients from the NEMESI study: An Italian experience. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:642-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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