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Ivanov KI, Samuilova OV, Zamyatnin AA. The emerging roles of long noncoding RNAs in lymphatic vascular development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:197. [PMID: 37407839 PMCID: PMC10322780 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in RNA sequencing technologies helped uncover what was once uncharted territory in the human genome-the complex and versatile world of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Previously thought of as merely transcriptional "noise", lncRNAs have now emerged as essential regulators of gene expression networks controlling development, homeostasis and disease progression. The regulatory functions of lncRNAs are broad and diverse, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are highly variable, acting at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. In recent years, evidence has accumulated to support the important role of lncRNAs in the development and functioning of the lymphatic vasculature and associated pathological processes such as tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis and cancer metastasis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of lncRNAs in regulating the key genes and pathways involved in lymphatic vascular development and disease. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of lncRNAs as novel therapeutic targets and outline possible strategies for the development of lncRNA-based therapeutics to treat diseases of the lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin I Ivanov
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Olga V Samuilova
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- HSE University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Dongre P, Bothra N, Chaurasia S. Keratoconus in two siblings with congenital distichiasis. Eur J Ophthalmol 2023:11206721231162441. [PMID: 36891581 DOI: 10.1177/11206721231162441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a previously unreported association of keratoconus in congenital distichiasis. METHODS Observational case series of ocular findings in 2 siblings with congenital distichiasis. RESULTS A 17-year-old male presented with tearing and photophobia in both eyes. His parents revealed that he was photophobic since birth. He had a lid surgery previously in both eyes. Clinical examination revealed a central scar with Descemet membrane tear suggestive of healed hydrops in the right eye. The left eye showed topographic features of keratoconus. His younger sibling, a 14-year-old female, also had similar symptoms of photophobia and tearing since birth. She had undergone electrolysis in both eyes. At the present visit, she had an epithelial defect with congestion in the right eye. Electrolysis of the distichiatic eyelashes was performed along with bandage contact lens application, which relieved her symptoms. Her topography revealed subclinical keratoconus in both eyes. The siblings' father also had complaints of photophobia since birth and had lid surgery and electrolysis in the second decade of his life. CONCLUSIONS Patients with congenital distichiasis may have associated keratoconus. Chronic ocular irritation and subsequent eye rubbing in distichiasis could be the risk factor for keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dongre
- Cataract and Refractive surgery services, 28592LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nandini Bothra
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Services, 28592LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sunita Chaurasia
- Cataract and Refractive surgery services, 28592LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Cornea and Anterior segment services, 28592LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Wang X, Guo L, Zhang B, Wu J, Sun Y, Tao H, Sha J, Zhai J, Liu M. Haploinsufficiencies of FOXF1, FOXC2 and FOXL1 genes originated from deleted 16q24.1q24.2 fragment related with alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins and lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome: relationship to phenotype. Mol Cytogenet 2022; 15:48. [PMID: 36329475 PMCID: PMC9632103 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-022-00627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We describe a fetus with a 2.12-Mb terminal deleted fragment in 16q associated with alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) and lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome (LDS) and intend to provide a comprehensive prenatal management strategy for the fetuses with ACDMPV and LDS through reviewing other similar published studies. Methods The fetus presented a series of diverse structural malformations including congenital cardiovascular, genitourinary and gastro-intestinal anomalies in ultrasound at 23 + 5 weeks of gestation (GA).
Amniocentesis was conducted for karyotype analysis and copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) after informed consent. Results The fetal karyotype was 46,XX, however the result of CNV-seq showed an approximately 2.12-Mb deletion in 16q24.1q24.2 (85220000-87340000) × 1 indicating pathogenicity. Conclusion Genomic testing should be recommend as a first line diagnostic tool for suspected ACDMPV and/or LDS or other genetic syndromes for the fetuses with structural abnormalities in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Wang
- grid.252957.e0000 0001 1484 5512Graduate School of Bengbu Medical College, Donghai Avenue No. 2600, Bengbu, 233000 Anhui China ,grid.452207.60000 0004 1758 0558Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, No. 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221009 Jiangsu China
| | - Lili Guo
- grid.252957.e0000 0001 1484 5512Graduate School of Bengbu Medical College, Donghai Avenue No. 2600, Bengbu, 233000 Anhui China ,grid.452207.60000 0004 1758 0558Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, No. 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221009 Jiangsu China
| | - Bei Zhang
- grid.252957.e0000 0001 1484 5512Graduate School of Bengbu Medical College, Donghai Avenue No. 2600, Bengbu, 233000 Anhui China ,grid.452207.60000 0004 1758 0558Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, No. 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221009 Jiangsu China ,grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221000 Xuzhou China
| | - Jiebin Wu
- grid.252957.e0000 0001 1484 5512Graduate School of Bengbu Medical College, Donghai Avenue No. 2600, Bengbu, 233000 Anhui China ,grid.452207.60000 0004 1758 0558Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, No. 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221009 Jiangsu China ,grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221000 Xuzhou China
| | - Yu Sun
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221000 Xuzhou China ,Department of Obstetrics, Fengxian People’s Hospital, Feng Xian Renmin West Road No.51, Xuzhou, 221700 Jiangsu China
| | - Huimin Tao
- grid.452207.60000 0004 1758 0558Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, No. 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221009 Jiangsu China ,grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221000 Xuzhou China
| | - Jing Sha
- grid.452207.60000 0004 1758 0558Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, No. 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221009 Jiangsu China
| | - Jingfang Zhai
- grid.252957.e0000 0001 1484 5512Graduate School of Bengbu Medical College, Donghai Avenue No. 2600, Bengbu, 233000 Anhui China ,grid.452207.60000 0004 1758 0558Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, No. 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221009 Jiangsu China ,grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221000 Xuzhou China
| | - Min Liu
- grid.452207.60000 0004 1758 0558Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, No. 199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou, 221009 Jiangsu China ,grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221000 Xuzhou China
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Aslam MR, Muhammad Asif H, Ahmad K, Jabbar S, Hayee A, Sagheer MS, Rehman JU, Khalid S, Hashmi AS, Rajpoot SR, Sharif A. Global impact and contributing factors in varicose vein disease development. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221118992. [PMID: 36051783 PMCID: PMC9425889 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221118992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicose veins are convoluted, expanded, and stretched subcutaneous veins of the lower leg and are the most frequently reported medical condition. This condition has a higher prevalence in Western and developed countries. Inadequacy of the valves results in reflux of blood in the veins of the lower leg. The present study aims to describe the epidemiology and contributing factors (risk factors and pathological factors) in the development of varicose veins disease. PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Google Scholar, SciFinder, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were explored to include potential research and review articles. Finally, 65 articles were considered appropriate to include in the study. Pain, swelling, heaviness, and tingling of the lower limbs are the most common sign and symptoms caused by varicose veins while in some individuals it is asymptomatic. The Prevalence of varicose veins varies geographically. Currently, it is reported that globally about 2%–73% of the population is affected by varicose veins while the prevalence rate in Pakistan is 16%–20%. Different risk factors associated with the advancement of varicose veins are age, gender, occupation, pregnancy, family history, smoking, BMI and obesity, exercise, genetic factor, and current lifestyle. In varicose veins, some contributory elements may also play an important role in the disease development, incorporating constant venous wall aggravation, hereditary variation, and persistent venous hypertension. This condition has now turned into a curable issue that was previously viewed broadly as less important for treatment, determining the individual’s satisfaction. Moreover, the mechanisms behind the risk factors involve diet, physical work, and hormonal contribution. These are more likely to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rahil Aslam
- University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Asif
- University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Khalil Ahmad
- University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Sana Jabbar
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Qarshi University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hayee
- University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid Sagheer
- University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Jalil Ur Rehman
- University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Sana Khalid
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sattar Hashmi
- University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Rana Rajpoot
- University College of Conventional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Sharif
