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Mouncey R, Arango-Sabogal JC, de Mestre A, Verheyen KL. Associations between turn out practices and rates of musculoskeletal disease and injury in Thoroughbred foals and yearlings on stud farms in the United Kingdom. Equine Vet J 2023. [PMID: 38146768 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life locomotor activity during turn out may alter susceptibility to musculoskeletal disease and injury via modulation of behaviours and tissue development during growth. OBJECTIVES Investigate associations between turn out practices and rates of musculoskeletal disease and injury in young Thoroughbreds on stud farms in the United Kingdom. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort. METHODS Daily records were kept on location and duration of turn out for 134 Thoroughbred foals on six stud farms, from birth until leaving the farm or study exit. Data on veterinary-attended episodes of musculoskeletal disease or injury were collated concurrently. Average daily turn out times (hours), areas (acres) and group size (n foals) were calculated for rolling 7- and 30-day periods of age. Multivariable Cox regression, including farm as a random effect, was used to investigate associations between turn out practices and musculoskeletal disease and injury. RESULTS The overall incidence of musculoskeletal disease or injury was 5.3 cases/100 foal-months at risk (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.2-6.6). Compared with 24/7 turn out, average daily turn out times of between 9 and 23 hours over a 7-day period were associated with a 4.6-fold increase in musculoskeletal injury rate (95% CI: 1.7-12.3; P < 0.001), adjusting for farm and paddock area. Each 1-acre increase in the average daily turn out area during the 4th month of life, reduced the rate of musculoskeletal disease and injury between 6 and 18 months of age by 24% (hazard ratio 0.76, 95% CI: 0.58-0.99; P < 0.001), adjusting for farm and turn out time. MAIN LIMITATIONS Non-random sample of participants may affect generalisability. Use of veterinary-attended events likely underestimates disease/injury rates. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that disruptions or alterations to turn out time routines increase injury risk and should be avoided where possible. Turn out in larger paddocks, particularly before weaning, may confer protection against subsequent musculoskeletal disease and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mouncey
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Juan C Arango-Sabogal
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amanda de Mestre
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kristien L Verheyen
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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2
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Van Cauter R, Serteyn D, Lejeune JP, Rousset A, Caudron I. Evaluation of the appearance of osteochondrosis lesions by two radiographic examinations in sport horses aged from 12 to 36 months. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286213. [PMID: 37220101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondrosis is a developmental orthopedic disease characterized by a defect of enchondral ossification. This pathological condition develops and evolves during growth and is influenced by various factors, in particular genetic and environmental. However, little research has been conducted on the dynamic of this condition in horses after the age of 12 months. The retrospective study presented here investigates changes in osteochondrosis lesions through two standardized radiographic examinations carried out on young Walloon sport horses after one year of age (mean age at first and second examination was 407 (±41) and 680 (±117) days respectively). Each examination, analyzed independently by three veterinarians, included latero-medial views of the fetlocks, hocks, stifles, plantarolateral-dorsomedial hocks view and additional radiograph if the operator deemed it necessary. Each joint site was graded as healthy, osteochondrosis (OC) or osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) affected. A group of 58 horses was studied, among them 20 presented one or more osteochondrosis lesions for a total of 36 lesions present during at least one examination. In this population, 4 animals (6.9%) presented osteochondrosis during only one examination (2 at the first examination and 2 at the second one). Moreover, it was possible to demonstrate the appearance, disappearance and more generally the evolution of 9/36 lesions (25%) within the different joints. The results of the study suggest that, although substantial main limitations, osteochondrosis lesions can evolve after the age of 12 months in sport horses. Knowing this is useful in helping to decide the appropriate radiographic diagnosis timing and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Van Cauter
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Équidés, Chirurgie et Orthopédie, FARAH, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Équidés, Chirurgie et Orthopédie, FARAH, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Philippe Lejeune
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Équidés, Chirurgie et Orthopédie, FARAH, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alycia Rousset
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Caudron
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Équidés, Chirurgie et Orthopédie, FARAH, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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3
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Sauer FJ, Verhaar N, Geburek F. Maternal allogeneic cancellous bone graft for the treatment of osteitis along the physeal scar of the proximal metatarsus in a foal. Vet Surg 2023; 52:467-477. [PMID: 36541337 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the treatment and outcome of a foal with a fresh allogenic cancellous bone graft after surgical debridement of a traumatic septic osteitis. ANIMAL A neonatal Quarter Horse foal. STUDY DESIGN Case report. METHODS The foal sustained a traumatic laceration exposing the proximal third metatarsal bone. One week after surgical debridement and closure, radiographic signs of septic osteitis were noted along the physeal scar. The lesion was debrided, and antimicrobial therapy was implemented. The infection resolved but left a large defect in the metaphysis and epiphysis. Grafting was indicated to avoid pathologic fractures of the plantar and proximal cortices. Due to a discrepancy between defect size and the bone stock of the foal, an allogeneic cancellous bone graft was harvested from the dam's tuber coxae and used to fill the foal's defect. RESULTS No adverse reactions to the graft were noted. After 1 month, the wound had healed. Radiographic examination was consistent with graft incorporation in the bone structure. The foal was sound at a walk and trot when examined at 6, 12, and 21 months. The bone's contour was even and its structure homogeneously radio dense. The surgical site of the mare healed without complications. CONCLUSION Fresh allogenic cancellous bone grafting resulted in the healing of a large traumatic-septic bone defect in a foal, with an excellent functional and cosmetic outcome. For future use, compatibility testing should be considered prior to allogeneic bone grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay J Sauer
