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Zhao X, Qu Z, Tickner J, Xu J, Dai K, Zhang X. The role of SATB2 in skeletogenesis and human disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 25:35-44. [PMID: 24411565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of SATB2 (special AT-rich sequence binding protein 2) a decade ago, its pivotal roles in development and tissue regeneration have emerged, particularly in craniofacial patterning and development, palate formation, and osteoblast differentiation and maturation. As a member of the special AT-rich binding proteins family that bind to nuclear matrix-attachment regions (MAR), it also displays functional versatility in central nervous development, especially corpus callosum and pons formation, cancer development and prognosis, as well as in immune regulation. At the molecular level, Satb2 gene expression appears to be tissue and stage-specific, and is regulated by several cytokines and growth factors, such as BMP2/4/7, insulin, CNTF, and LIF via ligand receptor signaling pathways. SATB2 mainly performs a twofold role as a transcription regulator by directly binding to AT-rich sequences in MARs to modulate chromatin remodeling, or through association with other transcription factors to modulate the cis-regulation elements and thus to regulate the expression of down-stream target genes and a wide range of biological processes. This contemporary review provides an exploration of the molecular characteristics and function of SATB2; including its expression and cytokine regulation, its involvement in human disease, and its potential roles in skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhihu Qu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia (M504), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia (M504), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Kerong Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
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Igarashi M, Dung VC, Suzuki E, Ida S, Nakacho M, Nakabayashi K, Mizuno K, Hayashi Y, Kohri K, Kojima Y, Ogata T, Fukami M. Cryptic genomic rearrangements in three patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68194. [PMID: 23861871 PMCID: PMC3704668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 46,XY disorders of sex development (46,XY DSD) are genetically heterogeneous conditions. Recently, a few submicroscopic genomic rearrangements have been reported as novel genetic causes of 46,XY DSD. Methodology/Principal Findings To clarify the role of cryptic rearrangements in the development of 46,XY DSD, we performed array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis for 24 genetic males with genital abnormalities. Heterozygous submicroscopic deletions were identified in three cases (cases 1–3). A ∼8.5 Mb terminal deletion at 9p24.1–24.3 was detected in case 1 that presented with complete female-type external genitalia and mental retardation; a ∼2.0 Mb interstitial deletion at 20p13 was identified in case 2 with ambiguous external genitalia and short stature; and a ∼18.0 Mb interstitial deletion at 2q31.1–32 was found in case 3 with ambiguous external genitalia, mental retardation and multiple anomalies. The genital abnormalities of case 1 could be ascribed to gonadal dysgenesis caused by haploinsufficiency of DMRT1, while those of case 3 were possibly associated with perturbed organogenesis due to a deletion of the HOXD cluster. The deletion in case 2 affected 36 genes, none of which have been previously implicated in sex development. Conclusions/Significance The results indicate that cryptic genomic rearrangements constitute an important part of the molecular bases of 46,XY DSD and that submicroscopic deletions can lead to various types of 46,XY DSD that occur as components of contiguous gene deletion syndromes. Most importantly, our data provide a novel candidate locus for 46,XY DSD at 20p13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Igarashi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vu Chi Dung
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Genetics, The Vietnam National Hospital of Pediatrics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Erina Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Ida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mariko Nakacho
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Department of of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mizuno
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaro Hayashi
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kohri
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kojima
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Mitter D, Chiaie BD, Lüdecke HJ, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Bohring A, Kohlhase J, Caliebe A, Siebert R, Roepke A, Ramos-Arroyo MA, Nieva B, Menten B, Loeys B, Mortier G, Wieczorek D. Genotype-phenotype correlation in eight new patients with a deletion encompassing 2q31.1. