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Brightling CE, Brusselle G, Altman P. The impact of the prostaglandin D 2 receptor 2 and its downstream effects on the pathophysiology of asthma. Allergy 2020; 75:761-768. [PMID: 31355946 DOI: 10.1111/all.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Current research suggests that the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2 ) receptor 2 (DP2 ) is a principal regulator in the pathophysiology of asthma, because it stimulates and amplifies the inflammatory response in this condition. The DP2 receptor can be activated by both allergic and nonallergic stimuli, leading to several pro-inflammatory events, including eosinophil activation and migration, release of the type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 from T helper 2 (Th2) cells and innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILCs), and increased airway smooth muscle mass via recruitment of mesenchymal progenitors to the airway smooth muscle bundle. Activation of the DP2 receptor pathway has potential downstream effects on asthma pathophysiology, including on airway epithelial cells, mucus hypersecretion, and airway remodelling, and consequently might impact asthma symptoms and exacerbations. Given the broad distribution of DP2 receptors on immune and structural cells involved in asthma, this receptor is being explored as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Brusselle
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium
| | - Pablo Altman
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation East Hanover NJ USA
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2
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Synergistic activation of pro-inflammatory type-2 CD8 + T lymphocytes by lipid mediators in severe eosinophilic asthma. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1408-1419. [PMID: 29907870 PMCID: PMC6448764 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human type-2 CD8+ T cells are a cell population with potentially important roles in allergic disease. We investigated this in the context of severe asthma with persistent airway eosinophilia-a phenotype associated with high exacerbation risk and responsiveness to type-2 cytokine-targeted therapies. In two independent cohorts we show that, in contrast to Th2 cells, type-2 cytokine-secreting CD8+CRTH2+ (Tc2) cells are enriched in blood and airways in severe eosinophilic asthma. Concentrations of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and cysteinyl leukotriene E4 (LTE4) are also increased in the airways of the same group of patients. In vitro PGD2 and LTE4 function synergistically to trigger Tc2 cell recruitment and activation in a TCR-independent manner. These lipids regulate diverse genes in Tc2 cells inducing type-2 cytokines and many other pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which could contribute to eosinophilia. These findings are consistent with an important innate-like role for human Tc2 cells in severe eosinophilic asthma and suggest a potential target for therapeutic intervention in this and other diseases.
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Okubo K, Hashiguchi K, Takeda T, Baba K, Kitagoh H, Miho H, Tomomatsu H, Yamaguchi S, Odani M, Yamamotoya H. A randomized controlled phase II clinical trial comparing ONO-4053, a novel DP1 antagonist, with a leukotriene receptor antagonist pranlukast in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2017; 72:1565-1575. [PMID: 28378369 PMCID: PMC5638107 DOI: 10.1111/all.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2 ) is primarily produced by mast cells and is contributing to the nasal symptoms including nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel PGD2 receptor 1 (DP1) antagonist, ONO-4053, in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). METHODS This study was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study of patients with SAR. Following a one-week period of placebo run-in, patients who met the study criteria were randomized to either the ONO-4053, leukotriene receptor antagonist pranlukast, or placebo group for a two-week treatment period. A total of 200 patients were planned to be randomly assigned to receive ONO-4053, pranlukast, or placebo in a 2:2:1 ratio. Nasal and eye symptoms were evaluated. RESULTS Both ONO-4053 and pranlukast had higher efficacy than placebo on all nasal and eye symptoms. ONO-4053 outperformed pranlukast in a total of three nasal symptom scores (T3NSS) as well as in individual scores for sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal itching. For T3NSS, the Bayesian posterior probabilities that pranlukast was better than placebo and ONO-4053 was better than pranlukast were 70.0% and 81.6%, respectively, suggesting that ONO-4053 has a higher efficacy compared with pranlukast. There was no safety-related issue in this study. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the efficacy of ONO-4053 was greater than that of pranlukast with a similar safety profile. This study indicates the potential of ONO-4053 for use as a treatment for SAR (JapicCTI-142706).