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Verhaar
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Geburek
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Hoey S, O'Sullivan J, Byrne J, Devine S, Toomey W, McAllister H, Skelly C. Ultrasound screening protocol for osteochondrosis at selected predilection sites in thoroughbred yearlings. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:8. [PMID: 35477486 PMCID: PMC9044857 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteochondrosis is a common condition of young horses where there is a failure of endochondral ossification, usually at predisposed sites. The estimated prevalence of osteochondrosis is 33–44%, with radiographic screening of yearlings being used to identify lesions. Radiography has two major limitations: poor sensitivity in detecting cartilaginous lesions and secondly, the exposure of the horse and personnel to ionising radiation. Ultrasonography allows imaging of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone margins and has been shown to be more sensitive in identifying osteochondrosis lesions. However, the ultrasonographic technique for examining joints is operator dependant, resulting in highly variable examinations, thus affecting its reliability and reproducibility as a screening test. Results A prospective observational clinical population study was undertaken involving twenty-two clinically normal weanling thoroughbred horses on-farm, describing a detailed protocol of the ultrasonographic examination technique for on-farm screening of common sites of osteochondral disease in the young horse, namely the carpal, metacarpophalangeal, stifle, tarsal and metatarsophalangeal joints. Conclusion Two veterinary practitioners used the technique to illustrate the repeatability of the protocol. The step-by-step protocol provides a valuable, reliable, repeatable technique for veterinary professionals performing screening ultrasound in the field. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13620-022-00216-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus Hoey
- Equine Clinical Studies, Diagnostic Imaging and Anaesthesia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - Jennifer Byrne
- Equine Clinical Studies, Diagnostic Imaging and Anaesthesia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Devine
- Equine Clinical Studies, Diagnostic Imaging and Anaesthesia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William Toomey
- Clinic na gCapall, Farranacurragh, Oldleighin, Co. Carlow, Ireland
| | - Hester McAllister
- Equine Clinical Studies, Diagnostic Imaging and Anaesthesia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cliona Skelly
- Equine Clinical Studies, Diagnostic Imaging and Anaesthesia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Chavatte-Palmer P, Derisoud E, Robles M. Pregnancy and placental development in horses: an update. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 79:106692. [PMID: 34823139 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Horses have been domesticated by man and historical information mostly associates horses with men. Nowadays, however, horse riding is essentially by women. Women are also very much involved in equine sciences, with a large contribution to the understanding of fetoplacental development. While highlighting the work of female scientists, this review describes the recent advances in equine fetoplacental studies, focusing on data obtained by new generation sequencing and progress on the understanding of the role of placental progesterone metabolites throughout gestation. A second emphasis is made on fetal programming, a currently very active field, where the importance of maternal nutrition, mare management or the use of embryo technologies has been shown to induce long term effects in the offspring that might affect progeny's performance. Finally, new perspectives for the study of equine pregnancy are drawn, that will rely on new methodologies applied to molecular explorations and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France.
| | - E Derisoud
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - M Robles
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; INRS Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec H7V1B7, Canada
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6
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Clothier J, Small A, Hinch G, Brown WY. Perinatal Stress in Immature Foals May Lead to Subclinical Adrenocortical Dysregulation in Adult Horses: Pilot Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Genome-wide association analyses of osteochondrosis in Belgian Warmbloods reveal candidate genes associated with chondrocyte development. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103870. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Robles M, Hammer C, Staniar B, Chavatte-Palmer P. Nutrition of Broodmares. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:177-205. [PMID: 33820606 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Forage availability should cover most needs for mares bred during spring and summer. Out-of-season breeding, lack of access to pasture, or good quality forage calls for nutritional supplementation. Current evaluations of broodmare needs are based on fetoplacental tissue requirements, but do not consider endocrine changes or that the maternal diet quality affects long-term foal health. This article reviews pregnant mares' current nutritional recommendations. Secondly, fetoplacental developmental stages during gestation are outlined, defining critical periods in the context of the developmental origins of health and disease. Last, examples of how maternal nutrition affects long-term foal health are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Robles
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Armand Frappier, 532 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7V 1B7; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France.
