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Abstract
The prevalence of urolithiasis in humans is increasing worldwide; however, non-surgical treatment and prevention options remain limited despite decades of investigation. Most existing laboratory animal models for urolithiasis rely on highly artificial methods of stone induction and, as a result, might not be fully applicable to the study of natural stone initiation and growth. Animal models that naturally and spontaneously form uroliths are an underused resource in the study of human stone disease and offer many potential opportunities for improving insight into stone pathogenesis. These models include domestic dogs and cats, as well as a variety of other captive and wild species, such as otters, dolphins and ferrets, that form calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid, cystine and other stone types. Improved collaboration between urologists, basic scientists and veterinarians is warranted to further our understanding of how stones form and to consider possible new preventive and therapeutic treatment options.
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Nye GJ, Major AC, Liebel FX. 2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria as a cause for seizure-like episodes in a domestic shorthair cat. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919853898. [PMID: 31245020 PMCID: PMC6582301 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919853898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 14-month-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat, which 2 months prior to presentation underwent hindlimb amputation following a road traffic accident, presented for investigation of four suspected generalised tonic–clonic seizures. Neurological examination was unremarkable. Routine blood work (haematology, biochemistry, ammonia, preprandial bile acids) was unremarkable. MRI of the brain identified marked symmetrical T2-weighted hyperintensities of the cerebellum and brainstem, mainly affecting the grey matter. Urine amino acid and mucopolysaccharide levels were unremarkable. Urine organic acids on two separate samples, 35 days apart, identified highly increased excretion of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid, indicative of 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. The cat was started on anticonvulsant therapy with phenobarbitone, which, at the point of writing, has improved seizure control, although the cat has not achieved seizure freedom. Relevance and novel information This case report describes the first reported case of a 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, an inherited neurometabolic disorder, as a cause for seizure-like episodes in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Nye
- School of Veterinary Science, Langford Small Animal Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alison C Major
- School of Veterinary Science, Langford Small Animal Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Francois X Liebel
- School of Veterinary Science, Langford Small Animal Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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3
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Effects of the long-term feeding of diets enriched with inorganic phosphorus on the adult feline kidney and phosphorus metabolism. Br J Nutr 2018; 121:249-269. [PMID: 30572965 PMCID: PMC6390406 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Renal disease has a high incidence in cats, and some evidence implicates dietary P as well. To investigate this further, two studies in healthy adult cats were conducted. Study 1 (36 weeks) included forty-eight cats, stratified to control or test diets providing 1·2 or 4·8 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) P (0 or approximately 3·6 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) inorganic P, Ca:P 1·2, 0·6). Study 2 (29 weeks) included fifty cats, stratified to control or test diets, providing 1·3 or 3·6 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) P (0 or approximately 1·5 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) inorganic P, Ca:P 1·2, 0·9). Health markers, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and mineral balance were measured regularly, with abdominal ultrasound. Study 1 was halted after 4 weeks as the test group GFR reduced by 0·4 (95 % CI 0·3, 0·5) ml/min per kg, and ultrasound revealed changes in renal echogenicity. In study 2, at week 28, no change in mean GFR was observed (P >0·05); however, altered renal echogenicity was detected in 36 % of test cats. In agreement with previous studies, feeding a diet with Ca:P <1·0, a high total and inorganic P inclusion resulted in loss of renal function and changes in echogenicity suggestive of renal pathology. Feeding a diet containing lower total and inorganic P with Ca:P close to 1·0 led to more subtle structural changes in a third of test cats; however, nephrolithiasis occurred in both diet groups, complicating data interpretation. We conclude that the no observed adverse effects level for total dietary P in adult cats is lower than 3·6 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ), however the effect of inorganic P sources and Ca:P require further investigation.
