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Yang X, Leslie G, Doroszuk A, Schneider S, Allen J, Decker B, Dunning AM, Redman J, Scarth J, Plaskocinska I, Luccarini C, Shah M, Pooley K, Dorling L, Lee A, Adank MA, Adlard J, Aittomäki K, Andrulis IL, Ang P, Barwell J, Bernstein JL, Bobolis K, Borg Å, Blomqvist C, Claes KB, Concannon P, Cuggia A, Culver JO, Damiola F, de Pauw A, Diez O, Dolinsky JS, Domchek SM, Engel C, Evans DG, Fostira F, Garber J, Golmard L, Goode EL, Gruber SB, Hahnen E, Hake C, Heikkinen T, Hurley JE, Janavicius R, Kleibl Z, Kleiblova P, Konstantopoulou I, Kvist A, Laduca H, Lee AS, Lesueur F, Maher ER, Mannermaa A, Manoukian S, McFarland R, McKinnon W, Meindl A, Metcalfe K, Mohd Taib NA, Moilanen J, Nathanson KL, Neuhausen S, Ng PS, Nguyen-Dumont T, Nielsen SM, Obermair F, Offit K, Olopade OI, Ottini L, Penkert J, Pylkäs K, Radice P, Ramus SJ, Rudaitis V, Side L, Silva-Smith R, Silvestri V, Skytte AB, Slavin T, Soukupova J, Tondini C, Trainer AH, Unzeitig G, Usha L, van Overeem Hansen T, Whitworth J, Wood M, Yip CH, Yoon SY, Yussuf A, Zogopoulos G, Goldgar D, Hopper JL, Chenevix-Trench G, Pharoah P, George SH, Balmaña J, Houdayer C, James P, El-Haffaf Z, Ehrencrona H, Janatova M, Peterlongo P, Nevanlinna H, Schmutzler R, Teo SH, Robson M, Pal T, Couch F, Weitzel JN, Elliott A, Southey M, Winqvist R, Easton DF, Foulkes WD, Antoniou AC, Tischkowitz M. Cancer Risks Associated With Germline PALB2 Pathogenic Variants: An International Study of 524 Families. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:674-685. [PMID: 31841383 PMCID: PMC7049229 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate age-specific relative and absolute cancer risks of breast cancer and to estimate risks of ovarian, pancreatic, male breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers associated with germline PALB2 pathogenic variants (PVs) because these risks have not been extensively characterized. METHODS We analyzed data from 524 families with PALB2 PVs from 21 countries. Complex segregation analysis was used to estimate relative risks (RRs; relative to country-specific population incidences) and absolute risks of cancers. The models allowed for residual familial aggregation of breast and ovarian cancer and were adjusted for the family-specific ascertainment schemes. RESULTS We found associations between PALB2 PVs and risk of female breast cancer (RR, 7.18; 95% CI, 5.82 to 8.85; P = 6.5 × 10-76), ovarian cancer (RR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.40 to 6.04; P = 4.1 × 10-3), pancreatic cancer (RR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.24 to 4.50; P = 8.7 × 10-3), and male breast cancer (RR, 7.34; 95% CI, 1.28 to 42.18; P = 2.6 × 10-2). There was no evidence for increased risks of prostate or colorectal cancer. The breast cancer RRs declined with age (P for trend = 2.0 × 10-3). After adjusting for family ascertainment, breast cancer risk estimates on the basis of multiple case families were similar to the estimates from families ascertained through population-based studies (P for difference = .41). On the basis of the combined data, the estimated risks to age 80 years were 53% (95% CI, 44% to 63%) for female breast cancer, 5% (95% CI, 2% to 10%) for ovarian cancer, 2%-3% (95% CI females, 1% to 4%; 95% CI males, 2% to 5%) for pancreatic cancer, and 1% (95% CI, 0.2% to 5%) for male breast cancer. CONCLUSION These results confirm PALB2 as a major breast cancer susceptibility gene and establish substantial associations between germline PALB2 PVs and ovarian, pancreatic, and male breast cancers. These findings will facilitate incorporation of PALB2 into risk prediction models and optimize the clinical cancer risk management of PALB2 PV carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Goska Leslie
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alicja Doroszuk
- Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Schneider
- Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Allen
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brennan Decker
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alison M. Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Redman
- Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Scarth
- Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Plaskocinska
- Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Luccarini
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mitul Shah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Pooley
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leila Dorling
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Lee
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel A. Adank
- Family Cancer Clinic, The Netherlands Cancer Institute–Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julian Adlard
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irene L. Andrulis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Ang
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julian Barwell
- Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonine L. Bernstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kristie Bobolis
- Clinical Cancer Genomics Community Research Network, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Åke Borg
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Patrick Concannon
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Adeline Cuggia
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie O. Culver
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Orland Diez
- Oncogenetics Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Area, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), University Hospital, Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Susan M. Domchek
- Department ofMedicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Prospective Registry of Multiplex Testing (PROMPT), United States and Europe
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - D. Gareth Evans
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital–Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Florentia Fostira
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos,” Athens, Greece
| | - Judy Garber
- Prospective Registry of Multiplex Testing (PROMPT), United States and Europe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Lisa Golmard
- Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ellen L. Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Eric Hahnen
