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Particle matter, volatile organic compounds, and occupational allergens: correlation and sources in laboratory animal facilities. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Vandenplas O, Hox V, Bernstein D. Occupational Rhinitis. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:3311-3321. [PMID: 32653647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is convincing evidence that tight relationships between the upper and lower airways also apply to the workplace context. Most patients with occupational asthma (OA) also suffer from occupational rhinitis (OR), although OR is 2 to 3 times more common than OA. OR most often precedes the development of OA, especially when high-molecular-weight protein agents are involved, and longitudinal cohort studies have confirmed that OR is associated with an increased risk for the development of OA. The level of exposure to sensitizing agents at the workplace is the most important determinant for the development of IgE-mediated sensitization and OR. Atopy is a risk factor for the development of IgE-mediated sensitization only to high-molecular-weight agents. In workers with work-related rhinitis symptoms, documentation of IgE-mediated sensitization to a workplace agent via skin prick testing or serum specific IgE confirms a diagnosis of probable OR, whereas specific nasal provocation testing in the laboratory remains the reference method to establish a definite diagnosis of OR. Complete avoidance of exposure to the causal agent is the most effective therapeutic option for controlling work-related nasal symptoms and preventing the development of OA. If complete elimination of exposure is expected to induce meaningful adverse socioeconomic consequences, reduction of exposure can be considered as an alternative approach, but it is important to consider the individual risk factors for the development of OA to implement a more personalized management of OR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Vandenplas
- Department of Chest Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium.
| | - Valérie Hox
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL & Dermatologie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Bernstein
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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O'Rourke DP, Baccanale CL, Stoskopf MK. Nontraditional Laboratory Animal Species (Cephalopods, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds). ILAR J 2019; 59:168-176. [PMID: 30462255 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic vertebrates and cephalopods, amphibians, reptiles, and birds offer unique safety and occupational health challenges for laboratory animal personnel. This paper discusses environmental, handling, and zoonotic concerns associated with these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas P O'Rourke
- Dorcas P. O'Rourke, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is Professor and Chair of the Department of Comparative Medicine at the Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina. Cecile L. Baccanale, DVM, is Associate Professor in the Department of Comparative Medicine at the Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina. Michael K. Stoskopf, DVM, PhD, DACZM, is Professor in the Department of Clinical Sciences, at the College of Veterinary Medicine as well as the Colleges of Natural Resources, Science, and Engineering at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Cecile L Baccanale
- Dorcas P. O'Rourke, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is Professor and Chair of the Department of Comparative Medicine at the Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina. Cecile L. Baccanale, DVM, is Associate Professor in the Department of Comparative Medicine at the Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina. Michael K. Stoskopf, DVM, PhD, DACZM, is Professor in the Department of Clinical Sciences, at the College of Veterinary Medicine as well as the Colleges of Natural Resources, Science, and Engineering at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Michael K Stoskopf
- Dorcas P. O'Rourke, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is Professor and Chair of the Department of Comparative Medicine at the Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina. Cecile L. Baccanale, DVM, is Associate Professor in the Department of Comparative Medicine at the Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina. Michael K. Stoskopf, DVM, PhD, DACZM, is Professor in the Department of Clinical Sciences, at the College of Veterinary Medicine as well as the Colleges of Natural Resources, Science, and Engineering at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina
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How Working Tasks Influence Biocontamination in an Animal Facility. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9112216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to biocontaminants in animal facilities represents a risk for developing infectious, allergic and toxic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine what factors could be associated with a high level of exposure to biological agents through the measure and characterization of airborne fungi, bacteria, endotoxin, (1,3)-β-d-glucan and animal allergens. Airborne microorganisms were collected with an air sampler and identified by microscopic and biochemical methods. Endotoxin, (1,3)-β-d-glucan, Mus m 1, Rat n 1, Can f 1, Fel d 1, Equ c 4 allergens were detected on inhalable dust samples by Kinetic LAL, Glucatell, and ELISA assays, respectively. Our data evidenced that changing cages is a determinant factor in increasing the concentration of the airborne biocontaminants; the preparation of bedding and distribution of feed, performed in the storage area, is another critical working task in terms of exposure to endotoxins (210.7 EU/m3) and (1,3)-β-d-glucans (4.3 ng/m3). The highest concentration of Mus m 1 allergen (61.5 ng/m3) was observed in the dirty washing area. The detection of expositive peaks at risk of sensitization (>2 μg/g) by Fel d 1 in animal rooms shows passive transport by operators themselves, highlighting their role as vehicle between occupational and living environments.