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Mitchell EP, Church ME, Nemser SM, Yakes BJ, Evans ER, Reimschuessel R, Lemberger K, Thompson PN, Terio KA. Pathology and Epidemiology of Oxalate Nephrosis in Cheetahs. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:977-985. [PMID: 28891390 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817728556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate cases of acute oxalate nephrosis without evidence of ethylene glycol exposure, archived data and tissues from cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus) from North America ( n = 297), southern Africa ( n = 257), and France ( n = 40) were evaluated. Renal and gastrointestinal tract lesions were characterized in a subset of animals with ( n = 100) and without ( n = 165) oxalate crystals at death. Crystals were confirmed as calcium oxalate by Raman spectroscopy in 45 of 47 cheetahs tested. Crystals were present in cheetahs from 3.7 months to 15.9 years old. Cheetahs younger than 1.5 years were less likely to have oxalates than older cheetahs ( P = .034), but young cheetahs with oxalates had more oxalate crystals than older cheetahs ( P < .001). Cheetahs with oxalate crystals were more likely to have renal amyloidosis, interstitial nephritis, or colitis and less likely to have glomerular loop thickening or gastritis than those without oxalates. Crystal number was positively associated with renal tubular necrosis ( P ≤ .001), regeneration ( P = .015), and casts ( P ≤ .001) but inversely associated with glomerulosclerosis, renal amyloidosis, and interstitial nephritis. Crystal number was unrelated to the presence or absence of colitis and was lower in southern African than American and European animals ( P = .01). This study found no evidence that coexisting chronic renal disease (amyloidosis, interstitial nephritis, or glomerulosclerosis), veno-occlusive disease, gastritis, or enterocolitis contributed significantly to oxalate nephrosis. Oxalate-related renal disease should be considered as a potential cause of acute renal failure, especially in young captive cheetahs. The role of location, diet, stress, and genetic predisposition in the pathogenesis of oxalate nephrosis in cheetahs warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Mitchell
- 1 Department of Research and Scientific Services, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.,2 Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Molly E Church
- 3 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Nemser
- 4 Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Betsy Jean Yakes
- 5 Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Eric R Evans
- 4 Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Renate Reimschuessel
- 4 Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | - Peter N Thompson
- 7 Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Karen A Terio
- 8 Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL, USA
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Bartges JW. Feline Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis: Risk factors and rational treatment approaches. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 18:712-22. [PMID: 27562981 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16660442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Uroliths occur commonly in the bladder and/or urethra of cats and can be lifethreatening if urethral obstruction occurs. Calcium oxalate accounts for 40-50% of urocystoliths and these stones are not amenable to medical dissolution; therefore, removal by surgery or minimally invasive techniques is required if uroliths must be treated. Medical protocols for prevention involve decreasing urine saturation for minerals that form uroliths. ETIOPATHOGENESIS Formation of uroliths is not a disease, but rather a complication of several disorders. Some disorders can be identified and corrected (such as infection-induced struvite urolith formation); others can be identified but not corrected (such as idiopathic hypercalcemia). In most cats with calcium oxalate urolith formation the underlying etiopathogenesis is not known. A common denominator of all these disorders is that they can from time to time create oversaturation of urine with one or more crystal precursors, resulting in formation of crystals. BASIC CONCEPTS In order to develop rational and effective approaches to treatment, abnormalities that promote urolith formation must be identified, with the goal of eliminating or modifying them. It is important, therefore, to understand several basic concepts associated with urolithiasis and the factors that promote urolith formation that may be modified with medical treatment; for example, the state of urinary saturation, modifiers of crystal formation, potential for multiple crystal types, and presence of bacterial infection or urinary obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Bartges
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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O'Kell AL, Grant DC, Khan SR. Pathogenesis of calcium oxalate urinary stone disease: species comparison of humans, dogs, and cats. Urolithiasis 2017; 45:329-336. [PMID: 28361470 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-017-0978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis is a highly recurrent disease that is increasing in prevalence. Decades of research have not identified effective methods to consistently prevent the formation of nephroliths or induce medical dissolution. Idiopathic calcium oxalate nephroliths form in association with renal papillary subepithelial calcium phosphate deposits called Randall's plaques (RPs). Rodent models are commonly used to experimentally induce calcium oxalate crystal and stone formation, but a rodent model that conclusively forms RPs has not been identified. Both dogs and cats form calcium oxalate uroliths that can be recurrent, but the etiopathologic mechanisms of stone formation, especially renal pathologic findings, are a relatively unexploited area of study. A large animal model that shares a similar environment to humans, along with a shorter lifespan and thus shorter time to recurrence, might provide an excellent means to study preventative and therapeutic measures, along with enhancing the concepts of the one health initiative. This review article summarizes and compares important known features of idiopathic calcium oxalate stone disease in humans, dogs, and cats, and emphasizes important knowledge gaps and areas for future study in the quest to discover a naturally occurring animal model of idiopathic calcium oxalate stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Urology, The University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David C Grant
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, 215 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Saeed R Khan
- Department of Urology, The University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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De Lorenzi D, Bernardini M, Pumarola M. Primary hyperoxaluria (l-glyceric aciduria) in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 7:357-61. [PMID: 15914058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A 7-month-old, male European cat was examined because of weakness and inappetence. The cat was dehydrated, polypnoeic and severely weak. Severe, generalised muscle atrophy was present. Spinal reflexes were all decreased to absent. Blood analysis and urinalysis showed several abnormalities, including intermittent hyperoxaluria. The l-gliceric acid concentration was remarkably increased. Electrodiagnostic tests of the peripheral nervous system were abnormal. At necropsy, generalised muscle atrophy was observed. Microscopically, both kidneys showed intraluminal birefringent oxalate crystals. Motor neuron degeneration and accumulation of neurofilaments were observed in the axons of the spinal motor neurons.
