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Collar AL, Clarke TN, Jamus AN, Frietze KM. Ensuring equity with pre-clinical planning for chlamydia vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:131. [PMID: 37673890 PMCID: PMC10482967 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) remains the most common bacterial sexually transmitted pathogen worldwide, causing significant morbidity particularly among women, including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Several vaccines are advancing through pre-clinical and clinical development, and it is likely that one or more vaccines will progress into human efficacy trials soon. In this Perspective, we present a case for considering the challenges of Ct vaccine development through a lens of equity and justice. These challenges include the need to protect against multiple serovars, in both females and males, at multiple anatomic sites, and in resource poor areas of the world. We propose that early consideration of vaccine implementation by conducting community-engaged research will ensure that a scientifically sound chlamydia vaccine promotes equity, justice, and shared-gendered responsibility for STI prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Collar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Tegan N Clarke
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Andzoa N Jamus
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kathryn M Frietze
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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2
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Tang Y, Yang X, Duan L, Zhan W, Chen K, Chai H, Liu P, Chen M, Zhao H, Liang L, Wei M, Luo M. Genetic and clinical characteristics of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Guangzhou, China. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 101:105285. [PMID: 35447370 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is one of the most common agents of sexually transmitted infections and can cause severe disorders. This study aimed to analyse the genetic and clinical characteristics of genital CT infection among women in Guangzhou, China. METHODS From September 2020 to August 2021, a total of 8955 female patients were enrolled in this study. The presence of genital CT was detected by real-time PCR, and 273 positive samples were randomly selected for further genetic and clinical characteristics analysis. RESULTS The positive rate of genital CT infection was 7.5% (670/8955), with the highest rate in women aged 21-30 years. A total of 8 genotypes were identified: DH, J, K, and recombinant genotype Ba/D. The predominant genotype was J (n = 78, 28.6%), followed by E (n = 63, 23.1%), F (n = 48, 17.6%), and D (n = 38, 13.9%). Abnormal vaginal discharge (n = 165, 61.8%), cervical columnar epithelial ectopy (n = 124, 46.4%), vaginal itching (n = 77, 28.8%), and lower abdominal pain (n = 61, 22.8%) were the predominant symptoms. Additionally, genotype G infection exhibited a significantly higher rate of abnormal vaginal discharge (P = 0.03) and genotype D infection exhibited a higher white blood cell count (P = 0.01) than the other genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a total of 20 variants with 25 mutation positions and the H2 variant in four patients was first discovered in our study. CONCLUSIONS Genotypes J, E, F, and D were the major genotypes of genital CT in Guangzhou, and they manifested as abnormal vaginal discharge, cervical columnar epithelial ectopy, vaginal itching, and lower abdominal pain. The present study provides guidance for future integrated interventions to reduce the burden of genital CT infection and accelerate the development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tang
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China; Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Duan
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Zhan
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China; Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyi Chen
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China; Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Chai
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China; Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Liu
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China; Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China
| | - Minchai Chen
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China; Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China; Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Liang
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China; Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengru Wei
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyong Luo
- Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China; Medical Genetic Centre, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, People's Republic of China.
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Rawre J, Dhawan B, Khanna N, Sreenivas V, Broor S, Chaudhry R. Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis omp A genotypes in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease outpatient clinic in New Delhi, India. Indian J Med Res 2020; 149:662-670. [PMID: 31417035 PMCID: PMC6702700 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1171_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Limited data are available on the typing of Chlamydia trachomatis in India. Serovars D to K of C. trachomatis are chiefly responsible for urogenital infections. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the distribution of C. trachomatis serovars in patients with urogenital infections and to characterize ompA gene of the detected C. trachomatis isolates by sequence analysis. Presence of other co-infections was also evaluated. Methods: Endocervical swabs were collected from 324 women and urethral swabs/urine were collected from 193 men attending the sexually transmitted diseases outpatient clinic. The samples were screened for C. trachomatis by cryptic plasmid PCR and ompA gene PCR. Genotyping was performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing of the ompA gene. Samples were screened for genital mycoplasmas, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Results: C. trachomatis was found in 15.0 per cent men and 10.8 per cent women. Serovar D was the most prevalent followed by serovars E, F, I and G. Twenty two C. trachomatis isolates were selected for ompA gene sequencing. No mixed infection was found. Variability in ompA sequences was seen in
31.8 per cent cases. Both PCR-RFLP and ompA gene sequencing showed concordant results. The presence of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis was observed in 18.7 and 9.5 per cent patients, respectively. Co-infection of C. trachomatis was significantly associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum and HIV. Interpretation & conclusions: The high occurence of C. trachomatis infections warrants its screening in addition to other sexually transmitted infections namely U. urealyticum and HIV. Genotyping of the ompA gene may provide additional information for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rawre
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Benu Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shobha Broor
- Department of Microbiology, SGT Medical College, Gurugram, India
| | - Rama Chaudhry
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Wilson N, Goodhew B, Mkocha H, Joseph K, Bandea C, Black C, Igietseme J, Munoz B, West SK, Lammie P, Kasubi M, Martin DL. Evaluation of a Single Dose of Azithromycin for Trachoma in Low-Prevalence Communities. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2018; 26:1-6. [PMID: 30543311 PMCID: PMC6352373 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2017.1293693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Trachoma, caused by repeated ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide and is targeted for elimination as a public health problem. We sought to determine whether a one-time azithromycin mass treatment would reduce trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) levels below the elimination threshold of 5% in communities with disease prevalence between 5 and 9.9%. Methods: The study was conducted in 96 sub-village units (balozis) in the Kongwa district of Tanzania which were predicted from prior prevalence surveys to have TF between 5 and 9.9%. Balozis were randomly assigned to the intervention and control arms. The intervention arm received a single mass drug administration of azithromycin. At baseline and 12-month follow-up, ocular exams for trachoma, ocular swabs for detection of chlamydial DNA, and finger prick blood for analysis of anti-chlamydial antibody were taken. Results: Comparison of baseline and 12-month follow-up showed no significant difference in the overall TF1-9 prevalence by balozi between control and treatment arms. In the treatment arm there was a significant reduction of ocular infection 12 months after treatment (p = 0.004) but no change in the control arm. No change in Pgp3-specific antibody responses were observed after treatment in the control or treatment arms. Anti-CT694 responses increased in both study arms (p = 0.009 for control arm and p = 0.04 for treatment arm). Conclusion: These data suggest that a single round of MDA may not be sufficient to decrease TF levels below 5% when TF1-9 is between 5 and 9.9% at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Wilson
- a Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Brook Goodhew
- a Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | | | - Kahaliah Joseph
- c National Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Claudiu Bandea
- c National Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Carolyn Black
- c National Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Joseph Igietseme
- c National Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Beatriz Munoz
- d Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Sheila K West
- d Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Patrick Lammie
- a Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | | | - Diana L Martin
- a Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Eder T, Kobus S, Stallmann S, Stepanow S, Köhrer K, Hegemann JH, Rattei T. Genome sequencing of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars E and F reveals substantial genetic variation. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:4657175. [PMID: 29186396 PMCID: PMC5827700 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ctr) is a bacterial pathogen that causes ocular, urogenital and lymph system infections in humans. It is highly abundant and among its serovars, E, F and D are most prevalent in sexually transmitted disease. However, the number of publicly available genome sequences of the serovars E and F, and thereby our knowledge about the molecular architecture of these serovars, is low. Here we sequenced the genomes of six E and F clinical isolates and one E lab strain, in order to study the genetic variance in these serovars. As observed before, the genomic variation inside the Ctr genomes is very low and the phylogenetic placement in comparison to publicly available genomes is as expected by ompA gene serotyping. However, we observed a large InDel carrying four to five open reading frames in one clinical E sample and in the E lab strain. We have also observed substantial variation on nucleotide and amino acid levels, especially in membrane proteins and secreted proteins. Furthermore, these two groups of proteins are also target for recombination events. One clinical F isolate was genetically heterogeneous and revealed the highest differences on nucleotide level in the pmpE gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eder
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Währinger Straße 13A, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,CUBE Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Kobus
- Institute of Functional Microbial Genomics, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sonja Stallmann
- Institute of Functional Microbial Genomics, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Stepanow
- Biological-Medical Research Center, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological-Medical Research Center, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes H Hegemann