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher Hake
- Clinical Cancer Genomics Community Research Network, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Tuomas Heikkinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Judith E. Hurley
- Division of Medical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Ramunas Janavicius
- Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Department of Molecular and Regenerative Medicine, Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Innovative Medicine Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Zdenek Kleibl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kleiblova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irene Konstantopoulou
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos,” Athens, Greece
| | - Anders Kvist
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ann S.G. Lee
- Leicestershire Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme (ONCO ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Fabienne Lesueur
- INSERM U900, Institut Curie, PSL University, Mines ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Eamonn R. Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Rachel McFarland
- Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Wendy McKinnon
- Familial Cancer Program, The University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kelly Metcalfe
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nur Aishah Mohd Taib
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jukka Moilanen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Department ofMedicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Susan Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Pei Sze Ng
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tu Nguyen-Dumont
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah M. Nielsen
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Florian Obermair
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Kepler University Hospital Linz and Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Tumor Cytogenetics, Ordensklinikum Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Prospective Registry of Multiplex Testing (PROMPT), United States and Europe
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Laura Ottini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Judith Penkert
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, and Northern Finland Laboratory Centre, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Basis of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Susan J. Ramus
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vilius Rudaitis
- Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Department of Molecular and Regenerative Medicine, Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lucy Side
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Silva-Smith
- Department of Genetics, University of MiamiMiller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | | | - Anne-Bine Skytte
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Slavin
- Clinical Cancer Genomics Community Research Network, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Clinical Cancer Genomics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Jana Soukupova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carlo Tondini
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Hematology,Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alison H. Trainer
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary Unzeitig
- Clinical Cancer Genomics Community Research Network, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Lydia Usha
- Clinical Cancer Genomics Community Research Network, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Thomas van Overeem Hansen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James Whitworth
- Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Wood
- Familial Cancer Program, The University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT
| | - Cheng Har Yip
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sook-Yee Yoon
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - George Zogopoulos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Goldgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia H.L. George
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Judith Balmaña
- Oncogenetics Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Area, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), University Hospital, Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Prospective Registry of Multiplex Testing (PROMPT), United States and Europe
| | - Claude Houdayer
- Service de Génétique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Genetics Department, F76000 and Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Paul James
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zaki El-Haffaf
- Department of Genetics, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hans Ehrencrona
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Office for Medical Services, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marketa Janatova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- Genome Diagnostics Program, IFOM–The FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rita Schmutzler
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mark Robson
- Prospective Registry of Multiplex Testing (PROMPT), United States and Europe
- Breast Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Tuya Pal
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Fergus Couch
- Prospective Registry of Multiplex Testing (PROMPT), United States and Europe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jeffrey N. Weitzel
- Clinical Cancer Genomics Community Research Network, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Clinical Cancer Genomics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | | | - Melissa Southey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, and Northern Finland Laboratory Centre, Oulu, Finland
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William D. Foulkes
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Human Genetics, Oncology, and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antonis C. Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Tischkowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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