| | - Carolyn Hammer
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, 1300 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Burt Staniar
- Penn State University, 316 Agricultural Sciences & Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
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9
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Chiaradia E, Pepe M, Sassi P, Mohren R, Orvietani PL, Paolantoni M, Tognoloni A, Sforna M, Eveque M, Tombolesi N, Cillero-Pastor B. Comparative label-free proteomic analysis of equine osteochondrotic chondrocytes. J Proteomics 2020; 228:103927. [PMID: 32768606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis is a developmental orthopedic disease affecting growing cartilage in young horses. In this study we compared the proteomes of equine chondrocytes obtained from healthy and osteochondrotic cartilage using a label-free mass spectrometry approach. Quantitative changes of some proteins selected for their involvement in different functional pathways highlighted by the bioinformatics analysis, were validated by western blotting, while biochemical alterations of extracellular matrix were confirmed via Raman spectroscopy analysis. In total 1637 proteins were identified, of which 59 were differentially abundant. Overall, the results highlighted differentially represented proteins involved in metabolic and functional pathways that may be related to the failure of the endochondral ossification process occurring in osteochondrosis. In particular, we identified proteins involved in extracellular matrix degradation and organization, vitamin metabolism, osteoblast differentiation, apoptosis, protein folding and localization, signalling and gene expression modulation and lysosomal activities. These results provide valuable new insights to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the development and progression of osteochondrosis. SIGNIFICANCE: Osteochondrosis is a common articular disorder in young horses mainly due to defects in endochondral ossification. The pathogenesis of osteochondrosis is still poorly understood and only a limited number of proteomic studies have been conducted. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of proteomic alterations occurring in equine osteochondrotic chondrocytes, the only resident cell type that modulates differentiation and maturation of articular cartilage. The results evidenced alterations in abundance of proteins involved in functional and metabolic pathways and in extracellular matrix remodelling. These findings could help clarify some molecular aspects of osteochondrosis and open new fields of research for elucidating the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Chiaradia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marco Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Paola Sassi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ronny Mohren
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, via Gambuli, 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Paolantoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Tognoloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maxime Eveque
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Niki Tombolesi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Berta Cillero-Pastor
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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Clothier J, Small A, Hinch G, Brown WY. Prematurity and Dysmaturity Are Associated With Reduced Height and Shorter Distal Limb Length in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:103129. [PMID: 32684267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The long-term effects of gestational immaturity in the premature (defined as < 320 days gestation) and dysmature (normal term but showing some signs of prematurity) foal have not been thoroughly investigated. Studies have reported that a high percentage of gestationally immature foals with related orthopedic issues such as incomplete ossification may fail to fulfill their intended athletic purpose, particularly in Thoroughbred racing. In humans, premature birth is associated with shorter stature at maturity and variations in anatomical ratios, linked to alterations in metabolism and timing of physeal closure in the long bones. We hypothesized that gestational immaturity in horses might similarly be associated with reduced height and different anatomical ratios at maturity. In this preliminary study, the skeletal ratios of horses with a history of gestational immaturity, identified through veterinary and breeder records, were compared with those of unaffected, closely related horses (i.e., sire, dam, sibling). External measurements were taken from conformation photographs of cases (n = 19) and related horses (n = 28), and these were then combined into indices to evaluate and compare metric properties of conformation. A principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components account for 43.8% of the total conformational variation of the horses' external features, separating horses with a rectangular conformation (body length > height at the withers), from those that are more square (body length = height at the withers). Varimax rotation of PC1 and analysis of different gestational groups showed a significant effect of gestational immaturity (P = .001), with the premature group being more affected than the dysmature group (P = .009, P = .012). Mean values for the four dominant indices showed that these groups have significantly lower distal limb to body length relationships than controls. The observed differences suggest that gestational immaturity may affect anatomical ratios at maturity, which, in combination with orthopedic issues arising from incomplete ossification, may have a further impact on long-term athletic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Clothier
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, New England Highway, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia; Canine and Equine Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia; School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Alison Small
- Canine and Equine Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoff Hinch
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wendy Y Brown
- Canine and Equine Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia; School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Rogers CW, Gee EK, Bolwell CF, Rosanowski SM. Commercial equine production in New Zealand. 2. Growth and development of the equine athlete. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an16752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During the past 20 years, there has been a contraction in the New Zealand Thoroughbred industry and, to a lesser extent, within the Standardbred industry. These changes have seen an increasing proportion of the market being associated with fewer larger commercial farms. Many of these farms manage their own mares, and the mares and foals of several clients. This, in turn, has increased the similarity of the management of breeding and young stock within New Zealand. The temperate climate allows the majority of the management of breeding and young stock to be pasture based. The predominant pasture is ryegrass–clover mix that has been demonstrated to provide adequate nutrition for growth and development. The temperate climate also permits management of horses at pasture year round, which is proposed to stimulate development of the musculoskeletal system. Apart from a brief period during weaning, most young stock remain at pasture from birth until the start of yearling preparation. Free access to pasture exercise provides the opportunity to stimulate the musculoskeletal system for the future challenges as a racehorse. The export focus of many of the equine industries heavily influences the management decisions. Despite the availability of good-quality pasture post-weaning, many foals receive up to 50% of the daily dietary energy requirement as concentrates, possibly reflecting the emphasis on early sales as yearlings and the drive to optimise growth. The observations of drench resistance of common internal parasites presents an emerging problem for pasture-based production systems. A large proportion of the Thoroughbred foal crop is exported as yearlings or ready to run 2-year-olds. There is an increasing trend for Standardbreds to be sold as yearlings and this has resulted in changes in the management of Standardbred young stock.