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D'Ovidio MC, Wirz A, Zennaro D, Massari S, Melis P, Peri VM, Rafaiani C, Riviello MC, Mari A. Biological occupational allergy: Protein microarray for the study of laboratory animal allergy (LAA). AIMS Public Health 2018; 5:352-365. [PMID: 30631779 PMCID: PMC6322995 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2018.4.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laboratory Animal Allergy (LAA) has been considered a risk for the workers since 1989 by the NIOSH. About one third of the Laboratory Animal Workers (LAWs) can manifest symptoms to LAA as asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis and cutaneous reactions. The prevalence of LAA-induced clinical symptoms has been estimated with a great variability (4-44%) also due to the different methodologies applied. Objective Evaluate the prevalence of IgE positivity to mouse and rat allergens in LAWs and assess which factors are predisposing to sensitization among subjects exposed to laboratory animals in the workplace. Methods One hundred LAWs were invited to fill out a questionnaire regarding current allergic symptoms, atopic history, home environment, previous and current occupational history. IgE reactivity versus specific allergens was evaluated with ImmunoCAP ISAC. Results Out of one hundred LAWs, 18% had a serum susceptibility to mouse and/or rat allergens and 42% reported to have occupational allergy symptoms. Combining the results acquired by ImmunoCAP ISAC and questionnaire, 17% of LAWs have been defined as LAWs-LAA positive since they present a positive IgE response and allergy symptoms, 1% LAWs-LAA sensitized, 25% LAWs-LAA symptomatic and 57% LAWs-LAA negative. Presence of previous allergy symptoms in work and life environment were significantly related to LAWs-LAA positive/sensitized. Conclusions The study aimed to define the immunological profile of LAWs using the proteomic array as an innovative approach in the study of environmental and occupational exposure to allergens. We suggested a definition of LAWs-LAA considering serum IgE response and presence of allergy symptoms. The proposed approach has the advantage to provide a standard methodology for evaluating the specific IgE responsiveness to animal allergens in specific workplace also considering the immunological profile of workers referred to exposure in life and occupational environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C D'Ovidio
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy
| | | | - Danila Zennaro
- Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology, Rome, Italy; Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Massari
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Melis
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy
| | - Vittoria M Peri
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Rafaiani
- Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology, Rome, Italy; Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C Riviello
- Cellular Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Mari
- Associated Centers for Molecular Allergology, Rome, Italy; Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Balogun RA, Siracusa A, Shusterman D. Occupational rhinitis and occupational asthma: Association or progression? Am J Ind Med 2018; 61:293-307. [PMID: 29411403 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational asthma is the most frequently reported occupational respiratory disease in registries, and is often co-diagnosed with occupational rhinitis. We undertook a systematic review of the English-language epidemiologic literature linking these two conditions, with emphasis on progression from occupational rhinitis to occupational asthma. METHODS PubMed and Embase were queried in a series of structured searches designed to identify studies comparing occupational asthma and occupational rhinitis incidence or prevalence in occupationally exposed individuals. RESULTS The searches yielded a total of 109 unique citations, 15 of which yielded inferential data on the occupational rhinitis-asthma relationship. Nine of fifteen studies showed statistically significant associations between the occurrence of occupational rhinitis and occupational asthma among individual workers. CONCLUSIONS Limited data support the notion that occupational rhinitis precedes the development of occupational asthma, particularly when high-molecular-weight (HMW) agents are involved. The relationship between the two conditions could not be evaluated in many relevant studies due to a lack of cross-tabulation of individual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmat A. Balogun
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; University of California; San Francisco California
| | | | - Dennis Shusterman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; University of California; San Francisco California
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Lai PS, Allen JG, Hutchinson DS, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF, Winters T, Hug C, Wartenberg GR, Vallarino J, Christiani DC. Impact of environmental microbiota on human microbiota of workers in academic mouse research facilities: An observational study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180969. [PMID: 28704437 PMCID: PMC5509249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To characterize the microbial environment of workers in academic mouse research facilities using endotoxin, 16S qPCR, and 16S amplicon sequencing. To determine whether the work microbiome contributes to the human microbiome of workers. Methods We performed area air sampling from the animal rooms, dirty, middle, and setup cage wash locations in four academic mouse research facilities. 10 workers in the dirty cage wash area underwent personal air sampling as well as repeated collection of nasal, oral, and skin samples before and after the work shift. Environmental samples underwent measurement of endotoxin, mouse allergen, bacteria copy number via 16S qPCR, and microbial identification via 16S rDNA sequencing. 