- Department of Pathology, Sargodha Medical College, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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Sudduth CL, Greene AK. Primary Lymphedema: Update on Genetic Basis and Management. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:374-381. [PMID: 33502936 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2020.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Primary lymphedema is a chronic condition without a cure. The lower extremities are more commonly affected than the arms or genitalia. The disease can be syndromic. Morbidity includes decreased self-esteem, infections, and reduced function of the area. Recent Advances: Several mutations can cause lymphedema, and new variants continue to be elucidated. A critical determinant that predicts the natural history and morbidity of lymphedema is the patient's body mass index (BMI). Individuals who maintain an active lifestyle with a normal BMI generally have less severe disease compared to subjects who are obese. Because other causes of lower extremity enlargement can be confused with lymphedema, definitive diagnosis requires lymphoscintigraphy. Critical Issues: Most patients with primary lymphedema are satisfactorily managed with compression regimens, exercise, and maintenance of a normal body weight. Suction-assisted lipectomy is our preferred operative intervention for symptomatic patients who have failed conservative therapy. Suction-assisted lipectomy effectively removes excess subcutaneous fibro-adipose tissue and can improve underlying lymphatic function. Future Directions: Many patients with primary lymphedema do not have an identifiable mutation and thus novel variants will be identified. The mechanisms by which mutations cause lymphedema continue to be studied. In the future, drug therapy for the disease may be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Sudduth
- Lymphedema Program, Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arin K. Greene
- Lymphedema Program, Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Sheikh AB, Fudim M, Garg I, Minhas AMK, Sobotka AA, Patel MR, Eng MH, Sobotka PA. The Clinical Problem of Pelvic Venous Disorders. Interv Cardiol Clin 2022; 11:307-324. [PMID: 35710285 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccl.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pelvic venous disorders are inter-related pathologic conditions caused by reflux and obstruction in the pelvic veins. It can present a spectrum of clinical features based on the route of transmission of venous hypertension to either distal or caudal venous reservoirs. Imaging can help to visualize pelvic vascular and visceral structures to rule out other gynecologic, gastrointestinal, and urologic diseases. Endovascular treatment, owing to its low invasive nature and high success rate, has become the mainstay in the management of pelvic venous disorders. This article reviews the pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to pelvic venous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Baker Sheikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1021 Medical Arts Avenue NE, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA
| | - Marat Fudim
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, 200 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, 300 West Morgan Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Ishan Garg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1021 Medical Arts Avenue NE, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA
| | - Abdul Mannan Khan Minhas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Forrest General Hospital, 6051 US 49, Hattiesburg, MS 39401, USA
| | | | - Manesh R Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, 200 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, 300 West Morgan Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Marvin H Eng
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arizona, Banner University Medical Center, 1111 E McDowell Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | - Paul A Sobotka
- The Ohio State University, 281 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Jiang L, Ren W, Xie C, Duan S, Dai C, Wei Y, Luo D, Wang T, Gong B, Liu X, Yang Z, Ye Z, Chen H, Shi Y. Genetic landscape of FOXC2 mutations in lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome: Different mechanism of pathogenicity for mutations in different domains. Exp Eye Res 2022; 222:109136. [PMID: 35716761 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphedema-dissociated syndrome (LDS), of which the pathogenesis is not fully understood, afflicts many patients. In this study, we investigated the effect of FOXC2 gene loss-of-function on the development of LDS disease.Two Han Chinese families with LDS were recruited in this study, pathogenic mutations were identified by Sanger sequencing. Reverse-transcription PCR, subcellular localization, dual fluorescein enzymes, and other in vitro experiments were used to study the functional effects of eight FOXC2 mutations. Two pathogenic FOXC2 duplication mutations (c.930_936dup and c.931-937dup) were identified in the two families. Both mutations caused uneven distribution in the nucleus and a chromatin contraction phenotype, weakening the DNA binding activity and transcription activity. We then performed functional analysis on six additional mutations in different domains of FOXC2 that were reported to cause LDS. We found mutations located in the forkhead domain and central region dramatically reduced the transactivation ability, while mutations in activation domain-2 enhanced this ability. All 8 mutations down-regulated the transcription of ANGPT2 and affected the activity of the ERK-RAS pathway, which may cause abnormal formation of lymphatic vessels. Our findings also showed that all 8 mutations decreased the ability of interaction between FOXC2 and the Wnt4 promoter, suggesting mutations in FOXC2 may also affect the Wnt4-Frizzled-RYK signaling pathway, leading the abnormal differentiation of the meibomian glands into hair follicle cells during the embryonic period and causing distichiasis. This study expanded and revealed the potential pathogenesis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Jiang
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiming Ren
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunbao Xie
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Suyang Duan
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Dai
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Wei
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongyan Luo
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Gong
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zimeng Ye
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Shi
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Abstract
Distichiasis, an extra row of eyelashes emerging from meibomian gland orifices, occurs due to the metaplastic transition of sebaceous glands into the pilosebaceous unit. It can present congenitally, such as in lymphedema distichiasis syndrome, or secondary to acquired conditions, such as cicatrizing conjunctivitis, trachoma. This review summarizes the etiology of distichiasis, its presentation, the evolution of various surgical techniques, and their outcomes in human and animal eyes. The published literature has focused on the different treatment modalities and their outcomes; the etiopathogenesis of this condition remains elusive. Truncating mutations (missense, frameshift, and nonsense) in the Forkhead family gene FOXC2 are involved in the distichiasis-lymphedema syndrome. The treatment options are no different for congenital versus acquired distichiasis, with no specific available algorithms. Acquired distichiasis in cicatrizing ocular surface diseases is difficult to manage, and existing treatment options offer success rates of 50%-60%. The outcomes of electroepilation or direct cryotherapy are not as good as surgical excision of distichiatic lashes after splitting the anterior and posterior lamella under direct visualization. The marginal tarsectomy with or without free tarsoconjunctival graft has shown good results in eyes with congenital and acquired distichiasis. The details of differences between normal and distichiatic lash, depth, or course of distichiatic eyelashes remain largely unknown. Studies exploring the distichiatic eyelash depth might improve the outcomes of blind procedures such as cryotherapy or radiofrequency-assisted epilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Ocular Surface and Adnexa Services; Centre for Ocular Regeneration (CORE), L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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9
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Michelson M, Lidzbarsky G, Nishri D, Israel-Elgali I, Berger R, Gafner M, Shomron N, Lev D, Goldberg Y. Microdeletion of 16q24.1-q24.2-A unique etiology of Lymphedema-Distichiasis syndrome and neurodevelopmental disorder. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:1990-1996. [PMID: 35312147 PMCID: PMC9314700 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial deletions of 16q24.1–q24.2 are associated with alveolar capillary dysplasia, congenital renal malformations, neurodevelopmental disorders, and congenital abnormalities. Lymphedema–Distichiasis syndrome (LDS; OMIM # 153400) is a dominant condition caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in FOXC2. Usually, lymphedema and distichiasis occur in puberty or later on, and affected individuals typically achieve normal developmental milestones. Here, we describe a boy with congenital lymphedema, distichiasis, bilateral hydronephrosis, and global developmental delay, with a de novo microdeletion of 894 kb at 16q24.1–q24.2. This report extends the phenotype of both 16q24.1–q24.2 microdeletion syndrome and of LDS. Interestingly, the deletion involves only the 3′‐UTR part of FOXC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Michelson
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,The Genetic Institute of Maccabi Health Medicinal Organization, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gabriel Lidzbarsky
- Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Daniella Nishri
- Child Developmental Center of Maccabi Health Medicinal Organization, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ifat Israel-Elgali
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Berger
- The Genetic Institute of Maccabi Health Medicinal Organization, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Gafner
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dorit Lev
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,The Genetic Institute of Maccabi Health Medicinal Organization, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Goldberg
- The Genetic Institute of Maccabi Health Medicinal Organization, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
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10
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Niimi K, Nakae J, Inagaki S, Furuyama T. FOXO1 represses lymphatic valve formation and maintenance via PRDM1. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110048. [PMID: 34852224 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraluminal lymphatic valves (LVs) contribute to the prevention of lymph backflow and maintain circulatory homeostasis. Several reports have investigated the molecular mechanisms which promote LV formation; however, the way in which they are suppressed is not completely clear. We show that the forkhead transcription factor FOXO1 is a suppressor of LV formation and maintenance in lymphatic endothelial cells. Oscillatory shear stress by bidirectional flow inactivates FOXO1 via Akt phosphorylation, resulting in the upregulation of a subset of LV-specific genes mediated by downregulation of a transcriptional repressor, PRDM1. Mice with an endothelial-specific Foxo1 deletion have an increase in LVs, and overexpression of Foxo1 in mice produces a decrease in LVs. Genetic reduction of PRDM1 rescues the decrease in LV by Foxo1 overexpression. In conclusion, FOXO1 plays a critical role in lymph flow homeostasis by preventing excess LV formation. This gene might be a therapeutic target for lymphatic circulatory abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Niimi
- Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Hara 281-1, Mure, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan
| | - Jun Nakae
- Department of Physiology, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, 4-3 Kozu-no-Mori, Narita 286-8686, Japan
| | - Shinobu Inagaki
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Osaka Yukioka College of Health Science, Sojiji 1-1-41, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0801, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Furuyama
- Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Hara 281-1, Mure, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan.