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12
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Santschi EM, Prichard MA, Whitman JL, Batten CA, Strathman TA, Canada NC, Morehead JP. Stifle radiography in Thoroughbreds from 6 to 18 months of age. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Santschi
- Department of Clinical Sciences Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas USA
| | | | | | - C. A. Batten
- Equine Medical Associates Lexington Kentucky USA
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13
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Raudsepp T, Finno CJ, Bellone RR, Petersen JL. Ten years of the horse reference genome: insights into equine biology, domestication and population dynamics in the post-genome era. Anim Genet 2019; 50:569-597. [PMID: 31568563 PMCID: PMC6825885 DOI: 10.1111/age.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The horse reference genome from the Thoroughbred mare Twilight has been available for a decade and, together with advances in genomics technologies, has led to unparalleled developments in equine genomics. At the core of this progress is the continuing improvement of the quality, contiguity and completeness of the reference genome, and its functional annotation. Recent achievements include the release of the next version of the reference genome (EquCab3.0) and generation of a reference sequence for the Y chromosome. Horse satellite‐free centromeres provide unique models for mammalian centromere research. Despite extremely low genetic diversity of the Y chromosome, it has been possible to trace patrilines of breeds and pedigrees and show that Y variation was lost in the past approximately 2300 years owing to selective breeding. The high‐quality reference genome has led to the development of three different SNP arrays and WGSs of almost 2000 modern individual horses. The collection of WGS of hundreds of ancient horses is unique and not available for any other domestic species. These tools and resources have led to global population studies dissecting the natural history of the species and genetic makeup and ancestry of modern breeds. Most importantly, the available tools and resources, together with the discovery of functional elements, are dissecting molecular causes of a growing number of Mendelian and complex traits. The improved understanding of molecular underpinnings of various traits continues to benefit the health and performance of the horse whereas also serving as a model for complex disease across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - C J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - R R Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - J L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
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14
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Fradinho MJ, Mateus L, Bernardes N, Bessa RJB, Caldeira RM, Ferreira-Dias G. Growth patterns, metabolic indicators and osteoarticular status in the Lusitano horse: A longitudinal study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219900. [PMID: 31314780 PMCID: PMC6636759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a healthy musculoskeletal system is of high concern for horse breeders and users. A longitudinal field study was performed in order to: (i) evaluate growth patterns and long-term changes on bone quality, bone metabolism, growth factors and metabolic variables in the Lusitano horse; and (ii) retrospectively assess whether these changes were related with radiographic findings regarding osteochondrosis-like lesions (OC) at the onset of training. Thirty-four Lusitano foals born and raised at four stud-farms, were periodically weighed (BW), and measured (withers height-WH) from birth to 36 months of age. On the same days, blood samples were collected for determination of osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), leptin, insulin, glucose, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus and magnesium plasma concentrations, and quantitative ultrasound measurements were performed on the right third metacarpal bone (McIII). At the end of the study horses underwent radiographic examination of the four fetlocks, hocks and stifles. According to their radiographic status (OC negative vs. OC positive), Richards growth function was adjusted to BW and WH data. Instantaneous BW and WH growth rates (BW IADG and WH IADG) were calculated for each foal, from the resolution of the first derivative of growth models for seven age-classes. The presence of radiographic findings compatible with OC at the onset of training was associated with changes in BW and WH growth rates. Positive horses presented higher BW IADG from six to 18 months of age and lower WH IADG before 45 days of age (P<0.001). Speed of sound measurements (SOS), bone markers, growth factors and other metabolic variables change markedly with age (P<0.01). OC positive horses tended to have lower SOS values at the lateral region of McIII, lower IGF-I, and higher insulin and PTH concentrations (P<0.1). This study provides indirect evidence that monitoring foals’ growth during the first year of life may be of assistance in managing the occurrence of OC. Further studies with a higher number of animals and a controlled feed intake should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Fradinho
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Luísa Mateus
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bernardes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui J. B. Bessa
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Caldeira
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Graça Ferreira-Dias
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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Mendoza L, Franck T, Lejeune JP, Caudron I, Detilleux J, Deliège B, Serteyn D. Is Sclerostin Glycoprotein a Suitable Biomarker for Equine Osteochondrosis? J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 64:27-33. [PMID: 30973148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis (OC) disease appears to be multifactorial in origin, including skeletal growth rates, nutrition, endocrinological factors, exercise, biomechanics, and other environmental factors. Endocrinological and metabolic factors seem to have an important role in the pathogeny of OC like the Wnt signaling pathway. One of the regulators in the Wnt signaling pathway is the sclerostin glycoprotein. The aim of this study was to investigate the sclerostin blood concentration according to the evolution of the disease, the environment, and the age but also its use as a possible biomarker for OC disease. Relation between age and sclerostin concentrations was calculated by a linear regression. A relation was found between age and sclerostin concentrations, but also a significant relation between age and the sclerostin concentrations was observed for two subgroups (OC affected and healthy). Evolution of the disease related to the sclerostin concentration was assessed with two logistic regressions (risk of developing OC and recovery of existing lesions), but not any significance was found. In conclusion, these results show that, despite the possible link of sclerostin with the OC pathogenesis through the Wnt pathway, circulating levels of this glycoprotein shall not be used as a biomarker for the disease. Besides, more studies are needed to fully understand the functions of sclerostin in the equine specie since it may play an important role in bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mendoza
- Anesthésiologie générale et pathologie chirurgicale des grands animaux. University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Equine Research and Development Center, Mont-le-Soie, Belgium.
| | - Thierry Franck
- Centre for Oxygen Research and Development-CORD, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Philippe Lejeune
- Anesthésiologie générale et pathologie chirurgicale des grands animaux. University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Equine Research and Development Center, Mont-le-Soie, Belgium
| | | | - Johann Detilleux
- Anesthésiologie générale et pathologie chirurgicale des grands animaux. University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Didier Serteyn
- Anesthésiologie générale et pathologie chirurgicale des grands animaux. University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Equine Research and Development Center, Mont-le-Soie, Belgium
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16
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies in humans and animal models (including ruminants and horses) have highlighted the critical role of nutrition on developmental programming. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that the nutritional environment during the periconceptional period and foetal development can altered the postnatal performance of the resultant offspring. This nutritional programming can be exerted by maternal and paternal lineages and can affect offspring beyond the F1 generation. Alterations in epigenetic mechanisms have been proposed as the causative link behind the programming trajectories observed in the offspring. Although a clear cause-effect relationship between epigenetic modifications during early development and later offspring phenotype has not been demonstrated in livestock species, strong associations have been reported for some epigenetic marks (e.g. messenger RNA) that are worth exploring as possible predictors of future offspring phenotype. In this review, we shortly describe the main epigenetic mechanisms studied so far in mammals (i.e. mainly in the mouse) thought to be associated with developmental programming, and discuss the few studies available in mammalian herbivores (e.g. cattle) showing the effect of nutrition on epigenetic marks and the associated phenotype. Clearly, there is a need to develop research on nutritional strategies capable of modulating the epigenetic machinery with positive influence on the phenotype of livestock herbivores. This type of research is needed to alleviate the challenges currently faced by the livestock industry (e.g. impaired fertility of high-yielding dairy cows). This in turn will have a positive influence on animal welfare and productivity of livestock enterprises.