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1213-24. [PMID: 20425826 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microdeletions of the 2q31.1 region are rare. We present the clinical and molecular findings of eight previously unreported patients with overlapping deletions in 2q31.1. The patients have a variable clinical phenotype and present with developmental delay (7/8), growth retardation (5/8), seizures (2/8) and a craniofacial dysmorphism consisting of microcephaly (4/8), short palpebral fissures (7/8), broad eyebrows with lateral flare (7/8), low-set ears with thickened helices and lobules (5/8), and micrognathia (6/8). Additional congenital anomalies were noted, including limb abnormalities (8/8), heart defects (3/8), genital anomalies (3/8), and craniosynostosis (1/8). Six of these microdeletions, ranging in size from 1.24 to 8.35 Mb, were identified by array CGH, one larger deletion (19.7 Mb) was detected by conventional karyotyping and further characterized by array CGH analysis. The smallest region of overlap in all eight patients spans at most 88 kb and includes only the WIPF1 gene. This gene codes for the WAS/WASL interacting protein family member 1. The patients described here do not present with clinical signs of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and the deletion of this single gene does not allow explaining the phenotype in our patients. It is likely that the deletion of different but overlapping sets of genes from 2q31 is responsible for the clinical variability in these patients. To further dissect the complex phenotype associated with deletions in 2q31, additional patients with overlapping phenotypes should be examined with array CGH. This should help to link particular phenotypes to specific genes, and add to our understanding of the underlying developmental processes.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Comparative Genomic Hybridization
- Female
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/complications
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/diagnostic imaging
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Genetic Association Studies
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/complications
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/diagnostic imaging
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Pregnancy
- Radiography
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mitter
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
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4
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Small deletions of SATB2 cause some of the clinical features of the 2q33.1 microdeletion syndrome. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6568. [PMID: 19668335 PMCID: PMC2719055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent deletions of 2q32q33 have recently been reported as a new microdeletion syndrome. Clinical features of this syndrome include severe mental retardation, growth retardation, dysmorphic features, thin and sparse hair, feeding difficulties and cleft or high palate. The commonly deleted region contains at least seven genes. Haploinsufficiency of one of these genes, SATB2, a DNA-binding protein that regulates gene expression, has been implicated as causative in the cleft or high palate of individuals with 2q32q33 microdeletion syndrome. In this study we describe three individuals with smaller microdeletions of this region, within 2q33.1. The deletions ranged in size from 173.1 kb to 185.2 kb and spanned part of SATB2. Review of clinical records showed similar clinical features among these individuals, including severe developmental delay and tooth abnormalities. Two of the individuals had behavioral problems. Only one of the subjects presented here had a cleft palate, suggesting reduced penetrance for this feature. Our results suggest that deletion of SATB2 is responsible for several of the clinical features associated with 2q32q33 microdeletion syndrome.
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5
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Gallagher L, Becker K, Kearney G, Dunlop A, Stallings R, Green A, Fitzgerald M, Gill M. Brief report: A case of autism associated with del(2)(q32.1q32.2) or (q32.2q32.3). J Autism Dev Disord 2003; 33:105-8. [PMID: 12708586 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022242807513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder presenting in the first 3 years of life. Deficits occur in the three core areas of communication, social interaction, and behavior. The causes of autism are unknown, but clinical genetic studies show strong evidence in favor of a genetic etiology. Molecular genetic studies report some association with candidate genes, and candidate regions have emerged from several genome-wide linkage studies. Here we report a clinical case of autism with a deletion on chromosome 2 in a young male with high-functioning autism. The deletion seems to correspond with regions emerging from linkage studies. We propose this as a possible candidate region in the search for autism genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
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6
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Singh R, Gardner RJM, Crossland KM, Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF. Chromosomal abnormalities and epilepsy: a review for clinicians and gene hunters. Epilepsia 2002; 43:127-40. [PMID: 11903458 DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2002.19498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We analyzed databases on chromosomal anomalies and epilepsy to identify chromosomal regions where abnormalities are associated with clinically recognizable epilepsy syndromes. The expectation was that these regions could then be offered as targets in the search for epilepsy genes. METHODS The cytogenetic program of the Oxford Medical Database, and the PubMed database were used to identify chromosomal aberrations associated with seizures and/or EEG abnormalities. The literature on selected small anomalies thus identified was reviewed from a clinical and electroencephalographic viewpoint, to classify the seizures and syndromes according to the current International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification. RESULTS There were 400 different chromosomal imbalances described with seizures or EEG abnormalities. Eight chromosomal disorders had a high association with epilepsy. These comprised: the Wolf-Hirschhorn (4p-) syndrome, Miller-Dieker syndrome (del 17p13.3), Angelman syndrome (del 15q11-q13), the inversion duplication 15 syndrome, terminal deletions of chromosome 1q and 1p, and ring chromosomes 14 and 20. Many other segments had a weaker association with seizures. The poor quality of description of the epileptology in many reports thwarted an attempt to make precise karyotype-phenotype correlations. CONCLUSIONS We identified certain chromosomal regions where aberrations had an evident association with seizures, and these regions may be useful targets for gene hunters. New correlations with specific epilepsy syndromes were not revealed. Clinicians should continue to search for small chromosomal abnormalities associated with specific epilepsy syndromes that could provide important clues for finding epilepsy genes, and the epileptology should be rigorously characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Singh