- Institute of Functional Microbial Genomics, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Rattei
- CUBE Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Sahu R, Verma R, Dixit S, Igietseme JU, Black CM, Duncan S, Singh SR, Dennis VA. Future of human Chlamydia vaccine: potential of self-adjuvanting biodegradable nanoparticles as safe vaccine delivery vehicles. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:217-227. [PMID: 29382248 PMCID: PMC6330895 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1435279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a persisting global burden and considerable public health challenge by the plethora of ocular, genital and respiratory diseases caused by members of the Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Chlamydia. The major diseases are conjunctivitis and blinding trachoma, non-gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, tubal factor infertility, and interstitial pneumonia. The failures in screening and other prevention programs led to the current medical opinion that an efficacious prophylactic vaccine is the best approach to protect humans from chlamydial infections. Unfortunately, there is no human Chlamydia vaccine despite successful veterinary vaccines. A major challenge has been the effective delivery of vaccine antigens to induce safe and effective immune effectors to confer long-term protective immunity. The dawn of the era of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles and the adjuvanted derivatives may accelerate the realization of the dream of human vaccine in the foreseeable future. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the current status of human chlamydial vaccine research, specifically the potential of biodegradable polymeric nanovaccines to provide efficacious Chlamydia vaccines in the near future. EXPERT COMMENTARY The safety of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles-based experimental vaccines with or without adjuvants and the array of available chlamydial vaccine candidates would suggest that clinical trials in humans may be imminent. Also, the promising results from vaccine testing in animal models could lead to human vaccines against trachoma and reproductive diseases simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Sahu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Richa Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Joseph U. Igietseme
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carolyn M Black
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Skyla Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Shree R Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Vida A Dennis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
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BIANCHI S, FRATI E, CANUTI M, COLZANI D, FASOLI E, AMENDOLA A, TANZI E. Molecular epidemiology and genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a cohort of young asymptomatic sexually active women (18-25 years) in Milan, Italy. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2016; 57:E128-E134. [PMID: 27980376 PMCID: PMC5139607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the most common bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and is associated with severe long-term sequelae in female populations. In Italy Ct infections are not submitted to a screening programme, and its epidemiological profile is understudied. Even scarcer information is available about the genetic diversity on ompA gene, whose sequence defines 18 different genovars. This study aims at evaluating the prevalence of Ct infection in young sexually active asymptomatic women aged 18-25, and characterizing the molecular epidemiology of the different circulating genovars in this population. METHODS Cervical samples collected from 909 sexually-activeyoung women (mean age 21.5 years) were analyzed through molecular assay for the detection of Ct infection. Phylogenetic analysis on the ompA gene was performed on Ct positive samples to identify the circulating genovars. RESULTS The overall prevalence of Ct-infection was 4.4% (95%CI: 3.2-5.9%): 5.3% among women aged 18-21 years and 3.5% among those aged 22-25 years. Phylogenetic analysis has identified 5 different genovars: D, E, F, G, and H. The most common genovar was the E (46%), followed by genovar F and G (18.9% each), D (13.5%), and H (2.7%). CONCLUSIONS This study underlines the high prevalence of asymptomatic Ct-infections among young women. Overall, about half of the asymptomatic infections is sustained by genovar E. The introduction in Italy of a systematic screening program should be considered to allow a better understanding of Ct spreading and providing women with an opportunity for early treatment to protect their sexual and reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. BIANCHI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy;,Correspondence: Silvia Bianchi, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy - Tel. +39 02 50315122 - Fax +39 02 50315120 -
| | - E.R. FRATI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - M. CANUTI
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
| | - D. COLZANI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - E. FASOLI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - A. AMENDOLA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy;, CIRI-IT, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy;, Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", University of Milan, Italy
| | - E. TANZI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy;, CIRI-IT, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy;, Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", University of Milan, Italy
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Characteristics of pathogenic microorganisms found in 99 cases of conjunctivitis from the Qinghai Tibetan area. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:571-2. [PMID: 27225261 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Li X, Zhang S, Liang Q, Wang M, Hu A, Li X, Yang B, Zhang M, Wang N, Lu X. Molecular characteristics of the ompA gene of serotype B Chlamydia trachomatis in Qinghai Tibetan primary school students. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:561-70. [PMID: 27225260 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To study the molecular characteristics of Chlamydia trachomatis, the major outer membrane protein gene (ompA) of C. trachomatis from primary school students with trachoma residing in the Qinghai Tibetan area was sequenced and compared with the same serotype in GenBank. In Jianshetang Primary School and Galeng Central Primary School in the Galeng Tibetan Township of Qinghai Haidong Sala Autonomous County, scraped samples were collected from the upper tarsal conjunctiva and lower conjunctival sac of both eyes of 45 students with trachoma, stored at 4°C, and transported to Beijing Tongren Hospital by air within 24 h. The samples were screened for C. trachomatis by real-time PCR. The ompA gene from the C. trachomatis-positive samples was amplified by nested PCR. The serotype was confirmed by National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) BLAST search and homology analysis. The entire ompA gene sequence was compared with the corresponding gene sequences of serotype B strains available in GenBank. Of the 45 students aged 6-13 years with trachoma, 26 C. trachomatis-positive students were identified by the initial real-time PCR screening (average age, (9.09±1.63) years; sex ratio, 1.0), accounting for 57.78% (26/45). The cycle threshold values for real-time PCR were 16.79-37.77. Half (13/26) of C. trachomatis-positive students had a bacterial copy number of >10(5). The compliance rate of the ompA gene sequences with the C. trachomatis serotype B strains in GenBank was up to 99%. Two novel genetic mutations were found when the ompA gene was compared with those of the 11 serotype B strains in GenBank. The two non-synonymous mutations were located at (i) position 271 in the second constant domain, an adenine (A) to guanine (G) substitution (ACT→GCT), changing the amino acid at position 91 from threonine to alanine (Thr→Ala) in all 26 strains; and (ii) position 887 in the fourth variable domain, a cytosine (C) to thymine (T) substitution (GCA→GTA), changing the amino acid at residue 296 from alanine to valine (Ala→Val) in four of the 26 strains. Six mutations were identified relative to ATCC VR-573. The strains could be divided into two gene clusters according to the mutation at nucleotide position 887: CQZ-1 (China Qinghai Tibetan-1) and CQZ-2 (China Qinghai Tibetan-2). We thus detected two novel serotype B mutant strains of C. trachomatis among study subjects with trachoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shaoya Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qingfeng Liang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ailian Hu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiuyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Benshan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xinxin Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
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10
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Andersson P, Harris SR, Smith HMBS, Hadfield J, O'Neill C, Cutcliffe LT, Douglas FP, Asche LV, Mathews JD, Hutton SI, Sarovich DS, Tong SYC, Clarke IN, Thomson NR, Giffard PM. Chlamydia trachomatis from Australian Aboriginal people with trachoma are polyphyletic composed of multiple distinctive lineages. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10688. [PMID: 26912299 PMCID: PMC4773424 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis causes sexually transmitted infections and the blinding disease trachoma. Current data on C. trachomatis phylogeny show that there is only a single trachoma-causing clade, which is distinct from the lineages causing urogenital tract (UGT) and lymphogranuloma venerum diseases. Here we report the whole-genome sequences of ocular C. trachomatis isolates obtained from young children with clinical signs of trachoma in a trachoma endemic region of northern Australia. The isolates form two lineages that fall outside the classical trachoma lineage, instead being placed within UGT clades of the C. trachomatis phylogenetic tree. The Australian trachoma isolates appear to be recombinants with UGT C. trachomatis genome backbones, in which loci that encode immunodominant surface proteins (ompA and pmpEFGH) have been replaced by those characteristic of classical ocular isolates. This suggests that ocular tropism and association with trachoma are functionally associated with some sequence variants of ompA and pmpEFGH. Chlamydia trachomatis isolates causing a blinding disease (trachoma) form a single lineage that is different from the lineages causing urogenital infections. Here, Andersson et al. show however that trachoma isolates from Australia are more closely related to urogenital strains than to other trachoma isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patiyan Andersson
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - Simon R Harris
- Pathogen Variation Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Helena M B Seth Smith
- Pathogen Variation Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Functional Genomics Centre Zürich, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland.,Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - James Hadfield
- Pathogen Variation Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Colette O'Neill
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Molecular Microbiology Group, University Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lesley T Cutcliffe
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Molecular Microbiology Group, University Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Fiona P Douglas
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - L Valerie Asche
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - John D Mathews
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Susan I Hutton
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - Derek S Sarovich
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - Ian N Clarke
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Molecular Microbiology Group, University Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Pathogen Variation Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Philip M Giffard
