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Dewan S, Lakhani A. Impact of ozone pollution on crop yield, human health, and associated economic costs in the Indo-Gangetic plains. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173820. [PMID: 38866147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Ozone pollution is a growing problem in many developing countries posing challenges not only to air quality but also affecting agricultural productivity and human well-being. This is the first study in the Indo-Gangetic Plain exploring how the spatial variation and severity of tropospheric ozone affect both wheat yield and all-cause mortality. We estimated that ozone-related cumulative crop production loss for wheat in selected districts of IGP was 3.4 million tonnes during the study period (2019-2021), which amounted to 923 million USD. The production-weighted Relative Yield Loss (RYL) for wheat in the IGP was 9.3 % in 2019, 12.8 % in 2020, and 11.3 % in 2021. The losses incurred in 2021 could contribute to fulfilling the wheat requirements of 11.4 million people. We also assess the health and economic gains resulting from the attainment of the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines (WHO AQG) for ozone concentrations. It is estimated that interventions that achieve AQG would have averted 11,407 premature deaths in 2021 translating into an impressively large health and economic gain. The annual benefits in 2021 totaled to 34 billion USD. We observe that Uttar Pradesh experienced the highest losses, both in terms of crop damage and premature deaths. Our study observes that implementing policies to prepone the planting of wheat enhances food security by mitigating yield losses. Mitigating the health impact of ambient ozone necessitates a reduction in anthropogenic emissions and to attain this objective, we propose adopting an exposure-integrated source reduction approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surat Dewan
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra 282005, India
| | - Anita Lakhani
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra 282005, India.
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Cardito A, Carotenuto M, Amoruso A, Libralato G, Lofrano G. Air quality trends and implications pre and post Covid-19 restrictions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162833. [PMID: 36933733 PMCID: PMC10020133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution causes millions of premature deaths every year. Thus, air quality assessment is essential to preserve human health and support authorities to identify proper policies. In this study, concentration levels of 6 air contaminants (benzene, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ground level ozone, particulate matters) as monitored in 2019, 2020 and 2021 by 37 stations, located in Campania (Italy) were analysed. Particular attention has been paid to March-April 2020 period to get clues on the possible effects of the lockdown regulations, imposed in Italy from March 9th to May 4th to limit COVID-19 spread, on atmospheric pollution. Air Quality Index (AQI), an algorithm developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), allowed us to classify the air quality from moderately unhealthy to good for sensitive groups. The evaluation of air pollution impact on human health by using the AirQ+ software evidenced a significant decrement of adult mortality in 2020 respect to 2019 and 2021. Among the six pollutants considered, PM10 and PM2.5 resulted the less affected by the lockdown restrictions. Finally, a comparison between NO2 ground level concentration and the reprocessed Level 2 NO2 tropospheric column concentration obtained from satellite surveys highlighted as concentration measured at the ground level stations can be strongly influenced by the station position and its surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cardito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Maurizio Carotenuto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Antonella Amoruso
- Department of Physics "E. R. Caianiello", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", via Vicinale Cupa Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Na, Italy
| | - Giusy Lofrano
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
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Bouchriti Y, Korrida A, Haddou MA, Achbani A, Sine H, Rida J, Sine H, Amiha R, Kabbachi B. Mortality and morbidity assessment attributed to short- and long-term exposure to fine particles in ambient air of Agadir city, Morocco: The AirQ model approach. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2023; 38:e2023009-0. [PMID: 37933103 PMCID: PMC10628402 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2023009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that respiratory mortality and morbidity are associated with high concentrations of fine particles such as PM2.5. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long- and short-term impacts of PM2.5 on the population of Agadir, Morocco, using AirQ 2.1.1 software. The mean PM2.5 values were obtained from data collected at three sites. Baseline incidence data were obtained from the literature, and relative risk (RR) values were referenced from the World Health Organization. This study quantified long-term total mortality (LT-TM), lung cancer mortality (LT-LC), morbidity from acute lower respiratory tract infections (LT-ALRI), and morbidity from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (LT-COPD), as well as short-term total mortality (ST-TM). The attributable proportions (AP) of LT-TM and LT-LC were estimated to 14.19% and 18.42%, respectively. Their excess deaths were estimated to 279 and 11 persons, respectively, and their RRs to 1.16 (95% CI: 1.10-1.22) and 1.23 (95% CI: 1.12-1.37), respectively. Furthermore, the AP of LT-ALRI and LT-COPD were estimated to 14.36% and 15.68%, respectively, their excess deaths to 33 and 4, and their RRs to 1.17 (95% CI: 1.11-1.31) and 1.19 (95% CI: 1.00-1.02), respectively. In comparison, the AP of ST-TM was estimated to 1.27%, with a 25-person excess death rate. This study was conducted to inform decision-making and to promote local policies on ambient air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Bouchriti
- Laboratory of Geosciences, Environment and Geomatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Agadir, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Amal Korrida
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Agadir, Health Sciences and Environment Laboratory, Health Sciences, Epidemiology and Human Pathologies Research Team (ER-2SEPH), Agadir, Morocco
- Research Laboratory of Innovation in Health Sciences (LARISS), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Ait Haddou
- Laboratory of Geosciences, Environment and Geomatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Abderrahmane Achbani
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Hasnaa Sine
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Jamila Rida
- Health Sciences Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Hayat Sine
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Agadir, Agadir, Morocco
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medico-Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid Amiha
- Laboratory of Geosciences, Environment and Geomatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Belkacem Kabbachi
- Laboratory of Geosciences, Environment and Geomatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
