1
|
Pypendop BH, Stoddard S, Barter LS. Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine and its metabolite norbuprenorphine in neutered male cats anesthetized with isoflurane. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023:S1467-2987(23)00078-8. [PMID: 37270407 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS A group of six healthy adult male neutered cats. METHODS Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Catheters were placed in a jugular vein for blood sampling and in a medial saphenous vein for buprenorphine and lactated Ringer's solution administration. Buprenorphine hydrochloride (40 μg kg-1 over 5 minutes) was administered intravenously. Blood samples were collected before buprenorphine administration and at various times up to 12 hours after administration. Plasma buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Compartment models were fitted to the time-concentration data using nonlinear mixed effect (population) modeling. RESULTS A five-compartment model (three compartments for buprenorphine and two compartments for norbuprenorphine) best fitted the data. Typical value (% interindividual variability) for the three buprenorphine volumes of distribution, and the metabolic clearance to norbuprenorphine, the remaining metabolic clearance and the two distribution clearances were 157 (33), 759 (34) and 1432 (43) mL kg-1, and 5.3 (33), 16.4 (11), 58.7 (27) and 6.0 (not estimated) mL minute-1 kg-1, respectively. Typical values (% interindividual variability) for the two norbuprenorphine volumes of distribution, and the norbuprenorphine metabolic and distribution clearances were 1437 (30) and 8428 (not estimated) mL kg-1 and 48.4 (68) and 235.9 (not estimated) mL minute-1 kg-1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in isoflurane-anesthetized cats were characterized by a medium clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno H Pypendop
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, CA, USA.
| | - Samantha Stoddard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, CA, USA
| | - Linda S Barter
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Petritz OA, de Matos R. Treatment of Pain in Ferrets. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:245-255. [PMID: 36402484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ferrets often require pain management as part of comprehensive veterinary care. Recognition and objective quantification of pain, such as the ferret grimace scale, are the first steps of an analgesic plan. As in other species, a multimodal approach to pain management is preferred, which includes combining analgesic drugs of multiple classes and/or techniques to affect different areas of the pain pathway. This article reviews the current published literature on analgesic medications in domestic ferrets, including specific drugs, doses, dosing intervals, and routes of administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A Petritz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Ricardo de Matos
- Section of Zoological Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, S2-208 Veterinary Center, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Clark TP. The history and pharmacology of buprenorphine: New advances in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45 Suppl 1:S1-S30. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Enomoto H, Love L, Madsen M, Wallace A, Messenger KM. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, oral transmucosal, and intranasal buprenorphine in healthy male dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:358-365. [PMID: 35445748 PMCID: PMC9543267 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Effective management of pain in animals is of critical importance but options are limited for treating acute pain in dogs on an outpatient basis. The objective of this study was to compare the plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of a concentrated solution of buprenorphine, 1.8 mg/ml (Simbadol™) administered intravenously, intranasally, and via the oral transmucosal (OTM) route in healthy male dogs. Five healthy castrated adult male Beagle‐cross dogs were included in this randomized blocked crossover study. The dogs received 0.03 mg/kg body weight buprenorphine intravenously, intranasally, or via the OTM route, with a minimum 72‐h washout period between treatments. Blood samples were collected at multiple intervals up to 24 h post administration and buprenorphine plasma concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Non‐compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the area under the curve of intravenous, intranasal, and OTM routes were 28.0 (15.1–41.3) h × ng/ml, 16.1 (3.4–28.7) h × ng/ml and 10.8 (8.8–11.8) h × ng/ml, respectively. The bioavailability of intranasal and OTM routes were 57.5 (22.7–93.7)% and 41.1 (25.5–69.4)%, respectively. Intranasal and OTM routes of administration of concentrated buprenorphine in dogs may allow for the provision of analgesic care at home.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Enomoto
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lydia Love
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melanie Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amber Wallace
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen M Messenger
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dowgray N, Comerford E. Feline musculoskeletal ageing: How are we diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal impairment? J Feline Med Surg 2021; 22:1069-1083. [PMID: 33100170 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20965832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE An understanding of the process of musculoskeletal ageing - which all senior and geriatric cats will experience - is vital to maintaining the health and welfare of our ageing cat population. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Assessment of the feline musculoskeletal system is not always straightforward. Diagnosis of impairment relies on input from owners and veterinarians in terms of visual observation, and clinical and orthopaedic examination, in addition to diagnostic imaging. AUDIENCE This review is written for the primary care veterinary team. AIMS The goals are to raise awareness and improve clinical diagnosis of musculoskeletal impairment as a result of ageing. The article also reviews therapeutic options and considers the evidence available for the prevention/deceleration of musculoskeletal ageing and impairment. EVIDENCE BASE There is good evidence of a high prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) and degenerative joint disease (DJD) in older cats. There is also good evidence to indicate that functional impairment and chronic pain are sequelae of musculoskeletal disease. However, there is a paucity of information for what is best practice for the management and treatment of musculoskeletal impairment in a clinical situation. There is also a lack of evidence on how prevention of central stimulation of the nervous system caused by musculoskeletal impairment and, in turn the development of chronic pain, can be avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eithne Comerford
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pharmacologic Methods: An Update on Optimal Presedation and Euthanasia Solution Administration. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:525-543. [PMID: 32143982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pre-euthanasia sedation or anesthesia offers many benefits. It allows the owners to spend time with their pet before euthanasia, improves safety for the person performing euthanasia and others who are present, decreases stress for the patient, reduces or eliminates the need for physical restraint for intravenous injection. Under anesthesia, non-intravenous routes may be used for administration of euthanasia solutions. Some drugs that do not require injection; the oral transmucosal route is noninvasive and suitable for several drugs or drug combinations. The oral route also is feasible, but there are fewer data available on suitable drugs and doses.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dent BT, Aarnes TK, Wavreille VA, Lakritz J, Lerche P, KuKanich B, Riccó Pereira CH, Bednarski RM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of oral transmucosal and intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:969-975. [PMID: 31556717 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.10.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the injectable formulation of dexmedetomidine administered via the oral transmucosal (OTM) route to healthy dogs. ANIMALS 6 healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Injectable dexmedetomidine was administered IV (5 μg/kg) or via the OTM route (20 μg/kg) in a blinded, single-observer, randomized crossover study. Dogs received dexmedetomidine and a sham treatment at each administration. Serial blood samples were collected from a catheter in a saphenous vein. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and subjective sedation score were assessed for 24 hours after administration. Plasma samples were analyzed for dexmedetomidine concentrations by use of ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS For the OTM route, the mean ± SD maximum plasma concentration was 3.8 ± 1.3 ng/mL, which was detected 73 ± 33 minutes after administration. The mean maximum concentration for the IV dose, when extrapolated to the time of administration, was 18.6 ± 3.3 ng/mL. The mean terminal-phase half-life was 152 ± 146 minutes and 36 ± 6 minutes for OTM and IV administration, respectively. After IV administration, total clearance was 8.0 ± 1.6 mL/min/kg and volume of distribution at steady state was 371 ± 72 mL/kg. Bioavailability for OTM administration of dexmedetomidine was 11.2 ± 4.5%. Peak sedation scores did not differ significantly between routes of administration. Decreases in heart rate, respiratory rate, and peak sedation score were evident sooner after IV administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE OTM administration of the injectable formulation of dexmedetomidine resulted in a similar degree of sedation and prolonged duration of action, compared with results for IV administration, despite relatively low bioavailability.
