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Ectoparasites of feral horses [ Equus ferus caballus (Linnaeus., 1758)] on Karadağ Mountain, Karaman, Turkey. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:590-596. [PMID: 32801511 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 250 feral horses [Equus ferus caballus (Linnaeus, 1758)] living on Karadağ Mountain near Karaman City were caught by Kazakh horse herdsmen with permission of the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and brought to a farm in Karkın village in Konya Province, 70 km from Karadağ, in November, 2017. This study was carried out to determine the presence of ectoparasites infesting a subsample of 36 feral horses. The horses were visually inspected, and then their bodies were checked by hand for ectoparasites. Thirty-five (97.2%) were infested with at least one of five species of ectoparasites: Bovicola equi (Linnaeus, 1758), Hippobosca equina (Linnaeus, 1758), Haemaphysalis parva (Neuman, 1897), Hyalomma excavatum (Koch, 18449), Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer, 1776). Most of the horses were coinfested with two ectoparasite species. Prevalence of infestation with H. equina was 80.6% and with B. equi 72.2%. In addition, prevalence of Ha. parva was 25.0%, Hy. excavatum 13.9%, and D. marginatus was 5.6%. This is the first systematic examination for external parasites of feral horses in Turkey. Further studies are needed to determine ectoparasites of greater numbers of feral horses in different localities.
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Gharbi M, Hamzaoui S, Hafsi A, Saidani Z, Jedidi M. Infestation rate of lice on donkeys in Northeast Tunisia. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 19:100368. [PMID: 32057395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present survey was carried out during autumn 2013 (September, October and November) in five localities of Jendouba district. A total number of 300 donkeys were examined and all present ectoparasites found on animals were collected and examined under stereomicroscope. The infestation rate by lice was estimated to 12.7% (38/300) there was no difference between infestation rates in males (11.5%; 22/192) and females (14.8%; 16/108). The highest infestation rate was observed in donkeys aged between 10 and 14 years, they represented 19.6% of the infested donkeys. Two lice species were collected with no statistically difference between the two infestation rates: Haematopinus asini (4%; 12/300) and Bovicola ocellatus (5.3%; 16/300). The lice were collected from donkeys of the five regions with no statistically difference between the infestation rates. A specific programme to control these parasites is recommended to improve the welfare of the working donkeys in Tunisia and in other North African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
| | - Safa Hamzaoui
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Anis Hafsi
- SPANA (Association de Protection des Animaux, Tunisie), Km 3 route de Jandouba, 7150 Bousalem, Tunisia
| | - Zied Saidani
- Service de Pathologie médicale des équidés et des carnivores domestiques, Univ. Manouba, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Jedidi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Univ. Manouba, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Carvalho J, Serrano E, Pettorelli N, Granados JE, Habela MA, Olmeda S, Fonseca C, Pérez JM. Sarcoptes scabiei infestation does not alter the stability of ectoparasite communities. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:379. [PMID: 27370780 PMCID: PMC4930578 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The host represents a heterogeneous ecosystem where multiple parasite species co-occur and interact with each other for space and resources. Although these interactions may rule the features of an infracommunity and may shape the infracommunity response to external perturbations, the resilience of ectoparasite communities to new infestations remains poorly explored. Methods We analysed the composition of the ectoparasite communities found on 214 individual Iberian ibexes (Capra pyrenaica) inhabiting the Sierra Nevada Natural Space, southern Spain. Using classification and regression trees, we explored how the presence of Sarcoptes scabiei (a highly contagious mite), the off-host environment and the host sex govern the prevalence and abundance of lice and ticks. Null model analysis was applied to assess the impact of S. scabiei on the structure of the ectoparasite communities. Results Our results suggest that S. scabiei infestation acts in tandem with off-host environment and host sex to define the prevalence and abundance of lice and ticks. We also provided evidence for differences in species co-occurrence only at the early stages of S. scabiei infestation. Regarding species diversity, we recorded that ectoparasite communities in scabietic ibexes reached a high richness faster than those in healthy individuals. Conclusions Even though we show that ectoparasite burden is correlated with S. scabiei infestation, off-host environment and host sex, the species response to S. scabiei infestation and climate seem to be highly variable and influenced by ectoparasite life-history traits. Ectoparasite communities also appear resilient to perturbations which is in agreement with what was previously reported for endoparasites. Future refinement of sample collection and the incorporation of ecological and epidemiological-related variables may allow us to establish causal effects and deepen the knowledge about the mechanisms and consequences of ectoparasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carvalho
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. .,Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Emmanuel Serrano
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nathalie Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - José E Granados
- Espacio Natural de Sierra Nevada, Carretera Antigua de Sierra Nevada, km 7, E-18071, Pinos Genil, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A Habela
- Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura Av. Universidad, s.n., E-10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sonia Olmeda
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, s.n., E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jesús M Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., E-23071, Jaén, Spain.