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Naccache F, Metzger J, Distl O. Genetic risk factors for osteochondrosis in various horse breeds. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:556-563. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Naccache
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics Hannover Germany
| | - J. Metzger
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics Hannover Germany
| | - O. Distl
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics Hannover Germany
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Robles M, Nouveau E, Gautier C, Mendoza L, Dubois C, Dahirel M, Lagofun B, Aubrière MC, Lejeune JP, Caudron I, Guenon I, Viguié C, Wimel L, Bouraima-Lelong H, Serteyn D, Couturier-Tarrade A, Chavatte-Palmer P. Maternal obesity increases insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation and osteochondrosis lesions in foals and yearlings until 18 months of age. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190309. [PMID: 29373573 PMCID: PMC5786290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a growing concern in horses. The effects of maternal obesity on maternal metabolism and low-grade inflammation during pregnancy, as well as offspring growth, metabolism, low-grade inflammation, testicular maturation and osteochondrotic lesions until 18 months of age were investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-four mares were used and separated into two groups at insemination according to body condition score (BCS): Normal (N, n = 10, BCS ≤4) and Obese (O, n = 14, BCS ≥4.25). BCS and plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride, urea, non-esterified fatty acid, serum amyloid A (SAA), leptin and adiponectin concentrations were monitored throughout gestation. At 300 days of gestation, a Frequently Sampled Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (FSIGT) was performed. After parturition, foals' weight and size were monitored until 18 months of age with plasma SAA, leptin, adiponectin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and cortisol concentrations measured at regular intervals. At 6, 12 and 18 months of age, FSIGT and osteoarticular examinations were performed. Males were gelded at one year and expression of genes involved in testicular maturation analysed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Throughout the experiment, maternal BCS was higher in O versus N mares. During gestation, plasma urea and adiponectin were decreased and SAA and leptin increased in O versus N mares. O mares were also more insulin resistant than N mares with a higher glucose effectiveness. Postnatally, there was no difference in offspring growth between groups. Nevertheless, plasma SAA concentrations were increased in O versus N foals until 6 months, with O foals being consistently more insulin resistant with a higher glucose effectiveness. At 12 months of age, O foals were significantly more affected by osteochondrosis than N foals. All other parameters were not different between groups. CONCLUSION In conclusion, maternal obesity altered metabolism and increased low-grade inflammation in both dams and foals. The risk of developing osteochondrosis at 12 months of age was also higher in foals born to obese dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Robles
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - E. Nouveau
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - C. Gautier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, EA2608, OeReCa, USC-INRA, Caen, France
| | - L. Mendoza
- Clinique Equine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - C. Dubois
- IFCE, Station Expérimentale de la Valade, Chamberet, France
| | - M. Dahirel
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - B. Lagofun
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - M-C Aubrière
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - J-P Lejeune
- Clinique Equine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - I. Caudron
- Clinique Equine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - I. Guenon
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, EA2608, OeReCa, USC-INRA, Caen, France
| | - C. Viguié
- INRA, UMR Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - L. Wimel
- IFCE, Station Expérimentale de la Valade, Chamberet, France
| | | | - D. Serteyn
- Clinique Equine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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20
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Incidence of Juvenile Osteochondral Conditions in Thoroughbred Weanlings in the South of Brazil. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Chavatte-Palmer P, Peugnet P, Robles M. Developmental programming in equine species: relevance for the horse industry. Anim Front 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/af.2017-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline Peugnet
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Morgane Robles
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France
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Martinson KL, Siciliano PD, Sheaffer CC, McIntosh BJ, Swinker AM, Williams CA. A Review of Equine Grazing Research Methodologies. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Maternal Nutrition during Pregnancy Affects Testicular and Bone Development, Glucose Metabolism and Response to Overnutrition in Weaned Horses Up to Two Years. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169295. [PMID: 28081146 PMCID: PMC5231272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pregnant mares and post-weaning foals are often fed concentrates rich in soluble carbohydrates, together with forage. Recent studies suggest that the use of concentrates is linked to alterations of metabolism and the development of osteochondrosis in foals. The aim of this study was to determine if broodmare diet during gestation affects metabolism, osteoarticular status and growth of yearlings overfed from 20 to 24 months of age and/or sexual maturity in prepubertal colts. Material and methods Twenty-four saddlebred mares were fed forage only (n = 12, group F) or cracked barley and forage (n = 12, group B) from mid-gestation until foaling. Colts were gelded at 12 months of age. Between 20 and 24 months of age, all yearlings were overfed (+140% of requirements) using an automatic concentrate feeder. Offspring were monitored for growth between 6 and 24 months of age, glucose homeostasis was evaluated via modified frequently sampled intra veinous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) at 19 and 24 months of age and osteoarticular status was investigated using radiographic examinations at 24 months of age. The structure and function of testicles from prepubertal colts were analyzed using stereology and RT-qPCR. Results Post-weaning weight growth was not different between groups. Testicular maturation was delayed in F colts compared to B colts at 12 months of age. From 19 months of age, the cannon bone was wider in B vs F yearlings. F yearlings were more insulin resistant at 19 months compared to B yearlings but B yearlings were affected more severely by overnutrition with reduced insulin sensitivity. The osteoarticular status at 24 months of age was not different between groups. Conclusion In conclusion, nutritional management of the pregnant broodmare and the growing foal may affect sexual maturity of colts and the metabolism of foals until 24 months of age. These effects may be deleterious for reproductive and sportive performances in older horses.
