1
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Dubber D, Brophy L, O'Connell D, Behan P, Danaher M, Evans C, Geary P, Misstear B, Gill L. The use of sterol profiles, supported with other faecal source tracking methods, to apportion septic tanks contamination in rural catchments. Environ Pollut 2024; 341:122884. [PMID: 37951526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the origin of faecal pollution in water is needed for effective water management decisions to protect both human health and aquatic ecosystems. Traditionally used indicators of faecal contamination, such as E. coli, only indicate pollution from warm-blooded animals and not the specific source of contamination; hence, more source specific tracers are required. The study has focussed on separating the two main sources of contaminants within rural catchments in Ireland, agriculture and on-site wastewater treatment systems (predominantly septic tanks). While human-specific effluent tracers may assist in identifying potential pathways from individual septic tanks to surface waters, it is difficult to quantify the cumulative impact of such systems at a catchment scale. This study has investigated faecal sterols as a method to quantify such an impact on four small catchments in areas of low subsoil permeability with high densities of septic tanks. The results demonstrate the usefulness of faecal sterols which provide a quantitative evaluation of the respective impact between agricultural pasture inputs and on-site effluent showing differences between the four catchments. The study also highlights the need to derive more specific local reference sterol profile databases for specific countries or regions, using local source material of animal faeces and effluent. Two intensive sampling campaigns on the four catchments then used faecal sterols in parallel to fluorescent whitening compounds (FWCs), caffeine, artificial sweeteners and selected pharmaceuticals to gain further insights and confirmation about contamination hotspots as well as providing comparison between the different parameters. The combination of sterols, FWCs, caffeine, acesulfame and cyclamate has proven suitable to provide an estimate of the extent of human contamination in these rural catchments and has yielded additional information about potential pollution pathways and proximity of contamination. Overall, this methodology can help to facilitate a targeted and effective water management in such catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Dubber
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Brophy
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - David O'Connell
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrice Behan
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technical University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Teagasc, Agricultural and Food Development Authority, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Craig Evans
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Australia
| | - Phillip Geary
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Australia
| | - Bruce Misstear
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laurence Gill
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Ray A, Forrestal P, Nkwonta C, Rahman N, Byrne P, Danaher M, Richards K, Hogan S, Cummins E. Modelling potential human exposure to the urease inhibitor NBPT through the environment-food pathway. Environ Int 2023; 179:108149. [PMID: 37634297 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) has recently attracted a lot of attention attributing to its efficiency in reducing ammonia loss from urea fertiliser applied to temperate grassland soils. Ammonia gas lost to the environment causes soil acidification, eutrophication and contributes to global warming through increased greenhouse gas emissions and ozone layer depletion. The active chemical NBPT blocks the soil microbial enzyme (urease) and reduces ammonia emission. Furthermore, NBPT's use in agriculture might benefit farmers by reducing reliance on expensive nitrate fertiliser and aiding in a shift to more urea-based fertiliser (using NBPT co-applied with urea is more cost-effective). The present study was carried out to characterise the potential transfer of NBPT from grass to liquid milk and compute the associated human health risks. Using probabilistic risk assessment techniques, an exposure assessment model was developed to calculate the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of NBPT from milk, following co-application of NBPT with a urea N-fertiliser. Results show that the predicted mean concentration of NBPT in milk is 2.5 × 10-8 mg NBPT/kg milk, while the mean daily intake (EDI) of NBPT is 5 × 10-11 mg NBPT /kg BW/day). Back-calculations revealed that, under the studied conditions, for the EDI to exceed ADI of 3 × 10-2 mg NBPT/kg BW/ day, the NBPT application rate would need to exceed the NBPT fertiliser limit (0.09-0.2% by mass of urea nitrogen) set in the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1107/2008, and the bio-transfer factor would need to be over 100% (implausible). Sensitivity analysis revealed soil pH (SPH), phytoaccumulation factor (PF), NBPT permissible levels in fertiliser (NBPT%), pasture cover (P), and grazing rotation length (t) as critical factors influencing the EDI of NBPT. The present study concludes that NBPT presents negligible risk to human health under the conditions and assumptions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Ray
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Patrick Forrestal
- Teagasc, Crops, Environment and Land-Use Programme, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford Y35 Y521, Ireland.
| | - Chikere Nkwonta
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15 D15 KN3K, Ireland.
| | - Niharika Rahman
- Teagasc, Crops, Environment and Land-Use Programme, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford Y35 Y521, Ireland.
| | - Pilar Byrne
- Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15 D15 KN3K, Ireland.
| | - Karl Richards
- Teagasc Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford Y35 TC97, Ireland.
| | - Sean Hogan
- Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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3
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Rahman N, Nkwonta CG, Danaher M, Richards KG, Hogan SA, Cummins E, O' Neill M, Ray A, Byrne MP, Forrestal PJ. Measurement of grass uptake of the urease inhibitor NBPT and of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide co-applied with granular urea. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:85482-85493. [PMID: 37389750 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Grass uptake and phytoaccumulation factors of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and dicyandiamide (DCD) were quantified. Following the application of urea fertilizer treated with the inhibitors in Irish grassland, grass samples were collected at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 day time intervals following five application cycles. Uptake of NBPT by grass was below the limit of quantitation of the analytical method (0.010 mg NBPT kg-1). Dicyandiamide concentrations in grass ranged from 0.004 to 28 mg kg-1 with the highest concentrations measured on days 5 and 10. A reducing trend in concentration was found after day 15. The DCD phytoaccumulation factor was ranged from 0.004% to 1.1% showing that DCD can be taken up by grass at low levels when co-applied with granular urea. In contrast, NBPT was not detected indicating that grass uptake is unlikely when co-applied with granular urea fertilizer. The contrasting results are likely due to very different longevity of DCD and NBPT along with the much lower rate of NBPT, which is used compared with DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Rahman
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Y35 TC97, Co. Wexford, Ireland.
