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Banerjee S, Radotra BD, Luthra-Guptasarma M, Goyal MK. Identification of novel pathogenic variants of Calpain-3 gene in limb girdle muscular dystrophy R1. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:140. [PMID: 38561828 PMCID: PMC10983654 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy R1 (LGMDR1) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease caused by mutations in the calpain-3 (CAPN3) gene. As clinical and pathological features may overlap with other types of LGMD, therefore definite molecular diagnosis is required to understand the progression of this debilitating disease. This study aims to identify novel variants of CAPN3 gene in LGMDR1 patients. RESULTS Thirty-four patients with clinical and histopathological features suggestive of LGMD were studied. The muscle biopsy samples were evaluated using Enzyme histochemistry, Immunohistochemistry, followed by Western Blotting and Sanger sequencing. Out of 34 LGMD cases, 13 patients were diagnosed as LGMDR1 by immunoblot analysis, demonstrating reduced or absent calpain-3 protein as compared to controls. Variants of CAPN3 gene were also found and pathogenicity was predicted using in-silico prediction tools. The CAPN3 gene variants found in this study, included, two missense variants [CAPN3: c.1189T > C, CAPN3: c.2338G > C], one insertion-deletion [c.1688delinsTC], one splice site variant [c.2051-1G > T], and one nonsense variant [c.1939G > T; p.Glu647Ter]. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed 6 patients as LGMDR1 (with CAPN3 variants) from our cohort and calpain-3 protein expression was significantly reduced by immunoblot analysis as compared to control. Besides the previously known variants, our study found two novel variants in CAPN3 gene by Sanger sequencing-based approach indicating that genetic variants in LGMDR1 patients may help to understand the etiology of the disease and future prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Banerjee
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bishan Dass Radotra
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Manni Luthra-Guptasarma
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj K Goyal
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012, Chandigarh, India
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Šafranek M, Shumbusho A, Johansen W, Šarkanová J, Voško S, Bokor B, Jásik J, Demko V. Membrane-anchored calpains - hidden regulators of growth and development beyond plants? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1289785. [PMID: 38173928 PMCID: PMC10762896 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1289785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Calpains are modulatory proteases that modify diverse cellular substrates and play essential roles in eukaryots. The best studied are animal cytosolic calpains. Here, we focus on enigmatic membrane-anchored calpains, their structural and functional features as well as phylogenetic distribution. Based on domain composition, we identified four types of membrane-anchored calpains. Type 1 and 2 show broad phylogenetic distribution among unicellular protists and streptophytes suggesting their ancient evolutionary origin. Type 3 and 4 diversified early and are present in brown algae and oomycetes. The plant DEK1 protein is the only representative of membrane-anchored calpains that has been functionally studied. Here, we present up to date knowledge about its structural features, putative regulation, posttranslational modifications, and biological role. Finally, we discuss potential model organisms and available tools for functional studies of membrane-anchored calpains with yet unknown biological role. Mechanistic understanding of membrane-anchored calpains may provide important insights into fundamental principles of cell polarization, cell fate control, and morphogenesis beyond plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šafranek
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alain Shumbusho
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Wenche Johansen
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
| | - Júlia Šarkanová
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Voško
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Jásik
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viktor Demko
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Forsting J, Rohm M, Froeling M, Güttsches AK, Südkamp N, Roos A, Vorgerd M, Schlaffke L, Rehmann R. Quantitative muscle MRI captures early muscle degeneration in calpainopathy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19676. [PMID: 36385624 PMCID: PMC9669006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate differences in qMRI parameters of muscle diffusion tensor imaging (mDTI), fat-fraction (FF) and water T2 time in leg muscles of calpainopathy patients (LGMD R1/D4) compared to healthy controls, to correlate those findings to clinical parameters and to evaluate if qMRI parameters show muscle degeneration in not-yet fatty infiltrated muscles. We evaluated eight thigh and seven calf muscles of 19 calpainopathy patients and 19 healthy matched controls. MRI scans were performed on a 3T MRI including a mDTI, T2 mapping and mDixonquant sequence. Clinical assessment was done with manual muscle testing, patient questionnaires (ACTIVLIM, NSS) as well as gait analysis. Average FF was significantly different in all muscles compared to controls (p < 0.001). In muscles with less than 8% FF a significant increase of FA (p < 0.005) and decrease of RD (p < 0.004) was found in high-risk muscles of calpainopathy patients. Water T2 times were increased within the low- and intermediate-risk muscles (p ≤ 0.045) but not in high-risk muscles (p = 0.062). Clinical assessments correlated significantly with qMRI values: QMFM vs. FF: r = - 0.881, p < 0.001; QMFM versus FA: r = - 0.747, p < 0.001; QMFM versus MD: r = 0.942, p < 0.001. A good correlation of FF and diffusion metrics to clinical assessments was found. Diffusion metrics and T2 values are promising candidates to serve as sensitive early and non-invasive methods to capture early muscle degeneration in non-fat-infiltrated muscles in calpainopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Forsting