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), The University of Melbourne, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Australia
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7
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Slavotinek A, Schwarz C, Getty JF, Stecko O, Goodman F, Kingston H. Two cases with interstitial deletions of chromosome 2 and sex reversal in one. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1999; 86:75-81. [PMID: 10440834 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990903)86:1<75::aid-ajmg15>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present two children with de novo interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 2 (karyotypes 46,XY, del(2)(q31.1q31.3) and 46,XY, del(2)(q24.3q31.3), respectively). The first child had severe learning difficulties, growth retardation, unilateral ptosis, small palpebral fissures, a cleft uvula, and bilateral cutaneous syndactyly of the second and third toes. Despite her male karyotype, she had female external genitalia with hypoplasia of the clitoris and labia minora. This is the first reported case of feminization of the external genitalia in a genotypic male with an interstitial deletion of chromosome 2q31 and adds to the growing amount of evidence for a gene involved in sex determination in this chromosome region. The second child had severe mental and growth retardation, ptosis, down-slanting palpebral fissures, low-set ears, micrognathia, finger camptodactyly, and brachysyndactyly of the second to fifth toes. The clinical manifestations associated with deletions of 2q31 to 2q33 are similar to those found with proximal deletions at 2q24 to 2q31 and of band 2q24, suggesting that the phenotype may result from haploinsufficiency for one or more genes located at 2q31. Microsatellite marker studies showed that both children had paternally derived deletions that included the HOXD gene cluster and the EVX2, DLX1, and DLX2 genes known to be important in limb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Slavotinek
- University Department of Medical Genetics, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
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8
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Courtens W, Speleman F, Messiaen L, Bormans J, Roy NV, Vamos E. Interstitial deletion 2q33.3-q34 in a boy with a phenotype resembling the Seckel syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970905)71:4<479::aid-ajmg21>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Chinen Y, Tohma T, Izumikawa Y, Iha T, Goya Y, Naritomi K. Small interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2 (2q24.3): further delineation of 2q medial monosomy syndrome. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1996; 41:323-8. [PMID: 8996968 DOI: 10.1007/bf01913175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on a female infant with an interstitial deletion involving 2q24.3. She had multiple congenital anomalies similar to those in patients with del(2)(q31q33) except for an occipital encephalocele. As a result of comparison of clinical findings among interstitial 2q deletions, a distinct 2q medial monosomy syndrome may be delineable in association with a deletion of 2q31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chinen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine, Okinawa, Japan
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10
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Boles RG, Pober BR, Gibson LH, Willis CR, McGrath J, Roberts DJ, Yang-Feng TL. Deletion of chromosome 2q24-q31 causes characteristic digital anomalies: case report and review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 55:155-60. [PMID: 7717414 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320550204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe a newborn boy with multiple anomalies, including bilateral split foot and an interstitial deletion of chromosome 2 (q24.2-q31.1). Four additional cases in 2 families involving similar deletions have been reported. Bilateral digital anomalies of hands and feet were seen in all 5 cases, including a wide cleft between the first and second toes, wide halluces, brachysyndactyly of the toes, and camptodactyly of the fingers. Other common manifestations have included postnatal growth and mental retardation, microcephaly, down-slanting palpebral fissures, micrognathia, and apparently low-set ears. Bilateral digital anomalies were reported in 22 of 24 cases with deletions including at least part of region 2q24-q31. Digital anomalies were not prevalent in 18 patients with deletions of chromosome 2q not overlapping 2q24-q31. 2q31.1 appears to be the common deleted segment in all cases with significant digital anomalies, which implies the existence of one or more genes involved in distal limb morphogenesis in this region. HOXD13 and EVX2, located in the proximity of 2q31, were not deleted in our patient by Southern analysis. Bilateral digital malformations of the hands and feet associated with other anomalies should be evaluated by chromosome analysis focused at the 2q24-q31 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Boles
- Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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11
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Sánchez JM, Goldschmidt EL. Deletions of 2q: is there a 2q- syndrome? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 49:448-9. [PMID: 8160741 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320490420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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12
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Abstract
We report the cases of a mother and her two sons with del(2) (q32). Their phenotypes are compared with those of 20 individuals reported previously in the literature. All described cases apparently have identical deletions. Common manifestations include small size at birth, retarded growth and development, cranio-facial dysmorphism and skeletal and ocular anomalies. Our patients also have symptoms of the wrinkly skin syndrome (WSS), which is characterized by the wrinkling of the abdominal skin and of the skin of the dorsum of the hands and feet, decreased elastic recoil of the skin, an increased number of palmar and plantar creases, musculoskeletal anomalies, microcephaly, mental retardation and an old appearance. Our three patients show a striking pattern in skin biopsies when viewed by light microscopy, and a peculiar grimacing was noted in the boys. Their serum copper and caeruloplasmin levels are slightly raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Kreuz
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Hospital Altstadt, Magdeburg, Germany
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13
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Weaver RG, Rao N, Thomas IT, Pettenati MJ. De novo inv(2)(p21q31) associated with isolated bilateral microphthalmia and cataracts. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1991; 40:509-12. [PMID: 1746620 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320400428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on a patient with bilateral microphthalmia and unusual cataracts with a de novo pericentric inversion of chromosome (2)(p21q31). A literature review of previous associations of eye abnormalities and anomalies of chromosome 2 suggests probable gene locations for eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Weaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103
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14
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Davis E, Grafe M, Cunniff C, Jones KL, Bogart M. Interstitial deletion of chromosome 2q associated with ovarian dysgenesis. Clin Genet 1991; 39:386-90. [PMID: 1860256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1991.tb03047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present report we describe a girl with mental retardation, Dandy-Walker malformation, craniofacial anomalies, cardiac defect, and ovarian dysgenesis associated with an interstitial deletion of chromosome 2. The interstitial deletion in the proband was associated with an apparently balanced translocation involving chromosomes 2 and 7 in the father.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Davis
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego
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15
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Wamsler C, Müller B, Freyberger G, Schmid M. Interstitial deletion del(2)(q24q31) with a phenotype similar to del(2)(q31q33). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1991; 39:204-6. [PMID: 2063926 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320390217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A 3 3/12-year-old girl with multiple anomalies is reported. An interstitial deletion del(2)(q24q31) was demonstrated. There is considerable overlap of symptoms in cases with del(2)(q31q33), which are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wamsler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Ramer JC, Mowrey PN, Robins DB, Ligato S, Towfighi J, Ladda RL. Five children with del (2)(q31q33) and one individual with dup (2)(q31q33) from a single family: review of brain, cardiac, and limb malformations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1990; 37:392-400. [PMID: 2260571 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320370320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Five matings to a dir ins (6;2)(q16;q31q33) carrier have produced a high frequency (42%) of offspring with unbalanced karyotypes. Five children have the derivative chromosome 2 resulting in del (2)(q31q33) and one individual received the derivative chromosome 6 leading to dup (2)(q31q33). The findings associated with the deletion include pre- and postnatal growth retardation, developmental delay, minor facial anomalies, seizures, complex structural heart defects, and limb deficiency. Autopsy of one individual showed complex brain malformations including hydrocephalus secondary to obstruction of the foramina of Monro, extensive heterotopias and polymicrogyria, and an unusual form of total anomalous pulmonary venous return. We compare the findings in these children to those of previously reported cases and construct an overview of the range of anomalies. Apparently, no other individual with dup (2)(q31q33) has been described. We compare the physical peculiarities of our patient with those of individuals with duplications of overlapping regions of 2q.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Ramer
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey 17033
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Abstract
