1
|
Lomer NB, Asalemi KA, Saberi A, Sarlak K. Predictors of multiple sclerosis progression: A systematic review of conventional magnetic resonance imaging studies. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300415. [PMID: 38626023 PMCID: PMC11020451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and results in progressive clinical disability and cognitive decline. Currently, there are no specific imaging parameters available for the prediction of longitudinal disability in MS patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has linked imaging anomalies to clinical and cognitive deficits in MS. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of MRI in predicting disability, clinical progression, and cognitive decline in MS. METHODS In this study, according to PRISMA guidelines, we comprehensively searched the Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase databases to identify pertinent articles that employed conventional MRI in the context of Relapsing-Remitting and progressive forms of MS. Following a rigorous screening process, studies that met the predefined inclusion criteria were selected for data extraction and evaluated for potential sources of bias. RESULTS A total of 3028 records were retrieved from database searching. After a rigorous screening, 53 records met the criteria and were included in this study. Lesions and alterations in CNS structures like white matter, gray matter, corpus callosum, thalamus, and spinal cord, may be used to anticipate disability progression. Several prognostic factors associated with the progression of MS, including presence of cortical lesions, changes in gray matter volume, whole brain atrophy, the corpus callosum index, alterations in thalamic volume, and lesions or alterations in cross-sectional area of the spinal cord. For cognitive impairment in MS patients, reliable predictors include cortical gray matter volume, brain atrophy, lesion characteristics (T2-lesion load, temporal, frontal, and cerebellar lesions), white matter lesion volume, thalamic volume, and corpus callosum density. CONCLUSION This study indicates that MRI can be used to predict the cognitive decline, disability progression, and disease progression in MS patients over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alia Saberi
- Department of Neurology, Poursina Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Kasra Sarlak
- Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bian B, Zhou B, Shao Z, Zhu X, Jie Y, Li D. Feasibility of diffusion kurtosis imaging in evaluating cervical spinal cord injury in multiple sclerosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34205. [PMID: 37478237 PMCID: PMC10662919 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to assess gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the therapeutic effect using diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI). From January 2018 to October 2019, 78 subjects (48 of MS and 30 of health) perform routine MR scan and DKI of cervical spinal cord. The MS patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of T2 hyperintensity. DKI-metrics were measured in the lesions, normal-appearing GM and WM. Significant differences were detected in DKI metrics between MS and healthy (P < .05) and between patients with cervical spinal cord T2-hyperintense and without T2-hyperintense (P < .001). Compared to healthy, GM-mean kurtosis (MK), GM-radial kurtosis, and WM-fractional anisotropy, WM-axial diffusion were statistically reduced in patients without T2-hyperintense (P < .05). Significant differences were observed in DKI metrics between patients with T2-hyperintense after therapy (P < .05), as well as GM-MK and WM-fractional anisotropy, WM-axial diffusion in patients without T2-hyperintense (P < .05); Expanded Disability Status Scale was correlated with MK values, as well as Expanded Disability Status Scale scores and MK values after therapy. Our results indicate that DKI-metrics can detect and quantitatively evaluate the changes in cervical spinal cord micropathological structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- BingYang Bian
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - BoXu Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - ZhiQing Shao
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - XiaoNa Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - YiGe Jie
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu M, Zou W, Wang W, Jin CB, Chen J, Piao C. Multi-Conditional Constraint Generative Adversarial Network-Based MR Imaging from CT Scan Data. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114043. [PMID: 35684665 PMCID: PMC9185366 DOI: 10.3390/s22114043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is an important computer-aided diagnosis technique with rich pathological information. The factor of physical and physiological constraint seriously affects the applicability of that technique. Thus, computed tomography (CT)-based radiotherapy is more popular on account of its imaging rapidity and environmental simplicity. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to design a method that can construct an MR image from the corresponding CT image. In this paper, we treat MR imaging as a machine vision problem and propose a multi-conditional constraint generative adversarial network (GAN) for MR imaging from CT scan data. Considering reversibility of GAN, both generator and reverse generator are designed for MR and CT imaging, respectively, which can constrain each other and improve consistency between features of CT and MR images. In addition, we innovatively treat the real and generated MR image discrimination as object re-identification; cosine error fusing with original GAN loss is designed to enhance verisimilitude and textural features of the MR image. The experimental results with the challenging public CT-MR image dataset show distinct performance improvement over other GANs utilized in medical imaging and demonstrate the effect of our method for medical image modal transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Liu
- Automation School, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China; (M.L.); (W.Z.); (W.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Wei Zou
- Automation School, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China; (M.L.); (W.Z.); (W.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Wentao Wang
- Automation School, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China; (M.L.); (W.Z.); (W.W.); (J.C.)
| | | | - Junsheng Chen
- Automation School, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China; (M.L.); (W.Z.); (W.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Changhao Piao
- Automation School, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China; (M.L.); (W.Z.); (W.W.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-138-8399-7871
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Valsasina P, Gobbi C, Zecca C, Rovira A, Sastre-Garriga J, Kearney H, Yiannakas M, Matthews L, Palace J, Gallo A, Bisecco A, Gass A, Eisele P, Filippi M, Rocca MA. Characterizing 1-year development of cervical cord atrophy across different MS phenotypes: A voxel-wise, multicentre analysis. Mult Scler 2021; 28:885-899. [PMID: 34605323 DOI: 10.1177/13524585211045545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatio-temporal evolution of cord atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been investigated yet. OBJECTIVE To evaluate voxel-wise distribution and 1-year changes of cervical cord atrophy in a multicentre MS cohort. METHODS Baseline and 1-year 3D T1-weighted cervical cord scans and clinical evaluations of 54 healthy controls (HC) and 113 MS patients (14 clinically isolated syndromes (CIS), 77 relapsing-remitting (RR), 22 progressive (P)) were used to investigate voxel-wise cord volume loss in patients versus HC, 1-year volume changes and clinical correlations (SPM12). RESULTS MS patients exhibited baseline cord atrophy versus HC at anterior and posterior/lateral C1/C2 and C4-C6 (p < 0.05, corrected). While CIS patients showed baseline volume increase at C4 versus HC (p < 0.001, uncorrected), RRMS exhibited posterior/lateral C1/C2 atrophy versus CIS, and PMS showed widespread cord atrophy versus RRMS (p < 0.05, corrected). At 1 year, 13 patients had clinically worsened. Cord atrophy progressed in MS, driven by RRMS, at posterior/lateral C2 and C3-C6 (p < 0.05, corrected). CIS patients showed no volume changes, while PMS showed circumscribed atrophy progression. Baseline cord atrophy at posterior/lateral C1/C2 and C3-C6 correlated with concomitant and 1-year disability (r = -0.40/-0.62, p < 0.05, corrected). CONCLUSIONS Voxel-wise analysis characterized spinal cord neurodegeneration over 1 year across MS phenotypes and helped to explain baseline and 1-year disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Valsasina
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Gobbi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital, Lugano, Switzerland Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano. Switzerland
| | - Chiara Zecca
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital, Lugano, Switzerland Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano. Switzerland
| | - Alex Rovira
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Sastre-Garriga
- Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Multiple Sclerosis Center of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugh Kearney
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland/NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Marios Yiannakas
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Lucy Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 3T-MRI Research Centre, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Alvino Bisecco
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 3T-MRI Research Centre, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Achim Gass
- Department of Neurology/Neuroimaging, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Eisele