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia.,School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
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Martin DL, Wiegand R, Goodhew B, Lammie P, Black CM, West S, Gaydos CA, Dize L, Mkocha H, Kasubi M, Gambhir M. Serological Measures of Trachoma Transmission Intensity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18532. [PMID: 26687891 PMCID: PMC4685243 DOI: 10.1038/srep18532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis can lead to trachoma, a leading infectious cause of blindness. Trachoma is targeted for elimination by 2020. Clinical grading for ocular disease is currently used for evaluating trachoma elimination programs, but serological surveillance can be a sensitive measure of disease transmission and provide a more objective testing strategy than clinical grading. We calculated the basic reproduction number from serological data in settings with high, medium, and low disease transmission based on clinical disease. The data showed a striking relationship between age seroprevalence and clinical data, demonstrating the proof-of-principle that age seroprevalence predicts transmission rates and therefore could be used as an indicator of decreased transmission of ocular trachoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA 30329 USA
| | - Ryan Wiegand
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA 30329 USA
| | - Brook Goodhew
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA 30329 USA
| | - Patrick Lammie
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA 30329 USA
| | - Carolyn M Black
- National Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA 30329 USA
| | - Sheila West
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21055 USA
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Laura Dize
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | | | - Manoj Gambhir
- Epidemiological Modelling Unit, Monash University, Melbourne Australia
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12
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Rodriguez-Dominguez M, Gonzalez-Alba JM, Puerta T, Menendez B, Sanchez-Diaz AM, Canton R, del Romero J, Galan JC. High Prevalence of Co-Infections by Invasive and Non-Invasive Chlamydia trachomatis Genotypes during the Lymphogranuloma Venereum Outbreak in Spain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126145. [PMID: 25965545 PMCID: PMC4428631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of Chlamydia trachomatis is mainly driven by recombination events. This fact can be fuelled by the coincidence in several European regions of the high prevalence of non-invasive urogenital genotypes and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) outbreaks. This scenario could modify the local epidemiology and favor the selection of new C. trachomatis variants. Quantifying the prevalence of co-infection could help to predict the potential risk in the selection of new variants with unpredictable results in pathogenesis or transmissibility. In the 2009-2013 period, 287 clinical samples with demonstrated presence of C. trachomatis were selected. They were divided in two groups. The first group was constituted by 137 samples with C. trachomatis of the LGV genotypes, and the second by the remaining 150 samples in which the presence of LGV genotypes was previously excluded. They were analyzed to detect the simultaneous presence of non-LGV genotypes based on pmpH and ompA genes. In the first group, co-infections were detected in 10.9% of the cases whereas in the second group the prevalence was 14.6%, which is the highest percentage ever described among European countries. Moreover, bioinformatic analyses suggested the presence among men who have sex with men of a pmpH-recombinant variant, similar to strains described in Seattle in 2002. This variant was the result of genetic exchange between genotypes belonging to LGV and members of G-genotype. Sequencing of other genes, phylogenetically related to pathotype, confirmed that the putative recombinant found in Madrid could have a common origin with the strains described in Seattle. Countries with a high prevalence of co-infections and high migration flows should enhance surveillance programs in at least their vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rodriguez-Dominguez
- Servicio de Microbiología Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Gonzalez-Alba
- Servicio de Microbiología Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Puerta
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Menendez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Centro Sandoval, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Sanchez-Diaz
- Servicio de Microbiología Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Canton
- Servicio de Microbiología Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge del Romero
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Galan
- Servicio de Microbiología Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana (RYC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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13
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Zhang K, Huo H, Sun Y, Wang L, Zhang R, Lin G, Xie J, Wang Q, Li J. Application of HTB-SiHa cells transfected with a recombinant plasmid for external quality assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis PCR. Ann Lab Med 2014; 34:360-6. [PMID: 25187888 PMCID: PMC4151004 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2014.34.5.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The participation of laboratories in external quality assessment (EQA) programs is required for the quality assurance of nucleic acid amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis. This study aimed to construct a new quality control (QC) material applicated in EQA of C. trachomatis PCR. Methods A QC material-HTB-SiHa cells transfected with a recombinant plasmid containing the cryptic plasmid sequence-was constructed for C. trachomatis PCR detection, and four different panels, each consisting of 4 positive samples with serial dilution of the constructed QC material and 1 negative sample, were distributed by the National Center for Clinical Laboratories among four groups of 275, 268, 317, and 304 participants across China from 2011 through 2012. A total of eight commercial kits were used for C. trachomatis PCR detection in participants. Results Nine laboratories reported false-positive results (0.9%). As the series dilution increased, the correct reporting of the data sets decreased; the lowest correct rate was 96.3% in the weakest positive samples (104 copies/mL). Eight laboratories reported false-positive results, and 42 laboratories reported false-negative results in the EQA detection of C. trachomatis. No significant differences were observed in the detection of the constructed C. trachomatis positive samples (97.9%, 98.5%, 100%, 98.5%; P=0.36) and negative samples (100%, 99.0%, 100%, 99.0%; P=0.764) using four commercial kits commonly used in China. Conclusions The results of the EQA study indicated that the constructed material provides a noninfectious, stable control material with sufficient volume for PCR detection of C. trachomatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Huo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to the Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lunan Wang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guigao Lin
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiehong Xie
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to the Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
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14
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Yang CJ, Li SY, Chang SY, Wu PY, Liao MH, Liu WC, Wu H, Wu CH, Sun HY, Hung CC. Associated factors with and genotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among clients seeking voluntary counseling and testing for HIV infection in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2013; 47:526-32. [PMID: 24387885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection and the genotype distribution of the strains among the clients seeking voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Taiwan. METHODS The VCT clients completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire interview to inquire into the risks for sexually transmitted diseases, followed by providing a 10-mL first-catch urine specimen to detect C. trachomatis with the use of polymerase-chain-reaction assays. The genotyping of C. trachomatis strains was performed by sequencing of omp1 gene. A case-control study was performed to identify factors associated with chlamydial infection. RESULTS From 2008 to 2011, 140 (4.2%) of the 3323 VCT clients tested positive for C. trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction assays of urine specimens. Compared with 280 control individuals without C. trachomatis infection, cases were more likely to be female (adjusted odds ratio, 3.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.56-6.90) and to report dysuria or urethral discharge (adjusted odds ratio, 2.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-4.61). Infections with genotypes Da and G were significantly more common in male than female individuals (genotype Da, 22.2% vs. 0%; and genotype G, 24.4% vs. 3.3%) and in men who have sex with men than heterosexuals (genotype Da, 22.2% vs. 0%; and genotype G, 24.4% vs. 3.3%). CONCLUSION Among the VCT clients in Taiwan, female sex and presence of urethral symptoms were associated with C. trachomatis infection of the genitourinary tract. Homosexual male clients were more likely to be infected with genotypes Da and G than heterosexual clients were.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Wu
- Center for Infection Control, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Liao
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu Wu
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yun Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ching Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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15
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Development of PCR assays for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in urine specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1298-300. [PMID: 23390274 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03101-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis infections are usually asymptomatic or can result in nonspecific clinical symptoms, which makes laboratory-based detection of this protozoan parasite essential for diagnosis and treatment. We report the development of a battery of highly sensitive and specific PCR assays for detection of T. vaginalis in urine, a noninvasive specimen, and development of a protocol for differentiating among Trichomonas species that commonly infect humans.
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Marangoni A, Foschi C, Nardini P, D'Antuono A, Banzola N, Di Francesco A, Cevenini R. Evaluation of the new test VERSANT CT/GC DNA 1.0 assay for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine specimens. J Clin Lab Anal 2012; 26:70-2. [PMID: 22467321 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) are the two most common sexually transmitted bacterial infections in developed countries. The purpose of the present study was evaluating a new system for CT/GC detection in urine specimens. A total of 700 urine specimens were obtained from patients attending the STD Outpatients Clinic of St. Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy. Samples were tested by VERSANT® CT/GC DNA 1.0 Assay (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Tarrytown, NY), a multiplex Real-Time PCR assay, for simultaneous CT/GC detection. Results obtained by VERSANT assay were compared with those obtained by culturing genital secretions of the same patients. Moreover, urine specimens testing positive in VERSANT assay were retested by in-house PCR assays, used as confirmatory tests. VERSANT® CT/GC DNA 1.0 Assay performed with 99.4% and 99.2% of specificity for GC and CT detection, respectively, whereas sensitivity was 100% both for CT and GC. Culture methods were 100% specific, but far less sensitive than VERSANT assay. VERSANT® CT/GC DNA 1.0 Assay demonstrated to be a highly sensitive and specific technique for CT/GC detection.