Four different Waardenburg syndromes have been defined based upon observed phenotypes. These syndromes are responsible for approximately 2% of subjects with profound congenital hearing loss. At present, Waardenburg syndromes have not been mapped to particular human chromosomes. One or more of the mouse mutant alleles, Ph (patch), s (piebald), Sp (splotch), and Mior (microphthalmia-Oak Ridge) and the hamster mutation Wh (anophthalmic white) may be homologous to mutations causing Waardenburg syndromes. In heterozygotes, phenotypic effects of these four mouse mutations and the hamster mutation are similar to the phenotypes produced by different Waardenburg syndrome mutations. The chromosomal locations and syntenic relationships associated with three of the four mouse mutant genes have been used to predict human chromosomal locations for Waardenburg syndromes: (1) on chromosome 2q near FN1 (fibronectin 1), (2) on chromosome 3p near the proto-oncogene RAF1 or 3q near RHO (rhodopsin), and (3) on chromosome 4p near the proto-oncogene KIT. Waardenburg syndromes show extensive intrafamilial phenotypic variability. Results of our studies with the hamster mutation Wh suggest that this variability may be explained in part by modifier genes segregating within families.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Asher
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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18
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Palmer CG, Heerema N, Bull M. Deletions in chromosome 2 and fragile sites. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1990; 36:214-8. [PMID: 2368809 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320360215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report on 2 patients with de novo deletions of 2q and chromosome constitutions of 46,XY,del(2)(q32.3q33.3) and 46,XX,del(2) (q21q23.2), respectively. Comparisons of breakpoints of interstitial deletions show frequent correspondence to common fragile sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Palmer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis
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19
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Lundbech PE, Thøgersen T. Unbalanced translocation between chromosomes 2 and 7 with de novo deletion of band 35 on the long arm of chromosome 2. Hum Genet 1989; 82:92-3. [PMID: 2714786 DOI: 10.1007/bf00288283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and cytogenetical findings are described in an infant with a de novo deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2. The boy's karyotype is 46,XY, rec(2)delq,t(2;7) (2pter----2q34::7p21----7pter) (7qter----7p21::2q36----2qter). He showed developmental retardation, low-set ears, micrognathia, short, neck, abundant skin of the neck, tetralogy of Fallot, bipartite labialike scrotum, clitorislike penis, cryptorchism, and deformities of the hands and feet.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Lundbech
- Department of Pediatrics, Herning Central Hospital, Denmark
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Halal F, Vekemans M, Der Kaloustian VM. A presumptive translocation 1p;2q resulting in duplication 1p and deletion 2q. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1989; 32:376-9. [PMID: 2658588 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320320322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on a girl with a translocation between 1 and 2 and duplication 1p and deletion 2q resulting in a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome including intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, hypotelorism, cleft palate, subglottic stenosis, umbilical hernia, scoliosis, anal atresia, bilateral calcaneovalgus, overlapping toes, and vertebral anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Halal
- Division of Medical Genetics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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Glass IA, Swindlehurst CA, Aitken DA, McCrea W, Boyd E. Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2 with normal levels of isocitrate dehydrogenase. J Med Genet 1989; 26:127-30. [PMID: 2918541 PMCID: PMC1015564 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.26.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a 16 year old boy with the abnormal karyotype 46,XY,del(2)(q32.2q33.1) who has mental retardation, microcephaly, epilepsy, craniofacial dysmorphism, distinctive scalloped skin pigmentation, and normal levels of isocitrate dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Glass
- Duncan Guthrie Institute of Medical Genetics, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill, Glasgow
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Sumi S, Obayashi M, Murakami M, Ito J, Okada N, Sano T, Oishi H, Ogasawara N. Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2: a dose study on isocitrate dehydrogenase 1. JINRUI IDENGAKU ZASSHI. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1988; 33:461-7. [PMID: 3075003 DOI: 10.1007/bf01897787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Benson K, Gordon M, Wassman ER, Tsi C. Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2 in a malformed infant with karyotype 46,XX,del(2)(q31q33). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1986; 25:405-11. [PMID: 3789004 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320250302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a malformed newborn girl with an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2 (karyotype: 46,XX,del(2)(q31q33)). This is the first report of this particular chromosome abnormality that includes autopsy findings. Comparison with previous cases in the literature suggests that this particular deletion uniformly results in developmental delays, craniofacial changes, and occasionally results in microcephaly, low-set ears, and hand and foot abnormalities.
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