16S rDNA sequencing was also performed on human samples before and after the work shift. SourceTracker was used to identify the contribution of the work microbiome to the human microbiome. Results Median endotoxin levels ranged from undetectable to 1.0 EU/m3. Significant differences in mouse allergen levels, bacterial copy number, microbial richness, and microbial community structure were identified between animal, dirty, middle, and setup cage wash locations. Endotoxin levels had only a moderate correlation with microbial composition. Location within a facility was a stronger predictor of microbial community composition (R2 = 0.41, p = 0.002) than facility. The contribution of the work microbiome to the pre-shift human microbiome of workers was estimated to be 0.1 ± 0.1% for the oral microbiome; 3.1 ± 1.9% for the nasal microbiome; and 3.0 ± 1.5% for the skin microbiome. Conclusions The microbial environment of academic animal care facilities varies significantly by location rather than facility. Endotoxin is not a proxy for assessment of environmental microbial exposures using 16S qPCR or 16S rDNA sequencing. The work microbiome contributes to the composition of the nasal and skin microbiome of workers; the clinical implications of this observation should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy S. Lai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph G. Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Diane S. Hutchinson
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nadim J. Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Joseph F. Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Thomas Winters
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Christopher Hug
- Division of Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Jose Vallarino
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - David C. Christiani
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Freitas AS, Simoneti CS, Ferraz E, Bagatin E, Brandão IT, Silva CL, Borges MC, Vianna EO. Exposure to high endotoxin concentration increases wheezing prevalence among laboratory animal workers: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med 2016; 16:69. [PMID: 27153990 PMCID: PMC4859959 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria are found in different concentrations in dust and on the ground of laboratories dealing with small animals and animal houses. Methods Cross-sectional study performed in workplaces of two universities. Dust samples were collected from laboratories and animal facilities housing rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits or hamsters and analyzed by the “Limulus amebocyte lysate” (LAL) method. We also sampled workplaces without animals. The concentrations of endotoxin detected in the workplaces were tested for association with wheezing in the last 12 months, asthma defined by self-reported diagnosis and asthma confirmed by bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to mannitol. Results Dust samples were obtained at 145 workplaces, 92 with exposure to animals and 53 with no exposure. Exposed group comprised 412 subjects and non-exposed group comprised 339 subjects. Animal-exposed workplaces had higher concentrations of endotoxin, median of 34.2 endotoxin units (EU) per mg of dust (interquartile range, 12.6–65.4), as compared to the non-exposed group, median of 10.2 EU/mg of dust (interquartile range, 2.6–22.2) (p < 0.001). The high concentration of endotoxin (above whole sample median, 20.4 EU/mg) was associated with increased wheezing prevalence (p < 0.001), i.e., 61 % of workers exposed to high endotoxin concentration reported wheezing in the last 12 months compared to 29 % of workers exposed to low endotoxin concentration. The concentration of endotoxin was not associated with asthma report or with BHR confirmed asthma. Conclusion Exposure to endotoxin is associated with a higher prevalence of wheezing, but not with asthma as defined by the mannitol bronchial challenge test or by self-reported asthma. Preventive measures are necessary for these workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Souza Freitas
- Department of Social Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Christian Silva Simoneti
- Department of Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Erica Ferraz
- Department of Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ericson Bagatin
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Izaira Tincani Brandão
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Celio Lopes Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcos Carvalho Borges
- Department of Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Elcio Oliveira Vianna
- Department of Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the recent literature on risk factors for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with an emphasis on genetic, comorbid diseases and environmental factors associated with CRS. Through identifying potential risk factors for CRS, we aim to glean insights into the underlying pathogenic mechanisms essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings demonstrate that genetics and comorbid medical conditions including airway diseases, gastroesophageal reflux disease, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and various demographic and environmental factors are associated with having a CRS diagnosis. Limitations of current studies include variable application of disease definitions, lack of prospective longitudinal studies and a disproportionate focus on tertiary care populations. SUMMARY CRS has a broad spectrum of associations ranging from genetics to comorbid diseases and environmental factors. These predisposing factors may provide valuable information for possible designing of therapeutic and preventive interventions. However, to better understand whether these associations cause CRS, further studies are needed to independently replicate findings, establish temporal relationships between exposure and disease onset, evaluate the influence of exposure dose on disease severity, and to understand the biological effects of these risk factors in the context of CRS.