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11
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Martin-Almedina S, Mortimer PS, Ostergaard P. Development and physiological functions of the lymphatic system: insights from human genetic studies of primary lymphedema. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1809-1871. [PMID: 33507128 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary lymphedema is a long-term (chronic) condition characterized by tissue lymph retention and swelling that can affect any part of the body, although it usually develops in the arms or legs. Due to the relevant contribution of the lymphatic system to human physiology, while this review mainly focuses on the clinical and physiological aspects related to the regulation of fluid homeostasis and edema, clinicians need to know that the impact of lymphatic dysfunction with a genetic origin can be wide ranging. Lymphatic dysfunction can affect immune function so leading to infection; it can influence cancer development and spread, and it can determine fat transport so impacting on nutrition and obesity. Genetic studies and the development of imaging techniques for the assessment of lymphatic function have enabled the recognition of primary lymphedema as a heterogenic condition in terms of genetic causes and disease mechanisms. In this review, the known biological functions of several genes crucial to the development and function of the lymphatic system are used as a basis for understanding normal lymphatic biology. The disease conditions originating from mutations in these genes are discussed together with a detailed clinical description of the phenotype and the up-to-date knowledge in terms of disease mechanisms acquired from in vitro and in vivo research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martin-Almedina
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S Mortimer
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Dermatology and Lymphovascular Medicine, St. George's Universities NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Geng X, Ho YC, Srinivasan RS. Biochemical and mechanical signals in the lymphatic vasculature. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5903-5923. [PMID: 34240226 PMCID: PMC11072415 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature is an integral part of the cardiovascular system where it maintains interstitial fluid balance. Additionally, lymphatic vasculature regulates lipid assimilation and inflammatory response. Lymphatic vasculature is composed of lymphatic capillaries, collecting lymphatic vessels and valves that function in synergy to absorb and transport fluid against gravitational and pressure gradients. Defects in lymphatic vessels or valves leads to fluid accumulation in tissues (lymphedema), chylous ascites, chylothorax, metabolic disorders and inflammation. The past three decades of research has identified numerous molecules that are necessary for the stepwise development of lymphatic vasculature. However, approaches to treat lymphatic disorders are still limited to massages and compression bandages. Hence, better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate lymphatic vascular development and function is urgently needed to develop efficient therapies. Recent research has linked mechanical signals such as shear stress and matrix stiffness with biochemical pathways that regulate lymphatic vessel growth, patterning and maturation and valve formation. The goal of this review article is to highlight these innovative developments and speculate on unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73013, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73013, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73013, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA.
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13
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Scallan JP, Knauer LA, Hou H, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Davis MJ, Yang Y. Foxo1 deletion promotes the growth of new lymphatic valves. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e142341. [PMID: 34263740 DOI: 10.1172/jci142341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with congenital lymphedema suffer from tissue swelling in part due to mutations in genes regulating lymphatic valve development. Lymphatic valve leaflets grow and are maintained throughout life in response to oscillatory shear stress (OSS), which regulates gene transcription in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Here, we identified the first transcription factor, Foxo1, that repressed lymphatic valve formation by inhibiting the expression of valve-forming genes. We showed that both embryonic and postnatal ablation of Foxo1 in LECs induced additional valve formation in postnatal and adult mice in multiple tissues. Our quantitative analyses revealed that after deletion, the total number of valves in the mesentery was significantly (P < 0.01) increased in the Foxo1LEC-KO mice compared with Foxo1fl/fl controls. In addition, our quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) data from cultured LECs showed that many valve-forming genes were significantly (P < 0.01) upregulated upon knockdown of FOXO1. To confirm our findings in vivo, rescue experiments showed that Foxc2+/- mice, a model of lymphedema-distichiasis, had 50% fewer lymphatic valves and that the remaining valves exhibited backleak. Both valve number and function were completely restored to control levels upon Foxo1 deletion. These findings established FOXO1 as a clinically relevant target to stimulate de novo lymphatic valve formation and rescue defective valves in congenital lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Luz A Knauer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Huayan Hou
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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14
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González-Loyola A, Bovay E, Kim J, Lozano TW, Sabine A, Renevey F, Arroz-Madeira S, Rapin A, Wypych TP, Rota G, Durot S, Velin D, Marsland B, Guarda G, Delorenzi M, Zamboni N, Luther SA, Petrova TV. FOXC2 controls adult lymphatic endothelial specialization, function, and gut lymphatic barrier preventing multiorgan failure. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/29/eabf4335. [PMID: 34272244 PMCID: PMC8284898 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms maintaining adult lymphatic vascular specialization throughout life and their role in coordinating inter-organ communication to sustain homeostasis remain elusive. We report that inactivation of the mechanosensitive transcription factor Foxc2 in adult lymphatic endothelium leads to a stepwise intestine-to-lung systemic failure. Foxc2 loss compromised the gut epithelial barrier, promoted dysbiosis and bacterial translocation to peripheral lymph nodes, and increased circulating levels of purine metabolites and angiopoietin-2. Commensal microbiota depletion dampened systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, corrected intestinal lymphatic dysfunction, and improved survival. Foxc2 loss skewed the specialization of lymphatic endothelial subsets, leading to populations with mixed, pro-fibrotic identities and to emergence of lymph node-like endothelial cells. Our study uncovers a cross-talk between lymphatic vascular function and commensal microbiota, provides single-cell atlas of lymphatic endothelial subtypes, and reveals organ-specific and systemic effects of dysfunctional lymphatics. These effects potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, or lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra González-Loyola
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Esther Bovay
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Jaeryung Kim
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Tania Wyss Lozano
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Francois Renevey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Arroz-Madeira
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Rapin
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz P Wypych
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Giorgia Rota
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Durot
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology ETH, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Velin
- Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Marsland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Greta Guarda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology ETH, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland.
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15
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Ackerman IM, Kodsi SR. Refractive Amblyopia Secondary to Astigmatism in Pediatric Patients With Distichiasis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2021; 58:e16-e18. [PMID: 34288765 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20210413-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Distichiasis is the presence of accessory eyelashes emerging from the meibomian gland orifices. It may occur as an isolated abnormality or in conjunction with other ocular and systemic defects. Lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome (LDS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by distichiasis and age-dependent lower extremity swelling due to altered lymphatic flow. The authors describe four pediatric patients with distichiasis (one with genetically proven LDS) with refractive amblyopia secondary to astigmatism. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2021;58(4);e16-e18.].