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Okubo
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - K. Hashiguchi
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyFutaba ClinicTokyoJapan
- Medical Corporation ShinanokaiSamoncho ClinicTokyoJapan
| | - T. Takeda
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyTakeda ClinicSaitamaJapan
| | - K. Baba
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyTakasaka ClinicSaitamaJapan
| | - H. Kitagoh
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyKitagoh ClinicKanagawaJapan
| | - H. Miho
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyMiho ClinicKanagawaJapan
| | - H. Tomomatsu
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyTomomatsu ClinicTokyoJapan
| | - S. Yamaguchi
- Discovery Research Laboratories IIIOno Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.OsakaJapan
| | - M. Odani
- Data ScienceOno Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.OsakaJapan
| | - H. Yamamotoya
- Translational ScienceOno Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.OsakaJapan
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Modena BD, Dazy K, White AA. Emerging concepts: mast cell involvement in allergic diseases. Transl Res 2016; 174:98-121. [PMID: 26976119 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In a process known as overt degranulation, mast cells can release all at once a diverse array of products that are preformed and present within cytoplasmic granules. This occurs typically within seconds of stimulation by environmental factors and allergens. These potent, preformed mediators (ie, histamine, heparin, serotonin, and serine proteases) are responsible for the acute symptoms experienced in allergic conditions such as allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, allergy-induced asthma, urticaria, and anaphylaxis. Yet, there is reason to believe that the actions of mast cells are important when they are not degranulating. Mast cells release preformed mediators and inflammatory cytokines for periods after degranulation and even without degranulating at all. Mast cells are consistently seen at sites of chronic inflammation, including nonallergic inflammation, where they have the ability to temper inflammatory processes and shape tissue morphology. Mast cells can trigger actions and chemotaxis in other important immune cells (eg, eosinophils and the newly discovered type 2 innate lymphocytes) that then make their own contributions to inflammation and disease. In this review, we will discuss the many known and theorized contributions of mast cells to allergic diseases, focusing on several prototypical allergic respiratory and skin conditions: asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, and some of the more common medication hypersensitivity reactions. We discuss traditionally accepted roles that mast cells play in the pathogenesis of each of these conditions, but we also delve into new areas of discovery and research that challenge traditionally accepted paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Modena
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, Calif; Scripps Translational Science Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Kristen Dazy
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, Calif
| | - Andrew A White
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, Calif.
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Abstract
Recent discoveries have led to the identification of a novel group of immune cells, the innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). The members of this group are divided into three subpopulations: ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s. ILC2s produce Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, upon activation by epithelial cell-derived cytokines, lipid mediators (cysteinyl leukotrienes and prostaglandin D2), and TNF family member TL1A and promote structural and immune cell responses in the airways after antigen exposure. In addition, ILC2 function is also influenced by inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS)/ICOS-ligand (ICOS-L) interactions via direct contact between immune cells. The most common airway antigens are allergens and viruses which are highly linked to the induction of airway diseases with underlying type 2 inflammation including asthma and allergic rhinitis. Based on recent findings linking ILC2s and airway Th2 responses, there is intensive investigation into the role of ILC2s in human disease with the hope of a better understanding of the pathophysiology and the discovery of novel potential therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the recent advances made in elucidating ILC2 involvement in human Th2 airway disease.
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Prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene E4 synergize to stimulate diverse TH2 functions and TH2 cell/neutrophil crosstalk. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:1358-66.e1-11. [PMID: 25441644 PMCID: PMC4418751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are lipid mediators derived from mast cells, which activate TH2 cells. The combination of PGD2 and cysLTs (notably cysteinyl leukotriene E4 [LTE4]) enhances TH2 cytokine production. However, the synergistic interaction of cysLTs with PGD2 in promoting TH2 cell activation is still poorly understood. The receptors for these mediators are drug targets in the treatment of allergic diseases, and hence understanding their interaction is likely to have clinical implications. OBJECTIVE We aimed to comprehensively define the roles of PGD2, LTE4, and their combination in activating human TH2 cells and how such activation might allow the TH2 cells to engage downstream effectors, such as neutrophils, which contribute to the pathology of allergic responses. METHODS The effects of PGD2, LTE4, and their combination on human TH2 cell gene expression were defined by using a microarray, and changes in specific inflammatory pathways were confirmed by means of PCR array, quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA, Luminex, flow cytometry, and functional assays, including analysis of downstream neutrophil activation. Blockade of PGD2 and LTE4 was tested by using TM30089, an antagonist of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells, and montelukast, an antagonist of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1. RESULTS PGD2 and LTE4 altered the transcription of a wide range of genes and induced diverse functional responses in TH2 cells, including cell adhesion, migration, and survival and cytokine production. The combination of these lipids synergistically or additively enhanced TH2 responses and, strikingly, induced marked production of diverse nonclassical TH2 inflammatory mediators, including IL-22, IL-8, and GM-CSF, at concentrations sufficient to affect neutrophil activation. CONCLUSIONS PGD2 and LTE4 activate TH2 cells through different pathways but act synergistically to promote multiple downstream effector functions, including neutrophil migration and survival. Combined inhibition of both PGD2 and LTE4 pathways might provide an effective therapeutic strategy for allergic responses, particularly those involving interaction between TH2 cells and neutrophils, such as in patients with severe asthma.