Collapse
|
8
|
Nejamkin P, Cavilla V, Clausse M, Landivar F, Lorenzutti AM, Martínez S, Del Sole MJ, Martín-Flores M. Sedative and physiologic effects of tiletamine–zolazepam following buccal administration in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 22:108-113. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19827116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the sedative and some physiological effects of tiletamine–zolazepam following buccal administration (BA) in cats. Methods Seven healthy spayed European shorthair cats (three males, four females) were studied twice in this randomized, blinded, crossover study. Each cat received two doses of tiletamine–zolazepam by BA: the low-dose (LD) group consisted of 5 mg/kg of each drug, and the high-dose (HD) group consisted of 7.5 mg/kg of each. Baseline systolic blood pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and a sedation score were recorded prior to administration of each treatment. The same variables plus the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen as measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) were recorded at predefined intervals for the next 2 h. Results All cats completed the study. No retching or vomiting were observed. Hypersalivation was observed in 0/7 and 3/7 for LD and HD groups, respectively ( P = 0.2). There were significant changes in scores over time for posture, response to clippers and response to manual restraint for both groups, without differences between groups. RR, HR and SAP changed significantly over time. SAP and RR were significantly lower for the HD than for the LD group. No values for hemoglobin saturation <95% were observed. Conclusions and relevance BA of tiletamine–zolazepam at the doses studied here is a simple and effective method for chemical restraint in cats, where the LD group had a lower impact on SAP and RR than the HD group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Nejamkin
- Hospital for Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National Central University of the Province of Buenos Aires, University Campus, Tandil, Argentina
- Hospital for Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National Central University of the Province of Buenos Aires, University Campus, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Verónica Cavilla
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National Central University of the Province of Buenos Aires, University Campus, Tandil, Argentina
| | - María Clausse
- General Clinical Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National Central University of the Province of Buenos Aires, University Campus, Tandil, Argentina
- Veterinary Research Center of Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National Central University of the Province of Buenos Aires, University Campus, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Florencia Landivar
- Hospital for Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National Central University of the Province of Buenos Aires, University Campus, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Augusto M Lorenzutti
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Catholic University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sofía Martínez
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National Central University of the Province of Buenos Aires, University Campus, Tandil, Argentina
| | - María J Del Sole
- Hospital for Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National Central University of the Province of Buenos Aires, University Campus, Tandil, Argentina
- Veterinary Research Center of Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National Central University of the Province of Buenos Aires, University Campus, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Manuel Martín-Flores
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schroers M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Reese S, Dobenecker B, Pieper K. Pharmacokinetics of low-dose and high-dose buprenorphine in cats after rectal administration of different formulations. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 21:938-943. [PMID: 30427272 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18810933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A prospective experimental study was performed in nine young healthy cats to investigate a pharmacokinetic profile and the clinical relevance of rectally administered buprenorphine. Rectal pH value was measured in all nine cats. METHODS Blood was collected 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 240 and 480 mins and 24 h after the rectal administration of a suppository and a gel at doses between 0.02 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg buprenorphine to determine the plasma concentration of buprenorphine. Rectal pH was measured with pH paper. RESULTS Upon pharmacokinetic non-compartment analysis of high-dose buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg), average maximal plasma concentration was found to be 1.13 ng/ml, time to maximal plasma concentration was 45 mins and area under the plasma concentration-time curve was 94.19 ng*min/ml, representing low but potential bioavailability. Mean residual time was 152.2 mins and the half-life was 92.6 mins. A wide range of plasma concentrations within the cohort was measured and two of the cats had to be excluded from statistical analysis owing to incomplete uptake. Vital parameters of all cats were considered to be normal but three of the cats showed mydriasis up to 8 h after application. After the administration of a low-dose suppository or a rectal gel (0.02 mg/kg) within pilot studies, no buprenorphine was detected in cat plasma. Rectal pH in all cats was between 7.7 and 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The rectal application of buprenorphine at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg revealed a potential but weak uptake in cats. Regarding effective concentrations in previous pharmacokinetic investigations, rectal administration is currently not recommended for good provision of opioid analgesia in cats. Pharmacological investigations of formulation and galenics in order to improve the rectal bioavailability of buprenorphine remain to be clarified before further dose-finding and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies are performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maike Schroers
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Korbinian Pieper
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grubb TL, Kurkowski D, Sellon DC, Seino KK, Coffey T, Davis JL. Pharmacokinetics and physiologic/behavioral effects of buprenorphine administered sublingually and intravenously to neonatal foals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:26-36. [PMID: 30242851 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine is absorbed following sublingual administration, which would be a low-stress delivery route in foals. However, the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics are not described in foals. Six healthy foals <21 days of age participated in a blinded, randomized, 3-period, 5-sequence, 3-treatment crossover prospective study. Foals received 0.01-0.02 mg/kg buprenorphine administered SL or IV with an equivalent volume of saline administered by the opposite route. Blood was collected from the cephalic vein for pharmacokinetic analysis. Physiologic parameters (HR, RR, body temperature, GI sounds), locomotion (pedometer), and behavioral data (activity level, nursing time, response to humans) were recorded. Plasma concentration of buprenorphine exceeded a presumed analgesic level (0.6 ng/ml) in five foals in the IV group and one in the SL group but only for a very brief time. Pharmacokinetic analysis following IV administration demonstrated a short elimination half-life (t1/2β 1.95 ± 0.7 hr), large volume of distribution (6.46 ± 1.54 L/kg), and a high total clearance (55.83 ± 23.75 ml/kg/min), which differs from adult horses. Following SL administration, maximum concentrations reached were 0.61 ± 0.11 ng/ml and bioavailability was 25.1% ± 10.9%. In both groups, there were minor statistical differences in HR, RR, body temperature, locomotion, and time spent nursing. However, these differences were clinically insignificant in this single dose study, and excitement, sedation, or colic did not occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Grubb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Danielle Kurkowski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Deborah C Sellon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Kathy K Seino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Todd Coffey
- Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and Research, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, VA Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sadar MJ, Knych HK, Drazenovich TL, Paul-Murphy JR. Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after intravenous and oral transmucosal administration in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:260-266. [PMID: 29466036 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of buprenorphine after IV and oral transmucosal (OTM) administration in guinea pigs. ANIMALS 14 male guinea pigs (6 adults for preliminary experiment; eight 8 to 11-week-old animals for primary study). PROCEDURES A preliminary experiment was conducted to determine an appropriate buprenorphine dose. In the primary study, buprenorphine (0.2 mg/kg) was administered IV or OTM, and blood samples were obtained. The pH of the oral cavity was measured before OTM administration. Sedation was scored for 6 hours on a scale of 0 to 3 (0 = no sedation and 3 = heavy sedation). After a 7-day washout period, procedures were repeated in a crossover manner. Plasma buprenorphine concentration was quantified, and data were analyzed with a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic approach. RESULTS Mean peak plasma buprenorphine concentrations were 46.7 and 2.4 ng/mL after IV and OTM administration, respectively. Mean time to maximum plasma buprenorphine concentration was 1.5 and 71.2 minutes, and mean terminal half-life was 184.9 and 173.0 minutes for IV and OTM administration, respectively. There was a range of sedation effects (0 to 2) for both routes of administration, which resolved within the 6-hour time frame. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE On the basis of pharmacokinetic parameters for this study, buprenorphine at 0.2 mg/kg may be administered IV every 7 hours or OTM every 4 hours to maintain a target plasma concentration of 1 ng/mL. Further studies are needed to evaluate administration of multiple doses and sedative effects in guinea pigs with signs of pain.
Collapse
|
12
|
Stathopoulou TR, Kouki M, Pypendop BH, Johnston A, Papadimitriou S, Pelligand L. Evaluation of analgesic effect and absorption of buprenorphine after buccal administration in cats with oral disease. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 20:704-710. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17727234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect and absorption of buprenorphine after buccal administration in cats with oral disease. Methods Six adult client-owned cats with chronic gingivostomatitis (weighing 5.1 ± 1.1 kg) were recruited for a randomised, prospective, blinded, saline-controlled, crossover study. Pain scores, dental examination, stomatitis score and buccal pH measurement were conducted on day 1 under sedation in all cats. On day 2, animals were randomised into two groups and administered one of the two treatments buccally (group A received buprenorphine 0.02 mg/kg and group B received 0.9% saline) and vice versa on day 3. Pain scores and food consumption were measured at 30, 90 and 360 mins after the administration of buprenorphine. Blood samples were taken at the same time and plasma buprenorphine concentration was measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Data were statistically analysed as non-parametric and the level of significance was set as P <0.05. Results There were no major side effects after buprenorphine administration. Buccal pH values ranged between 8.5 and 9.1 and the stomatitis disease activity index between 10 and 22 (17.8 ± 4.5), with the scale ranging from 0–30. The maximum buprenorphine plasma concentration (14.8 ng/ml) was observed 30 mins after administration and there was low inter-individual variability. There was a significant difference between baseline pain scores compared with pain scores after buprenorphine ( P <0.05), and between the saline and buprenorphine group at 30 mins ( P = 0.04) and 90 mins ( P = 0.04). There was also a significant effect of the stomatitis index on the pain score. Regarding the pharmacokinetic parameters, cats with stomatitis showed lower bioavailability and shorter absorption half-life after buccal administration of buprenorphine compared with normal cats in previous studies. Conclusions and relevance Buccal administration of buprenorphine in cats with gingivostomatitis produces an analgesic effect and low inter-individual variability in plasma concentration, and it can be incorporated in their multimodal analgesia plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Kouki
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Veterinary Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Bruno H Pypendop
- Surgical and Radiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Atholl Johnston
- Queen Mary University of London and Analytical Services International, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Serafeim Papadimitriou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Veterinary Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ludovic Pelligand
- Clinical Services and Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gulledge BM, Messenger KM, Cornell KK, Lindell H, Schmiedt CW. Pharmacokinetic comparison of two buprenorphine formulations after buccal administration in healthy male cats. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 20:312-318. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17710843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of compounded and commercially available aqueous formulations of buprenorphine after a single buccal dose to healthy cats and to evaluate the concentrations of a compounded buprenorphine solution over 21 days when stored at room temperature (RT; 22–24°C) with exposure to light or when refrigerated at 4°C while protected from light. Methods Six young healthy male cats were administered single buccal doses of compounded and commercially available formulations of buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg) using a randomized, blinded, two-period crossover design. Blood samples were obtained over a 24 h period and plasma buprenorphine concentrations were determined using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. Three batches of the compounded formulation were stored at RT or 4°C and aliquots were evaluated over 21 days for buprenorphine concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Results Plasma concentrations of buprenorphine were above the limit of quantification up to 6 h in some cats and up to 3 h in all cats. The area under the curve was significantly less for the compounded formulation ( P = 0.004). A significant difference was not detected between formulations for time to maximum concentration ( P = 0.11), maximum concentration ( P = 0.06), half-life ( P = 0.88) and mean residence time ( P = 0.57). Buprenorphine concentration in the compounded formulation was not affected by storage condition or time and remained between 90% and 110% of the target concentration at all time points. Conclusions and relevance A buprenorphine solution prepared from sublingual tablets is absorbed after buccal administration in healthy cats. The extent of absorption is significantly less than that of the commercially available formulation. The compounded solution maintains an acceptable buprenorphine concentration for at least 21 days when stored at RT or refrigerated.