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Ghobakhloo S, Khoshakhlagh AH, Mostafaii GR, Chuang KJ, Gruszecka-Kosowska A, Hosseinnia P. Critical air pollutant assessments and health effects attributed to PM 2.5 during and after COVID-19 lockdowns in Iran: application of AirQ + models. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1120694. [PMID: 37304093 PMCID: PMC10249069 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1120694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in air quality index (AQI) values before, during, and after lockdown, as well as to evaluate the number of hospitalizations due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases attributed to atmospheric PM2.5 pollution in Semnan, Iran in the period from 2019 to 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Daily air quality records were obtained from the global air quality index project and the US Environmental Protection Administration (EPA). In this research, the AirQ+ model was used to quantify health consequences attributed to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 μm (PM2.5). Results The results of this study showed positive correlations between air pollution levels and reductions in pollutant levels during and after the lockdown. PM2.5 was the critical pollutant for most days of the year, as its AQI was the highest among the four investigated pollutants on most days. Mortality rates from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) attributed to PM2.5 in 2019-2021 were 25.18% in 2019, 22.55% in 2020, and 22.12% in 2021. Mortality rates and hospital admissions due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases decreased during the lockdown. The results showed a significant decrease in the percentage of days with unhealthy air quality in short-term lockdowns in Semnan, Iran with moderate air pollution. Natural mortality (due to all-natural causes) and other mortalities related to COPD, ischemic heart disease (IHD), lung cancer (LC), and stroke attributed to PM2.5 in 2019-2021 decreased. Conclusion Our results support the general finding that anthropogenic activities cause significant health threats, which were paradoxically revealed during a global health crisis/challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye Ghobakhloo
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Mostafaii
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics, and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Pariya Hosseinnia
- Department of Public Health, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
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Soleimani M, Akbari N, Saffari B, Haghshenas H. Estimation of economic costs of air pollution caused by motor vehicles in Iran (Isfahan). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:66535-66555. [PMID: 34235697 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since mobile sources are one of the most important sources of air pollution, this paper tries to estimate the health effects and economic burden due to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations from motor vehicles. In this regard, we calculate the economic costs of air pollution emitted by vehicles in Isfahan over the period from March 2018 to March 2020. The concentration of urban traffic pollution based on the generalized additive model (GAM) as well as spatial distribution of pollution is estimated. Health effects are evaluated using AirQ+ updated by the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health. Economic burden of mortality attributable air pollution from traffic is calculated using value of a statistical life (VOSL), and the value of life years (VOLY) approach. The results indicated that the number of deaths attributable to PM2.5 from motor vehicles in these two consecutive years was 136 (95%CI: 89-179), and 147 cases (95%CI: 96-194), respectively. The number of years of life lost due to premature death from air pollution was 2079 years annually. The economic costs imposed under VOSL approach were on average USD 51.7 (95%CI: 43-75) million per year, and according to VOLY approach USD 11.5 (95%CI: 9-13) million per year. These results help to analyze the cost-benefit and prioritize control measures to reduce air pollution. In addition, combination of these results with other externality cost of road traffic can take account for urban transportation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Babak Saffari
- Department of Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hosein Haghshenas
- Department of Transportation Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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Goudarzi G, Hopke PK, Yazdani M. Forecasting PM 2.5 concentration using artificial neural network and its health effects in Ahvaz, Iran. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131285. [PMID: 34182649 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to predict the associated health endpoint of PM2.5 using an artificial neural network (ANN). The neural network used in this work contains a hidden layer with 27 neurons, an input layer with 8 parameters, and an output layer. First, the artificial neural network was implemented with 80% of data for training then with 90% of data for training. The value of R for the data validation of these two networks was 0.80 and 0.83 respectively. The World Health Organization AirQ + software was utilized for assessing Health effects of PM2.5 levels. The mean PM2.5 over the 9-year study period was 63.27(μg/m3), about six times higher than the WHO guideline. However, the PM2.5 concentration in the last year decreased by about 25% compared to the first year, which is statistically significant (P-value = 0.0048). This reduced pollutant concentration led to a decrease in the number of deaths from 1785 in 2008 to 1059 in 2016. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between PM2.5 concentration and temperature and wind speed. Considering the importance of predicting PM2.5 concentration for accurate and timely decisions as well as the accuracy of the artificial neural network used in this study, the artificial neural network can be utilized as an effective instrument to reduce health and economic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mohsen Yazdani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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7
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Ansari M, Ehrampoush MH. Meteorological correlates and AirQ + health risk assessment of ambient fine particulate matter in Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 170:141-150. [PMID: 30579988 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There are few studies in the world that have been evaluated the mortality due to exposure to particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm by AirQ+ software. Therefore, the study aimed to correlate between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and meteorological variables and estimate all-cause annual mortality and mortality from cerebrovascular disease (stroke), ischemic heart disease (IHD), acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), lung cancer (LC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) attributed to long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 in Tehran from March 2017 to March 2018 using the WHO AirQ+ software. Data related to air quality, meteorological condition, population and the baseline incidence rates of health endpoints in Tehran were gathered from government agencies. The association between the PM2.5 concentrations and meteorological variables in the period of study were assessed by correlation analysis. The results of correlation analysis showed a weak positive correlation between PM2.5 concentrations and average monthly temperature (r = 0.42, P < 0.05) and average monthly humidity (r = 0.37, P < 0.05) in Tehran. The quantitative risk assessment related to all-cause annual mortality, the mortality of IHD, stroke, COPD, LC and ALRI were estimated 6710, 3797, 1145, 172, 135 and 27 cases, respectively. The results of regression association analysis between PM2.5 and the number of recorded deaths was showed that with an increase of one microgram per cubic meter of PM2.5, it is expected that about 27 cases will be added to air pollution mortality in Tehran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Ansari
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Air Quality Control Company, Municipality of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush
- Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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8