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Aleman M, Dickinson PJ, Williams DC, Sturges BK, LeCouteur RA, Vernau KM, Shelton GD. Electrophysiologic confirmation of heterogenous motor polyneuropathy in young cats. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1789-98. [PMID: 25231268 PMCID: PMC4895637 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reports of motor polyneuropathies in young cats are scarce. Further, in‐depth electrophysiologic evaluation to confirm a motor polyneuropathy in young cats of various breeds other than 2 Bengal cats is lacking. Hypothesis/Objectives To confirm a motor polyneuropathy in young cats of various breeds. Animals Five young cats with heterogenous chronic or relapsing episodes of weakness. Methods Retrospective case series. Cats were presented for evaluation of generalized neuromuscular disease and underwent electrophysiologic examination including electromyography, nerve conduction, and repetitive nerve stimulation. Minimum database and muscle and nerve biopsy analyses were carried out. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results Disease onset was at 3 months to 1 year of age and in 5 breeds. The most common clinical sign (5 of 5 cats) was weakness. Additional neurologic deficits consisted of palmigrade and plantigrade posture (4/4), low carriage of the head and tail (4/4), and variable segmental reflex deficits (5/5). Motor nerve conduction studies were abnormal for the ulnar (4/4), peroneal (5/5), and tibial (2/2) nerves (increased latencies, reduced amplitudes, slow velocities). A marked decrement was observed on repetitive nerve stimulation of the peroneal nerve in 3 cats for which autoimmune myasthenia gravis was ruled out. All sensory nerve conduction studies were normal. Histologic evaluation of muscle and nerve biopsies supported heterogenous alterations consistent with motor polyneuropathy with distal nerve fiber loss. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Heterogenous motor polyneuropathies should be considered in young cats of any breed and sex that are presented with relapsing or progressive generalized neuromuscular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aleman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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Dijcker JC, Hagen-Plantinga EA, Everts H, Bosch G, Kema IP, Hendriks WH. Dietary and animal-related factors associated with the rate of urinary oxalate and calcium excretion in dogs and cats. Vet Rec 2012; 171:46. [PMID: 22735988 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the results of a cohort study and randomised clinical trial (RCT) in cross-over design. In the cohort study, the range of urinary oxalate (Uox) and calcium (Uca) excretion was determined within a sample of the Dutch population of dogs and cats, and dietary and animal-related factors associated with these urine parameters were identified. Spot urine samples were collected from privately owned dogs (n=141) and cats (n=50). The RCT determined the effect of a commercial raw meat diet versus a dry diet on Uox and Uca excretion rate in 23 dogs. In the cohort study, Uox excretion ranged from 21.1 to 170.6 mmol oxalate/mol creatinine in dogs and 27.5 to 161.6 in cats. Urinary calcium excretion ranged from 3.4 to 462.8 mmol calcium/mol creatinine in dogs and 10.1 to 128.0 in cats. In dogs, increased Uox and Uca excretion was associated with (1) the intake of a dry diet as the primary source of energy, (2) receiving no snacks and (3) breed. Increased Uox excretion was associated with males as well. In cats, urine collection in anaesthetised subjects was identified as a confounder. In the RCT, feeding the dry diet resulted in higher Uox (P<0.001) and Uca (P=0.021) excretion rates in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Dijcker
- Division of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Suzuki T, Uetsuka K, Doi K, Nunoya T. A case of renal oxalosis in a 3-month-old cat raised under controlled conditions. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 74:381-4. [PMID: 22067080 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidneys of a 3-month-old female cat were examined. The cat which had been raised under controlled conditions with no history of any poisoning showed progressive weight loss with increases in blood BUN and creatinine concentrations. At necropsy, both kidneys were firm in consistency with formation of focal scars. Histopathologically, widespread deposition of crystals was observed in the renal tubules (in both dilated lumina and degenerative epithelia) accompanying mild interstitial fibrosis with lymphocyte infiltration. The crystals were colorless or basophilic on the hematoxilin and eosin-stained section and could be visualized with polarized light as doubly fractile crystals. The crystals were identified as calcium oxalate crystals by histochemical examinations using von Kossa stain and alizarin red S stain under different conditions and by ultrastructural examination. Judging from the above-mentioned findings, the present renal lesion detected in an infant cat was diagnosed as renal oxalosis which was suspected to be hereditary in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Suzuki
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo 198–0024, Japan.