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16
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Abstract
Venous disease is a term that broadly covers both venous thromboembolic disease and chronic venous disease. The basic pathophysiology of venous thromboembolism and chronic venous disease differ as venous thromboembolism results from an imbalance of hemostasis and thrombosis while chronic venous disease occurs in the setting of tissue damage because of prolonged venous hypertension. Both diseases are common and account for significant mortality and morbidity, respectively, and collectively make up a large health care burden. Despite both diseases having well-characterized environmental components, it has been known for decades that family history is an important risk factor, implicating a genetic element to a patient's risk. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases has greatly benefited from an expansion of population genetic studies from pioneering familial studies to large genome-wide association studies; we now have multiple risk loci for each venous disease. In this review, we will highlight the current state of knowledge on the epidemiology and genetics of venous thromboembolism and chronic venous disease and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Baylis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Nicholas L. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle WA 98101, USA
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle WA 98108, USA
| | - Derek Klarin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eri Fukaya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
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17
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Raffetto JD, Khalil RA. Mechanisms of Lower Extremity Vein Dysfunction in Chronic Venous Disease and Implications in Management of Varicose Veins. VESSEL PLUS 2021; 5. [PMID: 34250453 DOI: 10.20517/2574-1209.2021.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a common venous disorder of the lower extremities. CVD can be manifested as varicose veins (VVs), with dilated and tortuous veins, dysfunctional valves and venous reflux. If not adequately treated, VVs could progress to chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and lead to venous leg ulcer (VLU). Predisposing familial and genetic factors have been implicated in CVD. Additional environmental, behavioral and dietary factors including sedentary lifestyle and obesity may also contribute to CVD. Alterations in the mRNA expression, protein levels and proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been detected in VVs and VLU. MMP expression/activity can be modulated by venous hydrostatic pressure, hypoxia, tissue metabolites, and inflammation. MMPs in turn increase proteolysis of different protein substrates in the extracellular matrix particularly collagen and elastin, leading to weakening of the vein wall. MMPs could also promote venous dilation by increasing the release of endothelium-derived vasodilators and activating potassium channels, leading to smooth muscle hyperpolarization and relaxation. Depending on VVs severity, management usually includes compression stockings, sclerotherapy and surgical removal. Venotonics have also been promoted to decrease the progression of VVs. Sulodexide has also shown benefits in VLU and CVI, and recent data suggest that it could improve venous smooth muscle contraction. Other lines of treatment including induction of endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and administration of exogenous synthetic inhibitors of MMPs are being explored, and could provide alternative strategies in the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Raffetto
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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18
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PAOLACCI S, MATTASSI RE, CAVALCA D, MICHELINI S, ZULIAN A, CRISTOFOLI F, MANARA E, MARCEDDU G, BERTELLI M. Genetic testing in vascular and lymphatic malformations. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF VASCULAR AND ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4777.21.01487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Imbalance between Expression of FOXC2 and Its lncRNA in Lymphedema-Distichiasis Caused by Frameshift Mutations. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050650. [PMID: 33925370 PMCID: PMC8146868 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead-box C2 (FOXC2) is a transcription factor involved in lymphatic system development. FOXC2 mutations cause Lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome (LD). Recently, a natural antisense was identified, called lncRNA FOXC2-AS1, which increases FOXC2 mRNA stability. No studies have evaluated FOXC2 and FOXC2-AS1 blood expression in LD and healthy subjects. Here, we show that FOXC2 and FOXC-AS1 expression levels were similar in both controls and patients, and a significantly higher amount of both RNAs was observed in females. A positive correlation between FOXC2 and FOXC2-AS1 expression was found in both controls and patients, excluding those with frameshift mutations. In these patients, the FOXC2-AS1/FOXC2 ratio was about 1:1, while it was higher in controls and patients carrying other types of mutations. The overexpression or silencing of FOXC2-AS1 determined a significant increase or reduction in FOXC2 wild-type and frameshift mutant proteins, respectively. Moreover, confocal and bioinformatic analysis revealed that these variations caused the formation of nuclear proteins aggregates also involving DNA. In conclusion, patients with frameshift mutations presented lower values of the FOXC2-AS1/FOXC2 ratio, due to a decrease in FOXC2-AS1 expression. The imbalance between FOXC2 mRNA and its lncRNA could represent a molecular mechanism to reduce the amount of FOXC2 misfolded proteins, protecting cells from damage.
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20
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Mechanosensation and Mechanotransduction by Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Act as Important Regulators of Lymphatic Development and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083955. [PMID: 33921229 PMCID: PMC8070425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the function and development of the lymphatic system is expanding rapidly due to the identification of specific molecular markers and the availability of novel genetic approaches. In connection, it has been demonstrated that mechanical forces contribute to the endothelial cell fate commitment and play a critical role in influencing lymphatic endothelial cell shape and alignment by promoting sprouting, development, maturation of the lymphatic network, and coordinating lymphatic valve morphogenesis and the stabilization of lymphatic valves. However, the mechanosignaling and mechanotransduction pathways involved in these processes are poorly understood. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of mechanical forces on lymphatics and summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the mechanosensation and mechanotransduction by lymphatic endothelial cells. We also discuss how these mechanosensitive pathways affect endothelial cell fate and regulate lymphatic development and function. A better understanding of these mechanisms may provide a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of various diseases associated with impaired lymphatic function, such as lymphedema and may eventually lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for these conditions.
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21
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Norden PR, Kume T. Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Lymphatic Endothelial Junction Integrity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:627647. [PMID: 33521001 PMCID: PMC7841202 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.627647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is essential for lipid absorption/transport from the digestive system, maintenance of tissue fluid and protein homeostasis, and immune surveillance. Despite recent progress toward understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the lymphatic vascular system, the nature of lymphatic vessel abnormalities and disease in humans is complex and poorly understood. The mature lymphatic vasculature forms a hierarchical network in which lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are joined by functionally specialized cell-cell junctions to maintain the integrity of lymphatic vessels. Blind-ended and highly permeable lymphatic capillaries drain interstitial fluid via discontinuous, button-like LEC junctions, whereas collecting lymphatic vessels, surrounded by intact basement membranes and lymphatic smooth muscle cells, have continuous, zipper-like LEC junctions to transport lymph to the blood circulatory system without leakage. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms by which lymphatic button- and zipper-like junctions play critical roles in lymphatic permeability and function in a tissue- and organ-specific manner, including lacteals of the small intestine. We also provide current knowledge related to key pathways and factors such as VEGF and RhoA/ROCK signaling that control lymphatic endothelial cell junctional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter R Norden
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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22
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Wallis M, Pope-Couston R, Mansour J, Amor DJ, Tang P, Stock-Myer S. Lymphedema distichiasis syndrome may be caused by FOXC2 promoter-enhancer dissociation and disruption of a topological associated domain. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:150-156. [PMID: 33107170 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lymphedema distichiasis syndrome (LDS) is a rare autosomal dominant condition characterized by lower limb lymphedema, distichiasis, and variable additional features. LDS is usually caused by heterozygous sequence variants in the FOXC2 gene located at 16q24, but in one previous instance LDS has resulted from a balanced reciprocal translocation with a breakpoint at 16q24, 120 kb distal to the FOXC2 gene suggesting a position effect. Here, we describe a second family with LDS caused by a translocation involving 16q24. The family were ascertained after detection of a paternally inherited balanced reciprocal translocation t(16;22)(q24;q13.1) in a pregnancy complicated by severe fetal hydrops. There was a past history of multiple miscarriages in the father's family, and a personal and family history of lymphedema and distichiasis, consistent with the diagnosis of LDS. Using whole genome amplified DNA from single sperm of the male proband, bead array analysis demonstrated that the FOXC2 gene was intact and the chromosome 16 breakpoint mapped to the same region 120Kb distal to the FOXC2 gene. This case highlights the clinical consequences that can arise from a translocation of genomic material without dosage imbalance, and that it is increasingly feasible to predict and characterize possible effects with improved access to molecular techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Wallis
- Tasmanian Clinical Genetics Service, Tasmanian Health Service, C/- The Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,School of Medicine and Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rachel Pope-Couston
- Tasmanian Clinical Genetics Service, Tasmanian Health Service, C/- The Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Julia Mansour
- Tasmanian Clinical Genetics Service, Tasmanian Health Service, C/- The Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David J Amor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paisu Tang
- Virtus Diagnostics, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Lymphatic Valves and Lymph Flow in Cancer-Related Lymphedema. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082297. [PMID: 32824219 PMCID: PMC7464955 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is a complex disease caused by the accumulation of fluid in the tissues resulting from a dysfunctional or damaged lymphatic vasculature. In developed countries, lymphedema most commonly occurs as a result of cancer treatment. Initially, impaired lymph flow causes edema, but over time this results in inflammation, fibrotic and fatty tissue deposition, limited mobility, and bacterial infections that can lead to sepsis. While chronically impaired lymph flow is generally believed to be the instigating factor, little is known about what pathophysiological changes occur in the lymphatic vessels to inhibit lymph flow. Lymphatic vessels not only regulate lymph flow through a variety of physiologic mechanisms, but also respond to lymph flow itself. One of the fascinating ways that lymphatic vessels respond to flow is by growing bicuspid valves that close to prevent the backward movement of lymph. However, lymphatic valves have not been investigated in cancer-related lymphedema patients, even though the mutations that cause congenital lymphedema regulate genes involved in valve development. Here, we review current knowledge of the regulation of lymphatic function and development by lymph flow, including newly identified genetic regulators of lymphatic valves, and provide evidence for lymphatic valve involvement in cancer-related lymphedema.