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Enhanced or Reduced Fetal Growth Induced by Embryo Transfer Into Smaller or Larger Breeds Alters Postnatal Growth and Metabolism in Weaned Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Russell J, Matika O, Russell T, Reardon RJM. Heritability and prevalence of selected osteochondrosis lesions in yearling Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:282-287. [PMID: 27448988 PMCID: PMC5412687 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteochondrosis is considered multifactorial in origin, with factors such as nutrition, conformation, body size, trauma and genetics thought to contribute to its pathogenesis. Few studies have investigated the effects of genetic variability of osteochondrosis in Thoroughbreds. OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence and genetic variability of a subset of osteochondrosis lesions in a group of Thoroughbred yearlings. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Radiographs of 1962 Thoroughbred yearlings were retrieved from clinical records obtained between 2005 and 2013. Pedigree information was obtained from the Australian Stud Book. Osteochondrosis lesions were documented in selected joints and estimates of heritability were obtained by fitting linear mixed models in ASREML software. RESULTS The overall prevalence of osteochondrosis was 23%. Osteochondrosis was identified in 10% of stifle joints, 6% of hock joints and 8% of fetlock joints. The heritability estimates ranged from 0 to 0.21. The largest estimates were 0.10, 0.14, 0.16 and 0.21 for lesions of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia, dorso-proximal proximal phalanx (P1), any stifle osteochondrosis, and lesions of the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur, respectively. Although calculated heritability estimates had high standard errors, meta-analyses combining the present results with published estimates were significant at 0.10, 0.17, 0.15 and 0.20 for stifle, tarsal, fetlock and these joints combined, respectively. In addition, there was a permanent environment attributable to the dam effect. MAIN LIMITATIONS Inclusion criteria were based on radiographic findings in specific joints at a specific age range in Thoroughbreds. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that only a proportion of osteochondrosis in Thoroughbreds is heritable. The permanent environment effects of the dam were observed to have effects on some categories of osteochondrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Russell
- Victorian Equine Group, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - O Matika
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - T Russell
- Victorian Equine Group, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - R J M Reardon
- Department of Surgery, Hospital for Large Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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Chavatte-Palmer P, Robles M, Tarrade A, Duranthon V. Gametes, Embryos, and Their Epigenome: Considerations for Equine Embryo Technologies. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Mendoza L, Lejeune JP, Caudron I, Detilleux J, Sandersen C, Deliège B, Serteyn D. Impact of feeding and housing on the development of osteochondrosis in foals-A longitudinal study. Prev Vet Med 2016; 127:10-4. [PMID: 27094134 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) is a developmental orthopedic disease caused by a failure of the endochondral ossification in epiphyseal plates and joint cartilage. This trouble may induce the presence of osteochondral fragments in the articulation, fissures or subchondral bone cysts in the growth cartilage. Occurrence of osteochondrosis is influenced by a complex interaction of different factors. Among these, the effect of the housing and the feeding of the foals during their first months of life, have been described as risk factors for the development of osteochondrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of OCD lesions with a longitudinal study in 204 young foals from 6 to 18 months in comparison to the type of feeding and the type of housing conditions. These factors and OCD status were obtained by a questionnaire and radiological examination, respectively. This allowed dividing the foals into four groups according to the initial OCD status and the evolution of the condition. As a result, we found that foals fed with concentrates show a higher probability to develop OCD lesions (p=0.06), while foals not receiving concentrates, had a higher probability to heal from existing OCD lesions (p=0.001). This study supports the theory that management factors such as feeding or housing may influence the evolution of the osteochondrosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mendoza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium; Equine Research and Development Center, Mont-le-Soie, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Philippe Lejeune
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium; Equine Research and Development Center, Mont-le-Soie, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Didier Serteyn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium; Equine Research and Development Center, Mont-le-Soie, Belgium
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28
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Peugnet P, Robles M, Wimel L, Tarrade A, Chavatte-Palmer P. Management of the pregnant mare and long-term consequences on the offspring. Theriogenology 2016; 86:99-109. [PMID: 26954944 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The study of early developmental conditioning of health and disease in adulthood is particularly relevant in the horse, which is bred mainly to perform in demanding sport challenges. On the basis of this concept, the management of the broodmare could be considered an effective means to produce animals with the desired features. Knowledge on the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease in the equine species remains relatively scarce, with some experimental studies and one single epidemiologic study. Data highlight the determinant role of the maternal environment for postnatal body conformation, immune response, energy homeostasis, osteoarticular status and thyroidal, adrenocortical, and cardiovascular functions of the foal. Most research, however, focuses on the first months/years after birth. Long-term effects on the adult horse phenotype have not been investigated so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Peugnet
- UMR 1198 Developmental Biology and Reproduction, French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Morgane Robles
- UMR 1198 Developmental Biology and Reproduction, French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laurence Wimel
- Experimental farm, French Horse and Riding Institute (IFCE), Chamberet, France
| | - Anne Tarrade
- UMR 1198 Developmental Biology and Reproduction, French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- UMR 1198 Developmental Biology and Reproduction, French Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France
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29
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Peugnet P, Mendoza L, Wimel L, Duchamp G, Dubois C, Reigner F, Caudron I, Deliège B, Toquet MP, Richard E, Chaffaux S, Tarrade A, Lejeune JP, Serteyn D, Chavatte-Palmer P. Longitudinal Study of Growth and Osteoarticular Status in Foals Born to Between-Breed Embryo Transfers. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Stoneham SJ, Morresey P, Ousey J. Nutritional management and practical feeding of the orphan foal. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Morresey