| | - Chikere G Nkwonta
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Danaher
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Food Safety Department, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15KN3K, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karl G Richards
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Y35 TC97, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Sean A Hogan
- Teagasc- The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Enda Cummins
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Macdara O' Neill
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Y35 TC97, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Aishwarya Ray
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria P Byrne
- Teagasc- The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick J Forrestal
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Y35 TC97, Co. Wexford, Ireland
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4
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McCarthy WP, Srinivas M, Danaher M, Connor CO, Callaghan TFO, van Sinderen D, Kenny J, Tobin JT. Isolation and identification of chlorate-reducing Hafnia sp. from milk. Microbiology (Reading) 2023; 169:001347. [PMID: 37450378 PMCID: PMC10433419 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorate has become a concern in the food and beverage sector, related to chlorine sanitizers in industrial food production and water treatment. It is of particular concern to regulatory bodies due to the negative health effects of chlorate exposure. This study investigated the fate of chlorate in raw milk and isolated bacterial strains of interest responsible for chlorate breakdown. Unpasteurized milk was demonstrated to have a chlorate-reducing capacity, breaking down enriched chlorate to undetectable levels in 11 days. Further enrichment and isolation using conditions specific to chlorate-reducing bacteria successfully isolated three distinct strains of Hafnia paralvei. Chlorate-reducing bacteria were observed to grow in a chlorate-enriched medium with lactate as an electron donor. All isolated strains were demonstrated to reduce chlorate in liquid medium; however, the exact mechanism of chlorate degradation was not definitively identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P. McCarthy
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Meghana Srinivas
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Christine O. Connor
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Tom F. O. Callaghan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John Kenny
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - John T. Tobin
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
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5
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Twomey L, Furey A, O'Brien B, Beresford TP, Reid P, Danaher M, Moloney M, Madende M, Gleeson D. Chlorate Levels in Dairy Products Produced and Consumed in Ireland. Foods 2023; 12:2566. [PMID: 37444302 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, chlorate has become a residue of concern internationally, due to the risk that it poses to thyroid gland function. However, little is known about its occurrence in dairy products of Irish origin. To address this, a study was conducted in which samples of milk (n = 317), cream (n = 199), butter (n = 178), cheese (n = 144) and yoghurt (n = 440) were collected from grocery stores in the Republic of Ireland. Sampling was conducted across spring, summer, autumn and winter of 2021. Samples from multiple manufacturers of each respective dairy product were procured and analysed for chlorate using UPLC-MS/MS. Chlorate was detected in milk, cream, natural, blueberry, strawberry and raspberry yoghurts. Mean chlorate levels detected in these products were 0.0088, 0.0057, 0.055, 0.067, 0.077 and 0.095 mg kg-1, respectively. Chlorate was undetected in butter and cheese (<0.01 mg kg-1). All products sampled, except yoghurt, were found to be compliant with the EU limit for chlorate in milk (0.10 mg kg-1). Some manufacturers produced product with greater incidence and levels of chlorate. Chlorate levels from samples tested at different times of the year did not differ significantly, with the exception of strawberry and raspberry yoghurts which had higher chlorate levels in the winter period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Twomey
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Bernadette O'Brien
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Tom P Beresford
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Paula Reid
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Moloney
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Moses Madende
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Gleeson
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
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6
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Regan G, Mullen P, Moloney M, De Ruyck K, Fodey T, Millar SE, Crooks S, Gadaj A, Elliott C, Danaher M. Verification of Bound Aminoguanidine as the Marker Residue for the Banned Antibiotic, Nitrovin, in Pig Tissues. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:7248-7257. [PMID: 35666992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrovin (NTV) belongs to a class of antibiotics called nitrofurans, which are classified as nonallowed pharmacologically active substances that do not have a maximum residue limit listed in EU legislation. The objectives of this study were to confirm aminoguanidine (AGN) as a suitable marker residue to monitor NTV abuse and to investigate its persistence in porcine tissues. In this work, pigs were fed with NTV-medicated feed (50 mg/kg), and tissues (kidney, muscle, and liver) and plasma were collected on different withdrawal days. All samples were analyzed for bound AGN, total AGN, and the parent drug NTV itself. The highest concentrations of AGN residues were found in the liver, while the lowest were in muscle. Parent NTV was only detected in the kidney at low levels on day 0 of withdrawal. The findings are in support of using AGN as the marker residue for monitoring the illegal use of NTV in animal-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Regan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15 D15 KN3K, Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K
| | - Philip Mullen
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, U.K
| | - Mary Moloney
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15 D15 KN3K, Ireland
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15 D15 KN3K, Ireland
| | - Terence Fodey
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, U.K
| | - Sarah E Millar
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, U.K
| | - Steven Crooks
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, U.K
| | - Anna Gadaj
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, U.K
| | - Chris Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K
| | - Martin Danaher
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15 D15 KN3K, Ireland
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McCarthy WP, Blais HN, O'Callaghan TF, Hossain M, Moloney M, Danaher M, O'Connor C, Tobin JT. Application of nanofiltration for the removal of chlorate from skim milk. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Douillet C, Moloney M, Di Rocco M, Elliott C, Danaher M. Development and validation of a quantitative method for 15 antiviral drugs in poultry muscle using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1665:462793. [PMID: 35030475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a quantitative multi-residue method for analysing antiviral drug residues and their metabolites in poultry meat samples. Antiviral drugs are not licensed for the treatment of influenza in food producing animals. However, there have been some reports indicating their illegal use in poultry. In this study, a method was developed for the analysis of 15 antiviral drug residues in poultry muscle (chicken, duck, quail and turkey) using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. This included 13 drugs against influenza and associated metabolites, but also two drugs employed for the treatment of herpes (acyclovir and ganciclovir). The method required the development of a novel chromatographic separation using a hydrophilic interaction chromatographic (HILIC) BEH amide column, which was necessary to retain the highly polar compounds. The analytes were detected using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in positive electrospray ionization mode. A range of different sample preparation protocols suitable for polar compounds were evaluated. The most effective procedure was based on a simple acetonitrile-based protein precipitation step followed by a further dilution in a methanol/water solution. The confirmatory method was validated according to the EU 2021/808 guidelines on different species including chicken, duck, turkey and quail. The validation was performed using various calibration curves ranging from 0.1 µg kg-1to 200 µg kg-1, according to the analyte. Depending on the analyte sensitivity, decision limits achieved ranged from 0.12 µg kg-1 for arbidol to 34.7 µg kg-1 for ribavirin. Overall, the reproducibility precision values ranged from 2.8% to 22.7% and the recoveries from 84% to 127%. The method was applied to 120 commercial poultry samples from the Irish market, which were all found to be residue-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Douillet
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Ireland; Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
| | - Mary Moloney
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Ireland
| | - Melissa Di Rocco
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Ireland
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Ireland
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Ray A, Nkwonta C, Forrestal P, Danaher M, Richards K, O'Callaghan T, Hogan S, Cummins E. Current knowledge on urease and nitrification inhibitors technology and their safety. Rev Environ Health 2021; 36:477-491. [PMID: 34821117 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Urea is one of the most widely used commercial fertilisers worldwide due to its high N density and cost effectiveness. However, it can be lost in the form of gaseous ammonia and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which can potentially lead to environmental pollution. Farmers are compelled to apply more urea to account for those losses, thereby increasing their expenditure on fertilization. The objective of this paper is to present a literature review on current knowledge regarding inhibitor technologies such as urease inhibitor; n-(N-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), and nitrification inhibitor; dicyandiamide (DCD). METHODS A thorough review of all the scientific literature was carried out and a proposed risk assessment framework developed. RESULTS The study showed that the urease inhibitor NBPT significantly reduced NH3 loss from urea. However, concerns about NBPT safety to human health had been raised when the nitrification inhibitor DCD appeared as a residue in milk. This article presents a risk assessment framework for evaluating human exposure to chemicals like NBPT or DCD, following the consumption of foods of animal origin (e.g. milk) from cows grazing on inhibitor-treated pasture. CONCLUSION The EU's target of a 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 can be aided by using NBPT as part of an overall suite of solutions. A comprehensive risk assessment is advised for effective evaluation of potential risks from exposure to these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Ray