Collapse
|
14
|
Dooley SB, Aarnes TK, Lakritz J, Lerche P, Bednarski RM, Hubbell JAE. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buprenorphine and sustained-release buprenorphine after administration to adult alpacas. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:321-329. [PMID: 28240955 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.3.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buprenorphine after IV and SC administration and of sustained-release (SR) buprenorphine after SC administration to adult alpacas. ANIMALS 6 alpacas. PROCEDURES Buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg, IV and SC) and SR buprenorphine (0.12 mg/kg, SC) were administered to each alpaca, with a 14-day washout period between administrations. Twenty-one venous blood samples were collected over 96 hours and used to determine plasma concentrations of buprenorphine. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by use of noncompartmental analysis. Pharmacodynamic parameters were assessed via sedation, heart and respiratory rates, and thermal and mechanical antinociception indices. RESULTS Mean ± SD maximum concentration after IV and SC administration of buprenorphine were 11.60 ± 4.50 ng/mL and 1.95 ± 0.80 ng/mL, respectively. Mean clearance was 3.00 ± 0.33 L/h/kg, and steady-state volume of distribution after IV administration was 3.8 ± l.0 L/kg. Terminal elimination half-life was 1.0 ± 0.2 hours and 2.7 ± 2.8 hours after IV and SC administration, respectively. Mean residence time was 1.3 ± 0.3 hours and 3.6 ± 3.7 hours after IV and SC administration, respectively. Bioavailability was 64 ± 28%. Plasma concentrations after SC administration of SR buprenorphine were below the LLOQ in samples from 4 alpacas. There were no significant changes in pharmacodynamic parameters after buprenorphine administration. Alpacas exhibited mild behavioral changes after all treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Buprenorphine administration to healthy alpacas resulted in moderate bioavailability, rapid clearance, and a short half-life. Plasma concentrations were detectable in only 2 alpacas after SC administration of SR buprenorphine.
Collapse
|
15
|
Simon BT, Steagall PV. The present and future of opioid analgesics in small animal practice. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:315-326. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. T. Simon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - P. V. Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Robertson SA, Taylor PM. Pain management in cats—past, present and future. Part 2. Treatment of pain—clinical pharmacology. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 6:321-33. [PMID: 15363764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/13/2003] [Accepted: 10/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Opioids have an unjustified reputation for causing mania in cats, but with refinements in dosing they are now used successfully in this species. The mu-opioid agonists are generally considered the best analgesics. Morphine (0.1–0.3 mg/kg) is effective in a clinical setting. Methadone (up to 0.5 mg/kg) has a similar profile to morphine. Pethidine (Demerol, meperidine; 2–5 mg/kg) is a useful analgesic with a faster onset but shorter duration of action than morphine. Oxymorphone and hydromorphone (0.05–0.1 mg/kg) are widely used in the USA. These opioids are more potent (up to 10 times), and longer acting than morphine in cats. Butorphanol (0.1–0.4 mg/kg) is a mu-opioid antagonist that produces its analgesic actions through kappa agonist activity. It rapidly reaches a ceiling effect, is short acting and is a weaker analgesic than pure mu opioids. Buprenorphine (0.01–0.02 mg/kg), a partial mu-agonist, is the most popular opioid used in small animal practice in the UK, other parts of Europe, Australia and South Africa. In clinical studies it has produced better analgesia than several other opioids and appears to be highly suitable for perioperative pain management in cats. NSAIDs are also used in cats for pain management, although cats metabolise these differently from other species. With appropriate dosing, carprofen (1–4 mg/kg) and meloxicam (0.3 mg/kg) have proved highly effective with few side effects. The use of ketoprofen (2 mg/kg), tolfenamic acid (4 mg/kg) and vedaprofen (0.5 mg/kg) has been reported in cats. Other less traditional analgesics such as ketamine, medetomidine and local anaesthetics are also used for clinical pain management. The transmucosal, transdermal and epidural routes offer novel methods for administration of analgesic drugs and have considerable potential for improving techniques in feline pain management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Robertson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Blazejewski S, Lewis JR, Reiter AM. Mucoperiosteal Flap for Extraction of Multiple Teeth in the Maxillary Quadrant of the Cat. J Vet Dent 2016; 23:200-5. [PMID: 17022198 DOI: 10.1177/089875640602300313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Blazejewski
- Matthew J Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6010, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lewis JR, Tsugawa AJ, Reiter AM. Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment for Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat. J Vet Dent 2016; 24:240-9. [DOI: 10.1177/089875640702400406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lasers have become a popular tool in veterinary practice, particularly the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. In humans, the CO2 laser is used most commonly in oral and maxillofacial soft tissue surgery due to its favorable interactions with oral soft tissues. Other types of lasers are better suited for use on hard tissues such as enamel and dentin. This article reviews the history of laser use, physics of laser-tissue interaction, delivery systems, and laser types used in dentistry and oral surgery. This is followed by a case report describing the use of CO2 laser as an adjunctive treatment for therapy of refractory caudal stomatitis in a cat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Lewis
- From the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010. Dr. Tsugawa's current address is California Animal Hospital, Veterinary Specialty Group, 1736 S. Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles, CA. 90025
| | - Anson J. Tsugawa
- From the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010. Dr. Tsugawa's current address is California Animal Hospital, Veterinary Specialty Group, 1736 S. Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles, CA. 90025
| | - Alexander M. Reiter
- From the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010. Dr. Tsugawa's current address is California Animal Hospital, Veterinary Specialty Group, 1736 S. Sepulveda Blvd., Los Angeles, CA. 90025
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bilgic O, Duda L, Sánchez MD, Lewis JR. Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinical Manifestations and Literature Review. J Vet Dent 2015. [PMID: 26197688 DOI: 10.1177/089875641503200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most commonly encountered malignant oral tumor in cats. The etiology of this locally invasive tumor is likely multifactorial. Several risk factors have been identified, including the use of flea collars, and a history of feeding canned food and canned tuna. Clinical signs vary depending on tumor location. The tumor commonly arises from the gingiva and mucosa of the maxilla, mandible, tongue, sublingual area, or tonsillar region. Maxillary SCC commonly presents clinically as an ulcerative lesion, whereas mandibular SCC is commonly proliferative, expansile, and firm. Lingual/sublingual SCC may be ulcerative, necrotic, infiltrative, or proliferative. In general, feline oral SCC is an invasive and malignant neoplasm regardless of its location. Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and combinations thereof have been attempted with rarely a satisfactory response. Currently, cures are obtained only in a small subset of cats whose tumors are amenable to complete resection, or where resection with microscopic residual disease is followed by definitive radiation therapy. A multimodal treatment approach likely offers the best chance of success. For cats with advanced disease, palliative care may improve patients' quality of life, albeit transiently. Sequelae associated with tumor progression and local tissue destruction often result in euthanasia of feline patients with oral SCC.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bortolami E, Love EJ. Practical use of opioids in cats: a state-of-the-art, evidence-based review. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:283-311. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15572970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Recent recognition of the need to improve pain management in cats has led to the investigation of the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of opioid analgesic drugs in this species. The results of these studies may be difficult to interpret because the effect of these drugs varies with dose, route of administration and the method used to assess them. As equipotency of different opioids is not known, it is hard to compare their effects. Animals do not verbalise the pain they feel and, in cats, it may be more difficult to recognise signs of pain in comparison with other species such as dogs. Aim This article reviews the use of opioid analgesics in cats. It must be remembered that not all drugs are licensed for use in cats, and that marketing authorisations vary between different countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bortolami