- Department of Neurology/Neuroimaging, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Neurology Unit, Neurorehabilitation Unit, Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hidalgo de la Cruz M, Valsasina P, Meani A, Gallo A, Gobbi C, Bisecco A, Tedeschi G, Zecca C, Rocca MA, Filippi M. Differential association of cortical, subcortical and spinal cord damage with multiple sclerosis disability milestones: A multiparametric MRI study. Mult Scler 2021; 28:406-417. [PMID: 34124963 DOI: 10.1177/13524585211020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In multiple sclerosis (MS), cortical, subcortical and infratentorial structural damage may have a differential contribution to clinical disability according to disease phases. PURPOSE To determine the relative contributions of cortical, deep (D) grey matter (GM), cerebellar and cervical cord damage to MS disability milestones. METHODS Multi-centre 3T brain and cervical cord T2- and three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted images were acquired from 198 MS patients (139 relapsing-remitting (RR) MS, 59 progressive (P) MS) and 67 healthy controls. Brain/cord lesion burden, cortical thickness (CTh), DGM and cerebellar volumetry and cord cross-sectional area (CSA) were quantified. Random forest analyses identified predictors of expanded disability status scale (EDSS) disability milestones (EDSS = 3.0, 4.0 and 6.0). RESULTS MS patients had widespread atrophy in all investigated compartments versus controls (p-range: ⩽0.001-0.05). Informative determinants of EDSS = 3.0 were cord CSA, brain lesion volume, frontal CTh and thalamic and cerebellar atrophy (out-of-bag (OOB) accuracy = 0.84, p-range: ⩽0.001-0.05). EDSS = 4.0 was mainly predicted by cerebellar and cord atrophy, frontal and sensorimotor CTh and cord lesion number (OOB accuracy = 0.84, p-range: ⩽0.001-0.04). Cervical cord CSA (p = 0.001) and cord lesion number (p = 0.003) predicted EDSS = 6.0 (OOB accuracy = 0.77). CONCLUSION Brain lesion burden, cortical and thalamic atrophy were the main determinants of EDSS = 3.0 and 4.0, while cord damage played a major contribution to EDSS = 6.0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Valsasina
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Meani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T-MRI Research Center, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Gobbi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital, Lugano, Switzerland; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alvino Bisecco
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T-MRI Research Center, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T-MRI Research Center, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Zecca
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital, Lugano, Switzerland; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Units, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leguy S, Combès B, Bannier E, Kerbrat A. Prognostic value of spinal cord MRI in multiple sclerosis patients. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 177:571-581. [PMID: 33069379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis [MS] is a common inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that affects both the brain and the spinal cord. In clinical practice, spinal cord MRI is performed far less frequently than brain MRI, mainly owing to technical limitations and time constraints. However, improvements of acquisition techniques, combined with a strong diagnosis and prognostic value, suggest an increasing use of spinal cord MRI in the near future. This review summarizes the current data from the literature on the prognostic value of spinal cord MRI in MS patients in the early and later stages of their disease. Both conventional and quantitative MRI techniques are discussed. The prognostic value of spinal cord lesions is clearly established at the onset of disease, underlining the interest of spinal cord conventional MRI at this stage. However, studies are currently lacking to affirm the prognostic role of spinal cord lesions later in the disease, and therefore the added value of regular follow-up with spinal cord MRI in addition to brain MRI. Besides, spinal cord atrophy, as measured by the loss of cervical spinal cord area, is also associated with disability progression, independently of other clinical and MRI factors including spinal cord lesions. Although potentially interesting, this measurement is not currently performed as a routine clinical procedure. Finally, other measures extracted from quantitative MRI have been established as valuable for a better understanding of the physiopathology of MS, but still remain a field of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Leguy
- CHU de Rennes, Neurology department, 2, Rue Henri-le-Guilloux, 35000 Rennes, France; University Rennes, Inria, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn U1228, Rennes, France
| | - B Combès
- University Rennes, Inria, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn U1228, Rennes, France
| | - E Bannier
- University Rennes, Inria, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn U1228, Rennes, France; CHU de Rennes, Radiology department, Rennes, France
| | - A Kerbrat
- CHU de Rennes, Neurology department, 2, Rue Henri-le-Guilloux, 35000 Rennes, France; University Rennes, Inria, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn U1228, Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bonacchi R, Pagani E, Meani A, Cacciaguerra L, Preziosa P, De Meo E, Filippi M, Rocca MA. Clinical Relevance of Multiparametric MRI Assessment of Cervical Cord Damage in Multiple Sclerosis. Radiology 2020; 296:605-615. [PMID: 32573387 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020200430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background In multiple sclerosis (MS), knowledge about how spinal cord abnormalities translate into clinical manifestations is incomplete. Comprehensive, multiparametric MRI studies are useful in this perspective, but studies for the spinal cord are lacking. Purpose To identify MRI features of cervical spinal cord damage that could help predict disability and disease course in MS by using a comprehensive, multiparametric MRI approach. Materials and Methods In this retrospective hypothesis-driven analysis of longitudinally acquired data between June 2017 and April 2019, 120 patients with MS (58 with relapsing-remitting MS [RRMS] and 62 with progressive MS [PMS]) and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy control participants underwent 3.0-T MRI of the brain and cervical spinal cord. Cervical spinal cord MRI was performed with three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and diffusion-weighted imaging; sagittal two-dimensional (2D) short inversion time inversion-recovery imaging; and axial 2D phase-sensitive inversion-recovery imaging at the C2-C3 level. Brain MRI was performed with 3D T1-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery and T2-weighted sequences. Associations between MRI variables and disability were explored with age-, sex- and phenotype-adjusted linear models. Results In patients with MS, multivariable analysis identified phenotype, cervical spinal cord gray matter (GM) cross-sectional area (CSA), lateral funiculi fractional anisotropy (FA), and brain GM volume as independent predictors of Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score (R2 = 0.86). The independent predictors of EDSS score in RRMS were lateral funiculi FA, normalized brain volume, and cervical spinal cord GM T2 lesion volume (R2 = 0.51). The independent predictors of EDSS score in PMS were cervical spinal cord GM CSA and brain GM volume (R2 = 0.44). Logistic regression analysis identified cervical spinal cord GM CSA and T2 lesion volume as independent predictors of phenotype (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.95). An optimal cervical spinal cord GM CSA cut-off value of 11.1 mm2 was found to enable accurate differentiation of patients with PMS, having values below the threshold, from those with RRMS (sensitivity = 90% [56 of 62], specificity = 91% [53 of 58]). Conclusion Cervical spinal cord MRI involvement has a central role in explaining disability in multiple sclerosis (MS): Lesion-induced damage in the lateral funiculi and gray matter (GM) in relapsing-remitting MS and GM atrophy in patients with progressive MS are the most relevant variables. Cervical spinal cord GM atrophy is an accurate predictor of progressive phenotype. Cervical spinal cord GM lesions may subsequently cause GM atrophy, which may contribute to evolution to PMS. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Zivadinov and Bergsland in this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaello Bonacchi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (R.B., E.P., A.M., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Neurology Unit (R.B., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (R.B., L.C., E.D.M., M.F.)
| | - Elisabetta Pagani
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (R.B., E.P., A.M., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Neurology Unit (R.B., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (R.B., L.C., E.D.M., M.F.)
| | - Alessandro Meani
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (R.B., E.P., A.M., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Neurology Unit (R.B., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (R.B., L.C., E.D.M., M.F.)
| | - Laura Cacciaguerra
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (R.B., E.P., A.M., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Neurology Unit (R.B., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (R.B., L.C., E.D.M., M.F.)
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (R.B., E.P., A.M., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Neurology Unit (R.B., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (R.B., L.C., E.D.M., M.F.)
| | - Ermelinda De Meo
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (R.B., E.P., A.M., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Neurology Unit (R.B., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (R.B., L.C., E.D.M., M.F.)
| | - Massimo Filippi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (R.B., E.P., A.M., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Neurology Unit (R.B., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (R.B., L.C., E.D.M., M.F.)