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marlena Rohm
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
- Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martijn Froeling
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Katrin Güttsches
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
- Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nicolina Südkamp
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
- Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Roos
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
- Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital Essen, Duisburg-Essen University, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Vorgerd
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
- Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lara Schlaffke
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
- Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert Rehmann
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
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Hoover CA, Ott KL, Manring HR, Dew T, Borzok MA, Wright NT. Creating a 'Molecular Band-Aid'; Blocking an Exposed Protease Target Site in Desmoplakin. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050401. [PMID: 34065787 PMCID: PMC8151963 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoplakin (DSP) is a large (~260 kDa) protein found in the desmosome, a subcellular complex that links the cytoskeleton of one cell to its neighbor. A mutation ‘hot-spot’ within the NH2-terminal third of the DSP protein (specifically, residues 299–515) is associated with both cardiomyopathies and skin defects. In select DSP variants, disease is linked specifically to the uncovering of a previously-occluded calpain target site (residues 447–451). Here, we partially stabilize these calpain-sensitive DSP clinical variants through the addition of a secondary single point mutation—tyrosine for leucine at amino acid position 518 (L518Y). Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and enzymatic assays reveal that this stabilizing mutation partially blocks access to the calpain target site, resulting in restored DSP protein levels. This ‘molecular band-aid’ provides a novel way to maintain DSP protein levels, which may lead to new strategies for treating this subset of DSP-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Hoover
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mansfield University of Pennsylvania, Mansfield, PA 16933, USA;
| | - Kendahl L. Ott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA;
| | - Heather R. Manring
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (H.R.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Trevor Dew
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (H.R.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Maegen A. Borzok
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mansfield University of Pennsylvania, Mansfield, PA 16933, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Nathan T. Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA;
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (N.T.W.)
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Mazaleyrat K, Badja C, Broucqsault N, Chevalier R, Laberthonnière C, Dion C, Baldasseroni L, El-Yazidi C, Thomas M, Bachelier R, Altié A, Nguyen K, Lévy N, Robin JD, Magdinier F. Multilineage Differentiation for Formation of Innervated Skeletal Muscle Fibers from Healthy and Diseased Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061531. [PMID: 32585982 PMCID: PMC7349825 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) obtained by reprogramming primary somatic cells have revolutionized the fields of cell biology and disease modeling. However, the number protocols for generating mature muscle fibers with sarcolemmal organization using iPSCs remain limited, and partly mimic the complexity of mature skeletal muscle. Methods: We used a novel combination of small molecules added in a precise sequence for the simultaneous codifferentiation of human iPSCs into skeletal muscle cells and motor neurons. Results: We show that the presence of both cell types reduces the production time for millimeter-long multinucleated muscle fibers with sarcolemmal organization. Muscle fiber contractions are visible in 19–21 days, and can be maintained over long period thanks to the production of innervated multinucleated mature skeletal muscle fibers with autonomous cell regeneration of PAX7-positive cells and extracellular matrix synthesis. The sequential addition of specific molecules recapitulates key steps of human peripheral neurogenesis and myogenesis. Furthermore, this organoid-like culture can be used for functional evaluation and drug screening. Conclusion: Our protocol, which is applicable to hiPSCs from healthy individuals, was validated in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Myotonic Dystrophy, Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy and type 2A Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy, opening new paths for the exploration of muscle differentiation, disease modeling and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Mazaleyrat