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17
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Gharsallah H, Frikha-Gargouri O, Besbes F, Sellami H, Znazen A, Hammami A. Development and application of an in-house reverse hybridization method for Chlamydia trachomatis genotyping. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:846-55. [PMID: 22738848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop and evaluate an in-house reverse hybridization technique for Chlamydia trachomatis genotype identification. METHODS AND RESULTS The evaluation of the developed and optimized reverse hybridization method on reference strains showed the specific detection of all genotypes. This technique showed its ability to type one inclusion-forming unit of C. trachomatis genotype E and equivalent sensitivity to the Cobas TaqMan assay. It was also able to detect mixed infections in vitro. Application of the reverse hybridization method on 38 isolated C. trachomatis strains and their respective swabs allowed the detection of six urogenital genotypes D, E, F, G, H and K and one trachoma genotype B. Genotype E was the most prevalent, detected in 73% of the swab samples. Mixed infections were detected in 26% of swab cases. CONCLUSION The reverse hybridization technique is simple and does not require specialized instruments. It is powerful in the diagnosis of mixed infections and is suitable for use in epidemiological studies. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This technique allowed rapid C. trachomatis genotype identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gharsallah
- Department of Microbiology and research laboratory Microorganismes et Pathologie Humaine, Habib Bourguiba university hospital, Medical school of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes in clinical urogenital samples from north-eastern Croatia. Curr Microbiol 2012; 64:552-60. [PMID: 22407226 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) urogenital infection and its serotype distribution from clinical samples in north-eastern Croatia. During a 3-year period, 2,379 urogenital samples were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (A group), while 4,846 genital swabs were analyzed by direct fluorescent antibody test (B group). 132 Ct positive specimens were genotyped by omp1 gene sequencing. The prevalence rate of Ct was 3.2 % in A and 1 % in B group. The most prevalent chlamydial genotype was E (44 %), followed by F (33 %), K (11.5 %), G (8 %), J/UW (5.3 %), D-IC (4.4 %), D-B120 (1.8 %), and B/IU, J/IU, Ia/IU (0.9 % each) serotypes. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of omp1 gene were detected in E, K, and G serotypes. Some of these SNPs (C/T at position 272 and G/A at position 813 in E strain; C/T at position 884 in D strain) might represent novel omp1 variants.
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Igietseme JU, Eko FO, Black CM. Chlamydia vaccines: recent developments and the role of adjuvants in future formulations. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1585-96. [PMID: 22043957 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Chlamydia cause a plethora of ocular, genital and respiratory diseases that continue to pose a considerable public health challenge worldwide. The major diseases are conjunctivitis and blinding trachoma, non-gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, tubal factor infertility and interstitial pneumonia. The rampart asymptomatic infections prevent timely and effective antibiotic treatments, and quite often clinical presentation of sequelae is the first evidence of an infection. Besides, significant broad coverage in population screening and treatment is economically and logistically impractical, and mass education for public awareness has been ineffective. The current medical opinion is that an efficacious prophylactic vaccine is the best approach to protect humans from chlamydial infections. Unfortunately, a human vaccine has yet to be realized despite successful veterinary vaccines. Fortunately, recent advances in chlamydial immunobiology, cell biology, molecular pathogenesis, genomics, antigen discovery and animal models of infections are hastening progress toward an efficacious vaccine. Thus, it is established that Chlamydia immunity is mediated by T cells and a complementary antibody response, and several potential vaccine candidates have been identified. However, further advances are needed in effective vaccine delivery systems and safe potent adjuvants to boost and sustain immune responses for long-lasting protective immunity. This article focuses on the current status of human chlamydial vaccine research, specifically how application of new delivery systems and human compatible adjuvants could lead to a timely achievement of efficacious Chlamydia vaccines. The ranking of the candidate vaccine antigens for human vaccine development will await the availability of results from studies in which the antigens are tested by comparable experimental standards, such as antigen-adjuvant combination, route of delivery and possible toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph U Igietseme
- National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MailStop G-36, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Hammerschlag MR, Gaydos CA. Guidelines for the use of molecular biological methods to detect sexually transmitted pathogens in cases of suspected sexual abuse in children. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 903:307-17. [PMID: 22782828 PMCID: PMC4117404 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-937-2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in children presents a number of problems for the practitioner that are not usually faced when testing adults for the same infections. The identification of an STI in a child, in addition to medical implications, can have serious legal implications. The presence of an STI is often used to support the presence or allegations of sexual abuse and conversely, the identification of an STI in a child will prompt an investigation of possible abuse. The significance of the identification of a sexually transmitted agent in such children as evidence of possible child sexual abuse varies by pathogen.While culture has historically been used for the detection of STIs in cases of suspected abuse in children, the increasing use of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) in adults and the increasing proliferation of second-generation tests with better sensitivity and specificity has made inroads into the use of such tests in children, especially for diagnostic and treatment purposes. Acceptance by the medicolegal system for sexual abuse cases is still controversial and more test cases will be necessary before definitive use becomes standard practice. In addition, if these assays ever become legally admissible in court, there will be recommendations that more than one NAAT assay be used in order to assure confirmation of the diagnostic result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Hammerschlag
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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Frigo NV, Solomka VS, Kozhushnaya OS, Rakhmatulina MR, Plakhova KI, FRIGO NV, SOLOMKA VS, KOZHUSHNAYA OS, RAKHMATULINA MR, PLAKHOVA KI. Development of the molecular typing protocol for C. Trachomatis based on the sequencing of ompa,pbpb, ct046, ct058, ct144, ct172 genes. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2011. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The article is devoted to the development and validation of a standard operating procedure entitled «Molecular typing
of С. trachomatis for assessment of the clonal structure and extent of genetic diversity of С. trachomatis strains
circulating in the territory of the Russian Federation.» The studies that involved the typing of C. trachomatis strains
obtained from regions of the Russian Federation with the use of six c. trachomatis genes (ompA, СТ046, cT058, cT144,
cT172 and pbpB) revealed their significant heterogenicity with the prevalence of the E serotype. However, the typing of
c. trachomatis for six genes at one time seems to be too time-consuming and long-lasting and is hard to be interpreted,
which explains the need to develop other typing protocols using a smaller number of relevant genes (not more than two
or three - by analogy with NG-MAST).