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Wilson AD. Immune responses to ectoparasites of horses, with a focus on insect bite hypersensitivity. Parasite Immunol 2015; 36:560-72. [PMID: 25180696 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Horses are affected by a wide variety of arthropod ectoparasites, ranging from lice which spend their entire life on the host, through ticks which feed over a period of days, to numerous biting insects that only transiently visit the host to feed. The presence of ectoparasites elicits a number of host responses including innate inflammatory responses, adaptive immune reactions and altered behaviour; all of which can reduce the severity of the parasite burden. All of these different responses are linked through immune mechanisms mediated by mast cells and IgE antibodies which have an important role in host resistance to ectoparasites, yet immune responses also cause severe pathological reactions. One of the best described examples of such pathological sequelae is insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) of horses; an IgE-mediated type 1 hypersensitivity to the salivary proteins of Culicoides spp. associated with T-helper-2 production of IL4 and IL13. Importantly, all horses exposed to Culicoides have an expanded population of Culicoides antigen-specific T cells with this pattern of cytokine production, but in those which remain healthy, the inflammatory reaction is tempered by the presence of FoxP3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells that express IL10 and TGF-beta, which suppresses the IL4 production by Culicoides antigen-activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Wilson
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Tafese A, Jibat T, Aklilu N, Zewdu H, Kumsa B. Lice infesting horses in three agroecological zones in central Oromia. J Parasit Dis 2014; 38:352-7. [PMID: 25320481 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and species composition of lice infesting horses in three agroecological zones in seven different districts in central Oromia from November 2011 to April 2012. For this purpose, a total of 420 horses were thoroughly examined for presence of lice. Collected lice were identified to species level under a microscope. The study showed an overall prevalence of 28.8 % (121/420) lice infestation on horses. We identified two spp. of lice on horses namely, Bovicola (Werneckiella) equi and Haematopinus asini with an overall prevalence of 22.9 % (96/420) and 5.9 % (25/420), respectively. The overall prevalence of lice infestation on horses in districts was 48.3, 43.3, 33.3, 23.3, 21.7, 18.3 and 13.3 %, in Debre Brehan, Shashemene, Hawassa, Akaki, Adama, Modjo and Bishoftu, respectively. B. equi was encountered as the predominant species on horses in all districts. Higher overall prevalence of lice infestation was recorded in highland agroecology than mid and lowland agroecological zones. Similarly, our study revealed significantly higher overall prevalence of lice on saddle horses than on cart horses. In view of the findings of the present study two species of lice are responsible for health and welfare problems of horses in all the districts. Detailed epidemiological studies on the significance, prevalence and role of lice as vectors of zoonotic pathogens in different agroecological zones, breeds and management systems warrant urgent attention. Animal owners and veterinarians should consider lice control in horses as part of the ectoparasite control in other species of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Tafese
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Jibat
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Aklilu
- Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad (SPANA), College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Hanna Zewdu
- Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad (SPANA), College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Bersissa Kumsa
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia ; Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
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Seasonal infestation of donkeys by lice: Phenology, risk factors and management. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:303-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chirollo C, Radovnikovic A, Veneziano V, Marrone R, Pepe T, Danaher M, Anastasio A. Persistence of α-cypermethrin residues in milk of lactating donkeys (Equus asinus) using UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1205-11. [PMID: 24806743 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.920963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the persistence of residues of the pyrethroid insecticide α-cypermethrin (ACYP) in the milk of lactating donkeys following pour-on treatment. Milk was collected from animals (n = 7) before the treatment and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 84 h post-treatment. The last sampling was taken 7 days post-treatment (168 h). Milk samples were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The analytical method was validated following requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. All samples showed levels of ACYP below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 20 μg kg(-1) established for bovine milk (Commission Regulation (EU) No. 37/2010). The results demonstrate that there is minimal partitioning of ACYP into milk in lactating donkeys from pour-on treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Chirollo
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production , University of Naples 'Federico II' , Naples , Italy
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Talbert R, Wall R. Toxicity of essential and non-essential oils against the chewing louse, Bovicola (Werneckiella) ocellatus. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:831-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Veneziano V, Neglia G, Galietti A, Rufrano D, Bassini A, Mariani U, Gokbulut C. Efficacy of alphacypermetrin pour-on against natural Werneckiella equi infestation on donkeys (Equus asinus). Parasitol Res 2012; 111:967-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lowden S, Gray S, Dawson K. Treatment of natural infestations of the biting louse (Werneckiella equi) on horses using triflumuron, a benzoylurea derivative insect growth regulator. Vet Parasitol 2007; 148:295-300. [PMID: 17689014 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The horse biting louse (Werneckiella equi) is a common global equine ectoparasite. To our knowledge, benzoyl(phenyl)urea insecticides (triflumuron, diflubenzuron) commonly used as sheep lousicides, have not been evaluated for efficacy against W. equi. The aim of this study was to determine louse control efficacy, general wellness and dermal safety following triflumuron application as a backline pour-on to horses. Two efficacy trials using 25 adult naturally infested lousy horses, and a dermal safety trial using 10 adult louse-free horses were conducted over a 14-month period. Lousy animals were selected by assessment of their lice status prior to treatment. For the efficacy trial, the triflumuron product was applied at a dose of 2.5mg triflumuron per kg bodyweight (1 mL product per 10 kg bodyweight). For the safety study, triflumuron was applied at a 3x clinical dose of 7.5 mg triflumuron per kg bodyweight (3 mL product per 10 kg bodyweight). In our first efficacy trial, 100% lousicidal efficacy was achieved by day 44 post-treatment. In our second trial, no lice were identified on horses by day 71 post-treatment. In the safety trial, no adverse effects were seen. Results of this study demonstrate that the off-label, experimental pour-on application of triflumuron at 2.5 mg/kg bodyweight is convenient, highly effective and safe (at 3x the clinical dose) for the treatment of the horse biting louse, W. equi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Lowden
- Jurox Pty Ltd., 85 Gardiner Road, Rutherford, NSW 2320, Australia.
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