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, 13385 Marseille, France; (K.M.); (C.B.); (N.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (C.D.); (L.B.); (C.E.-Y.); (M.T.); (K.N.); (N.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Cherif Badja
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, 13385 Marseille, France; (K.M.); (C.B.); (N.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (C.D.); (L.B.); (C.E.-Y.); (M.T.); (K.N.); (N.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Natacha Broucqsault
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, 13385 Marseille, France; (K.M.); (C.B.); (N.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (C.D.); (L.B.); (C.E.-Y.); (M.T.); (K.N.); (N.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Raphaël Chevalier
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, 13385 Marseille, France; (K.M.); (C.B.); (N.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (C.D.); (L.B.); (C.E.-Y.); (M.T.); (K.N.); (N.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Camille Laberthonnière
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, 13385 Marseille, France; (K.M.); (C.B.); (N.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (C.D.); (L.B.); (C.E.-Y.); (M.T.); (K.N.); (N.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Camille Dion
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, 13385 Marseille, France; (K.M.); (C.B.); (N.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (C.D.); (L.B.); (C.E.-Y.); (M.T.); (K.N.); (N.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Lyla Baldasseroni
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, 13385 Marseille, France; (K.M.); (C.B.); (N.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (C.D.); (L.B.); (C.E.-Y.); (M.T.); (K.N.); (N.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Claire El-Yazidi
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, 13385 Marseille, France; (K.M.); (C.B.); (N.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (C.D.); (L.B.); (C.E.-Y.); (M.T.); (K.N.); (N.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Morgane Thomas
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, 13385 Marseille, France; (K.M.); (C.B.); (N.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (C.D.); (L.B.); (C.E.-Y.); (M.T.); (K.N.); (N.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Richard Bachelier
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Alexandre Altié
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13385 Marseille, France; (R.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Karine Nguyen
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, 13385 Marseille, France; (K.M.); (C.B.); (N.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (C.D.); (L.B.); (C.E.-Y.); (M.T.); (K.N.); (N.L.); (J.D.R.)
- APHM, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone Enfants, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Lévy
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, 13385 Marseille, France; (K.M.); (C.B.); (N.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (C.D.); (L.B.); (C.E.-Y.); (M.T.); (K.N.); (N.L.); (J.D.R.)
- APHM, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone Enfants, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Jérôme D. Robin
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, 13385 Marseille, France; (K.M.); (C.B.); (N.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (C.D.); (L.B.); (C.E.-Y.); (M.T.); (K.N.); (N.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Frédérique Magdinier
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics, 13385 Marseille, France; (K.M.); (C.B.); (N.B.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (C.D.); (L.B.); (C.E.-Y.); (M.T.); (K.N.); (N.L.); (J.D.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Finsterer J, Scorza FA, Scorza CA. Significance of Asymptomatic Hyper Creatine-Kinase Emia. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2019; 21:90-102. [PMID: 31743252 DOI: 10.1097/cnd.0000000000000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Whether asymptomatic hyper-CKemia (AHCE) should prompt a thorough work-up for muscle disease or not is controversially discussed. This review aims at summarizing and discussing recent findings concerning the cause, frequency, evolution, and work-up of conditions manifesting as AHCE and normal or abnormal electromyography (EMG) respectively muscle biopsy. METHODS Systematic PubMed search. RESULTS There are numerous primary (hereditary) and acquired myopathies that manifest with permanent, recurrent, or temporary AHCE with/without myopathic EMG or muscle biopsy. AHCE particularly occurs at onset of these conditions, which include dystrophinopathies, myotilinopathies, calpainopathy, caveolinopathy, dysferlinopathy, central core disease, multicore disease, desminopathy, MD1, MD2, hypoPP, malignant hyperthermia susceptibility, Pompe disease, McArdle disease, myoadenylate deaminase-deficiency, CPT2-deficiency, mitochondrial disorders, or myopathy with tubular aggregates. Most likely, other primary myopathies manifest with AHCE as well, without having been reported. Patients with AHCE should be taken seriously and repeated CK determination must be conducted. If hyper-CKemia is persisting or recurrent, these patients should undergo an EMG and eventually muscle biopsy. If noninformative, genetic work-up by a panel or whole exome sequencing should be initiated, irrespective of the family history. Patients with AHCE should avoid excessive exercise, require sufficient hydration, require counseling with regard to the risk of malignant hyperthermia, and should inform anesthesiologists and surgeons about their condition before elective surgery. CONCLUSIONS Recurrent AHCE should be taken seriously and managed with conventional work-up. If noninformative, genetic work-up should follow irrespective of the family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Finsterer
- Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Messerli Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fulvio A Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Escola Paulista de Medicine/Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla A Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Escola Paulista de Medicine/Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Schutz PW, Scalco RS, Barresi R, Houlden H, Parton M, Holton JL. Calpainopathy with macrophage-rich, regional inflammatory infiltrates. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 27:738-741. [PMID: 28602176 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in calpain-3 cause limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2A. Biopsy pathology is typically dystrophic, sometimes characterized by frequent lobulated fibres. More recently calpain mutations have been shown in association with eosinophilic myositis, suggesting that calpain mutations may render muscle susceptible to inflammatory change. We present the case of a 33-year old female with mild proximal muscle weakness and high CK levels (6698 IU/L at presentation). Muscle biopsy showed clusters of fibre necrosis associated with very dense macrophage infiltrates and small numbers of lymphocytes, raising the possibility of an inflammatory myopathy. No eosinophils were observed. Immunosuppressive treatment was started without clinical improvement. MRI demonstrated bilateral fatty replacement in posterior thigh and calf muscles. Western blot results prompted Sanger sequencing of the calpain-3 gene revealing compound heterozygous mutations c.643_663del and c.1746-20C>G. Our case widens the myopathological spectrum of calpainopathies to include focal macrophage rich inflammatory change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Schutz
- Division of Neuropathology, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Renata S Scalco
- Division of Neuropathology, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Rita Barresi
- Muscle Immunoanalysis Unit, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Matthew Parton
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Janice L Holton
- Division of Neuropathology, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
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8
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Fanin M, Angelini C. Protein and genetic diagnosis of limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A: The yield and the pitfalls. Muscle Nerve 2015; 52:163-73. [PMID: 25900067 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A) is the most frequent form of LGMD worldwide. Comprehensive clinical assessment and laboratory testing is essential for diagnosis of LGMD2A. Muscle immunoblot analysis of calpain-3 is the most useful tool to direct genetic testing, as detection of calpain-3 deficiency has high diagnostic value. However, calpain-3 immunoblot testing lacks sensitivity in about 30% of cases due to gene mutations that inactivate the enzyme. The best diagnostic strategy should be determined on a case-by-case basis, depending on which tissues are available, and which molecular and/or genetic methods are adopted. In this work we survey the current knowledge, advantages, limitations, and pitfalls of protein testing and mutation detection in LGMD2A and provide an update of genetic epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fanin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedical Campus "Pietro d'Abano," via Giuseppe Orus 2B, 35129, Padova, Italy
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9
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Fanin M, Nascimbeni AC, Angelini C. Muscle atrophy in
L
imb
G
irdle
M
uscular
D
ystrophy 2
A
: a morphometric and molecular study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:762-71. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Fanin
- Department of Neurosciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | | | - C. Angelini
- Department of Neurosciences University of Padova Padova Italy
- IRCCS San Camillo Venice Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE At present, more than 20 different forms of limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are known (at least 7 autosomal dominant and 14 autosomal recessive). Although these different forms show some typical phenotypic characteristics, the existing clinical overlap makes their differential diagnosis difficult. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2 (LGMD2A) is the most prevalent LGMD in many European as well as Brazilian communities and is caused by mutations in the gene CAPN3. Laboratory testing, such as calpain immunohistochemistry and Western-blot analysis, is not totally reliable, since up to 20% of molecularly confirmed LGMD2A show normal content of calpain 3 and a third of LGMD2A biopsies have normal calpain 3 proteo-lytic activity in the muscle. Thus, genetic testing is considered as the only reliable diagnostic criterion in LGMD2A. MATERIAL AND METHODS In an attempt to find a correlation between genotype and muscle pathology in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2A we performed histopathological investigation of a group of 31 patients subdivided according to the type of pathologic CAPN3 gene mutation. RESULTS In all biopsies typical features of muscular dystrophy such as fiber necrosis and regeneration, variation in fiber size and fibrosis were noted. Lobulated fibers were often encountered in the muscle biopsies of LGMD2A patients. Such fibers were more frequent in patients with 550delA mutation. CONCLUSIONS These findings may be helpful in establishing diagnostic strategies in LGMD.