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Volk HA, Shihab N, Matiasek K. Neuromuscular Disorders in the Cat: Clinical Approach to Weakness. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:837-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Practical relevance Weakness is a relatively common clinical presentation in feline medicine and can be caused by primary neuromuscular disease or by diseases of other body systems affecting the neuromuscular system secondarily. Successful work-up relies on a thorough clinical and neurological examination, and logical problem solving, based on an understanding of the underlying neuroanatomical and pathophysiological mechanisms. Clinical challenges Feline neuromuscular diseases can be a diagnostic challenge. On initial inspection, the presenting signs can mimic disorders of other body systems, particularly cardiovascular, pulmonary and orthopaedic disease, or may be confused with systemic illnesses. Additionally, because many different pathologies of the feline neuromuscular system converge to a similar clinical phenotype, further diagnostic steps such as electrodiagnostics, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and muscle and nerve biopsies must be considered even after neuromuscular dysfunction has been identified. Audience This review provides a framework for the clinical approach to the weak cat and gives a practical summary of neuromuscular diseases for the general practitioner and specialist alike. Evidence base Many diseases affecting the feline neuromuscular system have been well described in the veterinary literature, mostly based on retrospective case reports and series. The evidence base for the treatment of feline neuromuscular diseases remains very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger A Volk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Nadia Shihab
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Germany
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Strugnell BW, Gaudie CM, Wessels M, Schock A, Davies I. Severe oxalate nephropathy in Zwartbles sheep. Vet Rec 2011; 169:81. [PMID: 21765146 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Influence of nutrition on feline calcium oxalate urolithiasis with emphasis on endogenous oxalate synthesis. Nutr Res Rev 2011; 24:96-110. [PMID: 21338551 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422410000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths detected in cats with lower urinary tract disease has shown a sharp increase over the last decades with a concomitant reciprocal decrease in the occurrence of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) uroliths. CaOx stone-preventative diets are available nowadays, but seem to be marginally effective, as CaOx urolith recurrence occurs in patients fed these diets. In order to improve the preventative measures against CaOx urolithiasis, it is important to understand its aetiopathogenesis. The main research focus in CaOx formation in cats has been on the role of Ca, whereas little research effort has been directed towards the role and origin of urinary oxalates. As in man, the exogenous origin of urinary oxalates in cats is thought to be of minor importance, although the precise contribution of dietary oxalates remains unclear. The generally accepted dietary risk factors for CaOx urolithiasis in cats are discussed and a model for the biosynthetic pathways of oxalate in feline liver is provided. Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 (AGT1) in endogenous oxalate metabolism is a liver-specific enzyme targeted in the mitochondria in cats, and allows for efficient conversion of glyoxylate to glycine when fed a carnivorous diet. The low peroxisomal activity of AGT1 in cat liver is compatible with the view that felids utilised a low-carbohydrate diet throughout evolution. Future research should focus on understanding de novo biosynthesis of oxalate in cats and their adaptation(s) in oxalate metabolism, and on dietary oxalate intake and absorption by cats.
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Matiasek LA, Luján Feliu-Pascual A, Shelton GD, De Risio L, Matiasek K. Axonal neuropathy with unusual clinical course in young Snowshoe cats. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:1005-10. [PMID: 19815441 PMCID: PMC7129678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathies in cats are mostly acquired. In comparison to the dog, only very few inherited forms have been described. This case report describes the clinical and diagnostic findings of a suspected inherited feline axonal neuropathy with a very unique clinical course. Two young related male Snowshoe cats were presented with an initially progressive history of recurrent pelvic limb weakness. Electrodiagnostic investigations suggested an axonopathy and muscle-nerve biopsies confirmed axonal degeneration. Over the following 2 years both cats stabilised without any specific treatment, and repeat electrodiagnostic investigations and muscle biopsy in one cat confirmed the tendency for remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Matiasek
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Unit, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, UK.