| | - Maria A Rocca
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (R.B., E.P., A.M., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Neurology Unit (R.B., L.C., P.P., E.D.M., M.F., M.A.R.), and Neurophysiology Unit (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (R.B., L.C., E.D.M., M.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marrodan M, Gaitán MI, Correale J. Spinal Cord Involvement in MS and Other Demyelinating Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E130. [PMID: 32455910 PMCID: PMC7277673 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic accuracy is poor in demyelinating myelopathies, and therefore a challenge for neurologists in daily practice, mainly because of the multiple underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in each subtype. A systematic diagnostic approach combining data from the clinical setting and presentation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesion patterns, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, and autoantibody markers can help to better distinguish between subtypes. In this review, we describe spinal cord involvement, and summarize clinical findings, MRI and diagnostic characteristics, as well as treatment options and prognostic implications in different demyelinating disorders including: multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, and glial fibrillary acidic protein IgG-associated disease. Thorough understanding of individual case etiology is crucial, not only to provide valuable prognostic information on whether the disorder is likely to relapse, but also to make therapeutic decision-making easier and reduce treatment failures which may lead to new relapses and long-term disability. Identifying patients with monophasic disease who may only require acute management, symptomatic treatment, and subsequent rehabilitation, rather than immunosuppression, is also important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Correale
- Neurology Department, Fleni, C1428AQK Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.M.); (M.I.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rocca MA, Preziosa P, Filippi M. What role should spinal cord MRI take in the future of multiple sclerosis surveillance? Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:783-797. [PMID: 32133874 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1739524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative phenomena affect the spinal cord, with detrimental effects on patients' clinical disability. Although spinal cord imaging may be challenging, improvements in MRI technologies have contributed to better evaluate spinal cord involvement in MS. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the current state-of-art of the application of conventional and advanced MRI techniques to evaluate spinal cord damage in MS. Typical features of spinal cord lesions, their role in the diagnostic work-up of suspected MS, their predictive role for subsequent disease course and clinical worsening, and their utility to define treatment response are discussed. The role of spinal cord atrophy and of other advanced MRI techniques to better evaluate the associations between spinal cord abnormalities and the accumulation of clinical disability are also evaluated. Finally, how spinal cord assessment could evolve in the future to improve monitoring of disease progression and treatment effects is examined. EXPERT OPINION Spinal cord MRI provides relevant additional information to brain MRI in understanding MS pathophysiology, in allowing an earlier and more accurate diagnosis of MS, and in identifying MS patients at higher risk to develop more severe disability. A future role in monitoring the effects of treatments is also foreseen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan, Italy.,Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sastre-Garriga J, Pareto D, Battaglini M, Rocca MA, Ciccarelli O, Enzinger C, Wuerfel J, Sormani MP, Barkhof F, Yousry TA, De Stefano N, Tintoré M, Filippi M, Gasperini C, Kappos L, Río J, Frederiksen J, Palace J, Vrenken H, Montalban X, Rovira À. MAGNIMS consensus recommendations on the use of brain and spinal cord atrophy measures in clinical practice. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:171-182. [PMID: 32094485 PMCID: PMC7054210 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Early evaluation of treatment response and prediction of disease evolution are key issues in the management of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). In the past 20 years, MRI has become the most useful paraclinical tool in both situations and is used clinically to assess the inflammatory component of the disease, particularly the presence and evolution of focal lesions - the pathological hallmark of MS. However, diffuse neurodegenerative processes that are at least partly independent of inflammatory mechanisms can develop early in people with MS and are closely related to disability. The effects of these neurodegenerative processes at a macroscopic level can be quantified by estimation of brain and spinal cord atrophy with MRI. MRI measurements of atrophy in MS have also been proposed as a complementary approach to lesion assessment to facilitate the prediction of clinical outcomes and to assess treatment responses. In this Consensus statement, the Magnetic Resonance Imaging in MS (MAGNIMS) study group critically review the application of brain and spinal cord atrophy in clinical practice in the management of MS, considering the role of atrophy measures in prognosis and treatment monitoring and the barriers to clinical use of these measures. On the basis of this review, the group makes consensus statements and recommendations for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Sastre-Garriga
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Deborah Pareto
- Section of Neuroradiology and Magnetic Resonance Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Battaglini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- NMR Research Unit, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Christian Enzinger
- Department of Neurology and Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jens Wuerfel
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria P Sormani
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tarek A Yousry
- NMR Research Unit, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, University College London Hospitals National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mar Tintoré
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Río
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jette Frederiksen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup and University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jackie Palace
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugo Vrenken
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Division of Neurology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Àlex Rovira
- Section of Neuroradiology and Magnetic Resonance Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Eden D, Gros C, Badji A, Dupont SM, De Leener B, Maranzano J, Zhuoquiong R, Liu Y, Granberg T, Ouellette R, Stawiarz L, Hillert J, Talbott J, Bannier E, Kerbrat A, Edan G, Labauge P, Callot V, Pelletier J, Audoin B, Rasoanandrianina H, Brisset JC, Valsasina P, Rocca MA, Filippi M, Bakshi R, Tauhid S, Prados F, Yiannakas M, Kearney H, Ciccarelli O, Smith SA, Andrada Treaba C, Mainero C, Lefeuvre J, Reich DS, Nair G, Shepherd TM, Charlson E, Tachibana Y, Hori M, Kamiya K, Chougar L, Narayanan S, Cohen-Adad J. Spatial distribution of multiple sclerosis lesions in the cervical spinal cord. Brain 2020; 142:633-646. [PMID: 30715195 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord lesions detected on MRI hold important diagnostic and prognostic value for multiple sclerosis. Previous attempts to correlate lesion burden with clinical status have had limited success, however, suggesting that lesion location may be a contributor. Our aim was to explore the spatial distribution of multiple sclerosis lesions in the cervical spinal cord, with respect to clinical status. We included 642 suspected or confirmed multiple sclerosis patients (31 clinically isolated syndrome, and 416 relapsing-remitting, 84 secondary progressive, and 73 primary progressive multiple sclerosis) from 13 clinical sites. Cervical spine lesions were manually delineated on T2- and T2*-weighted axial and sagittal MRI scans acquired at 3 or 7 T. With an automatic publicly-available analysis pipeline we produced voxelwise lesion frequency maps to identify predilection sites in various patient groups characterized by clinical subtype, Expanded Disability Status Scale score and disease duration. We also measured absolute and normalized lesion volumes in several regions of interest using an atlas-based approach, and evaluated differences within and between groups. The lateral funiculi were more frequently affected by lesions in progressive subtypes than in relapsing in voxelwise analysis (P < 0.001), which was further confirmed by absolute and normalized lesion volumes (P < 0.01). The central cord area was more often affected by lesions in primary progressive than relapse-remitting patients (P < 0.001). Between white and grey matter, the absolute lesion volume in the white matter was greater than in the grey matter in all phenotypes (P < 0.001); however when normalizing by each region, normalized lesion volumes were comparable between white and grey matter in primary progressive patients. Lesions appearing in the lateral funiculi and central cord area were significantly correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale score (P < 0.001). High lesion frequencies were observed in patients with a more aggressive disease course, rather than long disease duration. Lesions located in the lateral funiculi and central cord area of the cervical spine may influence clinical status in multiple sclerosis. This work shows the added value of cervical spine lesions, and provides an avenue for evaluating the distribution of spinal cord lesions in various patient groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Eden
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Charley Gros
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Atef Badji
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sara M Dupont
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin De Leener
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Josefina Maranzano
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Anatomy, Université de Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Ren Zhuoquiong
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yaou Liu
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tobias Granberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Russell Ouellette
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Leszek Stawiarz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jason Talbott
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elise Bannier
- CHU Rennes, Radiology Department, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, EMPENN - ERL U 1228, Rennes, France
| | - Anne Kerbrat
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, EMPENN - ERL U 1228, Rennes, France.,CHU Rennes, Neurology Department, Rennes, France
| | - Gilles Edan
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, EMPENN - ERL U 1228, Rennes, France.,CHU Rennes, Neurology Department, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Labauge
- MS Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Callot
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Pelletier
- APHM, CHU Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France.,APHM, Department of Neurology, CHU Timone, APHM, Marseille
| | - Bertrand Audoin
- APHM, CHU Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France.,APHM, Department of Neurology, CHU Timone, APHM, Marseille
| | - Henitsoa Rasoanandrianina
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Brisset
- Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (OFSEP) ; Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Hospices Civils de Lyon; CREATIS-LRMN, UMR 5220 CNRS and U 1044 INSERM; Lyon, France
| | - Paola Valsasina
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Rohit Bakshi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Shahamat Tauhid
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Ferran Prados
- Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London,UK.,Center for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marios Yiannakas
- Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London,UK
| | - Hugh Kearney
- Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London,UK
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London,UK
| | - Seth A Smith
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Lefeuvre
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel S Reich
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | - Govind Nair
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Erik Charlson
- Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | | | - Masaaki Hori
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Kamiya
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lydia Chougar
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Sridar Narayanan
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Julien Cohen-Adad