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Kese D, Potocnik M, Maticic M, Kogoj R. Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis directly from urogenital and conjunctiva samples using an ompA gene pyrosequencing-based assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:210-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darja Kese
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; Medical Faculty Ljubljana; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana; Slovenia
| | - Marko Potocnik
- Department of Dermatovenereology; University Medical Centre Ljubljana; Ljubljana; Slovenia
| | - Mojca Maticic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Illnesses; University Medical Centre Ljubljana; Ljubljana; Slovenia
| | - Rok Kogoj
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; Medical Faculty Ljubljana; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana; Slovenia
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Quint KD, Bom RJ, Quint WGV, Bruisten SM, van der Loeff MFS, Morré SA, de Vries HJC. Anal infections with concomitant Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes among men who have sex with men in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:63. [PMID: 21401939 PMCID: PMC3068958 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) proctitis is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) genotype L and is endemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) in western society. Genotype L infections need to be distinguished from non-LGV (genotypes A-K) Ct infections since they require prolonged antibiotic treatment. For this purpose, an in-house developed pmpH based LGV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is used at the Amsterdam STI outpatient clinic. We investigated retrospectively the anal Ct genotype distribution, and the frequency of concomitant genotype infections in MSM infected with LGV and non-LGV Ct infections. To detect concomitant Ct genotype infections, the pmpH LGV PCR and genoTyping Reverse Hybridization Assay (Ct-DT RHA) were used. Methods A total of 201 Ct positive rectal swabs from MSM were selected, which were previously diagnosed as either LGV (n = 99) or non-LGV Ct infection (n = 102) according to the algorithm of Ct detection by the commercially available Aptima Combo 2 assay followed by an in-house pmpH LGV PCR. The samples were retested with the commercially available Ct-DT RHA, which differentiates between 14 major genotypes and is able to detect concomitant Ct genotypes. Results Excellent genotyping agreement was observed between the Ct-DT RHA and the pmpH LGV PCR (Kappa = 0.900, 95%CI = 0.845-0.955, McNemar's p = 1.000). A concomitant non-LGV genotype was detected in 6/99 (6.1%) LGV samples. No additional LGV infections were observed with the Ct-DT RHA among the non-LGV Ct group. In the non-LGV group genotype G/Ga (34.3%) was seen most frequent, followed by genotype D/Da (22.5%) and genotype J (13.7%). All LGV infections were caused by genotype L2. Conclusions Concomitant non-LGV genotypes do not lead to missed LGV proctitis diagnosis. The pmpH LGV PCR displayed excellent agreement with the commercially available Ct-DT genotyping RHA test. The genotypes G/Ga, D/Da and J were the most frequent non-LGV Ct strains in MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen D Quint
- The Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Machado ACS, Bandea CI, Alves MFC, Joseph K, Igietseme J, Miranda AE, Guimarães EMB, Turchi MD, Black CM. Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis genovars among youths and adults in Brazil. J Med Microbiol 2010; 60:472-476. [PMID: 21183598 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.026476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a high prevalence of sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Brazil and other countries in South America, very little is known about the distribution of C. trachomatis genovars. In this study, we genotyped C. trachomatis strains from urine or endocervical specimens collected from 163 C. trachomatis-positive female and male youths, and female adults, residing in two different regions of Brazil, the city of Goiânia located in the central part of Brazil, and the city of Vitória in the south-east region. C. trachomatis strains were genotyped by amplifying and sequencing the ompA gene encoding the chlamydial major outer-membrane protein, which is genovar specific. We found nine different C. trachomatis genovars: E (39.3%), F (16.6%), D (15.9%), I (8.6%), J (7.4%), G (4.9%), K (3.1%), H (2.4%) and B (1.8%). The distribution of the C. trachomatis genovars in the two regions of Brazil was similar, and there was no statistically significant association of serovars with age, gender, number of sexual partners or clinical symptoms. The overall distribution of C. trachomatis genovars in Brazil appears similar to that found in other regions of the world, where E, D and F are the most common. This supports the notion that, during the last few decades, the overall distribution of C. trachomatis genovars throughout the world has been relatively stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C S Machado
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Claudiu I Bandea
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria F C Alves
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Kahaliah Joseph
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph Igietseme
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Angélica E Miranda
- Nucleus of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Eleuse M B Guimarães
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marília D Turchi
- Department of Community Health, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Carolyn M Black
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Aytekin T, Ozaslan M, Cengiz B. Deletion mapping of chromosome region 12q13-24 in colorectal cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 201:32-8. [PMID: 20633766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Colorectal cancer develops after a long and multistep process of carcinogenesis. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes is among the most important steps in development of colorectal cancer. Analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is an effective method to determine the localization of tumor suppressor genes. In this study, we used five microsatellite markers to analyze the region 12q13-24 among 47 patients with colorectal cancer. The frequency of LOH and the clinicopathological data were compared using logistic regression and a chi-square test. In 34 of 47 tumor tissues (72%), LOH was detected at least in one marker. The highest LOH frequency was 34%, on the D12S129 locus; the lowest frequency was 23%, on the D12S78 locus. Loss of heterozygosity was detected as 32% on D12S83, 30% on D12S346, and 26% on D12S1660. No statistically significant correlation was found between the frequency of LOH and clinicopathological features (P > 0.05). Chromosome region 12q13-24 contains several known genes that may be candidate tumor suppressor genes, including RASAL1, ITGA7, STAB2, GLIPR1, and SLC5A8. Although the exact roles of these genes in colorectal cancer formation remain to be clarified, the present data point to a tumor suppressor role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turkan Aytekin
- Department of Biology, University of Gaziantep, Sahinbey-Gaziantep, Turkey
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Hammerschlag MR, Guillén CD. Medical and legal implications of testing for sexually transmitted infections in children. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:493-506. [PMID: 20610820 PMCID: PMC2901660 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00024-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in children presents a number of problems for the practitioner that are not usually faced when testing adults for the same infections. The identification of an STI in a child can have, in addition to medical implications, serious legal implications. The presence of an STI is often used to support the presence or allegations of sexual abuse, and conversely, the identification of an STI in a child will prompt an investigation of possible abuse. The purpose of this paper is to review the epidemiology of child sexual abuse, including the epidemiology of major STIs including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, syphilis, herpes simplex virus (HSV), Trichomonas vaginalis, and human papillomavirus, and the current recommendations for diagnostic testing in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Hammerschlag
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203-2098, USA.
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SIDORENKO SV, SOLOMKA VS, KOZhUShNAYa OS, FRIGO NV, Sidorenko SV, Solomka VS, Kozhushnaya OS, Frigo NV. Methods for typing std pathogens (N. Gonorrhoeae, C. Trachomatis, T. Pallidum). VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2010. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic methods were initially used for bacterial typing yet they have a number of drawbacks limiting their use. Methods of molecular and genetic typing have become wide-spread today. Among these methods, bacterial typing based on multilocus sequence
typing (Multilocus Sequence Typing - MLST) has been developing at the fastest rate. However, schemes of molecular
and genetic typing of STD pathogens as compared to other bacteria are insufficiently developed, which considerably complicates
the planning of measures aimed at the reduction of their spread.
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Development and evaluation of an ompA quantitative real-time PCR assay for Chlamydia trachomatis serovar determination. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2060-5. [PMID: 20392903 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02308-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of circulating Chlamydia trachomatis serovars can be beneficial for sexual network surveillance, monitoring treatment success, and associating specific clinical manifestations. Typically, C. trachomatis serovars are predicted by nucleotide sequencing of four variable domains within the ompA gene. However, sequencing procedures can be labor-intensive, are not readily available, and can lack the capacity to identify multiple serovars. This study describes the development and evaluation of a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) test algorithm for the rapid prediction of C. trachomatis serovars, including ocular (A to C) and anogenital (D to L3) strains. This test comprises a primary qPCR to confirm C. trachomatis positivity and the phylogenetic group(s) present and a secondary set of qPCRs to determine specific serovars. Cell culture isolates from 15 prototypic C. trachomatis serovars were correctly identified using this assay, with no cross-reactivity observed among serovars or with other common pathogenic microorganisms. Five hundred clinical specimens (previously diagnosed as being C. trachomatis positive) were evaluated by qPCR, with their results compared to results obtained by conventional sequencing. The qPCR identified 88.9% (423/476) complete matches (95% confidence interval [CI], 86 to 92%) of serovars compared to the results obtained using the sequence-based approach. Among the anogenital specimens, 2.4% (12/494) (95% CI, 1.3 to 4.2%) contained multiple serovars, categorized as single-serovar infections by conventional sequencing. Overall, this test exhibited high discriminatory success for predicting C. trachomatis serovars, particularly among anogenital infections. This is the first report of a qPCR typing assay offering differentiation of C. trachomatis serovars associated with both anogenital and ocular diseases.
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Chlamydia trachomatis serovar distribution and Neisseria gonorrhoeae coinfection in male patients with urethritis in Greece. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2231-4. [PMID: 20357220 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00586-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars and Neisseria gonorrhoeae coinfection was studied in a group of 100 C. trachomatis-positive males with urethritis in Greece. The serovar distribution revealed that apart from the predominant worldwide types E and F, the relatively uncommon type G is also prevalent. Gonococcal coinfection was frequent (30%) and was associated with genovariant Ja (75%, P = 0.008).