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24
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Oliver G, Kipnis J, Randolph GJ, Harvey NL. The Lymphatic Vasculature in the 21 st Century: Novel Functional Roles in Homeostasis and Disease. Cell 2020; 182:270-296. [PMID: 32707093 PMCID: PMC7392116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have two specialized vascular circulatory systems: the blood vasculature and the lymphatic vasculature. The lymphatic vasculature is a unidirectional conduit that returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays major roles in immune cell trafficking and lipid absorption. As we discuss in this review, the molecular characterization of lymphatic vascular development and our understanding of this vasculature's role in pathophysiological conditions has greatly improved in recent years, changing conventional views about the roles of the lymphatic vasculature in health and disease. Morphological or functional defects in the lymphatic vasculature have now been uncovered in several pathological conditions. We propose that subtle asymptomatic alterations in lymphatic vascular function could underlie the variability seen in the body's response to a wide range of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natasha L Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Tavian D, Missaglia S, Michelini S, Maltese PE, Manara E, Mordente A, Bertelli M. FOXC2 Disease Mutations Identified in Lymphedema Distichiasis Patients Impair Transcriptional Activity and Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145112. [PMID: 32698337 PMCID: PMC7404146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXC2 is a member of the human forkhead-box gene family and encodes a regulatory transcription factor. Mutations in FOXC2 have been associated with lymphedema distichiasis (LD), an autosomal dominant disorder that primarily affects the limbs. Most patients also show extra eyelashes, a condition known as distichiasis. We previously reported genetic and clinical findings in six unrelated families with LD. Half the patients showed missense mutations, two carried frameshift mutations and a stop mutation was identified in a last patient. Here we analyzed the subcellular localization and transactivation activity of the mutant proteins, showing that all but one (p.Y109*) localized to the nucleus. A significant reduction of transactivation activity was observed in four mutants (p.L80F, p.H199Pfs*264, p.I213Tfs*18, p.Y109*) compared with wild type FOXC2 protein, while only a partial loss of function was associated with p.V228M. The mutant p.I213V showed a very slight increase of transactivation activity. Finally, immunofluorescence analysis revealed that some mutants were sequestered into nuclear aggregates and caused a reduction of cell viability. This study offers new insights into the effect of FOXC2 mutations on protein function and shows the involvement of aberrant aggregation of FOXC2 proteins in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tavian
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRIBENS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20145 Milan, Italy;
- Psychology Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-72348731
| | - Sara Missaglia
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRIBENS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20145 Milan, Italy;
- Psychology Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Michelini
- Department of Vascular Rehabilitation, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, 00148 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Enrico Maltese
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, International Association of Medical Genetics, MAGI’s Lab s.r.l., 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (P.E.M.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Alvaro Mordente
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio ed Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bertelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, International Association of Medical Genetics, MAGI’s Lab s.r.l., 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (P.E.M.); (M.B.)
- MAGI EUREGIO, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
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Norden PR, Sabine A, Wang Y, Demir CS, Liu T, Petrova TV, Kume T. Shear stimulation of FOXC1 and FOXC2 differentially regulates cytoskeletal activity during lymphatic valve maturation. eLife 2020; 9:53814. [PMID: 32510325 PMCID: PMC7302880 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factor FOXC2 are predominately associated with lymphedema. Herein, we demonstrate a key role for related factor FOXC1, in addition to FOXC2, in regulating cytoskeletal activity in lymphatic valves. FOXC1 is induced by laminar, but not oscillatory, shear and inducible, endothelial-specific deletion impaired postnatal lymphatic valve maturation in mice. However, deletion of Foxc2 induced valve degeneration, which is exacerbated in Foxc1; Foxc2 mutants. FOXC1 knockdown (KD) in human lymphatic endothelial cells increased focal adhesions and actin stress fibers whereas FOXC2-KD increased focal adherens and disrupted cell junctions, mediated by increased ROCK activation. ROCK inhibition rescued cytoskeletal or junctional integrity changes induced by inactivation of FOXC1 and FOXC2 invitro and vivo respectively, but only ameliorated valve degeneration in Foxc2 mutants. These results identify both FOXC1 and FOXC2 as mediators of mechanotransduction in the postnatal lymphatic vasculature and posit cytoskeletal signaling as a therapeutic target in lymphatic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter R Norden
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, United States
| | - Cansaran Saygili Demir
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ting Liu
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
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27
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Chen JA, Rosenthal Garber D, Cohen AR. Occurrence of spinal extradural arachnoid cysts in a child with concomitant intracranial midline abnormalities: case report. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2020; 25:653-658. [PMID: 32114540 DOI: 10.3171/2019.12.peds19108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Spinal extradural arachnoid cysts (SEACs) are uncommon spinal lesions that may cause myelopathy, most frequently in the 2nd decade of life. There are multiple theories of their pathogenesis, and associated entities include spinal trauma, spina bifida, and the lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome. The authors report the case of an otherwise healthy, developmentally normal 13-year-old boy who presented with multiple SEACs. Upon further neuroimaging workup, he was found to have an asymptomatic retrocerebellar arachnoid cyst, cavum septi pellucidi, and cavum vergae. Three contiguous but separate spinal cysts were identified intraoperatively, and they were completely excised with closure of the dural defects. The patient recovered motor and sensory function of the lower extremities. This collection of uncommon neuroimaging findings provides important clues to the pathogenesis of the disease and guides the optimal management of patients with SEACs. The unusual presentation of SEACs, together with uncommon midline abnormalities, provides further evidence of their congenital, midline origin. Therefore, it is reasonable to pursue imaging of the brain in atypical cases of SEACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Chen
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Daniel Rosenthal Garber
- 2Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan R Cohen
- 2Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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28
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Kakkos SK, Guex JJ, Lugli M, Nicolaides AN. CEAP clinical classes C0S-C4: differences, similarities and role of Ruscus + HMC + vitamin C in patients with chronic venous disease. INT ANGIOL 2020; 39:118-124. [PMID: 32052951 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-9590.20.04341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since the publication of the CEAP classification, new research has enriched our knowledge; notably on the heritability of CVD and the genetic and environmental factors involved in this condition, as well as the symptoms apparent within the spectrum of the CEAP clinical classes and the benefits of medical treatment. Using the CEAP classification as a special theme, a symposium with the same title as the present paper was held at the annual meeting of the 2019 European Venous Forum. The lectures presented much valuable information, from which some key points can be extracted. The influence of environmental factors was demonstrated, and the fact that a large amount of information can be obtained from comprehensive history taking. There is robust evidence for heritability. Many candidate genes/loci have been identified, potentially offering new targets for treatment. More research is needed, notably using genome-wide association studies and also on microbiota, which may play a role in CVD through the inflammation pathway. Ruscus + HMC + vitamin C acts by increasing venous and lymphatic tone, protecting microcirculation, and reducing inflammation. It improves quality of life in C0S to C3 CVD patients, while a review of clinical studies and a meta-analysis have confirmed its clinical efficacy across a wide spectrum of CVD clinical classes: C0S, C1S, C2, C3 and C4. It has been awarded a Grade 1A recommendation by the international guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros K Kakkos
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece -
| | | | - Marzia Lugli
- National UEMS Reference Training Center in Phlebology, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hesperia Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrew N Nicolaides
- Department of Surgery, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
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29
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Dempsey E, Homfray T, Simpson JM, Jeffery S, Mansour S, Ostergaard P. Fetal hydrops – a review and a clinical approach to identifying the cause. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2020.1719827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Dempsey
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Tessa Homfray
- SW Thames Regional Genetics Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John M Simpson
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Steve Jeffery
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Sahar Mansour
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George’s University of London, London, UK
- SW Thames Regional Genetics Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George’s University of London, London, UK