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Functional Neuroimaging Unit, CRIUGM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rocca MA, Valsasina P, Meani A, Gobbi C, Zecca C, Rovira À, Montalban X, Kearney H, Ciccarelli O, Matthews L, Palace J, Gallo A, Bisecco A, Gass A, Eisele P, Lukas C, Bellenberg B, Barkhof F, Vrenken H, Preziosa P, Comi G, Filippi M. Clinically relevant cranio-caudal patterns of cervical cord atrophy evolution in MS. Neurology 2019; 93:e1852-e1866. [PMID: 31611336 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the distribution and regional evolution of cervical cord atrophy in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in a multicenter dataset. METHODS MRI and clinical evaluations were acquired from 179 controls and 435 patients (35 clinically isolated syndromes [CIS], 259 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis [RRMS], 99 secondary progressive multiple sclerosis [SPMS], and 42 primary progressive multiple sclerosis [PPMS]). Sixty-nine controls and 178 patients underwent a 1-year MRI and clinical follow-up. Patients were classified as clinically stable/worsened according to their disability change. Longitudinal changes of cord atrophy were investigated with linear mixed-effect models. Sample size calculations were performed using age-, sex- and site-adjusted annualized percentage normalized cord cross-sectional area (CSAn) changes. RESULTS Baseline CSAn was lower in patients with MS vs controls (p < 0.001), but not different between controls and patients with CIS or between patients with early RRMS (disease duration ≤5 years) and patients with CIS. Patients with late RRMS (disease duration >5 years) showed significant cord atrophy vs patients with early RRMS (p = 0.02). Patients with progressive MS had decreased CSAn (p < 0.001) vs patients with RRMS. Atrophy was located between C1/C2 and C5 in patients with RRMS vs patients with CIS, and widespread along the cord in patients with progressive MS vs patients with RRMS, with an additional C5/C6 involvement in patients with SPMS vs patients with PPMS. At follow-up, CSAn decreased in all phenotypes (p < 0.001), except CIS. Cord atrophy rates were highest in patients with early RRMS and clinically worsened patients, who had a more widespread cord involvement than stable patients. The sample size per arm required to detect a 50% treatment effect was 118 for patients with early RRMS. CONCLUSIONS Cord atrophy increased in MS during 1 year, except for CIS. Faster atrophy contributed to explain clinical worsening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Rocca
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Valsasina
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Meani
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Gobbi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Zecca
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Àlex Rovira
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Xavier Montalban
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Hugh Kearney
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Lucy Matthews
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Alvino Bisecco
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Achim Gass
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Philipp Eisele
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Carsten Lukas
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Bellenberg
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Hugo Vrenken
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (M.A.R., P.V., A.M., P.P., M.F.) and Neurology Unit (M.A.R., P.P., G.C., M.F.), Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (C.G., C.Z.), Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano (EOC), Lugano; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (C.G., C.Z.), Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland; Section of Neuroradiology and MRI Unit, Department of Radiology (A.R.), and Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (X.M.), Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; NMR Research Unit (H.K., O.C.), Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (L.M., J.P.), University of Oxford, UK; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, and 3T MRI Center, (A.G., A.B.), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; Department of Neurology (A.G., P.E.), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (C.L., B.B.) and Institute of Neuroradiology (C.L., B.B.), St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (F.B., H.V.), MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, the Netherlands; Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering (F.B.), University College London, UK; and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (P.P., G.C., M.F.), Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Papinutto N, Asteggiano C, Bischof A, Gundel TJ, Caverzasi E, Stern WA, Bastianello S, Hauser SL, Henry RG. Intersubject Variability and Normalization Strategies for Spinal Cord Total Cross-Sectional and Gray Matter Areas. J Neuroimaging 2019; 30:110-118. [PMID: 31571307 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The quantification of spinal cord (SC) atrophy by MRI has assumed an important role in assessment of neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic SC injury. Recent technical advances make possible the quantification of gray matter (GM) and white matter tissues in clinical settings. However, the goal of a reliable diagnostic, prognostic or predictive marker is still elusive, in part due to large intersubject variability of SC areas. Here, we investigated the sources of this variability and explored effective strategies to reduce it. METHODS One hundred twenty-nine healthy subjects (mean age: 41.0 ± 15.9) underwent MRI on a Siemens 3T Skyra scanner. Two-dimensional PSIR at the C2-C3 vertebral level and a sagittal 1 mm3 3D T1-weighted brain acquisition extended to the upper cervical cord were acquired. Total cross-sectional area and GM area were measured at C2-C3, as well as measures of the vertebra, spinal canal and the skull. Correlations between the different metrics were explored using Pearson product-moment coefficients. The most promising metrics were used to normalize cord areas using multiple regression analyses. RESULTS The most effective normalization metrics were the V-scale (from SienaX) and the product of the C2-C3 spinal canal diameters. Normalization methods based on these metrics reduced the intersubject variability of cord areas of up to 17.74%. The measured cord areas had a statistically significant sex difference, while the effect of age was moderate. CONCLUSIONS The present work explored in a large cohort of healthy subjects the source of intersubject variability of SC areas and proposes effective normalization methods for its reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Papinutto
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Carlo Asteggiano
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antje Bischof
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tristan J Gundel
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Eduardo Caverzasi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - William A Stern
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Stefano Bastianello
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stephen L Hauser
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Roland G Henry
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moccia M, Ruggieri S, Ianniello A, Toosy A, Pozzilli C, Ciccarelli O. Advances in spinal cord imaging in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2019; 12:1756286419840593. [PMID: 31040881 PMCID: PMC6477770 DOI: 10.1177/1756286419840593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord is frequently affected in multiple sclerosis (MS), causing motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunction. A number of pathological abnormalities, including demyelination and neuroaxonal loss, occur in the MS spinal cord and are studied in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aim of this review is to summarise and discuss recent advances in spinal cord MRI. Advances in conventional spinal cord MRI include improved identification of MS lesions, recommended spinal cord MRI protocols, enhanced recognition of MRI lesion characteristics that allow MS to be distinguished from other myelopathies, evidence for the role of spinal cord lesions in predicting prognosis and monitoring disease course, and novel post-processing methods to obtain lesion probability maps. The rate of spinal cord atrophy is greater than that of brain atrophy (-1.78% versus -0.5% per year), and reflects neuroaxonal loss in an eloquent site of the central nervous system, suggesting that it can become an important outcome measure in clinical trials, especially in progressive MS. Recent developments allow the calculation of spinal cord atrophy from brain volumetric scans and evaluation of its progression over time with registration-based techniques. Fully automated analysis methods, including segmentation of grey matter and intramedullary lesions, will facilitate the use of spinal cord atrophy in trial designs and observational studies. Advances in quantitative imaging techniques to evaluate neuroaxonal integrity, myelin content, metabolic changes, and functional connectivity, have provided new insights into the mechanisms of damage in MS. Future directions of research and the possible impact of 7T scanners on spinal cord imaging will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Moccia
- Queen Square MS Centre, NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Care and Research Centre, Department of Neurosciences, Federico II University of Naples, via Sergio Pansini, 5, Edificio 17 - piano terra, Napoli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Ruggieri
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ianniello
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Ahmed Toosy
- Queen Square MS Centre, NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Carlo Pozzilli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Queen Square MS Centre, NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schmierer K, Miquel ME. Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of neuro-axonal pathology in the MS spinal cord. Brain Pathol 2019; 28:765-772. [PMID: 30375114 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In people with multiple sclerosis (MS), the spinal cord is the structure most commonly affected by clinically detectable pathology at presentation, and a key part of the central nervous system involved in chronic disease deterioration. Indices, such as the spinal cord cross-sectional area at the level C2 have been developed as tools to predict future disability, and-by inference-axonal loss. However, this and other histo-pathological correlates of spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes in MS remain incompletely understood. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in developing quantitative MRI tools to measure specific tissue features, including axonal density, myelin content, neurite density, and orientation, among others, with an emphasis on the spinal cord. Quantitative MRI techniques including T1 and T2 , magnetization transfer and a number of diffusion-derived indices have all been applied to MS spinal cord. Particularly diffusion-based MRI techniques combined with microscopic resolution achievable using high magnetic field scanners enable a new level of anatomical detail and quantification of indices that are clinically meaningful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Schmierer
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Blizard Institute (Neuroscience), London, UK.,Barts Health NHS Trust, Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Marc E Miquel