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chikere Nkwonta
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick Forrestal
- Teagasc Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karl Richards
- Teagasc Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Tom O'Callaghan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sean Hogan
- Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Cork, Ireland
| | - Enda Cummins
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Regan G, Moloney M, Di Rocco M, McLoughlin P, Smyth W, Crooks S, Elliott C, Danaher M. Development and validation of a rapid LC-MS/MS method for the confirmatory analysis of the bound residues of eight nitrofuran drugs in meat using microwave reaction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:1375-1388. [PMID: 34816286 PMCID: PMC8724188 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A rapid analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of eight bound nitrofurans in animal tissue, shortening laboratory turnaround times from 4 to 2 days. The majority of methodologies for nitrofuran analysis focus on the detection of only four drugs (nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, furaltadone and nitrofurazone), and is time-consuming given the 16-h overnight derivatisation step and a double liquid–liquid extraction. In this study, the narrow scope of analysis was addressed by including further four important nitrofuran drugs (nifursol, nitrofuroxazide, nifuraldezone and nitrovin). Full chromatographic separation was achieved for the metabolites of all eight nitrofurans, using phenyl-hexyl column chemistry and a rigorous optimisation of the mobile phase additives and gradient profile. The conventional, lengthy sample preparation was substantially shortened by replacing the traditional overnight water bath derivatisation with a rapid 2-h microwave-assisted reaction, followed by a modified-QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction. This confirmatory method was fully validated in accordance with the new 2021/808/EC legislation, and was shown to perform satisfactorily when applied to incurred tissues. The decision limit (CCα) for the eight analytes ranged between 0.013 and 0.200 µg kg−1, showing abundant sensitivity given that the current RPA for nitrofurans is 0.5 µg kg−1. This innovative method can play a major role in the surveillance of the illegal use of nitrofuran drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Regan
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Mary Moloney
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Melissa Di Rocco
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraig McLoughlin
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wesley Smyth
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT43SD, UK
| | - Steven Crooks
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT43SD, UK
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Kolawole O, De Ruyck K, Greer B, Meneely J, Doohan F, Danaher M, Elliott C. Agronomic Factors Influencing the Scale of Fusarium Mycotoxin Contamination of Oats. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:965. [PMID: 34829252 PMCID: PMC8619034 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven agronomic factors (crop season, farming system, harvest date, moisture, county, oat variety, and previous crop) were recorded for 202 oat crops grown across Ireland, and samples were analysed by LC-MS/MS for four major Fusarium mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin. Type A trichothecenes were present in 62% of crops, with 7.4% exceeding European regulatory limits. DON (6.4%) and ZEN (9.9%) occurrences were relatively infrequent, though one and three samples were measured over their set limits, respectively. Overall, the type of farming system and the previous crop were the main factors identified as significantly influencing mycotoxin prevalence or concentration. Particularly, the adherence to an organic farming system and growing oats after a previous crop of grass were found to decrease contamination by type A trichothecenes. These are important findings and may provide valuable insights for many other types of cereal crops as Europe moves towards a much greater organic-based food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (J.M.); (C.E.)
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
| | - Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (J.M.); (C.E.)
| | - Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (J.M.); (C.E.)
| | - Fiona Doohan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences, UCD, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Martin Danaher
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (J.M.); (C.E.)
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12
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Mooney D, Richards KG, Danaher M, Grant J, Gill L, Mellander PE, Coxon CE. An analysis of the spatio-temporal occurrence of anthelmintic veterinary drug residues in groundwater. Sci Total Environ 2021; 769:144804. [PMID: 33485200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthelmintics are antiparasitic drugs used to control helminthic parasites such as nematodes and trematodes in animals, particularly those exposed through pasture-based production systems. Even though anthelmintics have been shown to be excreted into the environment in relatively high amounts as unmetabolized drug or transformation products (TPs), there is still only limited information available on their environmental occurrence, particularly in groundwater, which has resulted in them being considered as potential emerging contaminants of concern. A comprehensive study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of 40 anthelmintic residues (including 13 TPs) in groundwaters (and associated surface waters) throughout the Republic of Ireland. The study focused on investigating the occurrence of these contaminants in karst and fractured bedrock aquifers, with a total of 106 sites (88 groundwaters and 18 surface waters) samples during spring 2017. Seventeen anthelmintic compounds consisting of eight parent drugs and nine TPs were detected at 22% of sites at concentrations up to 41 ng L-1. Albendazole and its TPs were most frequently detected residues, found at 8% of groundwater sites and 28% of surface water sites. Multivariate statistical analysis identified several source and pathway factors as being significantly related to the occurrence of anthelmintics in groundwater, however there was an evident localised effect which requires further investigation. An investigation of the temporal variations in occurrence over a 13 month period indicated a higher frequency and concentration of anthelmintics during February/March and again later during August/September 2018, which coincided with periods of increased usage and intensive meteorological events. This work presents the first detections of these contaminants in Irish groundwater and it contributes to broadening our understanding of anthelmintics in the environment. It also provides insight to seasonal trends in occurrence, which is critical for assessing potential future effects and implications of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mooney
- Geology Department/Trinity Centre for the Environment, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Food Safety Department, Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland.
| | - K G Richards
- Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland; Environment, Soils and Land-Use Department, Environment Research Centre, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - M Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - J Grant
- Statistics and Applied Physics, Research Operations Group, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - L Gill
- Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland; Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - P-E Mellander
- Environment, Soils and Land-Use Department, Environment Research Centre, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - C E Coxon
- Geology Department/Trinity Centre for the Environment, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland
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13
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Nkwonta CG, O’Neill M, Rahman N, Moloney M, Forrestal PJ, Hogan SA, Richards KG, Cummins E, Danaher M. Development of One-Step Non-Solvent Extraction and Sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Assessment of N-(n-Butyl) Thiophosphoric Triamide (NBPT) and N-(n-Butyl) Phosphoric Triamide (NBPTo) in Milk. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102890. [PMID: 34068145 PMCID: PMC8153019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) is a urease inhibitor utilised in urea-based fertilizers. In Ireland, fertilizer treated with NBPT is applied to pasture to mitigate both ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions, but concerns arise as to the potential for residues in milk products. A quick ultrafiltration extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry triple quadrupole (UHPLC-MS/MS) quantitation method was developed and validated in this study. The method was applied in the analysis of samples collected from a field study investigating potential transfer of NBPT residues into milk. NBPT and NBPTo residues, were extracted from fortified milk samples and analysed on a UHPLC-MS/MS with recoveries ranging from 74 to 114%. Validation of the UHPLC-MS/MS method at low (0.0020 mg kg−1) and high (0.0250 mg kg−1) concentration levels in line with SANTE/12682/2019 showed overall trueness in the range of 99 to 104% and precision between 1 and 10%, RSD for both compounds. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.0020 mg kg−1 and other tested parameters (linearity, sensitivity, specificity, matrix effect, robustness, etc.) satisfied acceptance criteria. Stability assessment using spiked samples revealed the compounds were stable in raw and pasteurised milk for 4 weeks at –80 °C storage temperature. Maintaining samples at pH 8.5–9.0 further improved stability. Analysis of 516 milk samples from the field study found that NBPT and NBPTo concentrations were below the LOQ of 0.0020 mg kg−1, thus suggesting very low risk of residues occurring in the milk. The method developed is quick, robust, and sensitive. The method is deemed fit-for-purpose for the simultaneous determination of NBPT and NBPTo in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikere G. Nkwonta
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland; (M.M.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-8059974
| | - Macdara O’Neill
- Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Co., Y35 Y521 Wexford, Ireland; (M.O.); (N.R.); (P.J.F.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Niharika Rahman
- Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Co., Y35 Y521 Wexford, Ireland; (M.O.); (N.R.); (P.J.F.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Mary Moloney
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland; (M.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Patrick J. Forrestal
- Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Co., Y35 Y521 Wexford, Ireland; (M.O.); (N.R.); (P.J.F.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Sean A. Hogan
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Karl G. Richards
- Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Co., Y35 Y521 Wexford, Ireland; (M.O.); (N.R.); (P.J.F.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Enda Cummins
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Belfield, Ireland;
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland; (M.M.); (M.D.)