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Long term effect and allergic sensitization in newly employed workers in laboratory animal facilities. Respir Med 2015; 109:1164-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Muhamad NA, Faizal Bakhtiar M, Mustapha N, Adon MY, Arip M, Aris T. Workplace interventions for preventing work-related rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. Hippokratia 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Faizal Bakhtiar
- Institute for Medical Research; National institutes of Health, Ministry of Health; Shah Alam Malaysia
| | - Normi Mustapha
- Faculty Science and Technology; Open University Malaysia; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | | | - Masita Arip
- Institute for Medical Research; National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health; Shah Alam Malaysia
| | - Tahir Aris
- Institute for Medical Research; National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health; Shah Alam Malaysia
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Francuz B, Demange V, Mousel ML, Grzebyk M, Nicaise P, Chollet-Martin S, Choudat D. Manifestations allergiques ou irritatives chez le personnel des laboratoires de préparation et des animaleries d’un institut de recherche. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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MUZEMBO BA, EITOKU M, INAOKA Y, OOGIKU M, KAWAKUBO M, TAI R, TAKECHI M, HIRABAYASHI KI, YOSHIDA N, NGATU NR, HIROTA R, SANDJAYA B, SUGANUMA N. Prevalence of occupational allergy in medical researchers exposed to laboratory animals. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2014; 52:256-261. [PMID: 24583515 PMCID: PMC4209584 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2012-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Allergy to laboratory animals is a well known occupational hazard and remains a health concern for individuals in contact with lab animals. This study evaluates the prevalence of allergy symptoms among medical researchers exposed to laboratory animals. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional survey, involving subjects (n=169, 21-59 yr), working in Kochi Medical School, Japan. They were asked to fill out a questionnaire to evaluate symptoms related to contact with laboratory animals. The overall response rate was 86.2%. The prevalence of laboratory animal allergy was 17.6%. The symptoms most reported were allergic rhino-conjunctivitis and asthma. A small number of the subjects received education on the allergy issue and 62.5% of subjects with an allergy to laboratory animals claimed to have atopy. Protection from animal allergens should be a high priority for institutions using lab animals; providing continuous education to animal handlers would be meaningful to reduce and control exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilua Andre MUZEMBO
- Division of Social Medicine, Department of Environmental
Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Masamitsu EITOKU
- Division of Social Medicine, Department of Environmental
Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Yuta INAOKA
- Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | | | | | - Ryuta TAI
- Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Nlandu Roger NGATU
- Division of Social Medicine, Department of Environmental
Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | - Ryoji HIROTA
- Division of Social Medicine, Department of Environmental
Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
| | | | - Narufumi SUGANUMA
- Division of Social Medicine, Department of Environmental
Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan
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The characteristics, treatment and prevention of laboratory animal allergy. Lab Anim (NY) 2013; 42:26-33. [PMID: 23246890 DOI: 10.1038/laban.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory animal allergy (LAA) is a pervasive problem that affects up to one-third of laboratory animal personnel. An immediate hypersensitivity reaction can be triggered by contact with antigens present in urine, hair, dander and saliva of laboratory animals. The authors provide an overview of the epidemiology, triggering mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment and risk factors of LAA. They also discuss primary and secondary prevention measures that can be taken to reduce LAA morbidity and to allow personnel suffering from LAA to safely continue to do their jobs.