- Barts Health NHS Trust, Clinical Physics, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gros C, De Leener B, Badji A, Maranzano J, Eden D, Dupont SM, Talbott J, Zhuoquiong R, Liu Y, Granberg T, Ouellette R, Tachibana Y, Hori M, Kamiya K, Chougar L, Stawiarz L, Hillert J, Bannier E, Kerbrat A, Edan G, Labauge P, Callot V, Pelletier J, Audoin B, Rasoanandrianina H, Brisset JC, Valsasina P, Rocca MA, Filippi M, Bakshi R, Tauhid S, Prados F, Yiannakas M, Kearney H, Ciccarelli O, Smith S, Treaba CA, Mainero C, Lefeuvre J, Reich DS, Nair G, Auclair V, McLaren DG, Martin AR, Fehlings MG, Vahdat S, Khatibi A, Doyon J, Shepherd T, Charlson E, Narayanan S, Cohen-Adad J. Automatic segmentation of the spinal cord and intramedullary multiple sclerosis lesions with convolutional neural networks. Neuroimage 2019; 184:901-915. [PMID: 30300751 PMCID: PMC6759925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord is frequently affected by atrophy and/or lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Segmentation of the spinal cord and lesions from MRI data provides measures of damage, which are key criteria for the diagnosis, prognosis, and longitudinal monitoring in MS. Automating this operation eliminates inter-rater variability and increases the efficiency of large-throughput analysis pipelines. Robust and reliable segmentation across multi-site spinal cord data is challenging because of the large variability related to acquisition parameters and image artifacts. In particular, a precise delineation of lesions is hindered by a broad heterogeneity of lesion contrast, size, location, and shape. The goal of this study was to develop a fully-automatic framework - robust to variability in both image parameters and clinical condition - for segmentation of the spinal cord and intramedullary MS lesions from conventional MRI data of MS and non-MS cases. Scans of 1042 subjects (459 healthy controls, 471 MS patients, and 112 with other spinal pathologies) were included in this multi-site study (n = 30). Data spanned three contrasts (T1-, T2-, and T2∗-weighted) for a total of 1943 vol and featured large heterogeneity in terms of resolution, orientation, coverage, and clinical conditions. The proposed cord and lesion automatic segmentation approach is based on a sequence of two Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). To deal with the very small proportion of spinal cord and/or lesion voxels compared to the rest of the volume, a first CNN with 2D dilated convolutions detects the spinal cord centerline, followed by a second CNN with 3D convolutions that segments the spinal cord and/or lesions. CNNs were trained independently with the Dice loss. When compared against manual segmentation, our CNN-based approach showed a median Dice of 95% vs. 88% for PropSeg (p ≤ 0.05), a state-of-the-art spinal cord segmentation method. Regarding lesion segmentation on MS data, our framework provided a Dice of 60%, a relative volume difference of -15%, and a lesion-wise detection sensitivity and precision of 83% and 77%, respectively. In this study, we introduce a robust method to segment the spinal cord and intramedullary MS lesions on a variety of MRI contrasts. The proposed framework is open-source and readily available in the Spinal Cord Toolbox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charley Gros
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Benjamin De Leener
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Atef Badji
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Josefina Maranzano
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dominique Eden
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sara M. Dupont
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason Talbott
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ren Zhuoquiong
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Yaou Liu
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Tobias Granberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Russell Ouellette
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lydia Chougar
- Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Leszek Stawiarz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elise Bannier
- CHU Rennes, Radiology Department
- Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Visages U1128, France
| | - Anne Kerbrat
- Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Visages U1128, France
- CHU Rennes, Neurology Department
| | - Gilles Edan
- Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Visages U1128, France
- CHU Rennes, Neurology Department
| | - Pierre Labauge
- MS Unit. DPT of Neurology. University Hospital of Montpellier
| | - Virginie Callot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
- APHM, CHU Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Pelletier
- APHM, CHU Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
- APHM, Department of Neurology, CHU Timone, APHM, Marseille
| | - Bertrand Audoin
- APHM, CHU Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
- APHM, Department of Neurology, CHU Timone, APHM, Marseille
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Brisset
- Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (OFSEP) ; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ; Hospices Civils de Lyon ; CREATIS-LRMN, UMR 5220 CNRS & U 1044 INSERM ; Lyon, France
| | - Paola Valsasina
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A. Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Rohit Bakshi
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Shahamat Tauhid
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Ferran Prados
- Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London (UK)
- Center for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marios Yiannakas
- Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London (UK)
| | - Hugh Kearney
- Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London (UK)
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London (UK)
| | | | | | - Caterina Mainero
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Jennifer Lefeuvre
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel S. Reich
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | - Govind Nair
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Allan R. Martin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shahabeddin Vahdat
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, CRIUGM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Neurology Department, Stanford University, US
| | - Ali Khatibi
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, CRIUGM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Doyon
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, CRIUGM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Sridar Narayanan
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Julien Cohen-Adad
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, CRIUGM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Casserly C, Seyman EE, Alcaide-Leon P, Guenette M, Lyons C, Sankar S, Svendrovski A, Baral S, Oh J. Spinal Cord Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Neuroimaging 2018; 28:556-586. [PMID: 30102003 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Spinal cord atrophy (SCA) is an important emerging outcome measure in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, there is limited consensus on the magnitude and rate of atrophy. The objective of this study was to synthesize the available data on measures of SCA in MS. METHODS Using published guidelines, relevant literature databases were searched between 1977 and 2017 for case-control or cohort studies reporting a quantitative measure of SCA in MS patients. Random-effects models pooled cross-sectional measures and longitudinal rates of SCA in MS and healthy controls (HCs). Student's t-test assessed differences between pooled measures in patient subgroups. Heterogeneity was assessed using DerSimonian and Laird's Q-test and the I 2 -index. RESULTS A total of 1,465 studies were retrieved including 94 that met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pooled estimates of mean cervical spinal cord (SC) cross-sectional area (CSA) in all MS patients, relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), all progressive MS, secondary progressive MS (SPMS), primary-progressive MS (PPMS), and HC were: 73.07 mm2 (95% CI [71.52-74.62]), 78.88 mm2 (95% CI [76.92-80.85]), 69.72 mm2 (95% CI [67.96-71.48]), 68.55 mm2 (95% CI [65.43-71.66]), 70.98 mm2 (95% CI [68.78-73.19]), and 80.87 mm2 (95% C I [78.70-83.04]), respectively. Pooled SC-CSA was greater in HC versus MS (P < .001) and RRMS versus progressive MS (P < .001). SCA showed moderate correlations with global disability in cross-sectional studies (r-value with disability score range [-.75 to -.22]). In longitudinal studies, the pooled annual rate of SCA was 1.78%/year (95%CI [1.28-2.27]). CONCLUSIONS The SC is atrophied in MS. The magnitude of SCA is greater in progressive versus relapsing forms and correlates with clinical disability. The pooled estimate of annual rate of SCA is greater than reported rates of brain atrophy in MS. These results demonstrate that SCA is highly relevant as an imaging outcome in MS clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Casserly
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Neurology, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Estelle E Seyman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula Alcaide-Leon
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie Guenette
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carrie Lyons
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Sankar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anton Svendrovski
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Spinal cord (SC) MRI in multiple sclerosis (MS) has significant usefulness in clinical and investigational settings. Conventional MRI of the SC is used in clinical practice, because it has both diagnostic and prognostic value. A number of advanced, quantitative SC MRI measures that assess the structural and functional integrity of the SC have been evaluated in investigational settings. These techniques have collectively demonstrated usefulness in providing insight into microstructural and functional changes relevant to disability in MS. With further development, these techniques may be useful in clinical trial settings as biomarkers of neurodegeneration and protection, and in day-to-day clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Muccilli
- Division of Neurology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada; Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, 1058 Saint-Denis Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3J4, Canada
| | - Estelle Seyman
- Division of Neurology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Valsasina P, Aboulwafa M, Preziosa P, Messina R, Falini A, Comi G, Filippi M, Rocca MA. Cervical Cord T1-weighted Hypointense Lesions at MR Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis: Relationship to Cord Atrophy and Disability. Radiology 2018; 288:234-244. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018172311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Valsasina
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (P.V., M.A., P.P., R.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Department of Neurology (P.P., R.M., G.C., M.F., M.A.R.), and Department of Neuroradiology (A.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Mohammed Aboulwafa
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (P.V., M.A., P.P., R.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Department of Neurology (P.P., R.M., G.C., M.F., M.A.R.), and Department of Neuroradiology (A.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (P.V., M.A., P.P., R.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Department of Neurology (P.P., R.M., G.C., M.F., M.A.R.), and Department of Neuroradiology (A.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Messina
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (P.V., M.A., P.P., R.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Department of Neurology (P.P., R.M., G.C., M.F., M.A.R.), and Department of Neuroradiology (A.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Falini
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (P.V., M.A., P.P., R.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Department of Neurology (P.P., R.M., G.C., M.F., M.A.R.), and Department of Neuroradiology (A.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (P.V., M.A., P.P., R.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Department of Neurology (P.P., R.M., G.C., M.F., M.A.R.), and Department of Neuroradiology (A.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (P.V., M.A., P.P., R.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Department of Neurology (P.P., R.M., G.C., M.F., M.A.R.), and Department of Neuroradiology (A.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A. Rocca
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience (P.V., M.A., P.P., R.M., M.F., M.A.R.), Department of Neurology (P.P., R.M., G.C., M.F., M.A.R.), and Department of Neuroradiology (A.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schmierer K, McDowell A, Petrova N, Carassiti D, Thomas DL, Miquel ME. Quantifying multiple sclerosis pathology in post mortem spinal cord using MRI. Neuroimage 2018; 182:251-258. [PMID: 29373838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common inflammatory, demyelinating and degenerative disease of the central nervous system. The majority of people with MS present with symptoms due to spinal cord damage, and in more advanced MS a clinical syndrome resembling that of progressive myelopathy is not uncommon. Significant efforts have been undertaken to predict MS-related disability based on short-term observations, for example, the spinal cord cross-sectional area measured using MRI. The histo-pathological correlates of spinal cord MRI changes in MS are incompletely understood, however a surge of interest in tissue microstructure has recently led to new approaches to improve the precision with which MRI indices relate to underlying tissue features, such as myelin content, neurite density and orientation, among others. Quantitative MRI techniques including T1 and T2, magnetisation transfer (MT) and a number of diffusion-derived indices have all been successfully applied to post mortem MS spinal cord. Combining advanced quantification of histological features with quantitative - particularly diffusion-based - MRI techniques provide a new platform for high-quality MR/pathology data generation. To more accurately quantify grey matter pathology in the MS spinal cord, a key driver of physical disability in advanced MS, remains an important challenge of microstructural imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Schmierer
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Blizard Institute (Neuroscience), London, UK; Barts Health NHS Trust, Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, London, UK.