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16
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Goldstein RE, Narala S, Sabet N, Goldstein O, McDonough SP. Primary Hyperoxaluria in Cats Is Caused by a Mutation in the Feline GRHPR Gene. J Hered 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Heiene R, Rumsby G, Ziener M, Dahl SA, Tims C, Teige J, Ottesen N. Chronic kidney disease with three cases of oxalate-like nephrosis in Ragdoll cats. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:474-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two unrelated Ragdoll cat mothers in Norway were found dead from renal disease. The histopathology was consistent with oxalate nephrosis with chronic or acute-on-chronic underlying kidney disease. Both cats had offspring and relatives with signs of urinary tract disease, including a kitten dead with urethral gravel. Eleven living Ragdoll cats, including nine relatives of the dead cats and the male father of a litter with similarly affected animals, were tested for primary hyperoxaluria (PH) type 1 and 2 by urine oxalate and liver enzyme analysis. Renal ultrasound revealed abnormalities in five living cats. One of these was azotaemic at the time of examination and developed terminal kidney disease 9 months later. A diagnosis of PH was excluded in 11 cats tested. The inheritance and aetiological background of the renal disease present in the breed remains unresolved at this point in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reidun Heiene
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gill Rumsby
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, UCL Hospitals, 60 Whitfield Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martine Ziener
- Fredrikstad Dyrehospital, Spinneriveien 3, 1632 Gamle Fredrikstad, Norway
| | - Stein A. Dahl
- Hønefoss Dyrehospital, Osloveien 67, 3511 Hønefoss, Norway
| | - Christopher Tims
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, UCL Hospitals, 60 Whitfield Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Teige
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Norway
| | - Nina Ottesen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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Bartges JW, Kirk CA. Nutrition and lower urinary tract disease in cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2007; 36:1361-76, viii. [PMID: 17085240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lower urinary tract disease occurs commonly in cats and is often associated with crystal-related disease. Dietary modification is beneficial in managing some of these diseases, including idiopathic cystitis, urolithiasis, and urethral matrix-crystalline plugs. Altering dietary formulation may result in decreasing urinary concentrations of crystallogenic compounds, increasing urinary concentrations fo crystallogenic inhibitors, and diluting urine composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Bartges
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4544, USA.
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Aronson LR, Kyles AE, Preston A, Drobatz KJ, Gregory CR. Renal transplantation in cats with calcium oxalate urolithiasis: 19 cases (1997–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228:743-9. [PMID: 16506941 DOI: 10.2460/javma.228.5.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine outcome of renal transplantation in cats with renal failure associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 19 cats. PROCEDURE Medical records were reviewed for evaluation of signalment, preoperative clinical signs, physical examination results, dietary history, clinicopathologic data, abdominal imaging, postoperative diet, complications, and long-term outcome. RESULTS The domestic shorthair was the most common breed represented. There were 13 spayed females and 7 castrated males. Mean age was 6.8 years. Clinical signs included weight loss, lethargy, vomiting, anorexia, polyuria, and polydipsia. Before surgery, cats received commercially available canned or dry food (n = 10), a prescription renal failure diet (5), a commercial diet to manage struvite crystalluria (1), or an unknown diet (3). Seventeen cats were anemic. All cats were azotemic. Hypercalcemia was detected in 7 cats. Abdominal imaging revealed nephrolithiasis, ureterolithiasis, or both in all cats. Median duration of survival of all cats was 605 days. Eight cats were alive 282 to 2,005 days (median, 1,305 days) after surgery. Eleven cats died 2 to 1,197 days (median, 300 days) after surgery. Five cats formed calculi in their allograft (120 to 665 days). Two of the 5 cats that formed calculi were hypercalcemic. Four of the 5 cats died following complications associated with formation of calculi. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Renal transplantation appears to be a viable option for cats in renal failure secondary to calcium oxalate urolithiasis. In addition to reported complications in renal transplant recipients, formation of calculi within the allograft may also occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian R Aronson
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA
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Coates JR, O'Brien DP. Inherited peripheral neuropathies in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 34:1361-401. [PMID: 15474679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan R Coates
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Clydesdale Hall, 379 East Campus Drive, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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21
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Bartges JW, Kirk C, Lane IF. Update: management of calcium oxalate uroliths in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 34:969-87, vii. [PMID: 15223211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate has become the most common mineral occurring in canine and feline uroliths. Although calcium oxalate urolith formation may be a consequence of metabolic disease, the underlying cause is not identified in many dogs and cats. Currently, there is no successful medical dissolution protocol, and calcium oxalate uroliths must be removed physically if causing problems. Effective preventative protocols are available for dogs and cats, although they are not uniformly successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Bartges
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, C247 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 39996-4544, USA.