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Lyons O, Saha P, Seet C, Kuchta A, Arnold A, Grover S, Rashbrook V, Sabine A, Vizcay-Barrena G, Patel A, Ludwinski F, Padayachee S, Kume T, Kwak BR, Brice G, Mansour S, Ostergaard P, Mortimer P, Jeffery S, Brown N, Makinen T, Petrova TV, Modarai B, Smith A. Human venous valve disease caused by mutations in FOXC2 and GJC2. J Exp Med 2020; 214:2437-2452. [PMID: 28724617 PMCID: PMC5551565 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous valves (VVs) prevent venous hypertension and ulceration. We report that FOXC2 and GJC2 mutations are associated with reduced VV number and length. In mice, early VV formation is marked by elongation and reorientation ("organization") of Prox1hi endothelial cells by postnatal day 0. The expression of the transcription factors Foxc2 and Nfatc1 and the gap junction proteins Gjc2, Gja1, and Gja4 were temporospatially regulated during this process. Foxc2 and Nfatc1 were coexpressed at P0, and combined Foxc2 deletion with calcineurin-Nfat inhibition disrupted early Prox1hi endothelial organization, suggesting cooperative Foxc2-Nfatc1 patterning of these events. Genetic deletion of Gjc2, Gja4, or Gja1 also disrupted early VV Prox1hi endothelial organization at postnatal day 0, and this likely underlies the VV defects seen in patients with GJC2 mutations. Knockout of Gja4 or Gjc2 resulted in reduced proliferation of Prox1hi valve-forming cells. At later stages of blood flow, Foxc2 and calcineurin-Nfat signaling are each required for growth of the valve leaflets, whereas Foxc2 is not required for VV maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lyons
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Prakash Saha
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Christopher Seet
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Adam Kuchta
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Steven Grover
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Victoria Rashbrook
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Center for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Ash Patel
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Francesca Ludwinski
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Soundrie Padayachee
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Evanston, IL
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Glen Brice
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Sahar Mansour
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Peter Mortimer
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Steve Jeffery
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Nigel Brown
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Taija Makinen
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bijan Modarai
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Alberto Smith
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
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31
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Zhang C, Li H, Guo X. FOXC2-AS1 regulates phenotypic transition, proliferation and migration of human great saphenous vein smooth muscle cells. Biol Res 2019; 52:59. [PMID: 31801629 PMCID: PMC6894326 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives In varicose veins, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) often shows phenotypic transition and abnormal proliferation and migration. Evidence suggests the FOXC2–Notch pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of varicose veins. Here, this study aimed to explore the role of long non-coding RNA FOXC2-AS1 (FOXC2 antisense RNA 1) in phenotypic transition, proliferation, and migration of varicose vein-derived VSMCs and to explore whether the FOXC2-Notch pathway was involved in this process. Methods The effect of FOXC2-AS1 on the proliferation and migration of human great saphenous vein smooth muscle cells (SV-SMCs) was analyzed using MTT assay and Transwell migration assay, respectively. The levels of contractile marker SM22α and synthetic marker osteopontin were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot to assess the phenotypic transition. Results The human varicose veins showed thickened intima, media and adventitia layers, increased synthetic VSMCs, as well as upregulated FOXC2-AS1 and FOXC2 expression. In vitro assays showed that FOXC2-AS1 overexpression promoted phenotypic transition, proliferation, and migration of SV-SMCs. However, the effect of FOXC2-AS1 overexpression could be abrogated by both FOXC2 silencing and the Notch signaling inhibitor FLI-06. Furthermore, FOXC2-AS1 overexpression activated the Notch pathway by upregulating FOXC2. Conclusion FOXC2-AS1 overexpression promotes phenotypic transition, proliferation, and migration of SV-SMCs, at least partially, by activating the FOXC2-Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Huixiang Li
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Xueli Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
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32
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Sarica M, Gordon K, van Zanten M, Heenan SD, Mortimer PS, Irwin AG, Ramachandra V, Ostergaard P, Mansour S. Lymphoscintigraphic Abnormalities Associated with Milroy Disease and Lymphedema-Distichiasis Syndrome. Lymphat Res Biol 2019; 17:610-619. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2019.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muberra Sarica
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristiana Gordon
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Dermatology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malou van Zanten
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan D. Heenan
- Department of Radiology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S. Mortimer
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Irwin
- Department of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vijaya Ramachandra
- Department of SW Thames Regional Genetics, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sahar Mansour
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of SW Thames Regional Genetics, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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33
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Telinius N, Hjortdal VE. Role of the lymphatic vasculature in cardiovascular medicine. Heart 2019; 105:1777-1784. [PMID: 31585946 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-314461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature has traditionally been considered important for removal of excessive fluid from the interstitial space, absorption of fat from the intestine and the immune system. Advances in molecular medicine and imaging have provided us with new tools to study the lymphatics. This has revealed that the vessels are actively involved in regulation of immune cell trafficking and inflammation. We now know much about how new lymphatic vessels are created (lymphangiogenesis) and that this is important in, for example, wound healing and tissue repair. The best characterised pathway for lymphangiogenesis is the vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C)/VEGFR3 pathway. Over recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the role of the lymphatics in cardiovascular medicine. Preclinical studies have shown that lymphangiogenesis and immune cell trafficking play a role in cardiovascular conditions such as atherosclerosis, recovery after myocardial infarction and rejection of cardiac allografts. Targeting the VEGF-C/VEGFR3 pathway can be beneficial in these conditions. The clinical spectrum of lymphatic abnormalities and lymphoedema is wide and overlaps with congenital heart disease. Important long-term complications to the Fontan circulation involves the lymphatics. New and improved imaging modalities has improved our understanding and management of these patients. Lymphatic leaks and flow abnormalities can be successfully treated, minimally invasively, with percutaneous embolisation. Future research will prove if the preclinical findings that point to a role of the lymphatics in several cardiovascular conditions will result in new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Telinius
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Elisabeth Hjortdal
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark .,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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34
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Sheth T, Attzs M, Tambe K. A new perspective in oculoplastic surgical management of symptomatic distichiasis in lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome. Orbit 2019; 38:424-427. [PMID: 30516410 DOI: 10.1080/01676830.2018.1546749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome (LDS) is an autosomal dominant condition associated with FOXC2 mutations. Patients with distichiasis are mostly symptomatic, and efforts to deal with their ocular complaints comprise of electrolysis, cryotherapy and a variety of surgical techniques. We describe an enhanced surgical technique for a case of symptomatic distichiasis of the right eye with scarred, irregular eyelid margins secondary to initial cryotherapy, whereby the distorted tarsus was excised to remove the aberrant hair follicles, the levator palpebrae superioris was released to extend the upper lid and prevent lagophthalmos and a mucous membrane graft was used to cover the exposed portion of the tarsal plate. At 14 months follow up, the lid cosmesis and position remained satisfactory, with no infection or rejection of the mucous membrane graft. Therefore, this surgical technique provides a sound option for symptomatic distichiasis, where cryotherapy can cause lid irregularity and keratinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twishaa Sheth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Nottingham NHS Trust , Nottingham , UK
| | - Michelle Attzs
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Nottingham NHS Trust , Nottingham , UK
| | - Katya Tambe
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Nottingham NHS Trust , Nottingham , UK
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35
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Abstract
PURPOSE Myopathic blepharoptoses (ptoses) is a complex group of disorders. To date, no formal categorization scheme has been developed based on associated ocular and systemic findings, genetic fingerprint, treatment, and prognosis for each ptosis in this group. We report a new classification scheme for myopathic ptoses. METHODS Literature review and classification development. RESULTS A new classification scheme of myopathic ptoses includes isolated static myopathic ptosis (congenital ptosis), static myopathic ptosis associated with aberrant innervation and those associated with periocular abnormalities, and progressive myopathic ptoses that affect the levator muscle and other muscle groups in childhood and adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Making the distinction of myopathic ptosis type early will maximize patient outcomes by optimizing surgical and systemic management and facilitating the recruitment of subspecialists to care for patients with these challenging conditions.The authors present a comprehensive and effective myopathic ptosis classification scheme to optimize surgical management and facilitate subspecialty care.