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14
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De Colli L, De Ruyck K, Abdallah MF, Finnan J, Mullins E, Kildea S, Spink J, Elliott C, Danaher M. Natural Co-Occurrence of Multiple Mycotoxins in Unprocessed Oats Grown in Ireland with Various Production Systems. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030188. [PMID: 33806558 PMCID: PMC7998419 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural co-occurrence of 42 mycotoxins was investigated in unprocessed oat grains grown in Ireland. The sample set included a total of 208 oat crops harvested during 2015–2016 and produced using conventional, organic, or gluten free farming systems. A range of different toxins was identified, including the major type A (neosolaniol, HT-2 and T-2 toxins, T-2 triol, and T-2-glucoside, co-occurring in 21 samples) and B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside), enniatins (B1, B, and A1, co-occurring in 12 samples), as well as beauvericin, alternariol, mycophenolic acid, and sterigmatocystin. The influences of sowing season, year, and production system were investigated, eventually indicating that the latter factor may have a higher impact than others on the production of certain mycotoxins in oats. The most frequently quantified compounds were HT-2 (51%) and T-2 (41%) toxins, with gluten free oats containing significantly lower concentrations of HT-2 compared to conventionally produced oats. Although the prevalence and concentrations of mycotoxin found in oat samples in this study should be substantially reduced by processing. However, as mycotoxin occurrence is clearly influenced by multiple factors, controlled field trials should be carried out to define optimal agronomic practices and mitigate mycotoxin production. Furthermore, this work highlights the need for regularly testing cereal-based foods with multi-residue analytical methods with wider specificities than the traditionally screened and regulated toxins, to generate knowledge on the occurrence of several mycotoxins that are, to date, rarely investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo De Colli
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK;
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - John Finnan
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Ewen Mullins
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Steven Kildea
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - John Spink
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK;
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
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15
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Fennell C, Misstear B, O'Connell D, Dubber D, Behan P, Danaher M, Moloney M, Gill L. An assessment of contamination fingerprinting techniques for determining the impact of domestic wastewater treatment systems on private well supplies. Environ Pollut 2021; 268:115687. [PMID: 33032246 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Private wells in Ireland and elsewhere have been shown to be prone to microbial contamination with the main suspected sources being practices associated with agriculture and domestic wastewater treatment systems (DWWTS). While the microbial quality of private well water is commonly assessed using faecal indicator bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, such organisms are not usually source-specific, and hence cannot definitively conclude the exact origin of the contamination. This research assessed a range of different chemical contamination fingerprinting techniques (ionic ratios, artificial sweeteners, caffeine, fluorescent whitening compounds, faecal sterol profiles and pharmaceuticals) as to their use to apportion contamination of private wells between human wastewater and animal husbandry wastes in rural areas of Ireland. A one-off sampling and analysis campaign of 212 private wells found that 15% were contaminated with E. coli. More extensive monitoring of 24 selected wells found 58% to be contaminated with E. coli on at least one occasion over a 14-month period. The application of fingerprinting techniques to these monitored wells found that the use of chloride/bromide and potassium/sodium ratios is a useful low-cost fingerprinting technique capable of identifying impacts from human wastewater and organic agricultural contamination, respectively. The artificial sweetener acesulfame was detected on several occasions in a number of monitored wells, indicating its conservative nature and potential use as a fingerprinting technique for human wastewater. However, neither fluorescent whitening compounds nor caffeine were detected in any wells, and faecal sterol profiles proved inconclusive, suggesting limited suitability for the conditions investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fennell
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bruce Misstear
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David O'Connell
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donata Dubber
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrice Behan
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland
| | - Mary Moloney
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland
| | - Laurence Gill
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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16
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Mooney D, Richards KG, Danaher M, Grant J, Gill L, Mellander PE, Coxon CE. An investigation of anticoccidial veterinary drugs as emerging organic contaminants in groundwater. Sci Total Environ 2020; 746:141116. [PMID: 32758987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intensification of the food production system to meet increased global demand for food has led to veterinary pharmaceuticals becoming a critical component in animal husbandry. Anticoccidials are a group of veterinary products used to control coccidiosis in food-producing animals, with primary prophylactic use in poultry production. Excretion in manure and subsequent land-spreading provides a potential pathway to groundwater. Information on the fate and occurrence of these compounds in groundwater is scant, therefore these substances are potential emerging organic contaminants of concern. A study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of anticoccidial compounds in groundwater throughout the Republic of Ireland. Twenty-six anticoccidials (6 ionophores and 20 synthetic anticoccidials) were analysed at 109 sites (63 boreholes and 46 springs) during November and December 2018. Sites were categorised and selected based on the following source and pathway factors: (a) the presence/absence of poultry activity (b) predominant aquifer category and (c) predominant groundwater vulnerability, within the zone of contribution (ZOC) for each site. Seven anticoccidials, including four ionophores (lasalocid, monensin, narasin and salinomycin) and three synthetic anticoccidials (amprolium, diclazuril and nicarbazin), were detected at 24% of sites at concentrations ranging from 1 to 386 ng L-1. Monensin and amprolium were the two most frequently detected compounds, detected at 15% and 7% of sites, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that source factors are the most significant drivers of the occurrence of anticoccidials, with no definitive relationships between occurrence and pathway factors. The study found that the detection of anticoccidial compounds is 6.5 times more likely when poultry activity is present within the ZOC of a sampling point, compared to the absence of poultry activity. This work presents the first detections of these contaminants in Irish groundwater and it contributes to broadening our understanding of the environmental occurrence and fate of anticoccidial veterinary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mooney
- Geology Department/Trinity Centre for the Environment, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Food Safety Department, Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland.
| | - K G Richards
- Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland; Environment, Soils and Land-Use Department, Teagasc Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - M Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - J Grant
- Statistics and Applied Physics, Research Operations Group, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - L Gill
- Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland; Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - P-E Mellander
- Agricultural Catchments Programme, Teagasc Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - C E Coxon
- Geology Department/Trinity Centre for the Environment, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland
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17
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O’Sullivan SM, E. Ball ME, McDonald E, Hull GLJ, Danaher M, Cashman KD. Biofortification of Chicken Eggs with Vitamin K-Nutritional and Quality Improvements. Foods 2020; 9:E1619. [PMID: 33172200 PMCID: PMC7694954 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
National nutrition surveys have shown that over half of all adults in Ireland, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States of America (USA) have low vitamin K intakes. Thus, dietary strategies to improve vitamin K intakes are needed, and vitamin K biofortification of food may be one food-based approach. The primary aim of our study was to establish whether increasing the vitamin K3 content of hen feed can increase the vitamin K content of eggs, and the secondary aims were to examine the effects on hen performance parameters, as well as egg and eggshell quality parameters. A 12 week hen feeding trial was conducted in which Hyline chickens were randomized into four treatment groups (n = 32/group) and fed diets containing vitamin K3 (as menadione nicotinamide bisulfite) at 3 (control), 12.9, 23.7, and 45.7 mg/kg feed. Vitamin K1, menaquinone (MK)-4, MK-7, and MK-9 were measured in raw whole eggs via a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. MK-4 was the most abundant form of vitamin K (91-98%) found in all eggs. Increasing the vitamin K3 content of hen feed over the control level significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced the MK-4 content of eggs (mean range: 46-51 µg/100 g, representing ~42-56% of US Adequate Intake values). Vitamin K biofortification also led to significant (p < 0.05) increases in the yellowness of egg yolk and in eggshell weight and thickness, but no other changes in egg quality or hen performance parameters. In conclusion, high-quality vitamin K-biofortified eggs can be produced with at least double the total vitamin K content compared to that in commercially available eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan M. O’Sullivan
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 Y337, Ireland;
| | - M. Elizabeth E. Ball
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, UK;
| | - Emma McDonald
- Devenish Nutrition Ltd., Belfast BT1 3BG, Northern Ireland, UK;
| | - George L. J. Hull
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 DY 05, Ireland; (G.L.J.H.); (M.D.)