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Gerard HC, Stanich JA, Whittum-Hudson JA, Schumacher HR, Carter JD, Hudson AP. Patients with Chlamydia-associated arthritis have ocular (trachoma), not genital, serovars of C. trachomatis in synovial tissue. Microb Pathog 2009; 48:62-8. [PMID: 19931374 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Some individuals with a genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection develop inflammatory arthritis, but it is unknown whether particular chlamydial serovar(s) engender the disease more often than others. We defined serovar in synovial tissues from arthritis patients infected with this organism. DNA from synovial biopsies of 36 patients with PCR-confirmed synovial C. trachomatis was analyzed. Diagnoses included reactive arthritis, undifferentiated oligoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. The chlamydial omp1 and trpA genes were amplified, cloned, and 10 or more clones from each sample were sequenced. The cytotoxin locus also was analyzed. omp1 sequences showed 2 patients having only C. trachomatis A serovar, 1 with only B, and 33 having only C, all ocular serovars. Analyses of trpA and the cytotoxin locus uniformly displayed standard ocular serovar characteristics for each patient. Identification of ocular chlamydial serovars in the synovia of arthritis patients is unexpected. These observations suggest that urogenital chlamydial infections, while consisting primarily of organisms of genital serovars, include some of ocular serovar(s). They further suggest that during such infections unknown selection pressures favor establishment of the latter in the synovium to the exclusion of genital serovar chlamydiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé C Gerard
- Dept. Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Gordon H. Scott Hall, 540 East Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Black CM, Driebe EM, Howard LA, Fajman NN, Sawyer MK, Girardet RG, Sautter RL, Greenwald E, Beck-Sague CM, Unger ER, Igietseme JU, Hammerschlag MR. Multicenter study of nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in children being evaluated for sexual abuse. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28:608-13. [PMID: 19451856 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31819b592e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in children suspected of sexual abuse is challenging due to the medico-legal implications of test results. Currently, the forensic standard for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections is culture. In adults, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are superior to culture for CT, but these tests have been insufficiently evaluated in pediatric populations for forensic purposes. METHODS We evaluated the use of NAATs, using urine and genital swabs versus culture for diagnosis of CT and NG in children evaluated for sexual abuse in 4 US cities. Urine and a genital swab were collected for CT and NG NAATs along with routine cultures. NAAT positives were confirmed by PCR, using an alternate target. RESULTS Prevalence of infection among 485 female children were 2.7% for CT and 3.3% for NG by NAAT. The sensitivity of urine NAATs for CT and NG relative to vaginal culture was 100%. Eight participants with CT-positive and 4 with NG-positive NAATs had negative culture results (P = 0.018 for CT urine NAATs vs. culture). There were 24 of 485 (4.9%) female participants with a positive NAAT for CT or NG or both versus 16 of 485 (3.3%) with a positive culture for either, resulting in a 33% increase in children with a positive diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NAATs on urine, with confirmation, are adequate for use as a new forensic standard for diagnosis of CT and NG in children suspected of sexual abuse. Urine NAATs offer a clear advantage over culture in sensitivity and are less invasive than swabs, reducing patient trauma and discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Black
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Comparison of penile skin swab with intra-urethral swab and first void urine for polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis in male patients. Sex Transm Dis 2009; 35:999-1001. [PMID: 18665017 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e318182a586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Absence of lymphogranuloma venereum strains among rectal Chlamydia trachomatis outer membrane protein A genotypes infecting women and men who have sex with men in Birmingham, Alabama. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35:856-8. [PMID: 18580820 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e3181788313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Increase in sexual risk behavior and prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among adolescents in Northern Thailand. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35:883-8. [PMID: 18580819 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e31817bbc9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring changes in adolescent sexual risk behaviors and sexually transmitted infections is critical for evaluating the effectiveness of human immunodeficiency virus and other prevention programs, but population-based data on adolescents in Thailand are limited. We report findings from 2 cross-sectional surveys conducted in 1999 and 2002 among 15-to 21-year-old vocational students. METHODS In 1999 and 2002, 1725 and 966 students, respectively, were interviewed using computer-assisted self-interview methods. Urine samples were collected and tested for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS From 1999 to 2002 C. trachomatis prevalence increased from 3.2% to 7.5% (P <0.001) in women and from 2.5% to 6.0% (P <0.001) in men. There was an increase in the reported mean lifetime number of steady sexual partners among both men (3.4-4.7, P = 0.01) and women (2.5-3.3, P <0.001), and in the mean lifetime number of casual partners among men (1.1-2.1, P <0.001) and women (0.3-1.1, P = 0.04). Reported consistent condom use decreased significantly among women with casual partners (43%-19%, P = 0.03) but not among men (25%-31%, P = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS Our study identified important increases in the prevalence of chlamydial infection and in sexual risk behaviors among Thai adolescents over a 3-year period. These findings are consistent with other studies suggesting profound social changes are changing norms of adolescent sexual behavior in Thailand, and highlight the need for adolescent sexual health services and prevention programming.
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Geisler WM, Black CM, Bandea CI, Morrison SG. Chlamydia trachomatis OmpA genotyping as a tool for studying the natural history of genital chlamydial infection. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84:541-4; discussion 544-5. [PMID: 18708486 DOI: 10.1136/sti.2008.030825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) outer membrane protein A (OmpA) type to the clearance of CT infection before treatment. METHODS CT OmpA genotyping, with amplification and sequencing of ompA, was utilised to study the natural history of CT infection (spontaneous resolution vs persistence) in 102 individuals with chlamydia-positive screening tests returning for treatment. RESULTS CT OmpA distribution was associated with spontaneous resolution of CT, most notably with CT OmpA genotype J/Ja detected more often from the initial screening CT test than other genotypes in those who then had spontaneous resolution of CT noted at the time of treatment. Five individuals with presumed persisting CT infection had discordant CT OmpA genotypes at the screening and treatment visits, suggesting possible new interval CT infection. CONCLUSIONS Clearance of chlamydia by the host before treatment may be influenced by the CT OmpA genotype infecting the host. CT OmpA genotyping may be a valuable tool in understanding the natural history of chlamydial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Geisler
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA.
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Genotyping of Urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis in Regional New South Wales, Australia. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35:614-6. [DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e31816b1b80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Geisler WM, Wang C, Morrison SG, Black CM, Bandea CI, Hook EW. The natural history of untreated Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the interval between screening and returning for treatment. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35:119-23. [PMID: 17898680 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e318151497d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of the natural history of genital chlamydial infections in humans are sparse and have had study design limitations. An improved understanding of chlamydial natural history may influence recommendations for elements of control efforts such as chlamydia screening frequency or time parameters for partner notification. METHODS Addressing limitations of prior studies in part, we are prospectively studying chlamydial natural history in sexually transmitted diseases clinic patients in the interval between screening and returning for treatment of positive chlamydial tests. Results of repeat chlamydial testing and clinical outcomes and their associated predictors are being evaluated. RESULTS In the initial 129 subjects, 89% were female, 88% were black, median age was 21 years, and the median interval between screening and treatment was 13 days. Based on nucleic acid amplification testing at treatment, spontaneous resolution of chlamydia occurred in 18%. Resolution was somewhat more common in subjects with longer intervals between screening and treatment. Persisting infections more often progressed to develop clinical signs at the time of treatment (e.g., urethritis or cervicitis). Two women and one man developed chlamydial complications between screening and treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that although spontaneous resolution of chlamydia is common, many persons with persisting chlamydia progress to develop signs of infection and some develop complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Geisler
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007, USA.
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Chlamydia trachomatis serovars among strains isolated from members of rural indigenous communities and urban populations in Australia. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 46:355-6. [PMID: 18032619 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01493-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We genotyped Chlamydia trachomatis strains from 45 women or men living in either a rural indigenous community or in urban heterosexual communities. We found six different C. trachomatis serovars: E (n = 22; 48.9%), F (n = 10; 22.2%), J/Ja (n = 5; 11.1%), D/Da (n = 4; 8.9%), G (n = 3; 6.7%), and K (n = 1; 2.2%). The distribution of C. trachomatis serovars among members of the indigenous rural and the urban Australian communities appears similar to that in other Western countries.
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Evaluation of a novel PCR-based assay for detection and identification of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars in cervical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3986-91. [PMID: 17959760 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01155-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare a novel PCR-based Chlamydia trachomatis detection and genotyping (Ct-DT) assay with the FDA-approved, commercially available C. trachomatis detection Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) assay and to investigate the C. trachomatis serovar distribution among young women in a rural Costa Rican study population. A total of 5,828 sexually active women participating in a community-based trial in Costa Rica were tested for C. trachomatis by HC2. A sample of 1,229 specimens consisting of 100% HC2 C. trachomatis-positive specimens (n = 827) and a random sample of 8% HC2 C. trachomatis-negative specimens (n = 402) were tested with the Ct-DT assay. Agreement between the two assays was determined by the unweighted kappa statistic. Discrepant specimens were tested with a second commercially available test (COBAS TaqMan). The Ct-DT-positive specimens were further analyzed with the Ct-DT genotyping step to investigate the distribution of 14 different C. trachomatis serovars (A, B/Ba, C, D/Da, E, F, G/Ga, H, I/Ia, J, K, L1, L2/L2a, and L3). After accounting for the sampling fraction selected for Ct-DT testing, crude agreement with the HC2 assay was 98% and the kappa was 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89 to 0.97). The 33 discordant samples that were further analyzed with the COBAS TaqMan test showed better agreement with the Ct-DT assay (31/33, P < 0.001). Among the 806 Ct-DT-positive samples, serovar E was the most common serovar (31%), followed by serovars F and D (both 21%) and serovar I (15%). In conclusion, the novel Ct-DT assay permits reliable detection and identification of C. trachomatis serovars.