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Olvera Alvarez HA, Kubzansky LD, Campen MJ, Slavich GM. Early life stress, air pollution, inflammation, and disease: An integrative review and immunologic model of social-environmental adversity and lifespan health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:226-242. [PMID: 29874545 PMCID: PMC6082389 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Socially disadvantaged individuals are at greater risk for simultaneously being exposed to adverse social and environmental conditions. Although the mechanisms underlying joint effects remain unclear, one hypothesis is that toxic social and environmental exposures have synergistic effects on inflammatory processes that underlie the development of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and certain types of cancer. In the present review, we examine how exposure to two risk factors that commonly occur with social disadvantage-early life stress and air pollution-affect health. Specifically, we identify neuroimmunologic pathways that could link early life stress, inflammation, air pollution, and poor health, and use this information to propose an integrated, multi-level model that describes how these factors may interact and cause health disparity across individuals based on social disadvantage. This model highlights the importance of interdisciplinary research considering multiple exposures across domains and the potential for synergistic, cross-domain effects on health, and may help identify factors that could potentially be targeted to reduce disease risk and improve lifespan health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector A Olvera Alvarez
- School of Nursing, University of Texas at El Paso, Health Science and Nursing Building, Room 359, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - George M Slavich
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kermani M, Goudarzi G, Shahsavani A, Dowlati M, Asl FB, Karimzadeh S, Jokandan SF, Aghaei M, Kakavandi B, Rastegarimehr B, Ghorbani-Kalkhajeh S, Tabibi R. Estimation of Short-term Mortality and Morbidity Attributed to Fine Particulate Matter in the Ambient Air of Eight Iranian Cities. Ann Glob Health 2018; 84:408-418. [PMID: 30835377 PMCID: PMC6748288 DOI: 10.29024/aogh.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst the various pollutants in the air, particulate matters (PM) have significant adverse effects on human health. The current research is based on existing epidemiological literature for quantitative estimation of the current health impacts related to particulate matters in some selected principal Iranian megacities. In order to find the influence of air pollution on human health, we used the AirQ software tool presented by the World Health Organization (WHO) European Centre for Environment and Health (ECEH), Bilthoven Division. The adverse health outcomes used in the study consist of mortality (all causes excluding accidental causes), due to cardiovascular (CVD) and respiratory (RES) diseases, and morbidity (hospital admissions for CVD and RES causes). For this purpose, hourly PM10 data were taken from the monitoring stations in eight study cities during 2011 and 2012. Results showed annual average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in all megacities exceeded national and international air quality standards and even reached levels nearly ten times higher than WHO guidelines in some cities. Considering the short-term effects, PM2.5 had the maximum effects on the health of the 19,048,000 residents of the eight Iranian cities, causing total mortality of 5,670 out of 87,907 during a one-year time-period. Hence, reducing concentrations and controlling air pollution, particularly the presence of particles, is urgent in these metropolises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR
| | - Mohsen Dowlati
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR
| | - Farshad Bahrami Asl
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR
| | - Sima Karimzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, IR
| | - Sevda Fallah Jokandan
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR
| | - Mina Aghaei
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR
| | - Babak Kakavandi
- Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IR.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IR
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Yarahmadi M, Hadei M, Nazari SSH, Conti GO, Alipour MR, Ferrante M, Shahsavani A. Mortality assessment attributed to long-term exposure to fine particles in ambient air of the megacity of Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018. [PMID: 29525861 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Few studies regarding the health effects of long-term exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) have been carried out in Asia or the Middle East. The objective of our study was to assess total, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality attributed to long-term exposure to PM2.5 among adults aged over 30 years in Tehran from March 2013 to March 2016 using AirQ+ software. AirQ+ modeling software was used to estimate the number of deaths attributed to PM2.5 concentrations higher than 10 μg m-3. Air quality data were obtained from the Department of Environment (DOE) and Tehran Air Quality Control Company (TAQCC). Only valid stations with data completeness of 75% in all 3 years were selected for entry into the model. The 3-year average of the 24-h concentrations was 39.17 μg m-3. The results showed that the annual average concentration of PM2.5 in 2015-2016 was reduced by 13% compared to that in 2013-2014. The annual average number of all natural, COPD, and lung cancer deaths attributable to long-term exposure to PM2.5 in adults aged more than 30 years was 5073, 158, and 142 cases, respectively. The results of all three health endpoints indicate that the mortality attributable to PM2.5 decreased yearly from 2013 to 2016 and that the reduced mortality was related to a corresponding reduction in the PM2.5 concentration. Considering these first positive results, the steps that have been currently taken for reducing air pollution in Tehran should be continued to further improve the already positive effects of these measures on reducing health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Yarahmadi
- Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hadei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mohammd Reza Alipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Marzouni MB, Moradi M, Zarasvandi A, Akbaripoor S, Hassanvand MS, Neisi A, Goudarzi G, Mohammadi MJ, Sheikhi R, Kermani M, Shirmardi M, Naimabadi A, Gholami M, Mozhdehi SP, Esmaeili M, Barari K. Health benefits of PM 10 reduction in Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:1389-1401. [PMID: 28382377 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution contains a complex mixture of poisonous compounds including particulate matter (PM) which has wide spectrum of adverse health effects. The main purpose of this study was to estimate the potential health impacts or benefits due to any changes in annual PM10 level in four major megacities of Iran. The required data of PM10 for AirQ software was collected from air quality monitoring stations in four megacities of Iran. The preprocessing was carried out using macro coding in excel environment. The relationship between different presumptive scenarios and health impacts was determined. We also assessed the health benefits of reducing PM10 to WHO Air Quality Guidelines (WHO-AQGs) and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQSs) levels with regard to the rate of mortality and morbidity in studied cities. We found that the 10 μg/m3 increase in annual PM10 concentration is responsible for seven (95% CI 6-8) cases increase in total number of deaths per 2 × 105 person. We also found that 10.7, 7.2, 5.7, and 5.3% of total death is attributable to short-term exposure to air pollution for Ahvaz, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Tehran, respectively. We found that by attaining the WHO's proposed value for PM10, the potential health benefits of 89, 84, 79, and 78% were obtained in Ahvaz, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Tehran, respectively. The results also indicated that 27, 10, 3, and 1% of health impacts were attributed to dust storm days for Ahvaz, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Tehran, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagherian Marzouni
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Science and Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Moradi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Zarasvandi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Geo-Medicine Engineering, School of Geology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shayan Akbaripoor
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolkazem Neisi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Sheikhi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shirmardi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Naimabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Moeen Gholami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Saeed Pourkarim Mozhdehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehdi Esmaeili