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C3KO mouse expression analysis: downregulation of the muscular dystrophy Ky protein and alterations in muscle aging. Neurogenetics 2012; 13:347-57. [PMID: 22820870 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-012-0336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in CAPN3 gene cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A) characterized by muscle wasting and progressive degeneration of scapular and pelvic musculature. Since CAPN3 knockout mice (C3KO) display features of muscle pathology similar to those features observed in the earliest-stage or preclinical LGMD2A patients, gene expression profiling analysis in C3KO mice was performed to gain insight into mechanisms of disease. Two different comparisons were carried out in order to determine, first, the differential gene expression between wild-type (WT) and C3KO soleus and, second, to identify the transcripts differentially expressed in aging muscles of WT and C3KO mice. The up/downregulation of two genes, important for normal muscle function, was identified in C3KO mice: the Ky gene, encoding a protease implicated in muscle development, and Park2 gene encoding an E3 ubiquitin ligase (parkin). The Ky gene was downregulated in C3KO muscles suggesting that Ky protease may play a complementary role in regulating muscle cytoskeleton homeostasis in response to changes in muscle activity. Park2 was upregulated in the aged WT muscles but not in C3KO muscles. Taking into account the known functions of parkin E3 ligase, it is possible that it plays a role in ubiquitination and degradation of atrophy-specific and damaged proteins that are necessary to avoid cellular toxicity and a cellular stress response in aging muscles.
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12
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Ng R, Banks GB, Hall JK, Muir LA, Ramos JN, Wicki J, Odom GL, Konieczny P, Seto J, Chamberlain JR, Chamberlain JS. Animal models of muscular dystrophy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:83-111. [PMID: 22137430 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The muscular dystrophies (MDs) represent a diverse collection of inherited human disorders, which affect to varying degrees skeletal, cardiac, and sometimes smooth muscle (Emery, 2002). To date, more than 50 different genes have been implicated as causing one or more types of MD (Bansal et al., 2003). In many cases, invaluable insights into disease mechanisms, structure and function of gene products, and approaches for therapeutic interventions have benefited from the study of animal models of the different MDs (Arnett et al., 2009). The large number of genes that are associated with MD and the tremendous number of animal models that have been developed preclude a complete discussion of each in the context of this review. However, we summarize here a number of the more commonly used models together with a mixture of different types of gene and MD, which serves to give a general overview of the value of animal models of MD for research and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Ng
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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13
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Galvez AS, Diwan A, Odley AM, Hahn HS, Osinska H, Melendez JG, Robbins J, Lynch RA, Marreez Y, Dorn GW. Cardiomyocyte degeneration with calpain deficiency reveals a critical role in protein homeostasis. Circ Res 2007; 100:1071-8. [PMID: 17332428 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000261938.28365.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Regulating the balance between synthesis and proteasomal degradation of cellular proteins is essential for tissue growth and maintenance, but the critical pathways regulating protein ubiquitination and degradation are incompletely defined. Although participation of calpain calcium-activated proteases in post-necrotic myocardial autolysis is well characterized, their importance in homeostatic turnover of normal cardiac tissue is controversial. Hence, we evaluated the consequences of physiologic calpain (calcium-activated protease) activity in cultured cardiomyocytes and unstressed mouse hearts. Comparison of in vitro proteolytic activities of cardiac-expressed calpains 1 and 2 revealed calpain 1, but not calpain 2, activity at physiological calcium concentrations. Physiological calpain 1 activation was evident in adenoviral transfected cultured cardiomyocytes as proteolysis of specific substrates, generally increased protein ubiquitination, and accelerated protein turnover, that were each inhibited by coexpression of the inhibitor protein calpastatin. Conditional forced expression of calpain 1, but not calpain 2, in mouse hearts demonstrated substrate-specific proteolytic activity under basal conditions, with hyperubiquitination of cardiac proteins and increased 26S proteasome activity. Loss of myocardial calpain activity by forced expression of calpastatin diminished ubiquitination of 1 or more specific myocardial proteins, without affecting overall ubiquitination or proteasome activity, and resulted in a progressive dilated cardiomyopathy characterized by accumulation of intracellular protein aggregates, formation of autophagosomes, and degeneration of sarcomeres. Thus, calpain 1 is upstream of, and necessary for, ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of a subset of myocardial proteins whose abnormal accumulation produces autophagosomes and degeneration of cardiomyocytes with functional decompensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Galvez
- Center for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
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14
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Abstract
Calpain 3 is a 94-kDa calcium-dependent cysteine protease mainly expressed in skeletal muscle. In this tissue, it localizes at several regions of the sarcomere through binding to the giant protein, titin. Loss-of-function mutations in the calpain 3 gene have been associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A), a common form of muscular dystrophy found world wide. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding the mode of regulation and the possible function of calpain 3 in muscle. It is now well accepted that it has an unusual zymogenic activation and that cytoskeletal proteins are one class of its substrates. Through the absence of cleavage of these substrates, calpain 3 deficiency leads to abnormal sarcomeres, impairment of muscle contractile capacity, and death of the muscle fibers. These data indicate a role for calpain 3 as a chef d'orchestre in sarcomere remodeling and suggest a new category of LGMD2 pathological mechanisms.