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital; Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - J. Ousey
- Beaufort Cottage Stables; Rossdale and Partners; Newmarket Suffolk UK
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31
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Mendoza L, Piquemal D, Lejeune JP, Vander Heyden L, Noguier F, Bruno R, Sandersen C, Serteyn D. Age-dependent expression of osteochondrosis-related genes in equine leukocytes. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000058. [PMID: 26392886 PMCID: PMC4567144 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteochondrosis (OC) is a developmental disease in horses which has a significant impact on the horse's welfare and performance. The early disturbance in the process of endochondral ossification progresses to inflammatory and repair processes in older horses. Previously, differentially expressed genes in leukocytes of OC-affected horses have been identified. The aim of the present study is to detect age-related changes in these differentially expressed genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of OC-related genes was analysed by real-time PCR and subsequent statistical analysis (ΔΔCT) in the leukocytes of 135 Belgian Warmblood horses divided into three different age groups: <12 months (n=47), 18-24 months (n=50) >30 months (n=38). RESULTS Relative expression of genes of horses less than 12 months of age showed significant induction of the genes MGAT4A, PRKCG, MHCI, ApoB, ApoB3G, B4GALT6 and a significantly lower expression of the genes OAS3. Horses of 18-24 months of age, showed a significantly higher expression of the genes TBC1D9, MGAT4A, IFIH1, MHCIIa and MMP1. Horses of more than 30 months of age showed a significantly higher expression of the genes MGAT4A, HP, SECTM1 compared with their age-matched control groups. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that OC-related genes are differentially expressed in horses of different ages compared with their age-matched controls. Some of the genes may be implicated in cell signalling and differentiation as well as carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and inflammation. However, the causal relationship between the differentially expressed genes and the development and progression of the OC lesions needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mendoza
- University of Liège , Liège , Belgium ; Equine Research and Development Center , Mont-le-Soie , Belgium
| | - D Piquemal
- Computational Biology Institute (IBC) , France ; University of Montpellier2 , Montpellier , France ; Acobiom , Montpellier , France
| | - J P Lejeune
- Equine Research and Development Center , Mont-le-Soie , Belgium
| | - L Vander Heyden
- Equine Research and Development Center , Mont-le-Soie , Belgium
| | | | - R Bruno
- Acobiom , Montpellier , France
| | | | - D Serteyn
- University of Liège , Liège , Belgium ; Equine Research and Development Center , Mont-le-Soie , Belgium
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32
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van Weeren PR, Olstad K. Pathogenesis of osteochondrosis dissecans: How does this translate to management of the clinical case? EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. R. van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - K. Olstad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
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Peugnet P, Robles M, Mendoza L, Wimel L, Dubois C, Dahirel M, Guillaume D, Camous S, Berthelot V, Toquet MP, Richard E, Sandersen C, Chaffaux S, Lejeune JP, Tarrade A, Serteyn D, Chavatte-Palmer P. Effects of moderate amounts of barley in late pregnancy on growth, glucose metabolism and osteoarticular status of pre-weaning horses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122596. [PMID: 25875166 PMCID: PMC4395399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In stud management, broodmares are commonly fed concentrates in late pregnancy. This practice, however, was shown to correlate with an increased incidence of osteochondrosis in foals, which may be related to insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that supplementation of the mare with barley in the last trimester of pregnancy alters the pre-weaning foal growth, glucose metabolism and osteoarticular status. Here, pregnant multiparous saddlebred mares were fed forage only (group F, n=13) or both forage and cracked barley (group B, n=12) from the 7th month of pregnancy until term, as calculated to cover nutritional needs of broodmares. Diets were given in two daily meals. All mares and foals returned to pasture after parturition. Post-natal growth, glucose metabolism and osteoarticular status were investigated in pre-weaning foals. B mares maintained an optimal body condition score (>3.5), whereas that of F mares decreased and remained low (<2.5) up to 3 months of lactation, with a significantly lower bodyweight (-7%) than B mares throughout the last 2 months of pregnancy. B mares had increased plasma glucose and insulin after the first meal and after the second meal to a lesser extent, which was not observed in F mares. B mares also had increased insulin secretion during an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Plasma NEFA and leptin were only temporarily affected by diet in mares during pregnancy or in early lactation. Neonatal B foals had increased serum osteocalcin and slightly increased glucose increments and clearance after glucose injection, but these effects had vanished at weaning. Body measurements, plasma IGF-1, T4, T3, NEFA and leptin concentrations, insulin secretion during IVGTT, as well as glucose metabolism rate during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps after weaning, did not differ between groups. Radiographic examination of joints indicated increased osteochondrosis relative risk in B foals, but this was not significant. These data demonstrate that B or F maternal nutrition has very few effects on foal growth, endocrinology and glucose homeostasis until weaning, but may induce cartilage lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Peugnet
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Morgane Robles
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Luis Mendoza
- Clinique Equine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Wimel
- IFCE, Station Expérimentale de la Valade, F-19370, Chamberet, France
| | - Cédric Dubois
- IFCE, Station Expérimentale de la Valade, F-19370, Chamberet, France
| | - Michèle Dahirel
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Daniel Guillaume
- INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et Comportements, CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380, Nouzilly, France, Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37000, Tours, France
| | - Sylvaine Camous
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350, Jouy en Josas, France
| | | | - Marie-Pierre Toquet
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, SF4206 ICORE / LABEO Frank Duncombe Laboratory, F-14000, Caen, France
| | - Eric Richard
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, SF4206 ICORE / LABEO Frank Duncombe Laboratory, F-14000, Caen, France
| | - Charlotte Sandersen
- Clinique Equine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Chaffaux
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lejeune
- Clinique Equine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne Tarrade