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 DY 05, Ireland; (G.L.J.H.); (M.D.)
| | - Kevin D. Cashman
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 Y337, Ireland;
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18
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Lourenco A, Fraga-Corral M, De Colli L, Moloney M, Danaher M, Jordan K. Determination of the presence of pathogens and anthelmintic drugs in raw milk and raw milk cheeses from small scale producers in Ireland. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Di Rocco M, Moloney M, Haren D, Gutierrez M, Earley S, Berendsen B, Furey A, Danaher M. Improving the chromatographic selectivity of β-lactam residue analysis in milk using phenyl-column chemistry prior to detection by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4461-4475. [PMID: 32447520 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Analyte isobaric interferences can limit the development of a comprehensive analytical method for the quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry profiling of an important cohort of veterinary drugs. In this work, a selective chromatographic separation was developed for the analysis of 32 β-lactam antibiotic residues (12 penicillins, 14 cephalosporins, five carbapenems and faropenem) in milk samples. A range of analytical columns with different stationary phases and mobile phases were evaluated for retention and separation of the β-lactam compounds. Results showed that, among the columns tested, only phenyl-hexyl could adequately separate ampicillin from cephalexin and amoxicillin from cefadroxil, which had shown isobaric interferences on a number of stationary phases. Chromatography was performed using a water/acetonitrile binary gradient with formic acid and ammonium acetate. The β-lactam residues were extracted from the milk samples using a water:acetonitrile solution and purified by C18 dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up, followed by concentration under nitrogen and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) determination. Analytes were monitored in positive electrospray ionisation mode (ESI(+)). Possible interfering matrix effects were overcome by using 13 internal standards. The method was fully validated according to 2002/657/EC guidelines, showing satisfactory performance characteristics. Under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions, trueness and precision ranged from 91 to 130% and from 1.4 to 38.6%, respectively. Decision limits (CCα) were in the range 2.1-133 μg kg-1. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) ranged between 0.0090 and 1.5 μg kg-1 and from 0.030 to 5.0 μg kg-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Di Rocco
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Physical Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Ireland.
| | - Mary Moloney
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Haren
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Montserrat Gutierrez
- Veterinary Public Health Regulatory Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Seán Earley
- Veterinary Public Health Regulatory Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Bjorn Berendsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Department of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wageningen University & Research, 6708, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Physical Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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20
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De Colli L, Elliott C, Finnan J, Grant J, Arendt EK, McCormick SP, Danaher M. Determination of 42 mycotoxins in oats using a mechanically assisted QuEChERS sample preparation and UHPLC-MS/MS detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1150:122187. [PMID: 32473516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 42 mycotoxins in oats. The method includes all the mycotoxins listed under Commission Regulation 1881/2006 and Commission Recommendation 165/2013, the emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin, alternariol, alternariol-methyl-ether and enniatins), and two masked metabolites, namely deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and T-2-glucoside. The method also focuses on a wide range of analytes of toxicological interest. The sample preparation involved extraction with an aqueous acetic acid solution and acetonitrile, followed by QuEChERS with mechanically assisted vibrational shaking. No further clean-up steps were employed, and analysis was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Trueness ranged between 78% and 158%, while precision ranged from 1.7% to 49.9% under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions. Beside the high degree of accuracy and sample throughput provided, the method can be applied to a large number of compounds currently not regulated, thus generating knowledge and for risk assessment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo De Colli
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - John Finnan
- Teagasc Crops Research Division, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Jim Grant
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Elke K Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, National University of Ireland, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Co., Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan P McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Centre for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, United States
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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21
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Mooney D, Coxon C, Richards K, Gill L, Mellander PE, Danaher M. A new sensitive method for the simultaneous chromatographic separation and tandem mass spectrometry detection of anticoccidials, including highly polar compounds, in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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de Oliveira LG, Ramkumar A, Moloney M, Kurz MHS, Gonçalves FF, Prestes OD, Danaher M. Vibrational extraction QuEChERS for analysis of antiparasitic agents in fish by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6913-6929. [PMID: 31418049 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the analysis of 22 antiparasitic residues belonging to the benzoylurea, organophosphate, pyrimidinamine, pyrethrin and pyrethroid classes in salmon by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile-water as the extraction solvent with use of a vibrational shaking apparatus with a ceramic homogenizer. After extraction, the acetonitrile extracts were cleaned up by incubation at low temperature (-20 °C, 1 h) to remove fat, followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction using Z-Sep+ and primary-secondary amine as sorbents. Validation was performed following the 2002/657/EC and SANTE/11813/2017 guidelines. The trueness of the method ranged from 87% to 121% and precision ranged from 4.1% to 23.7%, with the exception of cyphenothrin, dicyclanil and azamethiphos. The method developed is particularly advantageous because the use of a vibrational shaker allows unattended extraction of samples and eliminates a laborious tissue disruption step, which increases sample throughput in the laboratory. The sample preparation and chromatographic separations can be performed in 5 and 4 h, respectively, for 36 samples. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenise Guimarães de Oliveira
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland. .,Laboratory for Analysis of Residues and Contaminants, Post-graduate Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, RS, 95500-000, Brazil.
| | - Abilasha Ramkumar
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Mary Moloney
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Márcia Helena Scherer Kurz
- Laboratory for Analysis of Residues and Contaminants, Post-graduate Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, RS, 95500-000, Brazil
| | - Fábio Ferreira Gonçalves
- Laboratory for Analysis of Residues and Contaminants, Post-graduate Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, RS, 95500-000, Brazil
| | - Osmar Damian Prestes
- Laboratory of Pesticides Residue Analysis, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Martin Danaher
- Laboratory for Analysis of Residues and Contaminants, Post-graduate Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Chemistry and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, RS, 95500-000, Brazil
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23
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Mooney D, Coxon C, Richards KG, Gill L, Mellander PE, Danaher M. Development and Optimisation of a Multiresidue Method for the Determination of 40 Anthelmintic Compounds in Environmental Water Samples by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) with LC-MS/MS Detection. Molecules 2019; 24:E1978. [PMID: 31121991 PMCID: PMC6572551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive multiresidue method was developed and validated for the determination of 40 anthelmintic compounds, including 13 transformation products, in surface and groundwater samples at sub nanogram per litre (ng L-1) levels. Anthelmintic residues were extracted from unfiltered water samples using polymeric divinylbenzene solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, and eluted with methanol: acetone (50:50, v/v). Purified extracts were concentrated, filtered and injected for UHPLC-MS/MS determination. The method recovery (at a concentration representative of realistic expected environmental water levels based on literature review) ranged from 83-113%. The method was validated, at three concentration levels, in accordance to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and SANTE/11813/2017 guidelines. Trueness and precision, under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions, ranged from 88-114% and 1.1-19.4%, respectively. The applicability of the method was assessed in a pilot study whereby 72 different surface and groundwater samples were collected and analysed for the determination of these 40 compounds for the first time in Ireland. This is the most comprehensive method available for the investigation of the occurrence of both anthelmintic parent compounds and their transformation products in raw, unfiltered environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Mooney
- School of Natural Sciences, Geology Department, Trinity College Dublin, D02PN40 Dublin, Ireland.