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Baur X, Aasen TB, Burge PS, Heederik D, Henneberger PK, Maestrelli P, Schlünssen V, Vandenplas O, Wilken D. The management of work-related asthma guidelines: a broader perspective. Eur Respir Rev 2012; 21:125-39. [PMID: 22654084 PMCID: PMC9487296 DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00004711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the European Respiratory Society work-related asthma guidelines is to present the management and prevention options of work-related asthma and their effectiveness. Work-related asthma accounts for 5-25% of all adult asthma cases and is responsible for a significant socioeconomic burden. Several hundred occupational agents, mainly allergens but also irritants and substances with unknown pathological mechanisms, have been identified as causing work-related asthma. The essential message of these guidelines is that the management of work-related asthma can be considerably optimised based on the present knowledge of causes, risk factors, pathomechanisms, and realistic and effective interventions. To reach this goal we urgently require greatly intensified primary preventive measures and improved case management. There is now a substantial body of evidence supporting the implementation of comprehensive medical surveillance programmes for workers at risk. Those workers who fail surveillance programmes need to be referred to a clinician who can confirm or exclude an occupational cause. Once work-related asthma is confirmed, a revised risk assessment in the workplace is needed to prevent further cases. These new guidelines confirm and extend already existing statements and recommendations. We hope that these guidelines will initiate the much-needed research that is required to fill the gaps in our knowledge and to initiate substantial improvements in preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaver Baur
- Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
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Characterization of occupational sensitization by multiallergen immunoblotting in workers exposed to laboratory animals. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 108:178-81. [PMID: 22374201 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have estimated that 10% to 23% of workers exposed to laboratory animals report symptoms of laboratory animal allergy. OBJECTIVES To determine the level of occupational sensitization in workers exposed to laboratory animals and to develop a diagnosis system based on a multiallergen IgE immunoblot. METHODS A total of 75 workers exposed to laboratory animals were initially studied with skin prick tests performed with animal epithelia extracts. The workers with suspected occupational disease and positive skin prick test results were further studied with the ImmunoCAP system to determine specific IgE levels to urine and epithelia allergens and with multiallergen IgE immunoblotting to detect specific IgE levels to epithelia allergens and bovine serum albumin. RESULTS Twenty of the 75 workers were studied with ImmunoCAP and multiallergen IgE immunoblotting. Nine were polysensitized and 3 were sensitized to only one animal. The results obtained by ImmunoCAP and multiallergen IgE immunoblotting were concordant except for in 3 workers, who had low or negative values of specific IgE determined by ImmunoCAP but positive allergen detections by immunoblotting. On the basis of the results of the study and the clinical symptoms related by workers, 16% were diagnosed as having occupational allergy. CONCLUSIONS Multiallergen immunoblotting by means of a unique test offers a graphic representation of sensitization to the different animals to which workers are exposed, providing additional information on the clinical symptoms caused by the involved allergens. The results presented suggest that this system can improve the diagnosis of laboratory animal allergy by obtaining a sensitization profile for each exposed worker.