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Science and Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kian Barari
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Miri M, Ebrahimi Aval H, Ehrampoush MH, Mohammadi A, Toolabi A, Nikonahad A, Derakhshan Z, Abdollahnejad A. Human health impact assessment of exposure to particulate matter: an AirQ software modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16513-16519. [PMID: 28555396 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the health impacts related to particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM10) exposure in the city of Yazd, Iran. For this aim, AirQ 2.2.3 software was used to model relationship between short-term exposure to PM10 and disease cases proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The annual mean concentration of PM10 was 97 μg/m3. The maximum concentration value of PM10 was measured during the summer (731 μg/m3). 4.988% (95%CI: 3.381-6.542%) of the total mortality, 7.3% (95%CI; 4.19-10.21%) of cardiovascular mortality, and 10.21% (95%CI; 4.19-14.89%) of respiratory mortality were related to the PM10 concentrations. Consequently, the AirQ software can provide valuable information about the importance of air pollution and the substantial impacts of PM10 on the society for policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miri
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Hamideh Ebrahimi Aval
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Toolabi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Nikonahad
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Derakhshan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Abdollahnejad
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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13
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Aammi S, Karaca F, Petek M. A toxicological and genotoxicological indexing study of ambient aerosols (PM 2.5-10) using in vitro bioassays. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:490-498. [PMID: 28189894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the toxicity and genotoxicity levels of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) samples collected at several locations of a megacity (Istanbul, Turkey) with different urban and industrial characteristics. The ambient air samples, in the form of a coarse fraction of inhalable particulates, PM2.5-10, were collected on Teflon filters using a passive sampling method on a monthly basis during a one-year period. Later, they were extracted into both the lipophilic and hydrophilic phases using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ultra-pure water, respectively. The obtained aqueous extracts were tested for acute toxicity and genotoxicity using the photo-luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri Microtox® and SOS Chromotest® assays, respectively. Statistically significant differences greater than background levels were obtained in both measurements, indicating the presence of toxic substances absorbed on particulate matter. The PM2.5-10 extracts identified significant seasonal and locational differences in the toxicity and genotoxicity levels. Local anthropogenic activities and factors were associated with the quantified higher levels. Finally, a qualitative inner comparison study of regional toxicity and genotoxicity indexes was suggested to provide a clearer picture of the pollution and risk levels (or occurrences) in the Istanbul urban area. In this indexing study, the threshold levels for the urban background and episodic occurrences of the toxicity and genotoxicity levels in PM2.5-10 samples were identified to be 1.11 TU (Toxicity Unit) and 8.73 TU and 0.72 IF (Induction Factor) and 1.38 IF, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Aammi
- Istanbul University, Biotechnology Department, Beyazit, 34452, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ferhat Karaca
- Nazarbayev University, Civil Engineering Department, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Mustafa Petek
- Fatih University, Department of Genetic and Biomedical Engineering, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Khaniabadi YO, Hopke PK, Goudarzi G, Daryanoosh SM, Jourvand M, Basiri H. Cardiopulmonary mortality and COPD attributed to ambient ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:336-341. [PMID: 27842286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is the second most important atmospheric pollutant after particulate matter with respect to its impact on human health and is increasing of its concentrations globally. The main objective of this study was to assess of health effects attributable to ground-level ozone (O3) in Kermanshah, Iran using one-hour O3 concentrations measured between March 2014 and March 2015. The AirQ program was applied for estimation of the numbers of cardiovascular mortality (CM), respiratory mortality (RM), and hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HA-COPD) using relative risk (RR) and baseline incidence (BI) as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). The largest percentage of person-days for different O3 concentrations was in the concentration range of 30-39µg/m3. The health modeling results suggested that ~2% (95% CI: 0-2.9%) of cardiovascular mortality, 5.9% (95% CI: 2.3-9.4) of respiratory mortality, and 4.1% (CI: 2.5-6.1%) of the HA-COPD were attributed to O3 concentrations higher than 10µg/m3. For each 10µg/m3 increase in O3 concentration, the risk of cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, and HA-COPD increased by 0.40%, 1.25%, and 0.86%, respectively. Furthermore, 88.8% of health effects occurred on days with O3 level less than 100µg/m3. Thus, action is needed to reduce the emissions of O3 precursors especially transport and energy production in Kermanshah.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Daryanoosh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Jourvand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hassan Basiri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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15
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Bonyadi Z, Ehrampoush MH, Ghaneian MT, Mokhtari M, Sadeghi A. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and total mortality attributed to PM2.5 in Mashhad, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:570. [PMID: 27640165 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Poor air quality is one of the most important environmental problems in many large cities of the world, which can cause a wide range of acute and chronic health effects, including partial physiological disorders and cardiac death due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. According to the latest edition of the national standard for air quality, maximum contamination level is 15 μg/m(3) per year and 35 μg/m(3) per day. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular, respiratory, and total mortality attributed to PM2.5 in the city of Mashhad during 2013. To this end, the Air Q model was used to assess health impacts of PM2.5 and human exposure to it. In this model, the attributable proportion of health outcome, annual number of excess cases of mortality for all causes, and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were estimated. The results showed that the number of excess cases of mortality for all causes and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributable to PM2.5 was 32, 263, and 332 μg/m(3), respectively. Moreover, the annual average of PM2.5 in Mashhad was obtained to be 37.85 μg/m(3). This study demonstrated that a high percentage of mortality resulting from this pollutant could be due to the high average concentration of PM2.5 in the city during 2013. In this case, using the particle control methods, such as optimal use of fuel, management of air quality in urban areas, technical inspection of vehicles, faster development of public transport, and use of industrial technology can be effective in reducing air pollution in cities and turning existing situations into preferred ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziaeddin Bonyadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Ehrampoush
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mokhtari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Abbas Sadeghi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran.