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Clinique Equine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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Campbell ML, Mellor DJ, Sandøe P. HOW SHOULD THE WELFARE OF FETAL AND NEUROLOGICALLY IMMATURE POSTNATAL ANIMALS BE PROTECTED? Anim Welf 2014; 23:369-379. [PMID: 26973382 PMCID: PMC4786996 DOI: 10.7120/09627286.23.4.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Legal protection of the welfare of prenatal animals has not previously been addressed as a discrete subject within the academic literature on animal welfare, ethics and law. This paper aims to rectify this by reviewing the protections (or absence of protections) provided for fetuses by existing legislation in various jurisdictions, and considering the extent to which legal protection of animal fetuses can be justified on animal welfare grounds. Questions related to the need to protect the welfare of neurologically immature postnatal animals are also considered. We argue that there are reasons to protect animal fetuses, both in order to protect fetuses themselves against possible suffering, and in order to protect the animals which fetuses will become against negative welfare impacts that originate prenatally. We review the science on whether fetuses can suffer, and argue that extant regulations do not fully reflect current scientific understanding. Following the precautionary principle, we further argue that regulators should consider the possibility that foetuses and neurologically immature postnatal animals may suffer due to subcortically based 'raw basic affects' (i.e. relatively undifferentiated experiences of discomfort suggested to be generated by neural processing at levels below the cerebral cortex). Furthermore we show that there are reasons for affording fetuses protection in order to safeguard the long-term welfare of future animals. However, it may be possible to provide such protection via rules or laws relating to the use of certain techniques and the management of pregnant animals, rather than via direct legal protection of fetuses themselves. In order to provide such protection effectively we need to know more about the relationship between maternal nutrition, stress, exercise, management and fetal health, and about the impact of the timing of a fetal insult on long-term postnatal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine L.H. Campbell
- Department of Production and Population Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, South Mymms, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - David J. Mellor
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University PN452, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Peter Sandøe
- Department of Large Animal Sciences and Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 25, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Peugnet P, Wimel L, Duchamp G, Sandersen C, Camous S, Guillaume D, Dahirel M, Dubois C, Jouneau L, Reigner F, Berthelot V, Chaffaux S, Tarrade A, Serteyn D, Chavatte-Palmer P. Enhanced or reduced fetal growth induced by embryo transfer into smaller or larger breeds alters post-natal growth and metabolism in pre-weaning horses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102044. [PMID: 25006665 PMCID: PMC4090198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In equids, placentation is diffuse and nutrient supply to the fetus is determined by uterine size. This correlates with maternal size and affects intra-uterine development and subsequent post-natal growth, as well as insulin sensitivity in the newborn. Long-term effects remain to be described. In this study, fetal growth was enhanced or restricted through ET using pony (P), saddlebred (S) and draft (D) horses. Control P-P (n = 21) and S-S (n = 28) pregnancies were obtained by AI. Enhanced and restricted pregnancies were obtained by transferring P or S embryos into D mares (P-D, n = 6 and S-D, n = 8) or S embryos into P mares (S-P, n = 6), respectively. Control and experimental foals were raised by their dams and recipient mothers, respectively. Weight gain, growth hormones and glucose homeostasis were investigated in the foals from birth to weaning. Fetal growth was enhanced in P-D and these foals remained consistently heavier, with reduced T3 concentrations until weaning compared to P-P. P-D had lower fasting glucose from days 30 to 200 and higher insulin secretion than P-P after IVGTT on day 3. Euglycemic clamps in the immediate post-weaning period revealed no difference in insulin sensitivity between P-D and P-P. Fetal growth was restricted in S-P and these foals remained consistently lighter until weaning compared to S-D, with elevated T3 concentrations in the newborn compared to S-S. S-P exhibited higher fasting glycemia than S-S and S-D from days 30 to 200. They had higher maximum increment in plasma glucose than S-D after IVGTT on day 3 and clamps on day 200 demonstrated higher insulin sensitivity compared to S-D. Neither the restricted nor the enhanced fetal environment affected IGF-1 concentrations. Thus, enhanced and restricted fetal and post-natal environments had combined effects that persisted until weaning. They induced different adaptive responses in post-natal glucose metabolism: an early insulin-resistance was induced in enhanced P-D, while S-P developed increased insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Peugnet
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Laurence Wimel
- IFCE, Station Expérimentale de la Valade, Chamberet, France
| | | | - Charlotte Sandersen
- Clinique équine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, CORD, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Sylvaine Camous
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Daniel Guillaume
- INRA, UMR85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et Comportements, Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
- IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Michèle Dahirel
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Cédric Dubois
- IFCE, Station Expérimentale de la Valade, Chamberet, France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | | | - Valérie Berthelot
- INRA, UMR791 Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, Paris, France
- AgroParis Tech, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Chaffaux
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Anne Tarrade
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Clinique équine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, CORD, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
- ENVA, Maisons Alfort, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sandersen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; Boulevard de Colonster 20 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Laurent Vander Heyden
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; Boulevard de Colonster 20 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Johane Detilleux
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; Boulevard de Colonster 20 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Jean-Philippe Lejeune
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; Boulevard de Colonster 20 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; Boulevard de Colonster 20 4000 Liège Belgium
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Cuddeford D, Handel I, Thrusfield M. Osteochondrosis in foals. Vet Rec 2013; 172:455-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.f2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Cuddeford
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Campus Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - Ian Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Campus Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - Michael Thrusfield
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Campus Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
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