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin 15, Ireland.
- Groundwater spoke, Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), D04N2E5 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Catherine Coxon
- School of Natural Sciences, Geology Department, Trinity College Dublin, D02PN40 Dublin, Ireland.
- Groundwater spoke, Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), D04N2E5 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Karl G Richards
- Groundwater spoke, Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), D04N2E5 Dublin, Ireland.
- Environment, Soils and Land-Use Department, Environment Research Centre, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Y35TC97 Wexford, Ireland.
| | - Laurence Gill
- Groundwater spoke, Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), D04N2E5 Dublin, Ireland.
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, D02PN40 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Per-Erik Mellander
- Environment, Soils and Land-Use Department, Environment Research Centre, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Y35TC97 Wexford, Ireland.
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin 15, Ireland.
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Moloney M, Tuck S, Ramkumar A, Furey A, Danaher M. Determination of pyrethrin and pyrethroid residues in animal fat using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1077-1078:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tuck S, Furey A, Crooks S, Danaher M. A review of methodology for the analysis of pyrethrin and pyrethroid residues in food of animal origin. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:911-940. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1420919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tuck
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Physical Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Physical Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Steven Crooks
- Chemical Surveillance Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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26
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McManus SL, Coxon CE, Mellander PE, Danaher M, Richards KG. Hydrogeological characteristics influencing the occurrence of pesticides and pesticide metabolites in groundwater across the Republic of Ireland. Sci Total Environ 2017; 601-602:594-602. [PMID: 28577396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide contamination of water is a potential environmental issue which may impact the quality of drinking water. The full extent of pesticide contamination is not fully understood due to complex fate pathways in the subsurface. Groundwater pesticide occurrence was investigated at seven agricultural sites in different hydrogeological settings to identify where pesticide occurrence dominated in temperate maritime climatic conditions. In Ireland, six cereal dominated sites in the South East and one grassland site in the West were investigated. Soil and subsoils varied from acid brown earths with high permeability to clay and silt rich tills with lower permeability. Over a 2year monitoring period, 730 samples were collected from a network of dedicated wells and springs across the seven sites. Multi-nested piezometers were installed in intergranular, fissured and karstic type aquifers to target shallow, transition and deeper groundwaters. Several springs were also sampled and the network included a confined aquifer. Groundwater was analysed for nine pesticide active ingredients and eight metabolites. Mecoprop and 2,4-D were the most frequently detected active ingredients above the instrument detection limit, accounting for 36% and 26% of the 730 samples collected and analysed. Phenoxyacetic acid was the most frequently detected and widespread metabolite found in 39% of samples collected at all seven sites. Where the European Union drinking water standard of 0.1μg/L was exceeded, metabolites accounted for the majority of exceedances with 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (DBA) and phenoxyacetic acid (PAC) dominating. Highest detections were encountered in sites with well drained soils underlain by gravel and limestone aquifers and within gravel lenses in lower permeability subsoil. Across the seven sites pesticide detections were mostly associated with metabolites and the environmental impact of many of these is unknown as they have received little attention in groundwater previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Louise McManus
- Teagasc Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland; Centre for the Environment/Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Catherine E Coxon
- Centre for the Environment/Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Per-Erik Mellander
- Teagasc Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Karl G Richards
- Teagasc Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland.
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27
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Di Rocco M, Moloney M, O’Beirne T, Earley S, Berendsen B, Furey A, Danaher M. Development and validation of a quantitative confirmatory method for 30 β-lactam antibiotics in bovine muscle using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1500:121-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Peyer LC, De Kruijf M, O’Mahony J, De Colli L, Danaher M, Zarnkow M, Jacob F, Arendt EK. Lactobacillus brevis R2Δ as starter culture to improve biological and technological qualities of barley malt. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-2847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Affinity chromatography permits the isolation of a target analyte from a complex mixture and can be utilized to purify proteins, carbohydrates, drugs, haptens, or any analyte of interest once an affinity pair is available. It involves the exploitation of specific interactions between a binding affinity pair, such as those between an antibody and its associated antigen, or between any ligand and its associated binding receptor/protein. With the discovery of protein A in 1970, and, subsequently protein G and L, immuno-affinity chromatography has grown in popularity and is now the standard methodology for the purification of antibodies which may be implemented for a selection of different applications such as immunodiagnostics. This chapter is designed to inform the researcher about the basic techniques involved in the affinity chromatography-based purification of monoclonal, polyclonal, and recombinant antibodies. Examples are provided for the use of protein A and G. In addition, tables are provided that allow the reader to select the most appropriate protein for use in the isolation of their antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Darcy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul Leonard
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jenny Fitzgerald
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Ashtown Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Hui Ma
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Richard O'Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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30
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McElhinney C, Danaher M, Elliott C, O’Kiely P. On-farm factors relating to mycotoxin occurrence and other chemical compositional traits in grass silages in Ireland. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many pre- and post-mowing on-farm traits influence mycotoxin occurrence and conventional chemical compositionin grass silages. The objective of this study was to determine if observed on-farm pre- or post-mowing factors can be used to indicate mycotoxin occurrence or conventional chemical composition traits in grass silages. Over a two year period (2012-2013 and 2013-2014) 290 grass silages were sampled on 145 farms and these consisted of baled (n=115) and pit (n=175) silages. On each farm in each year, a questionnaire was completed and pre- and post-mowingfactors recorded. The preservation quality was better in pit compared to baled silages in both years and in silages made in Year 2 compared with Year 1. On-farm pre- and post-mowing factors were generally not secure indicators of silage conventional chemical characteristics. In contrast, the occurrence of enniatins and beauvericin generally increased with harvesting month (May-October) for grass silages. Visible mould on baled grass silages and a rottedtop layer with pit grass silages were associated with andrastin A, mycophenolic acid and roquefortine C occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McElhinney
- Teagasc Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, University Road, BT71NN Belfast, United Kingdom
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - M. Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - C.T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, University Road, BT71NN Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - P. O’Kiely
- Teagasc Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
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31
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Danaher M, Shanahan C, Butler F, Evans R, O’Sullivan D, Glynn D, Camon T, Lawlor P, O’Keeffe M. Risk-based approach to developing a national residue sampling plan for testing under European Union regulation for veterinary medicinal products and coccidiostat feed additives in domestic animal production. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1155-65. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1190236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor Shanahan
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francis Butler
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rhodri Evans
- Food Science and Standards Division, Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dan O’Sullivan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Denise Glynn
- Marine Environment and Food Safety Services, Marine Institute, Oranmore, Ireland
| | - Tim Camon
- Food Science and Standards Division, Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peadar Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Michael O’Keeffe
- Food Science and Standards Division, Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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32