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16
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Daryanoosh SM, Goudarzi G, Harbizadeh A, Nourmoradi H, Vaisi AA, Armin H, Sadeghi S, Omidi Khaniabadi Y. Hospital Admission for Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases Due to Particulate Matter in Ilam, Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jjhs-36106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Nourmoradi H, Omidi Khaniabadi Y, Goudarzi G, Daryanoosh SM, Khoshgoftar M, Omidi F, Armin H. Air Quality and Health Risks Associated With Exposure to Particulate Matter: A Cross-Sectional Study in Khorramabad, Iran. HEALTH SCOPE 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-31766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Ghanbari Ghozikali M, Heibati B, Naddafi K, Kloog I, Oliveri Conti G, Polosa R, Ferrante M. Evaluation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) attributed to atmospheric O3, NO2, and SO2 using Air Q Model (2011-2012 year). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 144:99-105. [PMID: 26599588 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important disease worldwide characterized by chronically poor airflow. The economic burden of COPD on any society can be enormous if not managed. We applied the approach proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) using the AirQ2.2.3 software developed by the WHO European Center for Environment and Health on air pollutants in Tabriz (Iran) (2011-2012 year). A 1h average of concentrations of ozone (O3), daily average concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were used to assess human exposure and health effect in terms of attributable proportion of the health outcome and annual number of excess cases of Hospital Admissions for COPD (HA COPD). The results of this study showed that 2% (95% CI: 0.8-3.1%) of HA COPD were attributed to O3 concentrations over 10 μg/m(3). In addition, 0.7 % (95% CI: 0.1-1.8%) and 0.5% (95% CI: 0-1%) of HA COPD were attributed to NO2 and SO2 concentrations over 10 μg/m(3) respectively. In this study, we have shown that O3, NO2 and SO2 have a significant impact on COPD hospitalization. Given these results the policy decisions are needed in order to reduce the chronic pulmonary diseases caused by air pollution and furthermore better quantification studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghanbari Ghozikali
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, East Azerbaijan Province Health Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Heibati
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Landmark Center Room 415, Boston, MA 0211, United States
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA), Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Department of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Teaching Hospital-Policlinico-V. Emanuele II, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA), Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy
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19
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Mohammadi A, Azhdarpoor A, Shahsavani A, Tabatabaee H. Health Impacts of Exposure to PM10 on Inhabitants of Shiraz, Iran. HEALTH SCOPE 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-31015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Health Impact Assessment of PM10 and PM2.5 in 27 Southeast and East Asian Cities. J Occup Environ Med 2015; 57:751-6. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Ghozikali MG, Mosaferi M, Safari GH, Jaafari J. Effect of exposure to O₃ , NO₂, and SO₂ on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations in Tabriz, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:2817-23. [PMID: 25217280 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in cities is a serious environmental problem especially in the developing countries. We examined the associations between gaseous pollutants and hospitalizations for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) among people living in Tabriz, a city in north western of Iran. We used the approach proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) using the AirQ 2.2.3 software developed by the WHO European Center for Environment and Health, Bilthoven Division. To assess human exposure and health effect, data were used for ozone as a1h average; for nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide as daily average concentrations. The association between air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was assessed using AirQ 2.2.3 model. The results of this study showed that 3 % (95 % CI 1.2-4.8 %) of HA COPD were attributed to O3 concentrations over 10 μg/m(3). Also, 0.9 % (95 % CI 0.1-2.2 %) and 0.4 % (95 % CI 0-1.1 %) of HA COPD were attributed to NO2 and SO2 concentrations over 10 μg/m(3), respectively. For every 10 μg/m(3) increase in O3, NO2, and SO2 concentrations, the risk of HA COPD increase to about 0.58, 0.38, and 0.44 %, respectively. We found significant positive associations between the levels of all air pollution and hospital admissions COPD. Otherwise, O3, NO2, and SO2 have a significant impact on COPD hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghanbari Ghozikali
- Environmental Health Department of East Azerbaijan Province Health Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,
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22
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Gurram S, Stuart AL, Pinjari AR. Impacts of travel activity and urbanicity on exposures to ambient oxides of nitrogen and on exposure disparities. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2015; 8:97-114. [PMID: 25741390 PMCID: PMC4338342 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-014-0275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Daily exposures to ambient oxides of nitrogen were estimated here for residents of Hillsborough County, FL. The 2009 National Household Travel Survey provided geocoded data on fixed activity locations during each person-day sampled. Routes between activity locations were calculated from transportation network data, assuming the quickest travel path. To estimate daily exposure concentrations for each person-day, the exposure locations were matched with diurnally and spatially varying ambient pollutant concentrations derived from CALPUFF dispersion model results. The social distribution of exposures was analyzed by comparing frequency distributions of grouped daily exposure concentrations and by regression modeling. To investigate exposure error, the activity-based exposure estimates were also compared with