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Glueck JT, Huneke RB, Perez H, Burstyn I. Exposure of laboratory animal care workers to airborne mouse and rat allergens. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2012; 51:554-560. [PMID: 23312083 PMCID: PMC3447443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Urine of rats and mice is the main source of allergenic proteins that can enter the respiratory tract of laboratory animal care workers. Little is known about the levels and determinants of these exposures in the United States. We investigated the relationship between activities in animal facilities and levels of personal exposure to allergen by collecting personal breathing zone dust samples from 7 caretakers during full workdays for 1 wk. Mice and rat urinary allergens in inhalable dust were quantified via immunoassay. The activities of the sampled workers were observed, and the methods of preventing exposure to allergens were recorded. Mouse urinary allergen was detected in 20 of 39 measurements, yielding a geometric mean of 0.8 ng/m(3) with a maximum of 24 ng/m(3). Washing and cleaning cages and the number of mice handled daily were the most important determinants of personal exposure to mouse urinary allergen, as identified by using multiple linear regressions that explained 51% of total variance. Personal exposures to mouse urinary allergen were associated with day-to-day variation of tasks rather than characteristics of workers. Where potential for personal exposure is the highest, protective measures (N95 masks and cage dumping stations) appeared to be used, as is appropriate. Rat urinary allergen was detected in 4 of 39 measurements; detectable concentrations were between 0.8 and 39 ng/m(3). Only persons who handled rats were exposed to rat urinary allergen. The current findings are valuable for establishing exposure levels against which comparisons of improvement or deterioration of personal exposures can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Glueck
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and
| | - Richard B Huneke
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hernando Perez
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and
| | - Igor Burstyn
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and
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Moscato G, Pala G, Boillat MA, Folletti I, Gerth van Wijk R, Olgiati-Des Gouttes D, Perfetti L, Quirce S, Siracusa A, Walusiak-Skorupa J, Tarlo SM. EAACI position paper: prevention of work-related respiratory allergies among pre-apprentices or apprentices and young workers. Allergy 2011; 66:1164-73. [PMID: 21557751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apprenticeship is a period of increased risk of developing work-related respiratory allergic diseases. There is a need for documents to provide appropriate professional advice to young adults aiming to reduce unsuitable job choices and prevent impairment from their careers. The present document is the result of a consensus reached by a panel of experts from European and non-European countries addressed to allergologists, pneumologists, occupational physicians, primary care physicians, and other specialists interested in this field, which aims to reduce work-related respiratory allergies (rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma) among allergic or nonallergic apprentices and other young adults entering the workforce. The main objective of the document is to issue consensus suggestions for good clinical practice based on existing scientific evidence and the expertise of a panel of physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Moscato
- Allergy and Immunology Unit, Fondazione 'Salvatore Maugeri', Institute of Care and Research, Scientific Institute of Pavia, Italy
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Bhabha FK, Nixon R. Occupational exposure to laboratory animals causing a severe exacerbation of atopic eczema. Australas J Dermatol 2011; 53:155-6. [PMID: 22571570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2011.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A 24-year-old man with a long history of severe atopic eczema presented with a marked exacerbation requiring hospital admission. It emerged that his occupation as an animal house technician required him to work closely with laboratory animals, particularly mice and rats. Radioallergosorbent tests to mice allergens were markedly elevated. Avoidance of animal work, in conjunction with medical treatment, resulted in a marked improvement of his eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friyana K Bhabha
- Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Skin and Cancer Foundation Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Koets M, Renström A, Zahradnik E, Bogdanovic J, Wouters IM, van Amerongen A. Rapid one-step assays for on-site monitoring of mouse and rat urinary allergens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:3475-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10658a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nicholson PJ, Mayho GV, Roomes D, Swann AB, Blackburn BS. Health surveillance of workers exposed to laboratory animal allergens. Occup Med (Lond) 2010; 60:591-7. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqq150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Garnier R, Villa A, Chataigner D, Rosenberg N. Épidémiologie et risques évolutifs de la rhinite allergique professionnelle. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2010.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jang JH, Kim DW, Kim SW, Kim DY, Seong WK, Son TJ, Rhee CS. Allergic rhinitis in laboratory animal workers and its risk factors. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009; 102:373-7. [PMID: 19492657 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The workers in an animal laboratory are exposed to laboratory animal allergens (LAAs). OBJECTIVES To evaluate the difference of sensitization to LAAs and the symptoms according to the exposure levels and to investigate the risk factors for sensitization to LAAs. METHODS The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the presence or absence of exposure: 74 subjects were in the direct exposure group, 33 subjects were in the indirect exposure group, and 30 subjects were in the control group. Each group answered the questionnaire and underwent skin prick tests that included 10 common allergens and 10 LAAs. The levels of total IgE and specific IgE to mouse and rat urine allergen were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 2 exposure groups. Allergic symptoms, skin sensitization, and serum IgE level were compared between the study groups. RESULTS Twenty-five (34%) of the 74 subjects in the direct exposure group experienced allergic symptoms since their exposure to laboratory animals. The subjects in the direct and indirect exposure groups had more sensitization to LAAs than did the control subjects. The direct exposure group had more positive results for total IgE than did the indirect exposure group. The subjects in the direct exposure group with atopy had more severe allergic symptoms than the subjects in the indirect exposure group with atopy. Atopy and total IgE level were risk factors for the sensitization to LAAs for the direct exposure group (odds ratios, 7.47 and 7.33, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Indirect exposure may be as risky for sensitization to LAAs as direct exposure. More careful protection is needed for laboratory animal workers with atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hun Jang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chaari N, Amri C, Khalfallah T, Alaya A, Abdallah B, Harzallah L, Henchi MA, Bchir N, Kamel A, Akrout M. [Rhinitis and asthma related to cotton dust exposure in apprentices in the clothing industry]. Rev Mal Respir 2009; 26:29-36. [PMID: 19212287 DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(09)70131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Respiratory allergies are the most common occupational diseases in the world. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of rhinitis and asthma among apprentices exposed to cotton dust in the clothing industry and to describe their epidemiologic and clinical profiles. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We carried out a descriptive study of 600 apprentices in a textile and clothing vocational training centre in the Monastir area. The investigation comprised a questionnaire exploring risk factors and symptoms appearing during their training. Subjects who developed allergic respiratory symptoms at the work-place underwent a clinical examination, rhinomanometry and investigation of their allergic status and respiratory function. RESULTS One hundred twenty apprentices (20%) developed allergic respiratory reactions due to exposure to textile dust (exclusively cotton) during their training, with a positive withdrawal-re-exposure test. Conjunctivitis (14.3%) and rhinitis (8.5%) were the most frequent allergic symptoms. Twenty eight apprentices (4.6%) presented symptoms of asthma. Rhinitis was associated with asthma in 45% of cases. Two cases of asthma were diagnosed clinically at the work-place following their exposure to textile dust. The prick test performed in 120 symptomatic apprentices was positive in 41.6% of cases. There was sensitization to pollens in 29 cases and to dermatophagoides in 13 cases. Cotton and wool allergy was noted in two cases. Allergic symptoms developing during the training were significantly more frequent in the atopic group, and they varied according to the intensity of textile dust exposure. CONCLUSION In the textile and clothing industry the frequency of respiratory disorders caused by allergens remains high, especially in atopic apprentices who constitute a population at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chaari
- Service de Médecine du travail et de pathologies professionnelles, Hôpital Universitaire de Monastir, Tunisie.
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Associations between pre-employment immunologic and airway mucosal factors and the development of occupational allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:694-700, 700.e1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
In recent years, to the list of classic pet animals (dogs and cats) as allergens we must now add the "new pet animals" (NPAs). This group of animals, referred to by the Anglo-Saxons as "pets", includes both those previously recognized (rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, birds) and the "truly new NPAs"; by general agreement "NPA" will include all animals other than cats and dogs. Some rather rare animals are regularly added to this list. The emergence of "NPAs" can be related to a social phenomenon, in particular, to the fashion and need for the exotic (http://www.aquadesign.be). They are a very diverse group: warm-blooded animals, spiders, batrachia (frogs, toads, salamanders, etc.) and reptiles. Besides the physical risks from their natural aggressive behaviour, the "NPAs" can be an allergic risk factor and this risk has a tendency to increase. Allergists and paediatricians have a role to play in the diagnosis and prevention of these allergies by giving advice on the choice of pet animals. This review concerns allergies to rodents, reptiles, batrachians, spiders, etc.