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Abstract
Polyneuropathies of cats have a variety of clinical presentations. Areflexic flaccid quadriparesis, or quadriplegia, progressing over a 24- to 48-hour period, may be associated with polyneuropathies, as can chronic insidiously progressive tremors and muscle weakness that wax and wane or progress slowly over weeks or months, and which can go undiagnosed for years. In addition, these neurological signs may be due to spinal cord, neuromuscular junction or muscle disorders, so the diagnosis of polyneuropathy can be a challenge even for the most astute of clinicians. Polyneuropathies may have congenital, inherited, inflammatory, metabolic and toxic causes. Sometimes the underlying aetiology is not found and a diagnosis of idiopathic polyneuropathy is made. Since the treatment and prognosis of polyneuropathies in cats vary, the purpose of this review is to assist the veterinary practitioner to recognise, appropriately manage and provide an accurate prognosis for these challenging cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Chrisman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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Lekcharoensuk C, Lulich JP, Osborne CA, Koehler LA, Urlich LK, Carpenter KA, Swanson LL. Association between patient-related factors and risk of calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:520-5. [PMID: 10953716 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether breed, age, sex, or reproductive status (i.e., neutered versus sexually intact) was associated with the apparent increase in prevalence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths and the decrease in prevalence of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) uroliths in cats over time. DESIGN Case-control study. ANIMALS Case cats consisted of cats with CaOx (n = 7,895) or MAP (7,334) uroliths evaluated at the Minnesota Urolith Center between 1981 and 1997. Control cats consisted of cats without urinary tract disease admitted to veterinary teaching hospitals in the United States and Canada during the same period (150,482). PROCEDURE Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed. RESULTS British Shorthair, Exotic Shorthair, Foreign Shorthair, Havana Brown, Himalayan, Persian, Ragdoll, and Scottish Fold cats had an increased risk of developing CaOx uroliths, as did male cats and neutered cats. Chartreux, domestic shorthair, Foreign Shorthair, Himalayan, Oriental Shorthair, and Ragdoll cats had an increased risk of developing MAP uroliths, as did female cats and neutered cats. Cats with CaOx uroliths were significantly older than cats with MAP uroliths. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that changes in breed, age, sex, or reproductive status did not contribute to the apparent reciprocal relationship between prevalences of CaOx and MAP uroliths in cats during a 17-year period. However, cats of particular breeds, ages, sex, and reproductive status had an increased risk of developing CaOx and MAP uroliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lekcharoensuk
- Minnesota Urolith Center, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA
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Cari AO, Jody PL, Rosama T, Lisa KU, Lori AK, Kathleen AB, Joseph WB. Feline Urolithiasis : Etiology and Pathophysiology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(96)50204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yanai T, Wakabayashi S, Masegi T, Ishikawa K, Yamazoe K, Iwasaki T, Ueda K. Subclinical renal oxalosis in wild-caught Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). J Comp Pathol 1995; 112:127-31. [PMID: 7769143 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(05)80055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Various degrees of crystal deposition were found in the kidneys of 12 out of 59 Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) caught in the wild in Gifu, Japan. The needle- or rod-shaped crystals, which were radially arranged and occurred in the lumen and epithelium of the renal (mainly the proximal) tubules, were birefringent under polarized light. They stained with alizarin red S at a pH of 7.0 but not 4.2, and were identified as calcium oxalate. The morphological features of the renal lesions were similar to those previously reported in oxalate poisoning, and it was believed that the macaques ingested the oxalate in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yanai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Japan
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26
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Gregory CR, Olander HJ, Kochin EJ, Gourley IM, Cousyn D, Levy J. Oxalate nephrosis and renal sclerosis after renal transplantation in a cat. Vet Surg 1993; 22:221-4. [PMID: 8362505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1993.tb00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A 10-year-old castrated domestic shorthair cat received two renal allografts, 14 days apart, for the treatment of chronic renal failure. Oxalate nephrosis developed in both allografts, and they became nonfunctional. During the transplantation period, the cat was not exposed to exogenous sources of oxalate, and there was no evidence of primary type 2 hyperoxaluria before surgery. Urologic surgery, in particular renal transplantation, has been identified as a factor that can precipitate renal failure in human patients with decompensated renal function and hyperoxaluria. If hyperoxaluria was present before surgery in this cat, it was most likely caused by increased absorption or decreased metabolism of dietary oxalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Gregory