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36
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Nilsson D, Heglind M, Arani Z, Enerbäck S. Foxc2 is essential for podocyte function. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14083. [PMID: 31062503 PMCID: PMC6503019 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxc2 is one of the earliest podocyte markers during glomerular development. To circumvent embryonic lethal effects of global deletion of Foxc2, and to specifically investigate the role of Foxc2 in podocytes, we generated mice with a podocyte-specific Foxc2 deletion. Mice carrying the homozygous deletion developed early proteinuria which progressed rapidly into end stage kidney failure and death around postnatal day 10. Conditional loss of Foxc2 in podocytes caused typical characteristics of podocyte injury, such as podocyte foot process effacement and podocyte microvillus transformation, probably caused by disruption of the slit diaphragm. These effects were accompanied by a redistribution of several proteins known to be necessary for correct podocyte structure. One target gene that showed reduced glomerular expression was Nrp1, the gene encoding neuropilin 1, a protein that has been linked to diabetic nephropathy and proteinuria. We could show that NRP1 was regulated by Foxc2 in vitro, but podocyte-specific ablation of Nrp1 in mice did not generate any phenotype in terms of proteinuria, suggesting that the gene might have more important roles in endothelial cells than in podocytes. Taken together, this study highlights a critical role for Foxc2 as an important gene for podocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell BiologyInstitute of BiomedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Mikael Heglind
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell BiologyInstitute of BiomedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Zahra Arani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell BiologyInstitute of BiomedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Sven Enerbäck
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell BiologyInstitute of BiomedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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37
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Csányi G, Singla B. Arterial Lymphatics in Atherosclerosis: Old Questions, New Insights, and Remaining Challenges. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8040495. [PMID: 30979062 PMCID: PMC6518204 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic network is well known for its role in the maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis, absorption of dietary lipids, trafficking of immune cells, and adaptive immunity. Aberrant lymphatic function has been linked to lymphedema and immune disorders for a long time. Discovery of lymphatic cell markers, novel insights into developmental and postnatal lymphangiogenesis, development of genetic mouse models, and the introduction of new imaging techniques have improved our understanding of lymphatic function in both health and disease, especially in the last decade. Previous studies linked the lymphatic vasculature to atherosclerosis through regulation of immune responses, reverse cholesterol transport, and inflammation. Despite extensive research, many aspects of the lymphatic circulation in atherosclerosis are still unknown and future studies are required to confirm that arterial lymphangiogenesis truly represents a therapeutic target in patients with cardiovascular disease. In this review article, we provide an overview of factors and mechanisms that regulate lymphangiogenesis, summarize recent findings on the role of lymphatics in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport, immune cell trafficking and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and present an overview of pharmacological and genetic strategies to modulate lymphatic vessel density in cardiovascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Csányi
- Vascular Biology Center, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Bhupesh Singla
- Vascular Biology Center, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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38
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Richard S Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Tampa, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shaquria P Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Walter L Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Hsieh CS, Tsai CT, Chen YH, Chang SN, Hwang JJ, Chuang EY, Wu IH. Global Expression Profiling Identifies a Novel Hyaluronan Synthases 2 Gene in the Pathogenesis of Lower Extremity Varicose Veins. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7120537. [PMID: 30544995 PMCID: PMC6306753 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower extremities varicose veins (VV) are among the most easily recognized venous abnormalities. The genetic mechanism of VV is largely unknown. In this study, we sought to explore the global expressional change of VV and identify novel genes that might play a role in VV. We used next-generation ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequence (RNA seq) technology to study the global messenger RNA expressional change in the venous samples of five diseased and five control patients. We identified several differentially expressed genes, which were further confirmed by conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using these significant genes we performed in silico pathway analyses and found distinct transcriptional networks, such as angiogenesis, cell adhesion, vascular injury, and carbohydrate metabolisms that might be involved in the mechanism of VV. Among these significant genes, we also found hyaluronan synthases 2 gene (HAS2) played a pivotal role and governed all these pathways. We further confirmed that HAS2 expression was decreased in the venous samples of patients with VV. Finally, we used a zebrafish model with fluorescence emitting vasculature and red blood cells to see the morphological changes of the venous system and blood flow. We found that HAS2 knockdown in zebrafish resulted in dilated venous structural with static venous flow. HAS2 may modulate the transcriptional networks of angiogenesis, cell adhesion, vascular injury, and carbohydrate metabolisms in venous tissues and downregulation of HAS2 may underlie the mechanism of VV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Shan Hsieh
- Department of Life Science, Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ti Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
| | - Yau-Hung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Taipei 25137, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Nan Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin 64041, Taiwan.
| | - Juey-Jen Hwang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin 64041, Taiwan.
| | - Eric Y Chuang
- Department of Life Science, Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan.
| | - I-Hui Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.
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40
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Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Zawieja SD, Li M, Srinivasan RS, Simon AM, de Wit C, de la Torre R, Martinez-Lemus LA, Hennig GW, Davis MJ. Mechanisms of Connexin-Related Lymphedema. Circ Res 2018; 123:964-985. [PMID: 30355030 PMCID: PMC6771293 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mutations in GJC2 and GJA1, encoding Cxs (connexins) 47 and 43, respectively, are linked to lymphedema, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Because efficient lymph transport relies on the coordinated contractions of lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) and their electrical coupling through Cxs, Cx-related lymphedema is proposed to result from dyssynchronous contractions of lymphatic vessels. OBJECTIVE To determine which Cx isoforms in LMCs and lymphatic endothelial cells are required for the entrainment of lymphatic contraction waves and efficient lymph transport. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed novel methods to quantify the spatiotemporal entrainment of lymphatic contraction waves and used optogenetic techniques to analyze calcium signaling within and between the LMC and the lymphatic endothelial cell layers. Genetic deletion of the major lymphatic endothelial cell Cxs (Cx43, Cx47, or Cx37) revealed that none were necessary for the synchronization of the global calcium events that triggered propagating contraction waves. We identified Cx45 in human and mouse LMCs as the critical Cx mediating the conduction of pacemaking signals and entrained contractions. Smooth muscle-specific Cx45 deficiency resulted in 10- to 18-fold reduction in conduction speed, partial-to-severe loss of contractile coordination, and impaired lymph pump function ex vivo and in vivo. Cx45 deficiency resulted in profound inhibition of lymph transport in vivo, but only under an imposed gravitational load. CONCLUSIONS Our results (1) identify Cx45 as the Cx isoform mediating the entrainment of the contraction waves in LMCs; (2) show that major endothelial Cxs are dispensable for the entrainment of contractions; (3) reveal a lack of coupling between lymphatic endothelial cells and LMCs, in contrast to arterioles; (4) point to lymphatic valve defects, rather than contraction dyssynchrony, as the mechanism underlying GJC2- or GJA1-related lymphedema; and (5) show that a gravitational load exacerbates lymphatic contractile defects in the intact mouse hindlimb, which is likely critical for the development of lymphedema in the adult mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott D. Zawieja
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - Min Li
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - R. Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City OK
| | | | - Cor de Wit
- Institute of Physiology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck Germany
| | | | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | | | - Michael J. Davis
- Dept. of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and University of Missouri School of Medicine
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41
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Genetic testing for lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome. EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines to summarize the clinical utility of genetic testing for lymphedema distichiasis (LD) syndrome. LD is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, and has unknown prevalence. It is caused by variations in the FOXC2 gene. Clinical diagnosis involves clinical examination, targeted at identifying primary lymphedema (chronic swelling of the extremities) and distichiasis (double row of eyelashes). The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, as well as for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.