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Abstract
In contrast to most allergic rhinitis and nasal hyperresponsiveness, occupational rhinosinusitis offers a unique and effective measure-control of exposure-to reduce its medical impact on patients. Prospective data from adolescents introduced to the work environment show that working in high-risk environments results in a higher incidence of rhinitis compared with those not employed in such settings. Data also show that the highest incidence of occupational rhinosinusitis is found during the first months of exposure to irritants and sensitizers, emphasizing the importance of early prevention. The study of occupational rhinosinusitis is complicated by factors related to poor definitions, clear-cut differentiation from other nasal inflammatory disease, and the industrial, economic, and political considerations in the implementation of preventive measures. This review focuses on new insights on occupational rhinosinusitis, including the impact on health-related quality of life.
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Folletti I, Forcina A, Marabini A, Bussetti A, Siracusa A. Have the prevalence and incidence of occupational asthma and rhinitis because of laboratory animals declined in the last 25 years? Allergy 2008; 63:834-41. [PMID: 18588548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data for time trends in the prevalence of occupational asthma (OA) and rhinitis (OR) are not known. OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and incidence of OA and OR over time. METHODS We chose to review studies on the prevalence and incidence of OA and OR due to laboratory animals (LA) as a marker of changing OA and OR patterns over time and analysed 15 cross-sectional and 4 longitudinal studies published from 1980 to 2006. RESULTS The estimated prevalence of OA, defined as work-related chest symptoms (WRCS), declined from 8.2% in 1976 to 4.2% in 2001 (P < 0.005). When defined by WRCS and positive skin prick test (SPT) to LA, the estimated prevalence of OA was 6.7% in 1977 and 2.9% in 1999 (P < 0.02). The prevalence of OR, defined by WRNS or WRNS and SPT to LA, was not related to study date but was inversely associated with mean exposure duration. In four longitudinal studies no clear trend emerged over time. CONCLUSIONS This review suggests a trend toward a progressive decline in the prevalence of occupational asthma due to laboratory animals, which may be due to the reduction of exposure since the early 1980s. A further reduction of exposure is needed to prevent the onset of occupational rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Folletti
- Occupational Allergology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rhinitis is one of the most common occupational diseases. It is often neglected by those affected because it causes little disability. It is poorly understood by doctors who have insufficient experience of occupational diseases and their causes. However it is often the first manifestation of a respiratory disorder that may cause physical complications and socio-economic disability. BACKGROUND Numerous diverse agents are potential causes of rhinitis. The diagnosis of occupational rhinitis should be considered when sneezing, rhinorrhoea or nasal obstruction are associated with work. The causal agent can be identified by ta-king a careful history. When the mechanism of the disease is immunologic the suspected antigen can be confirmed by skin testing, specific IgE or nasal provocation. The respiratory disorder of which rhinitis is the first manifestation may progress to asthma if the exposure continues. The prevention of occupational rhinitis depends on the reduction of exposure to allergens and/or irritants. When it has developed removal of the causative agent is essential to prevent progression to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Garnier
- Consultation de Pathologie Professionnelle et Environnementale de l'Hôpital Fernand Widal, Institut Interuniversitaire de Médecine du Travail de Paris Ile-de-France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To update the epidemiology of laboratory animal allergy, identify new exposures in the laboratory animal workplace, discuss complexities in the exposure-response relationship, and review the immunology of symptomatic and allergic responses. RECENT FINDINGS Laboratory animal allergy remains a common occupational hazard of research scientists, technicians and animal handlers. The epidemiology is typical of a stable workforce: incidence is low, although prevalence is high. Risk factors of atopy, current exposures, and sensitization to cats or dogs incompletely predict disease. Exposures include a complex, potent mixture of allergens, biological adjuvants such as endotoxin and irritants. The dose-response relationship between laboratory animal exposure, sensitization and symptoms is hard to define: cross-sectional studies identify most sensitized workers in moderate laboratory animal exposure, not in the highest exposure. Exposure assessments based on workday averages underestimate exposure peaks that may be significant for symptoms and disease. Although we have assumed that workers without symptoms are not sensitized to laboratory animal allergens, recent data demonstrate that many asymptomatic workers do make laboratory animal-specific immune responses that may be necessary to prevent symptomatic disease. SUMMARY Understanding laboratory animal exposures and disease must include exposures other than allergen, and responses other than allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Pacheco
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Outcome measures. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 6:241-4. [PMID: 16670521 DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000225167.72842.fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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