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Maher SA, Birrell MA, Adcock JJ, Wortley MA, Dubuis ED, Bonvini SJ, Grace MS, Belvisi MG. Prostaglandin D2 and the role of the DP1, DP2 and TP receptors in the control of airway reflex events. Eur Respir J 2014; 45:1108-18. [PMID: 25323233 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00061614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) causes cough and levels are increased in asthma suggesting that it may contribute to symptoms. Although the prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 (DP2) is a target for numerous drug discovery programmes little is known about the actions of PGD2 on sensory nerves and cough. We used human and guinea pig bioassays, in vivo electrophysiology and a guinea pig conscious cough model to assess the effect of prostaglandin D2 receptor (DP1), DP2 and thromboxane receptor antagonism on PGD2 responses. PGD2 caused cough in a conscious guinea pig model and an increase in calcium in airway jugular ganglia. Using pharmacology and receptor-deficient mice we showed that the DP1 receptor mediates sensory nerve activation in mouse, guinea pig and human vagal afferents. In vivo, PGD2 and a DP1 receptor agonist, but not a DP2 receptor agonist, activated single airway C-fibres. Interestingly, activation of DP2 inhibited sensory nerve firing to capsaicin in vitro and in vivo. The DP1 receptor could be a therapeutic target for symptoms associated with asthma. Where endogenous PGD2 levels are elevated, loss of DP2 receptor-mediated inhibition of sensory nerves may lead to an increase in vagally associated symptoms and the potential for such adverse effects should be investigated in clinical studies with DP2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Maher
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark A Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John J Adcock
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael A Wortley
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eric D Dubuis
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sara J Bonvini
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Megan S Grace
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria G Belvisi
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Xue L, Barrow A, Fleming VM, Hunter MG, Ogg G, Klenerman P, Pettipher R. Leukotriene E4 activates human Th2 cells for exaggerated proinflammatory cytokine production in response to prostaglandin D2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:694-702. [PMID: 22174450 PMCID: PMC3272457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PGD(2) exerts a number of proinflammatory responses through a high-affinity interaction with chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) and has been detected at high concentrations at sites of allergic inflammation. Because cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are also produced during the allergic response, we investigated the possibility that cysLTs may modulate the response of human Th2 cells to PGD(2). PGD(2) induced concentration-dependent Th2 cytokine production in the absence of TCR stimulation. Leukotrienes D(4) and E(4) (LTE(4)) also stimulated the cytokine production but were much less active than PGD(2). However, when combined with PGD(2), cysLTs caused a greater than additive enhancement of the response, with LTE(4) being most effective in activating Th2 cells. LTE(4) enhanced calcium mobilization in response to PGD(2) in Th2 cells without affecting endogenous PGD(2) production or CRTH2 receptor expression. The effect of LTE(4) was inhibited by montelukast but not by the P2Y(12) antagonist methylthioadenosine 5'-monophosphate. The enhancing effect was also evident with endogenous cysLTs produced from immunologically activated mast cells because inhibition of cysLT action by montelukast or cysLT synthesis by MK886, an inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein, reduced the response of Th2 cells to the levels produced by PGD(2) alone. These findings reveal that cysLTs, in particular LTE(4), have a significant proinflammatory impact on T cells and demonstrate their effects on Th2 cells are mediated by a montelukast-sensitive receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzheng Xue
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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9
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Jamrozik EF, Warrington N, McClenaghan J, Hui J, Musk AW, James A, Beilby JP, Hansen J, DE Klerk NH, Palmer LJ. Functional haplotypes in the PTGDR gene fail to associate with asthma in two Australian populations. Respirology 2011; 16:359-66. [PMID: 21199159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Haplotypes in the promoter region of the prostanoid DP receptor (PTGDR) gene have been shown to functionally influence gene transcription and to be associated with asthma in two previous case-control studies in Caucasians. This study tested the association of PTGDR haplotypes with asthma phenotypes in two large Caucasian-Australian populations. These results were incorporated in a meta-analysis with previously published data to determine the overall role for these haplotypes in the risk of asthma. METHODS Three PTGDR promoter-region single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were genotyped in 368 individuals from the Western Australian Twin Child