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Emma J Love
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Epstein M, Rodan I, Griffenhagen G, Kadrlik J, Petty M, Robertson S, Simpson W. 2015 AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats*. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2015; 51:67-84. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
22
|
PHARMACOKINETICS OF A SINGLE SUBCUTANEOUS DOSE OF SUSTAINED RELEASE BUPRENORPHINE IN NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS (MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:52-61. [DOI: 10.1638/2014-0115r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
23
|
Epstein ME, Rodan I, Griffenhagen G, Kadrlik J, Petty MC, Robertson SA, Simpson W. 2015 AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:251-72. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15572062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rationale: The robust advances in pain management for companion animals underlie the decision of the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) and American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) to expand on the information provided in the 2007 AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines. The 2015 Guidelines summarize and offer a discriminating review of much of this new knowledge. Relevance: Pain management is central to veterinary practice, alleviating pain, improving patient outcomes, and enhancing both quality of life and the veterinarian–client–patient relationship. These Guidelines support veterinarians in incorporating pain management into practice, improving patient care. Approaches: The management of pain requires a continuum of care that includes anticipation, early intervention, and evaluation of response on an individual patient basis. A team-oriented approach, including the owner, is essential for maximizing the recognition, prevention and treatment of pain in animals. Evidence base: The Guidelines include both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic modalities to manage pain; they are evidence-based insofar as possible and otherwise represent a consensus of expert opinion. Behavioral changes are currently the principal indicator of pain and its course of improvement or progression, and the basis for recently validated pain scores. Post-surgical pain is eminently predictable but a strong body of evidence exists supporting strategies to mitigate adaptive as well as maladaptive forms. Chronic pain is dominated by degenerative joint disease (DJD), which is one of the most significant and under-diagnosed diseases of cats and dogs. DJD is ubiquitous, found in pets of all ages, and inevitably progresses over time; evidence-based strategies for management are established in dogs, and emerging in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Epstein
- TotalBond Veterinary Hospitals PC, 3200 Union Road, Gastonia, NC 28056, USA
| | - Ilona Rodan
- Cat Care Clinic and Feline-Friendly Consultations, 322 Junction Road, Madison, WI 53717, USA
| | - Gregg Griffenhagen
- Colorado State University School of Veterinary Medicine, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jamie Kadrlik
- Pet Crossing Animal Hospital and Dental Clinic, 10861 Bloomington Ferry Road, Bloomington, MN 55438, USA
| | - Michael C Petty
- Arbor Pointe Veterinary Hospital/Animal Pain Center, 42043 Ford Road, Canton, MI 48187, USA
| | - Sheilah A Robertson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Wendy Simpson
- Morrisville Cat Hospital, 100 Keybridge Drive, Suite A, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kirk LM, Brown SD. Beyond-use date determination of buprenorphine buccal solution using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:1035-40. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15569329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objectives of this study included developing and validating a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection for the determination of buprenorphine in a buccal solution for veterinary use, and applying that method to determine the stability of a 3 mg/ml buprenorphine preparation in room temperature and refrigerated storage conditions. This preparation, intended for buccal administration in feline patients, plays an important role in pain management in cats. Methods A stability-indicating HPLC method was developed and validated for system suitability, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, specificity, linearity and robustness based on US Pharmacopeia (USP) General Chapter <1225>. The method was then applied to the study of potency changes over 90 days in a buccal buprenorphine solution stored at two temperatures. Results All HPLC-UV method data met acceptable criteria for the quantification of buprenorphine in a buccal solution formulation. The buprenorphine concentrations found in each stability sample remained within the 90–110% of label claim throughout the 90 days of study. All stability test bottles of the buprenorphine buccal solution retained their original appearance. For the room temperature bottles, some white particulate matter was noted in the threads of the container bottles starting at day 21. The pH of the preparations during the course of the study was in the range of 3.57–4.06 and 4.01–4.16 for the room temperature and refrigerated samples, respectively. Conclusions and relevance Pharmacists have compounded a concentrated 3 mg/ml buccal solution to use easily in the home care or outpatient setting for treatment of feline pain. Prior to this investigation, pharmacists empirically assigned beyond-use dates to this formulation based on standards in USP General Chapter <795> Pharmaceutical Compounding – Nonsterile Preparations. This study of a 3 mg/ml buprenorphine buccal solution indicates stability through 90 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loren Madden Kirk
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy at East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Stacy D Brown
- Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy at East Tennessee State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Steagall PVM, Monteiro BP, Lavoie AM, Troncy E. Preliminary investigation of the thermal antinociceptive effects of codeine in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:1061-4. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14564710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential thermal antinociceptive effects of oral administration of a single dose of codeine in cats compared with positive (buprenorphine) and negative (saline 0.9%) controls. Methods Six adult healthy cats weighing 5.14 ± 0.6 kg were used. Skin temperature and thermal thresholds (TTs) were evaluated using a wireless device (Topcat Metrology) at baseline, 0.5, 1, 3, 6 and 10 h after treatment. In period 1, TTs were evaluated after subcutaneous administration of saline 0.9%. In period 2, cats were administered either oral codeine (10 mg total, 2.0 ± 0.2 mg/kg) or buccal buprenorphine (0.04 mg/kg) in a cross-over, blinded study design. Half of the volume of buprenorphine was administered into each cheek pouch. Δ TT (difference between TTs after and before treatment) was used for data comparison. Mean ± SD data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s or Tukey’s test when appropriate ( P <0.05). Results Adverse effects did not occur in any group. Skin temperature was not different between groups nor over time. Temporal changes in TTs were not observed after saline or codeine. Buprenorphine increased Δ TT at 3 h (2.7 ± 3.3°C) when compared with baseline or saline ( P <0.05). For buprenorphine, TTs were not >47.6°C at any time point in four cats. The mean highest temperature recorded in the two other cats in that group was 54.5 and 52.8°C at 3 h. Conclusions and clinical relevance At the dose administered, codeine did not produce thermal antinociception. Mild increases in TT after buccal buprenorphine might be related to the first-pass effect after drug swallowing, drug spillage during administration and/or individual variability. These factors should be taken in to consideration when administering buprenorphine by this route in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo VM Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Beatriz P Monteiro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hedges AR, Pypendop BH, Shilo Y, Stanley SD, Ilkiw JE. Impact of the blood sampling site on time-concentration drug profiles following intravenous or buccal drug administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:145-50. [PMID: 24745064 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the sampling site on the drug concentration-time profile, following intravenous or buccal (often called 'oral transmucosal') drug administration. Buprenorphine (20 μg/kg) was administered IV or buccally to six cats. Blood samples were collected from the carotid artery and the jugular and medial saphenous veins for 24 h following buprenorphine administration. Buprenorphine concentration-time data were examined using noncompartmental analysis. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, applying the Bonferroni correction. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Following IV administration, no difference among the sampling sites was found. Following buccal administration, maximum concentration [jugular: 6.3 (2.9-9.8), carotid: 3.4 (1.9-4.9), medial saphenous: 2.5 (1.7-4.1) ng/mL], area under the curve [jugular: 395 (335-747), carotid: 278 (214-693), medial saphenous: 255 (188-608) ng·min/mL], and bioavailability [jugular: 47 (34-67), carotid: 32 (20-52), medial saphenous: 23 (16-55)%] were higher in the jugular vein than in the carotid artery and medial saphenous vein. Jugular venous blood sampling is not an acceptable substitute for arterial blood sampling following buccal drug administration.
Collapse
|
27
|
Porters N, de Rooster H, Bosmans T, Baert K, Cherlet M, Croubels S, De Backer P, Polis I. Pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal and intramuscular dexmedetomidine combined with buprenorphine in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:203-8. [PMID: 25269566 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine after oral transmucosal (OTM) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of their combination in healthy adult cats were compared. According to a crossover protocol (1-month washout), a combination of dexmedetomidine (40 μg/kg) and buprenorphine (20 μg/kg) was given OTM (buccal cavity) or i.m. (quadriceps muscle) in six female neutered cats. Plasma samples were collected through a jugular catheter during a 24-h period. Plasma dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma concentration-time data were fitted to compartmental models. For dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax ) were significantly lower following OTM than following i.m. administration. For buprenorphine, time to reach Cmax was also significantly longer after OTM administration than after i.m. injection. Data suggested that dexmedetomidine (40 μg/kg) combined with buprenorphine (20 μg/kg) is not as well absorbed from the buccal mucosa site as from the intramuscular injection site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Porters
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Porters N, Polis I, Moons C, Duchateau L, Goethals K, Huyghe S, de Rooster H. Prepubertal gonadectomy in cats: different surgical techniques and comparison with gonadectomy at traditional age. Vet Rec 2014; 175:223. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Porters
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - I. Polis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - C. Moons
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Nutrition; Genetics and Ethology; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - L. Duchateau
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - K. Goethals
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Huyghe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - H. de Rooster
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Porters N, de Rooster H, Moons CPH, Duchateau L, Goethals K, Bosmans T, Polis I. Prepubertal gonadectomy in cats: different injectable anaesthetic combinations and comparison with gonadectomy at traditional age. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 17:458-67. [PMID: 25170033 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14546919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anaesthetic and analgesic effects of three different injectable anaesthetic combinations for prepubertal gonadectomy (PPG) in cats were studied. One anaesthetic protocol was compared with a similar one for gonadectomy at traditional age (TAG). Kittens were randomly assigned to PPG or TAG. For PPG, three different protocols were compared: (1) intramuscular (IM) administration of 60 μg/kg dexmedetomidine plus 20 μg/kg buprenorphine followed by an IM injection of the anaesthetic agent (20 mg/kg ketamine) (DB-IM protocol); (2) oral transmucosal (OTM) administration of 80 μg/kg dexmedetomidine plus 20 μg/kg buprenorphine followed by an IM injection of 20 mg/kg ketamine combined with 20 µg/kg dexmedetomidine (DB-OTM protocol); (3) IM injection of a 40 μg/kg medetomidine-20 μg/kg buprenorphine-20 mg/kg ketamine combination (MBK-IM protocol). For TAG, a DB-IM protocol was used, but with different doses for dexmedetomidine (40 μg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg). All cats (PPG and TAG) received a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory before surgery. Anaesthetic and analgesic effects were assessed pre- and postoperatively (until 6 h). Cumulative logit, linear and logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. Compared with the DB-OTM protocol, the DB-IM and MBK-IM protocols provided better anaesthesia with fewer adverse effects in PPG cats. Postoperative pain was not significantly different between anaesthetic protocols. PPG and TAG cats anaesthetised with the two DB-IM protocols differed significantly only for sedation and pain scores, but sedation and pain scores were generally low. Although there were no anaesthesia-related mortalities in the present study and all anaesthetic protocols for PPG in cats provided a surgical plane of anaesthesia and analgesia up to 6 h postoperatively, our findings were in favour of the intramuscular (DB-IM and MBK-IM) protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Porters
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hilde de Rooster
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christel P H Moons
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Klara Goethals
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tim Bosmans
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ingeborgh Polis