| | - A McDowell
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, London, UK
| | - N Petrova
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Blizard Institute (Neuroscience), London, UK
| | - D Carassiti
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Blizard Institute (Neuroscience), London, UK
| | - D L Thomas
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Leonard Wolfson Experimental Neurology Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - M E Miquel
- Barts Health NHS Trust, Clinical Physics, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rocca MA, Comi G, Filippi M. The Role of T1-Weighted Derived Measures of Neurodegeneration for Assessing Disability Progression in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2017; 8:433. [PMID: 28928705 PMCID: PMC5591328 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterised by the accumulation of permanent neurological disability secondary to irreversible tissue loss (neurodegeneration) in the brain and spinal cord. MRI measures derived from T1-weighted image analysis (i.e., black holes and atrophy) are correlated with pathological measures of irreversible tissue loss. Quantifying the degree of neurodegeneration in vivo using MRI may offer a surrogate marker with which to predict disability progression and the effect of treatment. This review evaluates the literature examining the association between MRI measures of neurodegeneration derived from T1-weighted images and disability in MS patients. Methods A systematic PubMed search was conducted in January 2017 to identify MRI studies in MS patients investigating the relationship between “black holes” and/or atrophy in the brain and spinal cord, and disability. Results were limited to human studies published in English in the previous 10 years. Results A large number of studies have evaluated the association between the previous MRI measures and disability. These vary considerably in terms of study design, duration of follow-up, size, and phenotype of the patient population. Most, although not all, have shown that there is a significant correlation between disability and black holes in the brain, as well as atrophy of the whole brain and grey matter. The results for brain white matter atrophy are less consistently positive, whereas studies evaluating spinal cord atrophy consistently showed a significant correlation with disability. Newer ways of measuring atrophy, thanks to the development of segmentation and voxel-wise methods, have allowed us to assess the involvement of strategic regions of the CNS (e.g., thalamus) and to map the regional distribution of damage. This has resulted in better correlations between MRI measures and disability and in the identification of the critical role played by some CNS structures for MS clinical manifestations. Conclusion The evaluation of MRI measures of atrophy as predictive markers of disability in MS is a highly active area of research. At present, measurement of atrophy remains within the realm of clinical studies, but its utility in clinical practice has been recognized and barriers to its implementation are starting to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cawley N, Tur C, Prados F, Plantone D, Kearney H, Abdel-Aziz K, Ourselin S, Wheeler-Kingshott CAMG, Miller DH, Thompson AJ, Ciccarelli O. Spinal cord atrophy as a primary outcome measure in phase II trials of progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2017; 24:932-941. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458517709954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To measure the development of spinal cord (SC) atrophy over 1 year in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) and determine the sample sizes required to demonstrate a reduction in spinal cord cross-sectional area (SC-CSA) as an outcome measure in clinical trials. Methods: In total, 44 PMS patients (26 primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), 18 secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS)) and 29 healthy controls (HCs) were studied at baseline and 12 months. SC-CSA was measured using the three-dimensional (3D) fast field echo sequences acquired at 3T and the active surface model. Multiple linear regressions were used to investigate changes in imaging measurements. Results: PPMS patients had shorter disease duration, lower Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and larger SC-CSA than SPMS patients. All patients together showed a significantly greater decrease in percentage SC-CSA change than HCs, which was driven by the PPMS. All patients deteriorated over 1 year, but no association was found between percentage SC-CSA change and clinical changes. The sample size per arm required to detect a 50% treatment effect over 1 year, at 80% power, was 57 for PPMS and 546 for SPMS. Conclusion: SC-CSA may become an outcome measure in trials of PPMS patients, when they are at an early stage of the disease, have moderate disability and modest SC atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Cawley
- Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Carmen Tur
- Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Ferran Prados
- Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK/Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Domenico Plantone
- Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Hugh Kearney
- Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Khaled Abdel-Aziz
- Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Sebastian Ourselin
- Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | | | - David H Miller
- Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK/UCL Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Alan J Thompson
- Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK/UCL Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Queen Square MS Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK/UCL Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive to lesion formation both in the brain and spinal cord. Imaging plays a prominent role in the diagnosis and monitoring of MS. Over a dozen anti-inflammatory therapies are approved for MS and the development of many of these medications was made possible through the use of contrast-enhancing lesions on MRI as a phase II outcome. A similar phase II outcome method for the neurodegeneration that underlies progressive courses of the disease is still unavailable. Although magnetic resonance is an invaluable tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of treatment effects in MS, several imaging barriers still exist. In general, MRI is less sensitive to gray matter lesions, lacks pathological specificity, and does not provide quantitative data easily. Several advanced imaging methods including diffusion tensor imaging, magnetization transfer, functional MRI, myelin water fraction imaging, ultra-high field MRI, positron emission tomography, and optical coherence tomography of the retina study promising ways of overcoming the difficulties in MS imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ontaneda
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Robert J Fox
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Due to the heterogeneous nature of the disease, it is a challenge to capture disease activity of multiple sclerosis (MS) in a reliable and valid way. Therefore, it can be difficult to assess the true efficacy of interventions in clinical trials. In phase III trials in MS, the traditionally used primary clinical outcome measures are the Expanded Disability Status Scale and the relapse rate. Secondary outcome measures in these trials are the number or volume of T2 hyperintense lesions and gadolinium-enhancing T1 lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. These secondary outcome measures are often primary outcome measures in phase II trials in MS. Despite several limitations, the traditional clinical measures are still the mainstay for assessing treatment efficacy. Newer and potentially valuable outcome measures increasingly used or explored in MS trials are, clinically, the MS Functional Composite and patient-reported outcome measures, and on MRI, brain atrophy and the formation of persisting black holes. Several limitations of these measures have been addressed and further improvements will probably be proposed. Major improvements are the coverage of additional functional domains such as cognitive functioning and assessment of the ability to carry out activities of daily living. The development of multidimensional measures is promising because these measures have the potential to cover the full extent of MS activity and progression. In this review, we provide an overview of the historical background and recent developments of outcome measures in MS trials. We discuss the advantages and limitations of various measures, including newer assessments such as optical coherence tomography, biomarkers in body fluids and the concept of 'no evidence of disease activity'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caspar E. P. van Munster
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUmc MS Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M. J. Uitdehaag
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VUmc MS Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We analyze recent data on technical aspects, clinical indications, and imaging features of spinal cord MRI in multiple sclerosis, and on the value of this examination for assessing the type and extension of spinal cord damage, and for predicting prognosis in patients with this disease. RECENT FINDINGS Spinal cord MRI on patients with multiple sclerosis is technically challenging and a standardized protocol that optimizes the accuracy of this examination is essential, particularly as recent studies have shown its value for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Several recent studies have proven the potential value of new, quantitative spinal cord magnetic resonance metrics for assessing the type and degree of spinal cord damage. Although these measures can bring new insights into the understanding of the disease, there is not enough evidence to support their use outside the research scenario. SUMMARY Neurologists and neuroradiologists should be aware of the added value of conventional spinal cord MRI in the initial diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis. The use of advanced quantitative magnetic resonance techniques, which better assess the degree of irreversible tissue damage within the spinal cord, is mainly restricted to clinical research and cannot yet be incorporated into the daily clinical practice.
Collapse
|
26
|
Zivadinov R, Jakimovski D, Gandhi S, Ahmed R, Dwyer MG, Horakova D, Weinstock-Guttman B, Benedict RRH, Vaneckova M, Barnett M, Bergsland N. Clinical relevance of brain atrophy assessment in multiple sclerosis. Implications for its use in a clinical routine. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:777-93. [PMID: 27105209 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1181543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain atrophy measurement in multiple sclerosis (MS) has become an important outcome for determining patients at risk for developing physical and cognitive disability. AREAS COVERED In this article, we discuss the methodological issues related to using this MRI metric routinely, in a clinical setting. Understanding trajectories of annualized whole brain, gray and white matter, thalamic volume loss, and enlargement of ventricular space in specific MS phenotypes is becoming increasingly important. Evidence is mounting that disease-modifying treatments exert a positive effect on slowing brain atrophy progression in MS. Expert Commentary: While there is a need to translate measurement of brain atrophy to clinical routine at the individual patient level, there are still a number of challenges to be met before this can actually happen, including how to account for biological confounding factors and pseudoatrophy, standardize acquisition and analyses parameters, which can influence the accuracy of the assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zivadinov
- a Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.,b MR Imaging Clinical Translational Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- a Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Sirin Gandhi
- a Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Rahil Ahmed
- a Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Michael G Dwyer
- a Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Dana Horakova
- c Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience , Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- d Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Ralph R H Benedict
- d Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Manuela Vaneckova
- e Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Michael Barnett
- f Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre; Brain & Mind Centre , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Niels Bergsland
- a Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.,g IRCCS 'S.Maria Nascente' , Don Gnocchi Foundation , Milan , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Due to its sensitivity to the different multiple sclerosis (MS)-related abnormalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an established tool to diagnose MS and to monitor its evolution. MRI has been included in the diagnostic workup of patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of MS, and ad hoc criteria have been proposed and are regularly updated. In patients with definite MS, the ability of conventional MRI techniques to explain patients' clinical status and progression of disability is still suboptimal. Several advanced MRI-based technologies have been applied to estimate overall MS burden in the different phases of the disease. Their use has allowed the heterogeneity of MS pathology in focal lesions, normal-appearing white matter and gray matter to be graded in vivo. Recently, additional features of MS pathology, including macrophage infiltration and abnormal iron deposition, have become quantifiable. All of this, combined with functional imaging techniques, is improving our understanding of the mechanisms associated with MS evolution. In the near future, the use of ultrahigh-field systems is likely to provide additional insight into disease pathophysiology. However, the utility of advanced MRI techniques in clinical trial monitoring and in assessing individual patients' response to treatment still needs to be assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disorder of the CNS that affects both the brain and the spinal cord. MRI studies in MS focus more often on the brain than on the spinal cord, owing to the technical challenges in imaging this smaller, mobile structure. However, spinal cord abnormalities at disease onset have important implications for diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, later in the disease course, in progressive MS, myelopathy becomes the primary characteristic of the clinical presentation, and extensive spinal cord pathology--including atrophy, diffuse abnormalities and numerous focal lesions--is common. Recent spinal cord imaging studies have employed increasingly sophisticated techniques to improve detection and quantification of spinal cord lesions, and to elucidate their relationship with physical disability. Quantitative MRI measures of cord size and tissue integrity could be more sensitive to the axonal loss and other pathological processes in the spinal cord than is conventional MRI, putting quantitative MRI in a key role to elucidate the association between disability and spinal cord abnormalities seen in people with MS. In this Review, we summarize the most recent MS spinal cord imaging studies and discuss the new insights they have provided into the mechanisms of neurological impairment. Finally, we suggest directions for further and future research.