Health study and 2988 individuals from the Busselton Health Study. Logistic regression and transition disequilibrium tests were used to assess whether SNP genotypes and three SNP haplotypes were associated with doctor-diagnosed asthma or intermediate quantitative traits. Longitudinal data from the Busselton Health Study were used to examine whether PTGDR influences changes in lung function over time. Meta-analysis incorporated the findings of this study with those of two previous studies in Caucasian populations. RESULTS Cross-sectional associations between PTGDR haplotypes and asthma phenotypes were non-significant (P > 0.05) in both populations. Longitudinal analyses of PTGDR and lung function were also non-significant. Meta-analysis, however, suggested that haplotype TCT was significantly associated with decreased risk of asthma (OR = 0.76; P = 0.02) while haplotype CCC was not significantly associated with asthma (OR = 1.30; P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that despite the non-significant findings in the present study populations, PTGDR promoter haplotypes may account for a small but significant proportion of the risk of asthma in Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euzebiusz F Jamrozik
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Liu J, Fu Z, Wang Y, Schmitt M, Huang A, Marshall D, Tonn G, Seitz L, Sullivan T, Lucy Tang H, Collins T, Medina J. Discovery and optimization of CRTH2 and DP dual antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6419-23. [PMID: 19804971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of phenylacetic acid derivatives was discovered as CRTH2 antagonists. Modification of the series led to compounds that are also antagonists of DP. Since activation of CRTH2 and DP are believed to play key roles in mediating responses of asthma and other immune diseases, this series was optimized to increase the dual antagonistic activities and improve pharmacokinetic properties. These efforts led to selection of AMG 009 as a clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Liu
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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11
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Okano M, Fujiwara T, Sugata Y, Gotoh D, Masaoka Y, Sogo M, Tanimoto W, Yamamoto M, Matsumoto R, Eguchi N, Kiniwa M, Isik AU, Urade Y, Nishizaki K. Presence and characterization of prostaglandin D2-related molecules in nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 20:342-8. [PMID: 16871941 DOI: 10.2500/ajr.2006.20.2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is the major prostanoid produced in the acute phase of allergic reactions. However, its pathophysiological role in addition to the pathway of production in allergic rhinitis remains unclear. We sought to determine the expression of synthases and receptors for PGD2 in human nasal mucosa. These expressions were compared between allergic and nonallergic patients. METHODS The expression and localization of hematopoietic-type (h)-PGD2 synthase (PGDS) and lipocalin-type (l)-PGDS were detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of D prostanoid (DP) receptor and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The h-PGDS but not l-PGDS was clearly expressed in nasal mucosa. The expression of h-PGDS in allergic patients was significantly higher than in control patients without mucosal hypertrophy. A variety of infiltrating cells including mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes as well as constitutive cells such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts expressed h-PGDS. The expression of both DP and CRTH2 was confirmed also. Although either the amount of DP or the amount of CRTH2 was not correlated with serum levels of IgE, the amount of CRTH2 but not DP was highly and significantly correlated with the number of eosinophils infiltrating into nasal musosa. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PGD2 is released via the action of h-PGDS from various cells, and the expression of h-PGDS may be associated with the hypertrophic inflammation in the nose. In addition, ligation of PGD2 to CRTH2 appears to be selectively involved in eosinophil recruitment into the nose regardless of atopic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Okano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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Medina JC, Liu J. PGD2 Antagonists. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(06)41014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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13