estimates derived using residence location alone. The mean daily activity-based exposure concentration for the study sample was 17 μg/m3, with values for individual person-day records ranging from 7.0 to 43 μg/m3. The highest mean exposure concentrations were found for the following groups: black (20 μg/m3), below poverty (18 μg/m3), and urban residence location (22 μg/m3). Urban versus rural residence was associated with the largest increase in exposure concentration in the regression (8.3 μg/m3). Time in nonresidential activities, including travel, was associated with an increase of 0.2 μg/m3 per hour. Time spent travelling and at nonresidential locations contributed an average of 6 and 24 %, respectively, to the daily estimate. A mean error of 3.6 %, with range from -64 to 58 %, was found to result from using residence location alone. Exposure error was highest for those who travel most, but lowest for the sociodemographic subgroups with higher mean exposure concentrations (including blacks and those from below poverty households). This work indicates the importance of urbanicity to social disparities in activity-based air pollution exposures. It also suggests that exposure error due to using residence location may be smaller for more exposed groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashikanth Gurram
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Amy Lynette Stuart
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 56, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Abdul Rawoof Pinjari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
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Gholampour A, Nabizadeh R, Naseri S, Yunesian M, Taghipour H, Rastkari N, Nazmara S, Faridi S, Mahvi AH. Exposure and health impacts of outdoor particulate matter in two urban and industrialized area of Tabriz, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014; 12:27. [PMID: 24411011 PMCID: PMC3895682 DOI: 10.1186/2052-336x-12-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown associations between air pollution and health effects on human. The aims of the present study were to provide quantitative data on variation of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentration and the impact of PM on the health of people living in Tabriz city. The approach proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) was applied using the AirQ 2.2.3 software developed by the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bilthoven Division. The concentration of particulate matter were measured at urban and industrial suburban sites in Tabriz, Iran, from September 2012 to June 2013. TSP and PM10 samples were collected using high volume samplers. PM2.5 and PM1 were measured by Haz-Dust EPAM-5000 particulate air monitors. The annual average concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 in the urban site were 142.2 ± 76.3, 85.3 ± 43.9, 39 ± 19.1, and 28.4 ± 14.9 μg/m3 (mean ± SD), respectively. Also in industrial suburban, the total average concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were measured as 178.7 ± 52.7, 109.9 ± 30.2, 40.0 ± 10.9, and 31.4 ± 9.1 μg/m3, respectively. The PM10/TSP ratio for the whole study period ranged between 0.35-0.91 and 0.32-0.79 in the urban and suburban sites, respectively. Total mortalities associated with TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were 327, 363, and 360, respectively. Furthermore, the cardiovascular mortalities for TSP and PM10 were 202 and 227 individual, respectively. According to the attributable respiratory mortalities of 99 and 67 associated respectively with TSP and PM10, it is clear that cardiovascular mortality resulted from PM might attributed to total mortality. The maximum 24-hour concentration of PM was observed during winter followed by autumn and the lowest one was during spring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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24
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Gharehchahi E, Mahvi AH, Amini H, Nabizadeh R, Akhlaghi AA, Shamsipour M, Yunesian M. Health impact assessment of air pollution in Shiraz, Iran: a two-part study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2013; 11:11. [PMID: 24499576 PMCID: PMC3776287 DOI: 10.1186/2052-336x-11-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to assess health-impacts of short-term exposure to the air pollutants including PM10, SO2, and NO2 in Shiraz, Iran in a two-part study from 2008 to 2010. In part I, local relative risks (RRs) and baseline incidences (BIs) were calculate using generalized additive models. In part II, we estimated the number of excess hospitalizations (NEHs) due to cardiovascular diseases (CDs), respiratory diseases (RDs), respiratory diseases in elderly group (RDsE-people older than 65 years old), and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs) as a result of exposure to air pollutants using AirQ model, which is proposed approach for air pollution health impact assessment by World Health Organization. In part I, exposure to increase in daily mean concentration of PM10 was associated with hospitalizations due to RDs with a RR of 1.0049 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0004 to 1.0110]. In addition, exposure to increase in daily mean concentration of SO2 and NO2 were associated with hospitalizations due to RDsE and COPDs with RRs of 1.0540 [95% CI, 1.0050 to 1.1200], 1.0950 [95% CI, 1.0700 to 1.1100], 1.0280 [95% CI, 1.0110 to 1.0450] and 1.0360 [95% CI, 1.0210 to 1.0510] per 10 μg/m3 rise of these pollutants, respectively. In part II, the maximum NEHs due to CDs because of exposure to PM10 were in 2009-1489 excess cases (ECs). The maximum NEHs due to RDs because of exposure to PM10 were in 2009-1163 ECs. Meanwhile, the maximum NEHs due to RDsE and COPDs because of exposure to SO2 were in 2008, which are 520 and 900 ECs, respectively. In conclusion, elevated morbidity risks were found from acute exposure to air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Gharehchahi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Amini
- Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Akhlaghi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Shamsipour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Occupational Sleep Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M, Momeniha F, Nabizadeh R, Faridi S, Gholampour A. Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2012; 9:28. [PMID: 23369114 PMCID: PMC3561072 DOI: 10.1186/1735-2746-9-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to provide quantitative data on the impact of air pollution on the health of people living in Tehran city, the most populated city of Iran. The approach proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) was applied using the AirQ 2.2.3 software developed by the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bilthoven Division. Concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM10) were used to assess human exposure and health impacts in terms of attributable proportion of the health outcome, annual number of excess cases of mortality for all causes, and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The annual average of PM10, SO2, NO2 and O3 in Tehran were 90.58, 89.16, 85 and 68.82 μg/m3, respectively. Considering short-term effects, PM10 had the highest health impact on the 8,700,000 inhabitants of Tehran city, causing an excess of total mortality of 2194 out of 47284 in a year. Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone caused about, respectively, 1458, 1050 and 819 excess cases of total mortality. Results indicate that the magnitude of the health impact estimated for the city of Tehran underscores the need for urgent action to reduce the health burden of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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26
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Fattore E, Paiano V, Borgini A, Tittarelli A, Bertoldi M, Crosignani P, Fanelli R. Human health risk in relation to air quality in two municipalities in an industrialized area of Northern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:1321-7. [PMID: 21764052 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Air quality is one of the major environmental issues related to human health, and people and authorities are increasingly aware and concerned about it, asking to be involved in decisions whose fallout can have consequences on their health. The objectives of the present study were to provide quantitative data on the impact of air pollution on the health of people living in two small municipalities in a highly industrialized, densely populated area of Northern Italy. We applied the approach proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) using the AirQ 2.2.3 software developed by the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bilthoven Division. Daily concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter≤10 μm (PM10) and ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) were used to assess human exposure and health effects in terms of attributable proportion of the health outcome, annual number of excess cases of mortality for all causes, and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Long-term effects were estimated for PM2.5 as years of life lost. Considering short-term effects, PM2.5 had the highest health impact on the 24,000 inhabitants of the two small towns, causing an excess of total mortality of 8 out of 177 in a year. Ozone and nitrogen dioxide each caused about three excess cases of total mortality. Results on long-term effects showed, respectively, 433, 180, and 72 years of life lost for mortality for all causes, cardiopulmonary diseases and lung cancer, in a year. These results are consistent with other reports of the impact of air quality on human health and the AirQ software seems an effective and easy tool, helpful in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fattore
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20154 Milano, Italy.
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27
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Zujić AM, Radak BB, Filipović AJ, Marković DA. Extending the use of air quality indices to reflect effective population exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 156:539-549. [PMID: 18758979 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although there are tendencies to develop a single common index which would describe an overall air quality status within an area, constructed from a choice of measurements of individual pollutants, indices describing individual pollutants themselves have several potentials which can be used in ways which are not possible with pollutant concentrations. On the case of Belgrade, Serbia, we investigated possibilities of using such indices for comparisons between pollutants, characterization of monitoring sites, and extending their use to include elements of population exposure. A methodology of adjusting the results obtained at monitoring stations located in severe pollution conditions, like street canyons, is proposed and used.
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28
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Glorennec P, Monroux F. Health impact assessment of PM10 exposure in the city of Caen, France. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:359-64. [PMID: 17365598 DOI: 10.1080/15287390600885039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in Caen, a city in northwestern France, comes mainly from motor vehicles. The aim of this study was to assess the public health impact of both acute (with immediate or short-term effects) and chronic (with long-term effects) exposure to PM10 (particulate matter <10 microm). The standard World Health Organization (WHO) methodology for a health impact assessment (HIA) was used to calculate the attributable deaths and hospital admissions. Population exposure was estimated from PM10 concentrations collected by the local air quality measurement network. The relative risks were modeled with exposure-risk functions established in epidemiologic studies in the general population. The APHEA-2 program, which combines European time-series studies, was used to assess effects from acute exposures and a meta-risk was calculated from cohort studies to assess the effects of chronic exposure. The health impact of chronic exposure from 1998 through 2002 was estimated at 168 (101-238) deaths. Acute exposure (relative to a baseline level of 10 microg/m3) led to 26 (17-35) deaths and 43 (22-67) hospital admissions during this period. A 10% daily decrease in pollution would reduce the number of expected deaths from short-term exposure by 19%, while achieving compliance with European Union regulations (daily mean in 2010: 50 microg/m3) would reduce them by less than 3%. Because the health impact of the pollution in Caen is due mainly to relatively moderate levels, reducing everyday pollution levels through long-term regulation would be more beneficial than avoiding pollution peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Glorennec
- Department Evaluation et Gestion des Risques liés à l'Environnement et au système de Soins, Ecole Nationale de la Santé Publique, Rennes Cedex, France.