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15
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Kramerova I, Kudryashova E, Wu B, Spencer MJ. Regulation of the M-cadherin-beta-catenin complex by calpain 3 during terminal stages of myogenic differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:8437-47. [PMID: 16982691 PMCID: PMC1636794 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01296-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease calpain 3 (CAPN3) is essential for normal muscle function, since mutations in CAPN3 cause limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A. Previously, we showed that myoblasts isolated from CAPN3 knockout (C3KO) mice were able to fuse to myotubes; however, sarcomere formation was disrupted. In this study we further characterized morphological and biochemical features of C3KO myotubes in order to elucidate a role for CAPN3 during myogenesis. We showed that cell cycle withdrawal occurred normally in C3KO cultures, but C3KO myotubes have an increased number of myonuclei per myotube. We found that CAPN3 acts during myogenesis to specifically control levels of membrane-associated but not cytoplasmic beta-catenin and M-cadherin. CAPN3 was able to cleave both proteins, and in the absence of CAPN3, M-cadherin and beta-catenin abnormally accumulated at the membranes of myotubes. Given the role of M-cadherin in myoblast fusion, this finding suggests that the excessive myonuclear index of C3KO myotubes was due to enhanced fusion. Postfusion events, such as beta1D integrin expression and myofibrillogenesis, were suppressed in C3KO myotubes. These data suggest that the persistence of fusion observed in C3KO cells inhibits subsequent steps of differentiation, such as integrin complex rearrangements and sarcomere assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kramerova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7334, USA.
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16
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Kramerova I, Beckmann JS, Spencer MJ. Molecular and cellular basis of calpainopathy (limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1772:128-44. [PMID: 16934440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A results from mutations in the gene encoding the calpain 3 protease. Mutations in this disease are inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion and result in progressive proximal skeletal muscle wasting but no cardiac abnormalities. Calpain 3 has been shown to proteolytically cleave a wide variety of cytoskeletal and myofibrillar proteins and to act upstream of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In this review, we summarize the known biochemical and physiological features of calpain 3 and hypothesize why mutations result in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kramerova
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics and UCLA Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7334, USA
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17
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Lanzillo R, Aurino S, Fanin M, Aguennoz M, Vitale F, Fiorillo C, Del Giudice E, Nigro V, Santoro L. Early onset calpainopathy with normal non-functional calpain 3 level. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006; 48:304-6. [PMID: 16542520 DOI: 10.1017/s001216220600065x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2A (LGMD2A), caused by calpain 3 deficiency, is currently diagnosed through the immunodetection of muscle protein by Western blot (WB) analysis . However, WB may provide normal results in patients with LGMD2A. The case of a female (3y 6mo of age) is described. She was found to be affected by asymptomatic hypercreatine-kinaesaemia during routine biochemical analysis at 10 months of age and had developed myopathic signs at the last neurological assessment. The WB of muscle biopsy performed at 28 months of age showed a normal quantity and pattern of bands for calpain 3. Despite this finding, on molecular analysis she was found to be a compound heterozygote for two mutations of the calpain 3 (CAPN3) gene (R110X and G222R). Autocatalytic activity assay showed a loss of function of calpain 3. This is the first genetically confirmed case of very early onset calpainopathy with a normal amount of protein at WB. Molecular analysis is also suggested in very young patients with normal WB.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lanzillo
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
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18
