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Anestopoulos I, Kiousi DE, Klavaris A, Galanis A, Salek K, Euston SR, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. Surface Active Agents and Their Health-Promoting Properties: Molecules of Multifunctional Significance. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E688. [PMID: 32708243 PMCID: PMC7407150 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface active agents (SAAs) are molecules with the capacity to adsorb to solid surfaces and/or fluid interfaces, a property that allows them to act as multifunctional ingredients (e.g., wetting and dispersion agents, emulsifiers, foaming and anti-foaming agents, lubricants, etc.) in a widerange of the consumer products of various industrial sectors (e.g., pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, personal care, detergents, food, etc.). Given their widespread utilization, there is a continuously growing interest to explore their role in consumer products (relevant to promoting human health) and how such information can be utilized in order to synthesize better chemical derivatives. In this review article, weaimed to provide updated information on synthetic and biological (biosurfactants) SAAs and their health-promoting properties (e.g., anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-aging) in an attempt to better define some of the underlying mechanism(s) by which they exert such properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Anestopoulos
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (I.A.); (D.E.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Despoina Eugenia Kiousi
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (I.A.); (D.E.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Ariel Klavaris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Alex Galanis
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (I.A.); (D.E.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Karina Salek
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (K.S.); (S.R.E.)
| | - Stephen R. Euston
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (K.S.); (S.R.E.)
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (I.A.); (D.E.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Mihalis I. Panayiotidis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
- Department of Electron Microscopy & Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Lozenski K, Ownbey R, Wigdahl B, Kish-Catalone T, Krebs FC. Decreased cervical epithelial sensitivity to nonoxynol-9 (N-9) after four daily applications in a murine model of topical vaginal microbicide safety. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 13:9. [PMID: 23025553 PMCID: PMC3519674 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-13-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disappointing clinical failures of five topical vaginal microbicides have provided new insights into factors that impact microbicide safety and efficacy. Specifically, the greater risk for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition associated with multiple uses of a nonoxynol-9 (N-9)-containing product has highlighted the importance of application frequency as a variable during pre-clinical microbicide development, particularly in animal model studies. METHODS To evaluate an association between application frequency and N-9 toxicity, experiments were performed using a mouse model of cervicovaginal microbicide safety. In this model system, changes in cervical and vaginal epithelial integrity, cytokine release, and immune cell infiltration were assessed after single and multiple exposures to N-9. RESULTS After the initial application of N-9 (aqueous, 1%), considerable damage to the cervical epithelium (but not the vaginal epithelium) was observed as early as 10 min post-exposure and up to 8 h post-exposure. Subsequent daily exposures (up to 4 days) were characterized by diminished cervical toxicity relative to single exposures of like duration. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines released into the cervicovaginal lumen and the degree of CD14-positive immune cell infiltration proximal to the cervical epithelium were also dependent on the number of N-9 exposures. CONCLUSIONS Rather than causing cumulative cervical epithelial damage, repeated applications of N-9 were characterized by decreased sensitivity to N-9-associated toxicity and lower levels of immune cell recruitment. These results provide new insights into the failure of N-9-based microbicides and illustrate the importance of considering multiple exposure protocols in pre-clinical microbicide development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Lozenski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Therapeutics and Resistance, Center for Sexually Transmitted Disease, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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A Randomized Crossover Trial of the Impact of Additional Spermicide on Condom Failure Rates. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35:862-8. [DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e31817fb802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Xu P, Chen Z, Xu L, Lu F. Spermicidal effect of Jieze No. 1 in combination with nonoxynol-9 in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 25:225-8. [PMID: 16116980 DOI: 10.1007/bf02873584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Spermicidal effect of Jieze No. 1 (JZ1) in combination with nonoxynol-9 (N-9) was examined in vitro. The minimum spermicidal concentration of JZ1 decoction, N-9 and their mixture solution in 20 s and 3 min were examined by improved spermicidal test of Sander-cramer in vitro. The percentages of progressively moving spermatozoa, moving spermatozoa and viable spermatozoa were also observed 20 s, 3 min and 30 min after the addition of the liquid medicine. Our results showed that sperms did not recover their activities in a revival test when the minimum spermicidal concentration of either JZ1 decoction, or N-9, or the mixed solution of the two agents, was used. N-9 (JZ1 in the mixed group) showed significant differences in the percentages of progressively moving spermatozoa, moving spermatozoa, and visible spermatozoa in 20 s, 3 min, and 30 min, when compared with N-9 alone (P < 0.01). We are led to conclude that JZ1 decoction can improve N-9 spermicidal action in vitro, and when used in combination with N-9, it has synergic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Trussell J, Dominik R. Will microbicide trials yield unbiased estimates of microbicide efficacy? Contraception 2005; 72:408-13. [PMID: 16307961 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of adherence and condom use on apparent efficacy of microbicides. DESIGN Hypothetical trial designs and scenarios. METHODS Mathematical calculations of effectiveness. RESULTS In a randomized trial of a candidate microbicide and a placebo, nonuse of the microbicide will result in underestimation of microbicide efficacy, with the magnitude of this difference between effectiveness and efficacy increasing directly with the level of microbicide nonuse. Adding condoms to the trial will not change this expected result as long as use of condoms and microbicide is independent, and microbicide use is the same in the trials with and without condoms. However, if microbicide use is lower in the trial with condoms, then effectiveness will be lower than in the trial without condoms, with the magnitude of the difference between effectiveness and efficacy being even greater. Moreover, condom and microbicide use may not be independent. If participants tend to use condoms rather than nothing, the trial result will more closely approximate microbicide efficacy. If, however, participants substitute condom use for microbicide use, then the expected estimate of effectiveness will less closely approximate microbicide efficacy and could be closer to or further away from the expected estimate of effectiveness than in the trial without condoms. In another trial design, where there is either simultaneous use of microbicide and condoms or no use of either (guaranteed when condoms are packaged with either a microbicidal or a placebo gel), expected effectiveness will fall short of microbicide efficacy. If nonuse is the same in a trial without condoms and a trial with microbicidally lubricated condoms, then the trial with condoms will produce an estimate of effectiveness that less closely approximates microbicide efficacy than would the trial without condoms. If there is less nonuse in the trial with condoms, then the expected estimate of effectiveness will more closely approximate microbicide efficacy and could be closer to or further away from the expected estimate of effectiveness than in the trial without condoms. CONCLUSIONS Nonuse of a microbicide and use of condoms may seriously impair our ability to identify an effective microbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Trussell
- Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Wallace Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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de Souza A, Brechin S, Penney G. The members' enquiry service: frequently asked questions. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PLANNING AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE 2004; 30:190-1. [PMID: 15222932 DOI: 10.1783/1471189041261393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison de Souza
- Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, London, UK
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Wilkinson D, Tholandi M, Ramjee G, Rutherford GW. Nonoxynol-9 spermicide for prevention of vaginally acquired HIV and other sexually transmitted infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including more than 5000 women. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2002; 2:613-7. [PMID: 12383611 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the effectiveness of the vaginally administered spermicide nonoxynol-9 (N-9) among women for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We did a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Nine such trials including 5096 women, predominantly sex workers, comparing N-9 with placebo or no treatment, were included. Primary outcomes were new HIV infection, new episodes of various STIs, and genital lesions. Five trials included HIV and nine included STI outcomes, and all but one (2% of the data) contributed to the meta-analysis. Overall, relative risks of HIV infection (1.12, 95% confidence interval 0.88-1.42), gonorrhoea (0.91, 0.67-1.24), chlamydia (0.88, 0.77-1.01), cervical infection (1.01, 0.84-1.22), trichomoniasis (0.84, 0.69-1.02), bacterial vaginosis (0.88, 0.74-1.04) and candidiasis (0.97, 0.84-1.12) were not significantly different in the N-9 and placebo or no treatment groups. Genital lesions were more common in the N-9 group (1.18, 1.02-1.36). Our review has found no statistically significant reduction in risk of HIV and STIs, and the confidence intervals indicate that any protection that may exist is likely to be very small. There is some evidence of harm through genital lesions. N-9 cannot be recommended for HIV and STI prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wilkinson
- Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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Richardson BA, Lavreys L, Martin HL, Stevens CE, Ngugi E, Mandaliya K, Bwayo J, Ndinya-Achola J, Kreiss JK. Evaluation of a low-dose nonoxynol-9 gel for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases: a randomized clinical trial. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28:394-400. [PMID: 11460023 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-200107000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-dose nonoxynol-9 products have a potential advantage of reduced toxicity. However, little is known about their efficacy in reducing the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). GOAL To determine the effect that an intravaginal gel containing 52.5 mg of nonoxynol-9 has on the acquisition of STDs in a cohort of HIV-1-seronegative female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. STUDY DESIGN A randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial was performed. RESULTS In this study, 139 women were randomized to the nonoxynol-9 group and 139 to the placebo group. No significant differences were found between the two study groups in terms of safety outcomes and reported symptoms, except for a lower incidence of vaginal erythema in the nonoxynol-9 group. There was a significantly higher incidence of gonorrhea in the nonoxynol-9 group than in the placebo group. No significant differences were observed between the groups for acquisition of Candida, trichomonas, bacterial vaginosis, C trachomatis, syphilis, or HIV-1, although the statistical power to detect differences for some of these STDs was limited. CONCLUSIONS In this randomized placebo-controlled trial of a low-dose nonoxynol-9 gel, a significantly higher incidence of gonorrhea was found in the nonoxynol-9 group, but no significant differences between the groups were found for Candida, trichomonas, bacterial vaginosis, C trachomatis, syphilis, or HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Richardson
- Departments of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104-2499, USA
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Antonelli NM, Diehl SJ, Wright JW. A randomized trial of intravaginal nonoxynol 9 versus oral metronidazole in the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182:1008-10. [PMID: 10819810 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2000.105388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of nonoxynol 9 suppositories in the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. STUDY DESIGN In this prospective comparison trial 46 women with documented motile trichomonads found on a wet preparation were randomly assigned to one of two treatment arms: (1) a single oral dose of 2 g metronidazole and (2) a single 150-mg nonoxynol 9 suppository placed intravaginally for 3 consecutive nights. Cure was determined by a repeated wet preparation examination. After its first year, the study was terminated because of the poor efficacy of the nonoxynol 9 suppositories. RESULTS Results were available for 33 patients. Three of 17 patients treated with nonoxynol 9 had negative wet preparation results at retest (17.6% cure rate). All 16 patients treated with metronidazole had negative wet preparation results (100% cure rate). All women with nonoxynol 9 failures who were evaluated after treatment with 2 g metronidazole had negative wet preparation results. CONCLUSION Intravaginal nonoxynol 9 at the tested dose and by the tested method of delivery was not an effective cure for vaginal trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Antonelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Coastal Area Health Education Center, Wilmington, NC, USA
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Emmert DH, Kirchner JT. Sexually transmitted diseases in women. Gonorrhea and syphilis. Postgrad Med 2000; 107:181-4, 189-90, 193-7. [PMID: 10689416 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2000.02.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Gonorrhea has been declining since its 1975 peak. Risk factors include age 15 to 19 years, multiple or casual sexual contacts, sexual activity related to drug use, and low socioeconomic status. Infection is usually mild but may be asymptomatic. While no physical signs are specific to the gonococcus, pelvic inflammatory disease is a common complication and cause of infertility and should be treated if it is suspected. Diagnosis of gonorrhea is typically by culture. Newer, more accurate tests are available but are more expensive. For treatment, the CDC recommends only highly effective regimens. Patients need to refer recent sexual partners for treatment and abstain from sexual intercourse until completion of therapy and resolution of symptoms. The incidence of syphilis appears to be declining in the United States, but it should be considered if an ulcer is found in the genital region. If untreated, the disease progresses through primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary phases, and systemic symptoms can mimic other conditions. Positive standard screening tests should be confirmed by fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption testing. Darkfield microscopy is appropriate for diagnosis of an ulcer. The treatment of choice for all phases of syphilis is a single dose of intramuscular benzathine penicillin. Other components of therapy include partner notification and patient follow-up. The spread of HIV is closely linked to STD transmission. Therefore, testing for HIV is strongly encouraged when another STD has been diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Emmert
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Lancaster General Hospital, PA 17604-3555, USA
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Wittkowski K, Susser E, Dietz K. Wittkowski and Colleagues Respond. Am J Public Health 1999. [DOI: 10.2105/ajph.89.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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