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616-8745
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Danpure CJ, Jennings PR, Jansen JH. Enzymological characterization of a putative canine analogue of primary hyperoxaluria type 1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1096:134-8. [PMID: 1672096 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(91)90051-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper concerns an enzymological investigation into a putative canine analogue of the human autosomal recessive disease primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (alanine:glyoxylate/serine:pyruvate aminotransferase deficiency). The liver and kidney activities of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase and serine:pyruvate aminotransferase in two Tibetan Spaniel pups with familial oxalate nephropathy were markedly reduced when compared with a variety of controls. There were no obvious deficiencies in a number of other enzymes including D-glycerate dehydrogenase/glyoxylate reductase which have been shown previously to be deficient in primary hyperoxaluria type 2. Immunoblotting of liver and kidney homogenates from oxalotic dogs also demonstrated a severe deficiency of immunoreactive alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase. The developmental expression of alanine:glyoxylate/serine:pyruvate aminotransferase was studied in the livers and kidneys of control dogs. In the liver, enzyme activity and immunoreactive protein were virtually undetectable at 1 day old, but then increased to reach a plateau between 4 and 12 weeks. During this period the activity was similar to that found in normal human liver. The enzyme activities and the levels of immunoreactive protein in the kidneys were more erratic, but they appeared to increase up to 8 weeks and then decrease, so that by 36 weeks the levels were similar to those found at 1 day. The data presented in this paper suggest that these oxalotic dogs have a genetic condition that is analogous, at least enzymologically, to the human disease primary hyperoxaluria type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Danpure
- Biochemical Genetics Research Group, Clinical Research Centre, Middlesex, U.K
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Jansen JH, Arnesen K. Oxalate nephropathy in a Tibetan spaniel litter. A probable case of primary hyperoxaluria. J Comp Pathol 1990; 103:79-84. [PMID: 2394849 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(08)80137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Severe oxalate nephropathy with end-stage kidney lesions was found in two pups of a litter of three Tibetan Spaniels. This histopathological finding strongly suggests a primary hyperoxaluria since there was no exposure to agents capable of producing secondary hyperoxaluria. Primary hyperoxaluria has not been reported as a spontaneous disease in the dog, although it is a well-known, but rare, inherited metabolic disease of man.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Jansen
- Department of Pathology, Norweigan College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo
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Danpure CJ, Jennings PR, Mistry J, Chalmers RA, McKerrell RE, Blakemore WF, Heath MF. Enzymological characterization of a feline analogue of primary hyperoxaluria type 2: a model for the human disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 1989; 12:403-14. [PMID: 2516173 DOI: 10.1007/bf01802035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper concerns an enzymological investigation into a putative feline analogue of the human autosomal recessive disease primary hyperoxaluria type 2. The hepatic activities of D-glycerate dehydrogenase, using both D-glycerate and hydroxypyruvate as substrates, and glyoxylate reductase, which are the deficient enzyme activities in human primary hyperoxaluria type 2, were markedly depleted in four affected cats (0-6% of controls). The activities of a number of other enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, D-amino acid oxidase, aspartate:2-oxoglutarate amino-transferase, glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase and alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (the deficient enzyme in primary hyperoxaluria type 1) were unaltered. The intracellular distribution of D-glycerate dehydrogenase and glyoxylate reductase in cat liver was shown to be cytosolic, as they are in human liver. The activities of D-glycerate dehydrogenase and glyoxylate reductase were determined in unaffected related cats and putative heterozygotes were identified. The correlation between D-glycerate dehydrogenase and glyoxylate reductase activities in the related cats and their combined deficiency in the affected cats confirmed previous suggestions that they are identical gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Danpure
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, UK
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