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42
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Ho B, Gordon K, Mortimer PS. A Genetic Approach to the Classification of Primary Lymphoedema and Lymphatic Malformations. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018; 56:465-466. [PMID: 30055909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Ho
- Department of Dermatology and Lymphovascular Medicine, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kristiana Gordon
- Department of Dermatology and Lymphovascular Medicine, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter S Mortimer
- Department of Dermatology and Lymphovascular Medicine, St George's Hospital, London, UK.
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43
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Geng X, Cha B, Mahamud MR, Srinivasan RS. Intraluminal valves: development, function and disease. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1273-1287. [PMID: 29125824 PMCID: PMC5719258 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which function in parallel to provide nutrients and remove waste from the body. Vascular function depends on valves, which regulate unidirectional fluid flow against gravitational and pressure gradients. Severe valve disorders can cause mortality and some are associated with severe morbidity. Although cardiac valve defects can be treated by valve replacement surgery, no treatment is currently available for valve disorders of the veins and lymphatics. Thus, a better understanding of valves, their development and the progression of valve disease is warranted. In the past decade, molecules that are important for vascular function in humans have been identified, with mouse studies also providing new insights into valve formation and function. Intriguing similarities have recently emerged between the different types of valves concerning their molecular identity, architecture and development. Shear stress generated by fluid flow has also been shown to regulate endothelial cell identity in valves. Here, we review our current understanding of valve development with an emphasis on its mechanobiology and significance to human health, and highlight unanswered questions and translational opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Novel FOXC2 Mutation and Distichiasis in a Patient With Lymphedema-Distichiasis Syndrome. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2018; 34:e88-e90. [DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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46
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Lymphedema-Distichiasis Syndrome in a Male Patient Followed for 16 Years. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2018; 34:e63-e65. [DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000001037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Michelini S, Paolacci S, Manara E, Eretta C, Mattassi R, Lee BB, Bertelli M. Genetic tests in lymphatic vascular malformations and lymphedema. J Med Genet 2018; 55:222-232. [PMID: 29440349 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Syndromes with lymphatic malformations show phenotypic variability within the same entity, clinical features that overlap between different conditions and allelic as well as locus heterogeneity. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive clinical genetic description of lymphatic malformations and the techniques used for their diagnosis, and to propose a flowchart for genetic testing. Literature and database searches were performed to find conditions characterised by lymphatic malformations or the predisposition to lymphedema after surgery, to identify the associated genes and to find the guidelines and genetic tests currently used for the molecular diagnosis of these disorders. This search allowed us to identify several syndromes with lymphatic malformations that are characterised by a great heterogeneity of phenotypes, alleles and loci, and a high frequency of sporadic cases, which may be associated with somatic mutations. For these disorders, we found many diagnostic tests, an absence of harmonic guidelines for molecular diagnosis and well-established clinical guidelines. Targeted sequencing is the preferred method for the molecular diagnosis of lymphatic malformations. These techniques are easy to implement and have a good diagnostic success rates. In addition, they are relatively inexpensive and permit parallel analysis of all known disease-associated genes. The targeted sequencing approach has improved the diagnostic process, giving patients access to better treatment and, potentially, to therapy personalised to their genetic profiles. These new techniques will also facilitate the prenatal and early postnatal diagnosis of congenital lymphatic conditions and the possibility of early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Michelini
- Department of Vascular Rehabilitation, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Raul Mattassi
- Center for Vascular Malformations, 'Stefan Belov', Clinical Institute Humanitas 'Mater Domini', Castellanza (Varese), Italy
| | - Byung-Boong Lee
- Center for the Lymphedema and Vascular Malformations, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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48
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FOXC2 disease-mutations identified in lymphedema-distichiasis patients cause both loss and gain of protein function. Oncotarget 2018; 7:54228-54239. [PMID: 27276711 PMCID: PMC5342337 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in the FOXC2 gene cause a form of lymphedema primarily of the limbs that usually develops at or after puberty. In 90-95% of patients, lymphedema is accompanied by distichiasis. FOXC2 is a member of the forkhead/winged-helix family of transcription factors and plays essential roles in different developmental pathways and physiological processes. We previously described six unrelated families with primary lymphedema-distichiasis in which patients showed different FOXC2 mutations located outside of the forkhead domain. Of those, four were missense mutations, one a frameshift mutation, and the last a stop mutation. To assess their pathogenic potential, we have now examined the subcellular localization and the transactivation activity of the mutated FOXC2 proteins. All six FOXC2 mutant proteins were able to localize into the nucleus; however, the frameshift truncated protein appeared to be sequestered into nuclear aggregates. A reduction in the ability to activate FOXC1/FOXC2 response elements was detected in 50% of mutations, while the remaining ones caused an increase of protein transactivation activity. Our data reveal that either a complete loss or a significant gain of FOXC2 function can cause a perturbation of lymphatic vessel formation leading to lymphedema.
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Abstract
Lymphoedema is the build-up of lymphatic fluid leading to swelling in the tissues. Most commonly it affects the peripheries. Diagnosis is based on clinical assessment and imaging with lymphoscintigraphy. Treatment is supportive with compression garments, massage, good skin hygiene and prompt use of antibiotics to avoid the complication of cellulitis. Most commonly, lymphoedema occurs as a result of damage to the lymphatic system following surgery, trauma, radiation or infection. However, it can be primary, often associated with a genetic defect that causes disruption to the development of the lymphatic system. Common genetic conditions associated with lymphoedema include Turner syndrome and Noonan syndrome; however, there are numerous others that can be classified based on their clinical presentation and associated features. Herein we discuss how to diagnose and classify the known primary lymphoedema conditions and how best to investigate and manage this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela E Jones
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Sahar Mansour
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St Georges Hospital and St George’s, University of London, London, UK
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50
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Urner S, Kelly-Goss M, Peirce SM, Lammert E. Mechanotransduction in Blood and Lymphatic Vascular Development and Disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 81:155-208. [PMID: 29310798 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood and lymphatic vasculatures are hierarchical networks of vessels, which constantly transport fluids and, therefore, are exposed to a variety of mechanical forces. Considering the role of mechanotransduction is key for fully understanding how these vascular systems develop, function, and how vascular pathologies evolve. During embryonic development, for example, initiation of blood flow is essential for early vascular remodeling, and increased interstitial fluid pressure as well as initiation of lymph flow is needed for proper development and maturation of the lymphatic vasculature. In this review, we introduce specific mechanical forces that affect both the blood and lymphatic vasculatures, including longitudinal and circumferential stretch, as well as shear stress. In addition, we provide an overview of the role of mechanotransduction during atherosclerosis and secondary lymphedema, which both trigger tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Urner
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Molly Kelly-Goss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Eckhard Lammert
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Beta Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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