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Quint KD, van Doorn LJ, Kleter B, de Koning MNC, van den Munckhof HAM, Morre SA, ter Harmsel B, Weiderpass E, Harbers G, Melchers WJG, Quint WGV. A highly sensitive, multiplex broad-spectrum PCR-DNA-enzyme immunoassay and reverse hybridization assay for rapid detection and identification of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars. J Mol Diagn 2007; 9:631-8. [PMID: 17872971 PMCID: PMC2049059 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2007.070011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) comprises distinct serogroups and serovars. The present study evaluates a novel Ct amplification, detection, and genotyping method (Ct-DT assay). The Ct-DT amplification step is a multiplex broad-spectrum PCR for the cryptic plasmid and the VD2-region of ompl. The Ct-DT detection step involves a DNA enzyme immunoassay (DEIA) using probes for serogroups (group B, C, and intermediate) and the cryptic plasmid, permitting sensitive detection of 19 Ct serovars (A, B/Ba, C, D/Da, E, F, G/Ga, H, I/Ia, J, K, L1, L2/L2a, and L3) without any cross-reactivity with other Chlamydia species and pathogenic bacteria or commensal organisms of the genital tract. Ct-positive samples are analyzed by a nitrocellulose-based reverse hybridization assay (RHA) containing probes for the 19 different serovars and for the cryptic plasmid. The sensitivity of the PCR-DEIA on clinical specimen is equivalent to that of the Cobas TaqMan assay [kappa = 0.95 (95% confidence interval = 0.92 to 0.99)]. Using the RHA, 98% of the Ct-DT detection step-positive samples could be typed. Analysis of cervical swabs from Uganda and The Netherlands revealed that the most common serovars in Uganda are G/Ga (45%), E (21%), K (13%), and F (8%), and in The Netherlands serovars E (38%), F (23%), G/Ga (11%), and D/Da (7%) were most common. Thus, multiplex broad-spectrum PCR in combination with DEIA and RHA permits highly sensitive and specific detection and identification of Ct serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen D Quint
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Fonteijnenburghlaan 7, 2275 CX Voorburg, The Netherlands
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42
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Magbanua JPV, Goh BT, Michel CE, Aguirre-Andreasen A, Alexander S, Ushiro-Lumb I, Ison C, Lee H. Chlamydia trachomatis variant not detected by plasmid based nucleic acid amplification tests: molecular characterisation and failure of single dose azithromycin. Sex Transm Infect 2007; 83:339-43. [PMID: 17567684 PMCID: PMC2598672 DOI: 10.1136/sti.2007.026435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise a Chlamydia trachomatis variant strain from a patient with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) whose first void urine (FVU) displayed discrepant Ctrachomatis test results and describe the clinical response to treatment. METHODS The FVU specimen was assayed with an immune based Chlamydia Rapid Test (CRT) and various nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) to establish C trachomatis infection. Sequencing of the major outer membrane protein gene (omp1 also known as ompA) was undertaken to identify the serovar of the variant strain. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was also conducted to determine whether the strain harboured deletions in the cryptic plasmid or was plasmid free. RESULTS The FVU specimen was strongly reactive in CRT but negative with the plasmid based Amplicor PCR (Roche) and ProbeTec ET (Becton-Dickinson) assays. However, NAATs for 16S RNA (Aptima Combo 2, GenProbe), omp1 (RealArt CT PCR, Artus and in-house NAATs) or the outer membrane complex B protein gene (omcB) established C trachomatis infection. Sequencing of omp1 showed that the variant belonged to serovar I. PCR analysis indicated that the variant was plasmid free. The patient did not respond to single dose azithromycin treatment but subsequently responded to a course of doxycycline. CONCLUSIONS A pathogenic plasmid free C trachomatis variant was identified. Clinicians should be alerted to the possibility of undetected C trachomatis infection caused by such variants and the potential of azithromycin failure in patients with recurrent chlamydial NGU. The occurrence of this variant is rare and should not form the basis for judgment of the performance or usefulness of plasmid based NAATs for C trachomatis detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Paolo V Magbanua
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, EABC Site, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 2PT, UK
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43
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Jalal H, Stephen H, Alexander S, Carne C, Sonnex C. Development of real-time PCR assays for genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2649-53. [PMID: 17567790 PMCID: PMC1951269 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00451-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed and validated a nested real-time PCR (NRT-PCR) for the genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis and used it specifically for the typing of either eight genovars from D to K or three genovars of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). The 11 probes used in the NRT-PCR correctly identified the DNA from D to K and LGV reference strains and did not cross-react with the DNA from 26 strains representing the bacterial pathogens and commensals of the oropharynx, genital tract, and rectum. The NRT-PCR had a 95% probability of detection at four genome copies (confidence interval, three to six copies) of C. trachomatis per reaction. One hundred cervical and urethral swab specimens containing C. trachomatis DNA from 63 women and 37 men were used to validate the method. The results from the NRT-PCR and the DNA sequencing of amplicons generated from the omp1 gene showed 100% correlation for these samples. The assay also identified the LGV-II genotype in 24 of 48 rectal swab specimens containing C. trachomatis DNA that were obtained from men having sex with men. The Sexually Transmitted Bacteria Reference Laboratory, London, independently confirmed these results using group-specific LGV real-time PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Compared with the NRT-PCR, non-NRT-PCR was found to be less sensitive: it typed C. trachomatis DNA in only 80% of the genital samples and 90% of the rectal swab samples. This is the first successful demonstration of the use of real-time PCR for the genotype-specific typing of C. trachomatis strains that cause sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Jalal
- Clinical Microbiology & Public Health Laboratory, Box 236, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QW, United Kingdom.
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44
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Gao X, Chen XS, Yin YP, Zhong MY, Shi MQ, Wei WH, Chen Q, Peeling RW, Mabey D. Distribution study of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars among high-risk women in China performed using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:1185-9. [PMID: 17301282 PMCID: PMC1865819 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02076-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This was one of the first epidemiological studies in China focused on genital Chlamydia trachomatis serotype distribution in high-risk female populations using omp1 gene-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. One thousand seven hundred seventy cervical swab samples from women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics and female sex workers in six cities in China (Shenzhen and Guangzhou in southern China, Nanjing and Shanghai in eastern China, and Nanning and Chengdu in southwestern China) were subjected to serovar genotyping. The proportion of omp1 genes successfully amplified in 240 C. trachomatis plasmid-positive samples was 94.2% (226/240). Serotypes E (n = 63; 27.9%), F (n = 53; 23.5%), G (n = 28; 12.4%), and D (n = 25; 11.1%) were most prevalent. Though there was no significant difference in the geographic distribution of C. trachomatis, serotype E was predominant in the South (32.1%) and East (27.1%), while serotype F was predominant in the Southwest (28.3%). Serotype F infection was associated with young age and single status. Serovar G was associated with lower abdominal pain; 47.5% of asymptomatic patients were infected with serovar E. These results provide information on distribution of genital C. trachomatis serotypes among high-risk women in China and indicate that high-risk women, including those who are asymptomatic, can be infected with multiple serovars of C. trachomatis, revealing exposure to multiple sources of infection. Although the scope for generalizations is limited by our small sample size, our results showing clinical correlations with genotypes are informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gao
- Department of STD Epidemiology, National Center for STD Control, 12 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, China
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45
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Xiong L, Kong F, Zhou H, Gilbert GL. Use of PCR and reverse line blot hybridization assay for rapid simultaneous detection and serovar identification of Chlamydia trachomatis. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:1413-8. [PMID: 16597870 PMCID: PMC1448689 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.4.1413-1418.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate multiplex and nested PCR-reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization assays for detection and serovar identification of Chlamydia trachomatis. Two sets of primers targeting the VD2 region of the omp1 gene and one set targeting the cryptic plasmid were designed for use in multiplex (both targets) and nested PCR (omp1 only). For the RLB assay, labeled omp1 amplicons were hybridized to a membrane containing probes specific for 15 C. trachomatis serovars. The assays were used to test 429 clinical specimens, which had been previously tested for C. trachomatis using the COBAS AMPLICOR system. Specimens were tested without knowledge of the COBAS AMPLICOR result. Of 205 specimens that were positive by COBAS AMPLICOR, 201 (98%) were positive by multiplex PCR-RLB and 188 (92%) were also positive by omp1 nested PCR-RLB. In addition, three of 224 COBAS AMPLICOR-negative specimens were positive by omp1 nested PCR-RLB. One hundred sixty-six of 191 (87%) specimens in which C. trachomatis serovars were identified contained only one serovar and 25 (13%) contained two or three serovars. Serovars D, E, and F were found in 31 (16%), 83 (43%), and 51 (27%) specimens, respectively. Serovar E (41%) was the most commonly identified single serovar. Serovars J and K were found alone uncommonly (<2% each), but 18 of 25 (72%) specimens with multiple C. trachomatis serovars contained one or both (10 specimens) of these serovars. The nested (ompI) PCR-RLB is a specific and sensitive method for simultaneous detection and serovar identification of C. trachomatis, which can reliably identify mixed C. trachomatis serovars. It is suitable for use in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likuan Xiong
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (CIDM), Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, Darcy Rd., Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
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46
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Geisler WM, Suchland RJ, Stamm WE. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis Serovar Ia Infection With Black Race in a Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic Patient Population in Birmingham, Alabama. Sex Transm Dis 2006; 33:621-4. [PMID: 16614590 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000216027.71144.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black race is a risk marker for Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Because chlamydial serovar and race could both influence the transmission dynamics of chlamydia, studies characterizing serovars in a predominantly black population are of interest, yet remain sparse. STUDY DESIGN AND GOALS: C. trachomatis isolates collected consecutively from 109 female and 98 male patients presenting to a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Birmingham, Alabama, were serotyped. Our goal was to evaluate serovar distribution and associated demographic characteristics in a predominantly black population. RESULTS The median age was 23 years and 91% were black. Serovars E (29%), D (19%), F (19%), Ia (16%), and J (9%) were the most prevalent. Blacks were less often infected with serovar E (30% vs. 41%) and J (9% vs. 24%), but more often infected with serovar Ia (17% vs. 0%) compared with individuals of other racial groups (P = 0.07). The overall serovar distribution did not significantly differ by gender or age; however, serovar Ia infections were associated with older age (21% in age >or=23 years vs. 10% in those age <23 years; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Although the overall C. trachomatis serovar distribution in this predominantly black population in Birmingham was similar to that reported elsewhere, serovar Ia was only found in blacks, in whom it was commonly isolated. Finding differences in serovar distribution by race, particularly serovar Ia, may be of epidemiologic significance and deserves verification in similar cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Geisler
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0007, USA.