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Guglieri M, Magri F, Comi GP. Molecular etiopathogenesis of limb girdle muscular and congenital muscular dystrophies: Boundaries and contiguities. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 361:54-79. [PMID: 16002060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2005.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by progressive muscle wasting and weakness. These disorders present a large clinical variability regarding age of onset, patterns of skeletal muscle involvement, heart damage, rate of progression and mode of inheritance. Difficulties in classification are often caused by the relatively common sporadic occurrence of autosomal recessive forms as well as by intrafamilial clinical variability. Furthermore recent discoveries, particularly regarding the proteins linking the sarcolemma to components of the extracellular matrix, have restricted the gap existing between limb girdle (LGMD) and congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD). Therefore a renewed definition of boundaries between these two groups is required. Molecular genetic studies have demonstrated different causative mutations in the genes encoding a disparate collection of proteins involved in all aspects of muscle cell biology. These novel skeletal muscle genes encode highly diverse proteins with different localization within or at the surface of the skeletal muscle fibre, such as the sarcolemmal muscle membrane (dystrophin, sarcoglycans, dysferlin, caveolin-3), the extracellular matrix (alpha2 laminin, collagen VI), the sarcomere (telethonin, myotilin, titin, nebulin and ZASP), the muscle cytosol (calpain-3, TRIM32), the nucleus (emerin, lamin A/C) and the glycosilation pathway enzymes (fukutin and fukutin related proteins). The accumulating knowledge about the role of these different proteins in muscle pathology has led to a profound change in the original phenotype-based classification and shed new light on the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Guglieri
- Centro Dino Ferrari, Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
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Parnaud G, Hammar E, Rouiller DG, Bosco D. Inhibition of calpain blocks pancreatic beta-cell spreading and insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289:E313-21. [PMID: 15784646 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00006.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In addition to promoting insulin secretion, an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) triggered by glucose has been shown to be crucial for spreading of beta-cells attached on extracellular matrix (804G matrix). Calpains are Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine proteases involved in an extended spectrum of cellular responses, including cytoskeletal rearrangements and vesicular trafficking. The present work aimed to assess whether calpain is also implicated in the process of Ca(2+)-induced insulin secretion and spreading of rat pancreatic beta-cells. The results indicate calpain dependency of beta-cell spreading on 804G matrix. Indeed, treatment with three distinct calpain inhibitors (N-Ac-Leu-Leu-norleucinal, calpeptin, and ethyl(+)-(2S,3S)-3-[(S)-3-methyl-1-(3-methylbutylcarbamoyl)butyl-carbamoyl]-2-ox-iranecarboxylate) inhibited cell spreading induced by glucose and KCl, whereas cell attachment was not significantly modified. Calpain inhibitors also suppressed glucose- and KCl-stimulated insulin secretion without affecting insulin synthesis. Washing the inhibitor out of the cell culture restored spreading on 804G matrix and insulin secretory response after 24 h. In addition, incubation with calpeptin did not affect insulin secretory response to mastoparan that acts on exocytosis downstream of intracellular calcium [Ca(2+)]i. Finally, calpeptin was shown to affect the [Ca(2+)]i response to glucose but not to KCl. In summary, the results show that inhibition of calpain blocks spreading and insulin secretion of primary pancreatic beta-cells. It is therefore suggested that calpain could be a mediator of Ca(2+)-induced-insulin secretion and beta-cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Parnaud
- Dept. of Genetic Medicine and Development, Univ. Medical Center, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayana Zatz
- Human Genome Research Center, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Abstract
Calpains are calcium-modulated proteases which respond to Ca2+ signals by removing limited portions of protein substrates, thereby irreversibly modifying their function(s). Members of this protease family are present in a variety of organisms ranging from mammals to plants; some of them are ubiquitously expressed, while others are tissue specific. Although calpains are apparently involved in a multitude of physiological and pathological events, their functions are still poorly understood. In two cases, however, the alteration of a member of the calpain family has been clearly identified as being responsible for a human disease: the loss of function of calpain 3 causes limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A, and mutations in the gene coding for calpain 10 have been shown to correlate with non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Branca
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Università di Padova and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy.
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