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Steagall PVM, Monteiro-Steagall BP, Taylor PM. A review of the studies using buprenorphine in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:762-70. [PMID: 24655078 PMCID: PMC4895465 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain management is a crucial component of feline medicine and surgery. This review critically evaluates studies using buprenorphine in cats and highlights the clinical application of the opioid in this species. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling of IV buprenorphine has been best described by a combined effect compartmental/receptor association-dissociation model with negative hysteresis. Therefore, plasma concentrations of the drug are not correlated with analgesia, and clinicians should not expect to observe pain relief immediately after drug administration. In addition, a ceiling effect has not been demonstrated after administration of clinical doses of buprenorphine in cats; dosages of up to 0.04 mg/kg have been reported. The route of administration influences the onset, duration, and magnitude of antinociception and analgesia when using this drug in cats. At clinical dosages, the SC route of administration does not appear to provide adequate antinociception and analgesia whereas the buccal route has produced inconsistent results. Intravenous or IM administration at a dosage of 0.02-0.04 mg/kg is the preferred for treatment of pain in the acute setting. A literature search found 14 clinical trials evaluating buprenorphine sedation, analgesia, or both in cats. There were 22 original research studies reporting the antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine by means of thermal threshold, mechanical threshold, or both, minimal alveolar concentration, or PK-PD. Individual variability in response to buprenorphine administration has been reported, indicating that buprenorphine may not provide sufficient analgesia in some cats. Pain assessment is important when evaluating the efficacy of buprenorphine and determining whether additional analgesic treatment is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P V M Steagall
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Porters N, Bosmans T, Debille M, de Rooster H, Duchateau L, Polis I. Sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine after oral transmucosal or intramuscular administration in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:90-6. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
32
|
Pypendop BH, Ilkiw JE, Shilo-Benjamini Y. Bioavailability of morphine, methadone, hydromorphone, and oxymorphone following buccal administration in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:295-300. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. H. Pypendop
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - J. E. Ilkiw
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Y. Shilo-Benjamini
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hedges AR, Pypendop BH, Shilo-Benjamini Y, Stanley SD, Ilkiw JE. Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and buccal administration in cats, and effects on thermal threshold. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:252-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Hedges
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - B. H. Pypendop
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Y. Shilo-Benjamini
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - S. D. Stanley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - J. E. Ilkiw
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cozzi EM, Spensley MS. Multicenter randomized prospective clinical evaluation of meloxicam administered via transmucosal oral spray in client-owned dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 36:609-16. [PMID: 23550740 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The clinical safety and efficacy of a transmucosal oral spray (TMOS) formulation of meloxicam was evaluated for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs. A total of 280 client-owned dogs were enrolled at fourteen veterinary clinics: there were 187 dogs in the meloxicam TMOS group and 93 in the placebo control group. Dogs received placebo or treatment spray once daily for twenty-eight days. Improvement in signs of osteoarthritis was measured using client-specific outcome measures (CSOM) made at days 14 and 28 and veterinary assessments of lameness and pain on palpation made at day 28. A significantly higher number of dogs in the meloxicam TMOS group were treatment successes at 28 days (72.6%) compared with the placebo group (46.9%), based on CSOM scores. Total CSOM scores were significantly lower in the meloxicam TMOS-treated group compared with the placebo group at both 14 and 28 days. Differences between treatment groups were not observed in veterinary assessments. Gastrointestinal effects of meloxicam were observed in some animals. Meloxicam TMOS was found to be safe and effective in dogs for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Cozzi
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Steagall PVM, Pelligand L, Giordano T, Auberger C, Sear JW, Luna SPL, Taylor PM. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling of intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous buprenorphine in conscious cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013; 40:83-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
36
|
Bortolami E, Slingsby L, Love EJ. Comparison of two formulations of buprenorphine in cats administered by the oral transmucosal route. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:534-9. [PMID: 22403414 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12442038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This randomised, blinded, cross-over study investigated the ease of oral transmucosal administration of two formulations of buprenorphine using glucose as a control in 12 cats. The cats received three treatments: buprenorphine multi-dose, buprenorphine and the equivalent volume of glucose 5%. Ease of treatment administration, observation of swallowing, changes in pupil size, sedation, salivation, vomiting, behaviour and food intake were assessed. The data were analysed using MLwiN and multi-level modelling. Ease of administration of buprenorphine multi-dose was statistically different from glucose (P <0.001), and the administration of all treatments became easier over the study periods. Swallowing was not statistically different between groups (P >0.05). Mydriasis was evident after the administration of both formulations of buprenorphine. Sedation, salivation, vomiting, behavioural changes or in-appetence were not observed after any treatment. Cats tolerated oral transmucosal administration of glucose better than buprenorphine multi-dose, while buprenorphine administration was tolerated as well as glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bortolami
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Bristol UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Santos LCP, Ludders JW, Erb HN, Martin-Flores M, Basher KL, Kirch P. A randomized, blinded, controlled trial of the antiemetic effect of ondansetron on dexmedetomidine-induced emesis in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 38:320-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
38
|
Ferreira TH, Rezende ML, Mama KR, Hudachek SF, Aguiar AJA. Plasma concentrations and behavioral, antinociceptive, and physiologic effects of methadone after intravenous and oral transmucosal administration in cats. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:764-71. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.6.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
39
|
Catbagan DL, Quimby JM, Mama KR, Rychel JK, Mich PM. Comparison of the efficacy and adverse effects of sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride following subcutaneous administration and buprenorphine hydrochloride following oral transmucosal administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:461-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.4.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
40
|
Rodan I. Understanding feline behavior and application for appropriate handling and management. Top Companion Anim Med 2011; 25:178-88. [PMID: 21147470 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Feline handling in the veterinary hospital is important to protect both people and cats. Restraint has been used to enable us to perform our duties as veterinarians. With increased knowledge of feline behavior and how cats react to fear, newer information provides us with safer handling techniques. With safer and more respectful handling based on understanding the nature of cats and their communication, we can improve feline health care in our hospitals, the human-animal-veterinarian bond, and the welfare of both cats and people. This article explains important aspects of feline communication and how our actions affect cats. By understanding the cat, we can improve our handling techniques to prevent fear and pain for our feline patients, and thus make our veterinary practices more feline friendly and safer for our clients, their cats, and veterinary staff.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Rodan