Collapse
|
29
|
A reliable spatially normalized template of the human spinal cord--Applications to automated white matter/gray matter segmentation and tensor-based morphometry (TBM) mapping of gray matter alterations occurring with age. Neuroimage 2015; 117:20-8. [PMID: 26003856 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a T2*-weighted template and probabilistic atlas of the white and gray matter (WM, GM) of the spinal cord (SC) have been reported. Such template can be used as tissue-priors for automated WM/GM segmentation but can also provide a common reference and normalized space for group studies. Here, a new template has been created (AMU40), and accuracy of automatic template-based WM/GM segmentation was quantified. The feasibility of tensor-based morphometry (TBM) for studying voxel-wise morphological differences of SC between young and elderly healthy volunteers was also investigated. Sixty-five healthy subjects were divided into young (n=40, age<40years old, mean age 28±5years old) and elderly (n=25, age>50years old, mean age 57±5years old) groups and scanned at 3T using an axial high-resolution T2*-weighted sequence. Inhomogeneity correction and affine intensity normalization of the SC and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) signal intensities across slices were performed prior to both construction of the AMU40 template and WM/GM template-based segmentation. The segmentation was achieved using non-linear spatial normalization of T2*-w MR images to the AMU40 template. Validation of WM/GM segmentations was performed with a leave-one-out procedure by calculating DICE similarity coefficients between manual and automated WM/GM masks. SC morphological differences between young and elderly healthy volunteers were assessed using the same non-linear spatial normalization of the subjects' MRI to a common template, derivation of the Jacobian determinant maps from the warping fields, and a TBM analysis. Results demonstrated robust WM/GM automated segmentation, with mean DICE values greater than 0.8. Concerning the TBM analysis, an anterior GM atrophy was highlighted in elderly volunteers, demonstrating thereby, for the first time, the feasibility of studying local structural alterations in the SC using tensor-based morphometry. This holds great promise for studies of morphological impairment occurring in several central nervous system pathologies.
Collapse
|
30
|
El Mendili MM, Chen R, Tiret B, Villard N, Trunet S, Pélégrini-Issac M, Lehéricy S, Pradat PF, Benali H. Fast and accurate semi-automated segmentation method of spinal cord MR images at 3T applied to the construction of a cervical spinal cord template. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122224. [PMID: 25816143 PMCID: PMC4376938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To design a fast and accurate semi-automated segmentation method for spinal cord 3T MR images and to construct a template of the cervical spinal cord. Materials and Methods A semi-automated double threshold-based method (DTbM) was proposed enabling both cross-sectional and volumetric measures from 3D T2-weighted turbo spin echo MR scans of the spinal cord at 3T. Eighty-two healthy subjects, 10 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 10 with spinal muscular atrophy and 10 with spinal cord injuries were studied. DTbM was compared with active surface method (ASM), threshold-based method (TbM) and manual outlining (ground truth). Accuracy of segmentations was scored visually by a radiologist in cervical and thoracic cord regions. Accuracy was also quantified at the cervical and thoracic levels as well as at C2 vertebral level. To construct a cervical template from healthy subjects’ images (n=59), a standardization pipeline was designed leading to well-centered straight spinal cord images and accurate probability tissue map. Results Visual scoring showed better performance for DTbM than for ASM. Mean Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) was 95.71% for DTbM and 90.78% for ASM at the cervical level and 94.27% for DTbM and 89.93% for ASM at the thoracic level. Finally, at C2 vertebral level, mean DSC was 97.98% for DTbM compared with 98.02% for TbM and 96.76% for ASM. DTbM showed similar accuracy compared with TbM, but with the advantage of limited manual interaction. Conclusion A semi-automated segmentation method with limited manual intervention was introduced and validated on 3T images, enabling the construction of a cervical spinal cord template.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Mounir El Mendili
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75013, Paris, Île de France, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Raphaël Chen
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75013, Paris, Île de France, France
| | - Brice Tiret
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75013, Paris, Île de France, France
| | - Noémie Villard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75013, Paris, Île de France, France
| | - Stéphanie Trunet
- APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neuroradiologie, F-75013, Paris, Île de France, France
| | - Mélanie Pélégrini-Issac
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75013, Paris, Île de France, France
| | - Stéphane Lehéricy
- APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Neuroradiologie, F-75013, Paris, Île de France, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S975, Inserm U975, CNRS UMR7225, Centre de recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière—CRICM, Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche—CENIR, F-75013, Paris, Île de France, France
| | - Pierre-François Pradat
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75013, Paris, Île de France, France
- APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, F-75013, Paris, Île de France, France
| | - Habib Benali
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, F-75013, Paris, Île de France, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gass A, Rocca MA, Agosta F, Ciccarelli O, Chard D, Valsasina P, Brooks JCW, Bischof A, Eisele P, Kappos L, Barkhof F, Filippi M. MRI monitoring of pathological changes in the spinal cord in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14:443-54. [PMID: 25748099 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The spinal cord is a clinically important site that is affected by pathological changes in most patients with multiple sclerosis; however, imaging of the spinal cord with conventional MRI can be difficult. Improvements in MRI provide a major advantage for spinal cord imaging, with better signal-to-noise ratio and improved spatial resolution. Through the use of multiplanar MRI, identification of diffuse and focal changes in the whole spinal cord is now routinely possible. Corroborated by related histopathological analyses, several new techniques, such as magnetisation transfer, diffusion tension imaging, functional MRI, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, can detect non-focal, spinal cord pathological changes in patients with multiple sclerosis. Additionally, functional MRI can reveal changes in the response pattern to sensory stimulation in patients with multiple sclerosis. Through use of these techniques, findings of cord atrophy, intrinsic cord damage, and adaptation are shown to occur largely independently of focal spinal cord lesion load, which emphasises their relevance in depiction of the true burden of disease. Combinations of magnetisation transfer ratio or diffusion tension imaging indices with cord atrophy markers seem to be the most robust and meaningful biomarkers to monitor disease evolution in early multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Achim Gass
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim UMM, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Agosta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London, Institute of Neurology National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Declan Chard
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals, Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Paola Valsasina
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Antje Bischof
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Eisele
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim UMM, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Toosy AT, Kou N, Altmann D, Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, Thompson AJ, Ciccarelli O. Voxel-based cervical spinal cord mapping of diffusion abnormalities in MS-related myelitis. Neurology 2014; 83:1321-5. [PMID: 25186861 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To apply a novel postprocessing voxel-based analysis for diffusion tensor imaging of the cervical spinal cord in multiple sclerosis (MS) in a prospective cross-sectional study. METHODS Fourteen patients with MS who were within 4 weeks of the onset of cervical myelitis (lesion C1-3) and 11 healthy controls underwent cervical spinal cord diffusion tensor imaging. Cervical spinal cord maps of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity were registered and compared between patients and controls. Mean FA and RD values from significant thresholded clusters were regressed with clinical scores, after adjusting for cord area and age, to determine associations with physical disability. RESULTS Cord registrations for subjects were qualitatively assessed (scored out of 5) and those with low scores (1 or 2) were excluded from further analysis. Cord registration was considered good in 11 patients (6 females; mean age = 35.5 years) and 10 controls (6 females; mean age 44 years). Voxel-based comparisons showed patients with MS had lower FA and higher RD at C2-3 levels (left >right mainly in gray matter; p < 0.01, uncorrected). Extracted values of both FA and RD from thresholded clusters were significantly associated with greater disability measured using the Expanded Disability Status Scale and Timed 25-Foot Walk Test in patients with MS. CONCLUSIONS Mapping diffusion abnormalities within the cervical spinal cord using a novel voxel-based approach can localize clinically relevant pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed T Toosy
- From the Departments of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (A.T.T., N.K., A.J.T., O.C.) and Neuroinflammation (D.A., C.A.M.W.-K.), NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience (N.K.) and NIHR UCL-UCLH Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (A.J.T., O.C.), University College London, Queen Square; and Medical Statistics Department (D.A.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.