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29
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Cho B, Choi J, Yum Y. Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Disease in Certain Areas of Korea. J Occup Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.42.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Belong Cho
- Department of Family MedicineClinical Research institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jaewook Choi
- Department of Preventive MedicineSchool of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yong‐Tae Yum
- Department of Preventive MedicineSchool of Medicine, Korea UniversitySeoulKorea
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Kaiser R, Romieu I, Medina S, Schwartz J, Krzyzanowski M, Künzli N. Air pollution attributable postneonatal infant mortality in U.S. metropolitan areas: a risk assessment study. Environ Health 2004; 3:4. [PMID: 15128459 PMCID: PMC420482 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of outdoor air pollution on infant mortality has not been quantified. METHODS Based on exposure-response functions from a U.S. cohort study, we assessed the attributable risk of postneonatal infant mortality in 23 U.S. metropolitan areas related to particulate matter <10 microm in diameter (PM10) as a surrogate of total air pollution. RESULTS The estimated proportion of all cause mortality, sudden infant death syndrome (normal birth weight infants only) and respiratory disease mortality (normal birth weight) attributable to PM10 above a chosen reference value of 12.0 microg/m3 PM10 was 6% (95% confidence interval 3-11%), 16% (95% confidence interval 9-23%) and 24% (95% confidence interval 7-44%), respectively. The expected number of infant deaths per year in the selected areas was 106 (95% confidence interval 53-185), 79 (95% confidence interval 46-111) and 15 (95% confidence interval 5-27), respectively. Approximately 75% of cases were from areas where the current levels are at or below the new U.S. PM2.5 standard of 15 microg/m3 (equivalent to 25 microg/m3 PM10). In a country where infant mortality rates and air pollution levels are relatively low, ambient air pollution as measured by particulate matter contributes to a substantial fraction of infant death, especially for those due to sudden infant death syndrome and respiratory disease. Even if all counties would comply to the new PM2.5 standard, the majority of the estimated burden would remain. CONCLUSION Given the inherent limitations of risk assessments, further studies are needed to support and quantify the relationship between infant mortality and air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Kaiser
- Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Steinengraben 49, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Av.Universidad 655, Planta Baja, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Sylvia Medina
- Air pollution program, Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health Surveillance (InVS), 12 rue du Val d'Osne 94415 Saint Maurice cedex, France
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Landmark Center, West 401 Park Drive, Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Michal Krzyzanowski
- World Health Organization, European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn Office, Goerresstrasse 15, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nino Künzli
- Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Steinengraben 49, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar Street, CHP 236, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
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Benedetti M, Iavarone I, Comba P, Lavarone I. Cancer risk associated with residential proximity to industrial sites: a review. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2001; 56:342-9. [PMID: 11572278 DOI: 10.1080/00039890109604466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the authors sought to review available epidemiologic studies of cancer risk and its association with residence in a neighborhood characterized by industrial sites and to discuss options for future study design. The authors attempted to identify all case-control studies published from January 1980 through July 1997 in which investigators examined exposure resulting from residential proximity to an industrial site neighborhood relative to an increased risk of lung, urinary tract, and lymphohematopoietic malignancies. During these years, some authors reported significant associations between lung cancer risk and residential proximity to (a) smelters, (b) complex industrial areas, and (c) other localized emission sources. There was some evidence that leukemia and lymphomas occurred in the neighborhoods that contained industrial sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Benedetti
- National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
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Gomot de Vaufleury A, Pihan F. Growing snails used as sentinels to evaluate terrestrial environment contamination by trace elements. CHEMOSPHERE 2000; 40:275-284. [PMID: 10665417 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Young garden snails (Helix aspersa) reared in standard conditions (aged two months, mean weight 4.6 +/- 0.5 g) set as sentinels in cages laid on the soil for four weeks, give data for biomonitoring the environmental impact of chemicals on soil ecosystems in the field. The survival and the growth of the snails are influenced by the nature of the biotope and the level of the pollutants. Assay of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc bioaccumulated in the tissues of the sentinel snails provides information on the bioavailability of metals in the environment. The encagement model, little used for terrestrial species, can be useful in monitoring (specific and global endpoints) metal pollution of the environment in reference to the trophic level of the primary consumers. Active biomonitoring is positively compared with the passive biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gomot de Vaufleury
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecophysiologie-U.F.R. des Sciences et Techniques, Besançon, France
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Prescott GJ, Cohen GR, Elton RA, Fowkes FG, Agius RM. Urban air pollution and cardiopulmonary ill health: a 14.5 year time series study. Occup Environ Med 1998; 55:697-704. [PMID: 9930092 PMCID: PMC1757510 DOI: 10.1136/oem.55.10.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine possible associations between daily concentrations of urban air pollutants and hospital emergency admissions and mortality due to cardiac and pulmonary disease. METHODS A time series study was conducted in the City of Edinburgh, which has a population of about 450,000. Poisson log linear regression models were used to investigate the relation of the daily event rate with daily air pollution concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and black smoke from 1981 to 1995, and of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM10) from 1992 to 1995. Adjustments were made for seasonal and weekday variation, daily temperature, and wind speed. RESULTS The most significant findings were positive associations over the period 1981-95 between black smoke as a mean of the previous three days and daily all cause mortality in people aged > or = 65, and respiratory mortality also in this age group (3.9% increase in mortality for a 10 micrograms/m3 increment in black smoke). For hospital emergency admissions between 1992 and 1995 the two most significant findings (p < 0.05) were for cardiovascular admissions of people aged > or = 65 which showed a positive association with PM10 as a mean of the 3 previous days, and a negative association with O3 as a mean of the previous three days. Analyses of outcomes based on linkage with previous cardiorespiratory emergency admissions did not show substantially different results. CONCLUSION These data suggest that in the City of Edinburgh, after correction for confounders, there was a small but significant association between concentrations of black smoke and respiratory mortality in the older age group, probably attributable to higher pollution levels in the early part of the study period. There were also generally weak and variable associations between day to day changes in concentrations of urban air pollutants at a single central point and emergency hospital admission rates from cardiac and respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Prescott
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, UK
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