- Feline Practice,Cat Care Clinic & Behavior Consultations for Cats, Madison, WI 53717, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Greene SA. Chronic pain: pathophysiology and treatment implications. Top Companion Anim Med 2010; 25:5-9. [PMID: 20188333 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An examination of the current understanding of the processes and related therapies aimed at treatment of chronic pain in animals is presented. Discussion focuses on mechanisms involved in the neural pathways of chronic pain, differences between acute and chronic pain, and pharmacologic options for chronic pain as they relate to inflammatory, neoplastic, and neuropathic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Greene
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Santos LCP, Ludders JW, Erb HN, Basher KL, Kirch P, Gleed RD. Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine administered to cats via oral transmucosal or intramuscular routes. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010; 37:417-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
43
|
Giordano T, Steagall PVM, Ferreira TH, Minto BW, De Sá Lorena SER, Brondani J, Luna SPL. Postoperative analgesic effects of intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or oral transmucosal buprenorphine administered to cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010; 37:357-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
44
|
Steagall PVM, Millette V, Mantovani FB, Gilbert P, Luna SPL, Duke-Novakovski T. Antinociceptive effects of epidural buprenorphine or medetomidine, or the combination, in conscious cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:477-84. [PMID: 19754915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the antinociceptive effects of epidural buprenorphine (EB), epidural medetomidine (EM) or epidural buprenorphine-medetomidine (EBM). Eight cats were studied. Thermal thresholds (TT) were measured by increasing the temperature of a probe placed on the thorax. Mechanical thresholds (MT) were measured through inflation of a modified blood pressure bladder to the cat's forelimb. After baseline measurements, EB (0.02 mg/kg), EM (0.01 mg/kg) or half of the doses of each drug (EBM) were administered. Data were analysed using anova (P < 0.05) and 95% confidence interval (CI). TT increased from 30 min to 1 h after EB and at 45 min after EM. MT increased from 45 min to 2 h after EB, from 15 min to 1 h after EM and at 30, 45 min and at 2 h after EBM. MT were significantly lower after EB than EM at 30 min. TT were above the upper 95%CI from 15 min to 24 h after EB, from 15 min to 4 h after EM and from 15 min to 8 h after EBM. MT were above the upper 95%CI from 15 min to 5 h, and at 8, 12 and 24 h after EB, from 15 min to 6 h after EM and from 15 min to 6 h and at 12 and 24 h after EBM. All treatments had similar onset. Overall, EB presented longer period of action than EBM and EM. The same magnitude of analgesia was achieved, but with fewer side effects when EBM was compared with EM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P V M Steagall
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1100, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Leach MC, Forrester AR, Flecknell PA. Influence of preferred foodstuffs on the antinociceptive effects of orally administered buprenorphine in laboratory rats. Lab Anim 2009; 44:54-8. [PMID: 19858164 DOI: 10.1258/la.2009.009029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration of buprenorphine is becoming a popular method of providing analgesia for laboratory rodents. The mixing of buprenorphine with flavoured jello, which rodents find palatable, is becoming a commonly used method as it is thought to improve the efficacy of oral buprenorphine by increasing the time available for it to be absorbed via the oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of various methods of buprenorphine administration (subcutaneous saline, subcutaneous buprenorphine [0.05 mg/kg], buprenorphine gavage [0.5 mg/kg], buprenorphine in jello [0.5 mg/kg] and buprenorphine in golden syrup [0.5 mg/kg]) on thermal antinociceptive thresholds in laboratory rats. Buprenorphine administered subcutaneously, by gavage, in jello and in syrup induced significant increases in thermal antinociceptive thresholds compared with saline. This effect was observed up to 5 h postadministration for buprenorphine administered subcutaneously and by gavage, but only for one hour postadministration for buprenorphine administered in jello and in syrup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Leach
- Comparative Biology Centre, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Slingsby LS, Taylor PM, Monroe T. Thermal antinociception after dexmedetomidine administration in cats: A comparison between intramuscular and oral transmucosal administration. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:829-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine 40 μg/kg was administered either intramuscularly (IM) or oral transmucosally (OTM) to 12 cats in a randomised cross-over study. Thermal nociceptive thresholds and visual analogue scale (VAS) sedation scores were obtained before and at regular intervals up to 24 h after test drug administration. The summary measures of overall mean threshold, overall mean VAS sedation plus onset, offset and duration of analgesia were investigated using a univariate general linear model. There were no significant differences between treatment groups. Data are presented as mean±standard deviation: delta T mean increase over time (IM 6°C±3°C, OTM 6°C±2°C); overall mean VAS (IM 43±9 OTM 39±1); onset (IM 35±32 and OTM 30±40 min); offset (IM 96±56 and OTM 138±135 min); duration (IM 61±47 OTM 99±124 min). Dexmedetomidine is well absorbed through the oral mucosa in cats since OTM and IM administration of dexmedetomidine 40 μg/kg produced similar overall sedative and antinociceptive effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa S. Slingsby
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS 40 5DU, UK
| | - Polly M. Taylor
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS 40 5DU, UK
| | - Taylor Monroe
- Gravel Head Farm, Downham Common, Little Downham, Nr Ely, Cambs CB6 2TY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Steagall PVM, Taylor PM, Rodrigues LCC, Ferreira TH, Minto BW, Aguiar AJA. Analgesia for cats after ovariohysterectomy with either buprenorphine or carprofen alone or in combination. Vet Rec 2009; 164:359-63. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.12.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. V. M. Steagall
- Department of Surgery and Veterinary Anaesthesiology; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; FMVZ; UNESP; Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - P. M. Taylor
- Taylor Monroe, Gravel Head Farm, Downham Common, Little Downham; Ely Cambridgeshire CB6 2TY
| | - L. C. C. Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery and Veterinary Anaesthesiology; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; FMVZ; UNESP; Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - T. H. Ferreira
- Department of Surgery and Veterinary Anaesthesiology; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; FMVZ; UNESP; Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - B. W. Minto
- Department of Surgery and Veterinary Anaesthesiology; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; FMVZ; UNESP; Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - A. J. A. Aguiar
- Department of Surgery and Veterinary Anaesthesiology; School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; FMVZ; UNESP; Botucatu SP Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Control of cancer pain is within the capabilities of most veterinarians and is achievable in most animal patients that have cancer with techniques that are currently available. Great satisfaction can be derived from not only treating the pet's cancer but its pain. Incorporating pain management into oncology practice is good for the well-being of the pet, the owner, the staff, the veterinarians, and the practice.
Collapse
|
49
|
Wells SM, Glerum LE, Papich MG. Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol in cats after intramuscular and buccal transmucosal administration. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1548-54. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.12.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
50
|
|