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McElhinney C, Danaher M, Grant J, Elliott C, O’Kiely P. Variation associated with sampling bale or pit silage for mycotoxins and conventional chemical characteristics. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are heterogeneously distributed analytes such that obtaining a representative sample of silage for analysis can be highly challenging. The objectives of this study were to: (1) identify the variability in mycotoxin concentrations, nutritional value characteristics and fermentation characteristics when 20 cores were taken from individual next-to-be-fed silage bales and five cores were taken from the next-to-be-fed section of the feed face of pit silages, (2) compare the values obtained from intensive sampling of the silage after simulated feed-out to values obtained by the above mentioned core sampling, and (3) describe the impact of reducing the number of core samples taken from the baled and pit silages. Round baled silages (n=10) or sections (2 m wide × 1 m height) of pit silages (n=10) were core sampled at twenty and five positions, respectively. After coring, baled silages were chopped, mixed and placed along a simulated feed trough. Silage in the simulated feed trough was then grab sampled (n=20) to produce an aggregate sample, and this was undertaken in triplicate. For pits, silage was mixed and placed along a simulated feed trough before being sampled, as per baled silage. Variation within or among either baled or pit silages, and for core or feed trough samples, was generally much higher for mycotoxins than for conventional chemical composition traits. Within silage (bale or pit) and among silages, variation was generally reduced when samples were collected from the feed trough, except for mycotoxins in pit silages which had higher variation in the feed trough compared with core samples. Increasing the number of core samples increased the likelihood of detecting a positive sample if present and precise estimates of the true chemical composition of the population. Representatively sampling a next-to-be-fed section or bale of silage for conventional chemical characteristics was achieved with 2-4 core samples or 1-2 feed trough samples. However, in contrast, when sampling silages for mycotoxins, collecting a representative sample using core or feed trough sampling methods sometimes required over 100 and over 20 samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McElhinney
- Teagasc Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, University Road, BT71 NN Belfast, N. Ireland
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - M. Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - J. Grant
- Teagasc Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - C.T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, University Road, BT71 NN Belfast, N. Ireland
| | - P. O’Kiely
- Teagasc Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
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33
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Arias M, Chevallier O, Graham S, Gasull-Gimenez A, Fodey T, Cooper K, Crooks S, Danaher M, Elliott C. Metabolomics reveals novel biomarkers of illegal 5-nitromimidazole treatment in pigs. Further evidence of drug toxicity uncovered. Food Chem 2016; 199:876-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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34
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Healy MG, Fenton O, Forrestal PJ, Danaher M, Brennan RB, Morrison L. Metal concentrations in lime stabilised, thermally dried and anaerobically digested sewage sludges. Waste Manag 2016; 48:404-408. [PMID: 26611400 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cognisant of the negative debate and public sentiment about the land application of treated sewage sludges ('biosolids'), it is important to characterise such wastes beyond current regulated parameters. Concerns may be warranted, as many priority metal pollutants may be present in biosolids. This study represents the first time that extensive use was made of a handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyser to characterise metals in sludges, having undergone treatment by thermal drying, lime stabilisation, or anaerobic digestion, in 16 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Ireland. The concentrations of metals, expressed as mgkg(-1) dry solids (DS), which are currently regulated in the European Union, ranged from 11 (cadmium, anaerobically digested (AD) biosolids) to 1273mgkg(-1) (zinc, AD biosolids), and with the exception of lead in one WWTP (which had a concentration of 3696mgkg(-1)), all metals were within EU regulatory limits. Two potentially hazardous metals, antimony (Sb) and tin (Sn), for which no legislation currently exists, were much higher than their baseline concentrations in soils (17-20mgSbkg(-1) and 23-55mgSnkg(-1)), meaning that potentially large amounts of these elements may be applied to the soil without regulation. This study recommends that the regulations governing the values for metal concentrations in sludges for reuse in agriculture are extended to include Sb and Sn.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Healy
- Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - O Fenton
- Teagasc Johnstown Castle Environment Research Centre, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - P J Forrestal
- Teagasc Johnstown Castle Environment Research Centre, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - M Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - R B Brennan
- Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - L Morrison
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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35
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McElhinney C, O'Kiely P, Elliott C, Danaher M. Development and validation of an UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of mycotoxins in grass silages. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:2101-12. [PMID: 26374621 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1094830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) multi-mycotoxin analytical method was developed to simultaneously identify and quantify 20 mycotoxins in grass silages, inclusive of mycotoxins that are currently regulated in European Union feeds. Extraction of mycotoxins from dried grass silages was performed using of a modified QuEChERS extraction employing an acidified aqueous extraction (0.1 N HCl) with no further clean-up. Following chromatographic separation, analytes were detected using a fast polarity-switching MS/MS method that allowed both positive and negative ions to be analysed from a single injection, thus the reducing time and cost of analysis. The limits of detection and quantification ranged between 3 µg kg(-1) DM (aflatoxin B1, beauvericin and enniatin A and A1) and 200 µg kg(-1) DM (deoxynivalenol), and between 10 µg kg(-1) DM (aflatoxin B1, beauvericin and enniatin A1) and 500 µg kg(-1) DM (deoxynivalenol), respectively. Inter-assay accuracy and precision ranged between 90% and 107% and between 3.9% and 15.0% CV, respectively. The accuracy of the method was assessed through the application to a range of incurred samples in an inter-laboratory study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac McElhinney
- a Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath , Ireland.,b Institute for Global Food Security , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland.,c Food Safety Department , Teagasc Food Research Centre , Ashtown , Dublin 15 , Ireland
| | - Pádraig O'Kiely
- a Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath , Ireland
| | - Chris Elliott
- b Institute for Global Food Security , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- c Food Safety Department , Teagasc Food Research Centre , Ashtown , Dublin 15 , Ireland
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Wielogórska E, Elliott CT, Danaher M, Connolly L. Endocrine disruptor activity of multiple environmental food chain contaminants. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:211-20. [PMID: 25449125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial chemicals, antimicrobials, drugs and personal care products have been reported as global pollutants which enter the food chain. Some of them have also been classified as endocrine disruptors based on results of various studies employing a number of in vitro/vivo tests. The present study employed a mammalian reporter gene assay to assess the effects of known and emerging contaminants on estrogen nuclear receptor transactivation. Out of fifty-nine compounds assessed, estrogen receptor agonistic activity was observed for parabens( n = 3), UV filters (n = 6), phthalates (n = 4) and a metabolite, pyrethroids (n = 9) and their metabolites (n = 3). Two compounds were estrogen receptor antagonists while some of the agonists enhanced 17b-estradiol mediated response.This study reports five new compounds (pyrethroids and their metabolites) possessing estrogen agonist activity and highlights for the first time that pyrethroid metabolites are of particular concern showing much greater estrogenic activity than their parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wielogórska
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Bloemhoff Y, Forbes A, Danaher M, Good B, Morgan E, Mulcahy G, Sekiya M, Sayers R. Determining the Prevalence and Seasonality of Fasciola hepatica in Pasture-based Dairy herds in Ireland using a Bulk Tank Milk ELISA. Ir Vet J 2015; 68:16. [PMID: 26157575 PMCID: PMC4495626 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-015-0042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciola hepatica is a helminth parasite of global importance in livestock, with major economic impact. However information on F. hepatica infections in Irish pasture-based dairy herds is limited. Therefore this study was conducted in order to determine the prevalence, seasonality and management factors associated with F. hepatica. A total of 319 Irish dairy herds were selected for this study. Bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were collected from 290 dairy farms on a quarter year basis, while from a further 29 dairy farms BTM samples were collected on a monthly basis to provide a more detailed pattern of F. hepatica exposure in Irish herds. BTM samples were analysed using a commercially available F. hepatica antibody detection ELISA. Furthermore, within-herd prevalence of F. hepatica was assessed in a subset of these 29 herds (n = 17); both individual serum samples and bulk tank milk samples were collected. RESULTS A within-herd prevalence of ≤ 50 % was found for herds with negative bulk tank milk samples. The mean prevalence of the 290 study herds was 75.4 % (Range 52 %-75.1 %), with the highest prevalence being observed in November (75.1 %). The seasonal pattern of F. hepatica shows elevated antibodies as the grazing season progressed, reaching a peak in January. A significant association was found between F. hepatica and age at first calving. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that F. hepatica is present in a large proportion of Irish dairy herds and provides a basis on which control practices, particularly in adult dairy cows, can be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yris Bloemhoff