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47
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Sharma J, Zhong Y, Dong F, Piper JM, Wang G, Zhong G. Profiling of human antibody responses to Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital tract infection using microplates arrayed with 156 chlamydial fusion proteins. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1490-9. [PMID: 16495519 PMCID: PMC1418620 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.3.1490-1499.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The available chlamydial genome sequences have made it possible to comprehensively analyze host responses to all chlamydial proteins, which is essential for further understanding of chlamydial pathogenesis and development of effective chlamydial vaccines. Microplates arrayed with 156 Chlamydia trachomatis fusion proteins were used to evaluate antibody responses in women urogenitally infected with C. trachomatis. Based on both the antibody recognition frequency and titer, seven chlamydial antigens encoded by open reading frames (ORFs) CT089, CT147, CT226, CT681, CT694, CT795, and CT858, respectively, were identified as relatively immunodominant; six of these are encoded by hypothetical ORFs. Antibody binding to these chlamydial fusion proteins was blocked by C. trachomatis-infected but not by normal HeLa cell lysates or irrelevant bacterial lysates. These results have revealed novel immune-reactive chlamydial antigens, not only indicating that the hypothetical ORF-encoded proteins are expressed during chlamydial infection in humans but also providing the proof of principle that the fusion protein-based approach can be used to profile human immune responses to chlamydial infection at the whole-genome scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotika Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Halse TA, Musser KA, Limberger RJ. A multiplexed real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and identification of serovar L-2, the major cause of Lymphogranuloma venereum in New York. Mol Cell Probes 2006; 20:290-7. [PMID: 16644182 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is caused by a rare form of Chlamydia trachomatis that is difficult to diagnose, since culture is not readily available, and since other methods are not reliable or lack sensitivity. We report here a rapid, sensitive, and specific real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay capable of detecting C. trachomatis and identifying serovar L-2 in the same reaction, directly from rectal swabs. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was 25 genome copies for C. trachomatis, and 50 genome copies for L-2. The analytical specificity was 100%, as demonstrated with a diverse range of C. trachomatis serovars and other site-specific bacterial pathogens. With the use of a rapid DNA extraction method, a blinded validation of spiked rectal swabs correctly identified 30 samples containing C. trachomatis cells, L-2 DNA, or negative samples. The multiplexed PCR assay also identified serovar L-2 in 13 of 70 rectal swab samples taken from symptomatic patients. Twelve additional samples were positive for C. trachomatis only, and omp1 sequencing determined these samples as either serovar D, E, G, J, or K. This assay represents the first real-time PCR method capable of detecting C. trachomatis DNA, and of simultaneously identifying C. trachomatis infection as serovar L-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya A Halse
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center-David Axelrod Institute, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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49
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Hsu MC, Tsai PY, Chen KT, Li LH, Chiang CC, Tsai JJ, Ke LY, Chen HY, Li SY. Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis from clinical specimens in Taiwan. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:301-308. [PMID: 16476794 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes in Taiwan. Urine and endocervical-swab samples were collected from two hospitals located in northern and southern Taiwan. The genotypes of a total of 145 samples positive for C. trachomatis were analysed by sequencing the omp1 gene and this was successful in 102 samples. Nine different C. trachomatis genotypes were identified. Genotype E was the most prevalent (22 %), followed by D and Da (19 %), F (16 %), J (15 %), K (11 %), G (11 %), H (6 %) and Ba (2 %). There was a geographical difference in the prevalence of genotype H (P < 0.018) between northern and southern Taiwan. Sequence mutation analysis by blast searching against GenBank reference sequences identified 12 genetic variants from a total of 102 omp1 gene sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chih Hsu
- Laboratory for Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Laboratory Research and Diagnostics, Center for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Tsai
- Laboratory for Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Laboratory Research and Diagnostics, Center for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kow-Tong Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hui Li
- Taipei City Hospital, Branch for Disease Control & Prevention, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chou Chiang
- Taipei City Hospital, Branch for Disease Control & Prevention, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jin Tsai
- Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hour-Young Chen
- Laboratory for Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Laboratory Research and Diagnostics, Center for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- Laboratory for Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Laboratory Research and Diagnostics, Center for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
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Igietseme J, Eko F, He Q, Bandea C, Lubitz W, Garcia-Sastre A, Black C. Delivery of Chlamydia vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005; 2:549-62. [PMID: 16296774 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2.3.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The plethora of ocular, genital and respiratory diseases of Chlamydia, including nongonococcal urethritis, cervicitis pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, tubal factor infertility, conjunctivitis, blinding trachoma and interstitial pneumonia, and chronic diseases that may include atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, adult onset asthma and Alzheimer's disease, still pose a considerable public health challenge to many nations. Although antibiotics are effective against Chlamydia when effectively diagnosed, asymptomatic infections are rampart, making clinical presentation of complications often the first evidence of an infection. Consequently, the current medical opinion is that an effective prophylactic vaccine would constitute the best approach to protect the human population from the most severe consequences of these infections. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstration that Chlamydia immunity in animals and humans is mediated by T cells and a complementary antibody response, and the completion of the genome sequencing of several isolates of Chlamydia is broadening our knowledge of the immunogenic antigens with potential vaccine value. Thus, major advances have been made in defining the essential elements of a potentially effective subunit vaccine design and parameters for evaluation. However, the challenge to develop effective delivery systems and human compatible adjuvants that would boost the immune response to achieve long-lasting protective immunity remains an elusive objective in chlamydial vaccine research. In response to evolving molecular and cellular technologies and novel vaccinology approaches, considerable progress is being made in the construction of novel delivery systems, such as DNA and plasmid expression systems, viral vectors, living and nonliving bacterial delivery systems, the use of chemical adjuvants, lipoprotein constructs and the codelivery of vaccines and specific immuno-modulatory biological agonists targeting receptors for chemokines, Toll-like receptors, and costimulatory molecules. The application of these novel delivery strategies to Chlamydia vaccine design could culminate in timely achievement of an efficacious vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Igietseme
- National Center for Infectious Disease/CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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