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Gazi L, Gyles S, Rose J, Lees S, Allan C, Xue L, Jassal R, Speight G, Gamble V, Pettipher R. Delta12-prostaglandin D2 is a potent and selective CRTH2 receptor agonist and causes activation of human eosinophils and Th2 lymphocytes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2005; 75:153-67. [PMID: 15789622 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is a lipid mediator produced by mast cells, macrophages and Th2 lymphocytes and has been detected in high concentrations in the airways of asthmatic patients. There are two receptors for PGD2, namely the D prostanoid (DP) receptor and the chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). The proinflammatory effects of PGD2 leading to recruitment of eosinophils and Th2 lymphocytes into inflamed tissues is thought to be predominantly due to action on CRTH2. Several PGD2 metabolites have been described as potent and selective agonists for CRTH2. In this study we have characterized the activity of delta12-PGD2, a product of PGD2 isomerization by albumin. Delta12-PGD2 induced calcium mobilization in CHO cells expressing human CRTH2 receptor, with efficacy and potency similar to those of PGD2. These effects were blocked by the TP/CRTH2 antagonist ramatroban. delta12-PGD2 bound to CRTH2 receptor with a pKi of 7.63, and a 55-fold selectivity for CRTH2 compared to DP. In Th2 lymphocytes, delta12-PGD2 induced calcium mobilization with high potency and an efficacy similar to that of PGD2. delta12-PGD2 also caused activation of eosinophils as measured by shape change. Taken together, these results show that delta12-PGD2 is a potent and selective agonist for CRTH2 receptor and can cause activation of eosinophils and Th2 lymphocytes. These data also confirm the selective effect of other PGD2 metabolites on CRTH2 and illustrate how the metabolism of PGD2 may influence the pattern of leukocyte infiltration at sites of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Gazi
- Drug Discovery Department, Oxagen Limited, 91 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RY, UK.
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Honda K, Arima M, Cheng G, Taki S, Hirata H, Eda F, Fukushima F, Yamaguchi B, Hatano M, Tokuhisa T, Fukuda T. Prostaglandin D2 reinforces Th2 type inflammatory responses of airways to low-dose antigen through bronchial expression of macrophage-derived chemokine. J Exp Med 2003; 198:533-43. [PMID: 12925672 PMCID: PMC2194171 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20022218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PGD2, a lipid mediator released from mast cells, is known to participate in allergic reactions. However, the mechanism by which PGD2 contributes to such reactions remains unclear. We established a novel experimental model of asthma that permitted direct assessment of the role of PGD2 in airway inflammation. Antigen-sensitized mice were exposed to aerosolized prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) 1 d before challenge with low-dose aerosolized antigen. Not only the numbers of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages but also the levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were higher in PGD2-pretreated mice than in control mice. The expression of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), a chemoattractant for Th2 cells, was greater in PGD2-pretreated mice than in control. Injection of anti-MDC antibody into PGD2-pretreated mice markedly inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration as well as Th2 cyto-kine production after antigen challenge. These results indicate that PGD2 accelerates Th2 type inflammation by induction of MDC. Our results suggest that this mechanism may play a key role in the development of human asthma and that MDC might be a target molecule for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Honda
- Deptartment of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu-machi Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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15
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Fujitani Y, Kanaoka Y, Aritake K, Uodome N, Okazaki-Hatake K, Urade Y. Pronounced eosinophilic lung inflammation and Th2 cytokine release in human lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase transgenic mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:443-9. [PMID: 11751991 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PGD(2) is a major lipid mediator released from mast cells, but little is known about its role in the development of allergic reactions. We used transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing human lipocalin-type PGD synthase to examine the effect of overproduction of PGD(2) in an OVA-induced murine asthma model. The sensitization of wild-type (WT) and TG mice was similar as judged by the content of OVA-specific IgE. After OVA challenge, PGD(2), but not PGE(2), substantially increased in the lungs of WT and TG mice with greater PGD(2) increment in TG mice compared with WT mice. The numbers of eosinophils and lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were significantly greater in TG mice than in WT mice on days 1 and 3 post-OVA challenge, whereas the numbers of macrophages and neutrophils were the same in both WT and TG mice. The levels of IL-4, IL-5, and eotaxin in BAL fluid were also significantly higher in TG mice than in WT mice, although the level of IFN-gamma in the BAL fluid of TG mice was decreased compared with that in WT mice. Furthermore, lymphocytes isolated from the lungs of TG mice secreted less IFN-gamma than those from WT mice, whereas IL-4 production was unchanged between WT and TG mice. Thus, overproduction of PGD(2) caused an increase in the levels of Th2 cytokines and a chemokine, accompanied by the enhanced accumulation of eosinophils and lymphocytes in the lung. These results indicate that PGD(2) plays an important role in late phase allergic reactions in the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Fujitani
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corp., Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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