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | | | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Teagasc, Dublin 15, Republic of Ireland
| | - Barbara Good
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Athenry, Co, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Eric Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UG UK
| | - Grace Mulcahy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Mary Sekiya
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Ríona Sayers
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Republic of Ireland
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Wielogórska E, Elliott C, Danaher M, Chevallier O, Connolly L. Validation of an ultra high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for detection and quantitation of 19 endocrine disruptors in milk. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Griffin CT, Mitrovic SM, Danaher M, Furey A. Development of a fast isocratic LC-MS/MS method for the high-throughput analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Australian honey. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:214-28. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.996789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Gadaj A, Cooper KM, Karoonuthaisiri N, Furey A, Danaher M. Determination of the persistence of dimetridazole, metronidazole and ronidazole residues in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) tissue and their stability during cooking. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 32:180-93. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.983997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Power C, Sayers R, Danaher M, Moloney M, O'Brien B, Furey A, Jordan K. Investigation of the persistence of florfenicol residues in bovine milk and fate during processing. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bloemhoff Y, Danaher M, Andrew Forbes, Morgan E, Mulcahy G, Power C, Sayers R. Parasite control practices on pasture-based dairy farms in the Republic of Ireland. Vet Parasitol 2014; 204:352-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wielogorska E, Elliott C, Danaher M, Connolly L. Validation and application of a reporter gene assay for the determination of estrogenic endocrine disruptor activity in milk. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:260-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Clarke L, Fodey TL, Crooks SR, Moloney M, O'Mahony J, Delahaut P, O'Kennedy R, Danaher M. A review of coccidiostats and the analysis of their residues in meat and other food. Meat Sci 2014; 97:358-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gadaj A, di Lullo V, Cantwell H, McCormack M, Furey A, Danaher M. Determination of nitroimidazole residues in aquaculture tissue using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 960:105-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chirollo C, Radovnikovic A, Veneziano V, Marrone R, Pepe T, Danaher M, Anastasio A. Persistence of α-cypermethrin residues in milk of lactating donkeys (Equus asinus) using UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1205-11. [PMID: 24806743 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.920963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the persistence of residues of the pyrethroid insecticide α-cypermethrin (ACYP) in the milk of lactating donkeys following pour-on treatment. Milk was collected from animals (n = 7) before the treatment and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 84 h post-treatment. The last sampling was taken 7 days post-treatment (168 h). Milk samples were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The analytical method was validated following requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. All samples showed levels of ACYP below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 20 μg kg(-1) established for bovine milk (Commission Regulation (EU) No. 37/2010). The results demonstrate that there is minimal partitioning of ACYP into milk in lactating donkeys from pour-on treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Chirollo
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production , University of Naples 'Federico II' , Naples , Italy
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Griffin CT, O’Mahony J, Danaher M, Furey A. Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection of Targeted Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Honeys Purchased within Ireland. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Griffin CT, Gosetto F, Danaher M, Sabatini S, Furey A. Investigation of targeted pyrrolizidine alkaloids in traditional Chinese medicines and selected herbal teas sourced in Ireland using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:940-61. [PMID: 24645695 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.900193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Publications linking hepatotoxicity to the use of herbal preparations are escalating. Herbal teas, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and dietary supplements have been shown to contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Acute PA toxicosis of the liver can result in sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome, also known as veno-occlusive disease (VOD). This paper describes a sensitive and robust method for the detection of targeted PAs and their N-oxides (PANOs) in herbal products (selected herbal teas and TCMs) sourced within Ireland. The sample preparation includes a simple acidic extraction with clean-up via solid-phase extraction (SPE). Sample extracts were accurately analysed by using LC-ESI-MS/MS applying for the first time a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) core-shell column to the chromatographic separation of PAs and PANOs. The method was validated for selectivity, taking into consideration matrix effects, specificity, linearity, precision and trueness. Limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) were quantified for all PAs and PANOs ranging from 0.4 to 1.9 µg kg⁻¹ and from 1.3 to 6.3 µg kg⁻¹, respectively. In this study 10 PAs and four PANOs were targeted because they are commercially available as reference standards. Therefore, this study can only report the levels of these PAs and PANOs analysed in the herbal teas and TCMs. The results reported represent the minimum levels of PAs and PANOs present in the samples analysed; commercially available herbal teas (n = 18) and TCMs (n = 54). A total of 50% herbal teas and 78% Chinese medicines tested positive for one or more PAs and/or PANOs included within this study, ranging from 10 to 1733 and from 13 to 3668 µg kg⁻¹, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline T Griffin
- a Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology (CIT) , Mass Spectrometry Research Centre (MSRC) and Team Elucidate Research Groups , Cork , Ireland
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Chirollo C, Pepe T, Ceruso M, Taglialatela R, Smaldone G, Danaher M, Sayers R, Bloemhoff Y. Research of nitroxynil residues in bovine milk following a single administration in the dry period by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Ital J Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2013.e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Radovnikovic A, Conroy ER, Gibney M, O'Mahony J, Danaher M. Residue analyses and exposure assessment of the Irish population to nitrofuran metabolites from different food commodities in 2009-2010. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1858-69. [PMID: 24032469 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.829925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An exposure assessment to nitrofuran residues was performed for three human populations (adults, teenagers and children), based on residue analyses of foods of animal origin (liver, honey, eggs and aquaculture) covering the 2-year period 2009-2010. The occurrence of nitrofuran metabolites in food on the Irish market was determined for the selected period using the data from Ireland's National Food Residue Database (NFRD) and from results obtained from the analysis of retail samples (aquaculture and honey). Laboratory analyses of residues were performed by methods validated in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC regarding performance of the analytical method and interpretation of results. Semicarbazide (SEM) was the contaminant most frequently identified and its content ranged from 0.09 to 1.27 μg kg(-1). SEM is currently used as a marker of nitrofuran abuse, but it may also occur from other sources. The presence of nitrofuran metabolite 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) was detected in two aquaculture samples (prawns) at 1.63 and 1.14 μg kg(-1), but such a low number of positive cases did not present sufficient data for a full AOZ exposure assessment. Therefore, the evaluation of exposure was focused on SEM-containing food groups only. Exposure assessments were completed using a probabilistic approach that generated 10 iterations. The results of both the upper- and lower-bound exposure assessments demonstrate that SEM exposure for Irish adults, teenagers and children from selected food commodities are well below EFSA-estimated safe levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Radovnikovic
- a Food Safety Department , Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown , Dublin , Ireland
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