| | - Nancy Kou
- From the Departments of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (A.T.T., N.K., A.J.T., O.C.) and Neuroinflammation (D.A., C.A.M.W.-K.), NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience (N.K.) and NIHR UCL-UCLH Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (A.J.T., O.C.), University College London, Queen Square; and Medical Statistics Department (D.A.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Daniel Altmann
- From the Departments of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (A.T.T., N.K., A.J.T., O.C.) and Neuroinflammation (D.A., C.A.M.W.-K.), NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience (N.K.) and NIHR UCL-UCLH Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (A.J.T., O.C.), University College London, Queen Square; and Medical Statistics Department (D.A.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Claudia A M Wheeler-Kingshott
- From the Departments of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (A.T.T., N.K., A.J.T., O.C.) and Neuroinflammation (D.A., C.A.M.W.-K.), NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience (N.K.) and NIHR UCL-UCLH Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (A.J.T., O.C.), University College London, Queen Square; and Medical Statistics Department (D.A.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Alan J Thompson
- From the Departments of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (A.T.T., N.K., A.J.T., O.C.) and Neuroinflammation (D.A., C.A.M.W.-K.), NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience (N.K.) and NIHR UCL-UCLH Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (A.J.T., O.C.), University College London, Queen Square; and Medical Statistics Department (D.A.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- From the Departments of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (A.T.T., N.K., A.J.T., O.C.) and Neuroinflammation (D.A., C.A.M.W.-K.), NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience (N.K.) and NIHR UCL-UCLH Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (A.J.T., O.C.), University College London, Queen Square; and Medical Statistics Department (D.A.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Biberacher V, Boucard CC, Schmidt P, Engl C, Buck D, Berthele A, Hoshi MM, Zimmer C, Hemmer B, Mühlau M. Atrophy and structural variability of the upper cervical cord in early multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2014; 21:875-84. [PMID: 25139943 DOI: 10.1177/1352458514546514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite agreement about spinal cord atrophy in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), data on clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) are conflicting. OBJECTIVE To determine the onset of spinal cord atrophy in the disease course of MS. METHODS Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was acquired from 267 patients with CIS (85) or RRMS (182) and 64 healthy controls (HCs). The upper cervical cord cross-sectional area (UCCA) was determined at the level of C2/C3 by a segmentation tool and adjusted for focal MS lesions. The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated from all measurements between C2/C3 and 13 mm above as a measure of structural variability. RESULTS Compared to HCs (76.1±6.9 mm(2)), UCCA was significantly reduced in CIS patients (73.5±5.8 mm(2), p=0.018) and RRMS patients (72.4±7.0 mm(2), p<0.001). Structural variability was higher in patients than in HCs, particularly but not exclusively in case of focal lesions (mean CV HCs/patients without/with lesions: 2.13%/2.55%/3.32%, all p-values<0.007). UCCA and CV correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores (r =-0.131/0.192, p=0.044/<0.001) and disease duration (r=-0.134/0.300, p=0.039/< 0.001). CV additionally correlated with hand and arm function (r=0.180, p=0.014). CONCLUSION In MS, cervical cord atrophy already occurs in CIS. In early stages, structural variability may be a more meaningful marker of spinal cord pathology than atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viola Biberacher
- Technische Universität München, Germany/TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Christine C Boucard
- Technische Universität München, Germany/TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Paul Schmidt
- Technische Universität München, Germany/TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität München, Germany/Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Germany
| | - Christina Engl
- Technische Universität München, Germany/TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Dorothea Buck
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Technische Universität München, Germany/Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany
| | - Mark Mühlau
- Technische Universität München, Germany/TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität München, Germany/Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Daams M, Weiler F, Steenwijk MD, Hahn HK, Geurts JJ, Vrenken H, van Schijndel RA, Balk LJ, Tewarie PK, Tillema JM, Killestein J, Uitdehaag BM, Barkhof F. Mean upper cervical cord area (MUCCA) measurement in long-standing multiple sclerosis: relation to brain findings and clinical disability. Mult Scler 2014; 20:1860-5. [PMID: 24812042 DOI: 10.1177/1352458514533399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) present with spinal cord pathology. Spinal cord atrophy is thought to be a marker of disease severity, but in long-disease duration its relation to brain pathology and clinical disability is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate mean upper cervical cord area (MUCCA) in patients with long-standing MS and assess its relation to brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures and clinical disability. METHODS MUCCA was measured in 196 MS patients and 55 healthy controls using 3DT1-weighted cervical images obtained at 3T MRI. Clinical disability was measured using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Nine-Hole-Peg test (9-HPT), and 25 feet Timed Walk Test (TWT). Stepwise linear regression was performed to assess the association between MUCCA and MRI measures, and between MUCCA and clinical disability. RESULTS MUCCA was smaller (mean 11.7%) in MS patients compared with healthy controls (72.56±9.82 and 82.24±7.80 mm2 respectively; p<0.001), most prominently in male patients. MUCCA was associated with normalized brain volume, and number of cervical cord lesions. MUCCA was independently associated with EDSS, TWT, and 9-HPT. CONCLUSION MUCCA was reduced in MS patients compared with healthy controls. It provides a relevant marker for clinical disability in long-standing disease, independent of other MRI measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marita Daams
- VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Weiler
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany
| | - Martijn D Steenwijk
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Horst K Hahn
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Institute for Medical Image Computing, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jeroen Jg Geurts
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Vrenken
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lisanne J Balk
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Prejaas K Tewarie
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Mendelt Tillema
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands/ Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joep Killestein
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Mj Uitdehaag
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
MRI measures of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: implications for disability, disease monitoring, and treatment. J Neurol 2014; 262:1-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
36
|
De Stefano N, Airas L, Grigoriadis N, Mattle HP, O'Riordan J, Oreja-Guevara C, Sellebjerg F, Stankoff B, Walczak A, Wiendl H, Kieseier BC. Clinical relevance of brain volume measures in multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2014; 28:147-56. [PMID: 24446248 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease with an inflammatory and neurodegenerative pathology. Axonal loss and neurodegeneration occurs early in the disease course and may lead to irreversible neurological impairment. Changes in brain volume, observed from the earliest stage of MS and proceeding throughout the disease course, may be an accurate measure of neurodegeneration and tissue damage. There are a number of magnetic resonance imaging-based methods for determining global or regional brain volume, including cross-sectional (e.g. brain parenchymal fraction) and longitudinal techniques (e.g. SIENA [Structural Image Evaluation using Normalization of Atrophy]). Although these methods are sensitive and reproducible, caution must be exercised when interpreting brain volume data, as numerous factors (e.g. pseudoatrophy) may have a confounding effect on measurements, especially in a disease with complex pathological substrates such as MS. Brain volume loss has been correlated with disability progression and cognitive impairment in MS, with the loss of grey matter volume more closely correlated with clinical measures than loss of white matter volume. Preventing brain volume loss may therefore have important clinical implications affecting treatment decisions, with several clinical trials now demonstrating an effect of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) on reducing brain volume loss. In clinical practice, it may therefore be important to consider the potential impact of a therapy on reducing the rate of brain volume loss. This article reviews the measurement of brain volume in clinical trials and practice, the effect of DMTs on brain volume change across trials and the clinical relevance of brain volume loss in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, Siena, 53100, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Filippi M, Charil A, Rovaris M, Absinta M, Rocca MA. Insights from magnetic resonance imaging. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 122:115-149. [PMID: 24507516 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52001-2.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed impressive advancements in the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Complementary to the clinical evaluation, conventional MRI (cMRI) provides crucial pieces of information for the diagnosis of MS, the understanding of its natural history, and monitoring the efficacy of experimental treatments. Measures derived from cMRI present clear advantages over the clinical assessment, including their more objective nature and an increased sensitivity to MS-related changes. However, the correlation between these measures and the clinical manifestations of the disease remains weak, and this can be explained, at least partially, by the limited ability of cMRI to characterize and quantify the heterogeneous features of MS pathology. Quantitative MR-based techniques have the potential to overcome the limitations of cMRI. Magnetization transfer MRI, diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor MRI with fiber tractography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, T1 and T2 relaxation time measurement, and functional MRI are contributing to elucidate the mechanisms that underlie injury, repair, and functional adaptation in patients with MS. All conventional and nonconventional MR techniques will benefit from the use of high-field MR systems (3.0T or more).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Arnaud Charil
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Rovaris
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Absinta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wheeler-Kingshott CA, Stroman PW, Schwab JM, Bacon M, Bosma R, Brooks J, Cadotte DW, Carlstedt T, Ciccarelli O, Cohen-Adad J, Curt A, Evangelou N, Fehlings MG, Filippi M, Kelley BJ, Kollias S, Mackay A, Porro CA, Smith S, Strittmatter SM, Summers P, Thompson AJ, Tracey I. The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: applications. Neuroimage 2013; 84:1082-93. [PMID: 23859923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A first-ever spinal cord imaging meeting was sponsored by the International Spinal Research Trust and the Wings for Life Foundation with the aim of identifying the current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging, the current greatest challenges, and greatest needs for future development. This meeting was attended by a small group of invited experts spanning all aspects of spinal cord imaging from basic research to clinical practice. The greatest current challenges for spinal cord imaging were identified as arising from the imaging environment itself; difficult imaging environment created by the bone surrounding the spinal canal, physiological motion of the cord and adjacent tissues, and small crosssectional dimensions of the spinal cord, exacerbated by metallic implants often present in injured patients. Challenges were also identified as a result of a lack of "critical mass" of researchers taking on the development of spinal cord imaging, affecting both the rate of progress in the field, and the demand for equipment and software to manufacturers to produce the necessary tools. Here we define the current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging, discuss the underlying theory and challenges, and present the evidence for the current and potential power of these methods. In two review papers (part I and part II), we propose that the challenges can be overcome with advances in methods, improving availability and effectiveness of methods, and linking existing researchers to create the necessary scientific and clinical network to advance the rate of progress and impact of the research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Wheeler-Kingshott
- NMR Research Unit, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, England, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|