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Bucur DE, Huang YJ, Fitt BDL, Kildea S. Azole fungicide sensitivity and molecular mechanisms of reduced sensitivity in Irish Pyrenopeziza brassicae populations. Pest Manag Sci 2024; 80:2393-2404. [PMID: 36209484 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light leaf spot, caused by Pyrenopeziza brassicae, is amongst the most damaging diseases of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus), and currently the sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) inhibitors (azoles) represent the main class of fungicides used to control light leaf spot development. However, a shift in sensitivity to azole fungicides in P. brassicae populations has been observed in different European countries, including Ireland. RESULTS To assess the sensitivity status of Irish P. brassicae populations to azole fungicides, three collections of P. brassicae from 2018-2020 were tested in vitro against tebuconazole and prothioconazole-desthio, and the PbCYP51 gene targeted by this class of fungicides was genotyped in different isolates. A change in sensitivity to azole fungicides was observed and differences in sensitivity to tebuconazole between Irish populations were present. There were two substitutions within PbCYP51 (G460S and S508T) and inserts of different sizes in its promoter region. The presence of the G460S/S508T double mutant was reported for the first time, and the diversity in insert size was greater than previously known. Compared to wild type isolates, those carrying G460S or S508T were less sensitive to both fungicides and, where inserts were also identified, they further reduced sensitivity to azole fungicides. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that azole fungicides are still very effective in controlling light leaf spot in Ireland. However, using azole fungicides in mixtures of fungicides with different modes of action is recommended. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana E Bucur
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc Crops Environment and Land Use Programme, Carlow, Ireland
- Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management Research, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Yong-Ju Huang
- Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management Research, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Bruce D L Fitt
- Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environmental Management Research, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Steven Kildea
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc Crops Environment and Land Use Programme, Carlow, Ireland
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2
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Kildea S, Hellin P, Heick TM, Byrne S, Hutton F. Mefentrifluconazole sensitivity amongst European Zymoseptoria tritici populations and potential implications for its field efficacy. Pest Manag Sci 2024; 80:533-543. [PMID: 37759353 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septoria tritici blotch caused by Zymoseptoria tritici continues to be one of the most economically destructive diseases of winter wheat in north-western Europe. Control is heavily reliant on the application of fungicides, in particular those belonging to the azole group. Here we describe the sensitivity of European Z. tritici populations to the novel azole mefentrifluconazole and the analysis of associated mechanisms of resistance. RESULTS A wide range of sensitivity to mefentrifluconazole was observed amongst the Z. tritici collections examined, with strong cross-resistances also observed between mefentrifluconazole, difenoconazole and tebuconazole. Overall, the Irish population displayed the lowest sensitivity to all azoles tested. Further detailed analysis of the Irish population in 2021 demonstrated differences in sensitivity occurred between sampling sites, with these differences associated with the frequencies of key resistance mechanisms (CYP51 alterations and MFS1 promoter inserts linked to overexpression). Under glasshouse conditions reductions in the efficacy of mefentrifluconazole were observed towards those strains exhibiting the lowest in vitro sensitivities. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a large range of sensitivity to mefentrifluconazole exists in European Z. tritici populations. Those strains exhibiting the lowest sensitivity to the azoles tested had the most complex CYP51 haplotypes in combination with the 519 bp insert, associated with enhanced activity of MFS1. The future use of mefentrifluconazole should take these findings into consideration to minimise the selection of these strains. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kildea
- Teagasc, The Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Pierre Hellin
- Plant and Forest Health Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Thies M Heick
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Stephen Byrne
- Teagasc, The Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Fiona Hutton
- Teagasc, The Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Carlow, Ireland
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3
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Khan A, Inkster AM, Peñaherrera MS, King S, Kildea S, Oberlander TF, Olson DM, Vaillancourt C, Brain U, Beraldo EO, Beristain AG, Clifton VL, Del Gobbo GF, Lam WL, Metz GAS, Ng JWY, Price EM, Schuetz JM, Yuan V, Portales-Casamar É, Robinson WP. The application of epiphenotyping approaches to DNA methylation array studies of the human placenta. Epigenetics Chromatin 2023; 16:37. [PMID: 37794499 PMCID: PMC10548571 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-023-00507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAme) profiling of the placenta with Illumina Infinium Methylation bead arrays is often used to explore the connections between in utero exposures, placental pathology, and fetal development. However, many technical and biological factors can lead to signals of DNAme variation between samples and between cohorts, and understanding and accounting for these factors is essential to ensure meaningful and replicable data analysis. Recently, "epiphenotyping" approaches have been developed whereby DNAme data can be used to impute information about phenotypic variables such as gestational age, sex, cell composition, and ancestry. These epiphenotypes offer avenues to compare phenotypic data across cohorts, and to understand how phenotypic variables relate to DNAme variability. However, the relationships between placental epiphenotyping variables and other technical and biological variables, and their application to downstream epigenome analyses, have not been well studied. RESULTS Using DNAme data from 204 placentas across three cohorts, we applied the PlaNET R package to estimate epiphenotypes gestational age, ancestry, and cell composition in these samples. PlaNET ancestry estimates were highly correlated with independent polymorphic ancestry-informative markers, and epigenetic gestational age, on average, was estimated within 4 days of reported gestational age, underscoring the accuracy of these tools. Cell composition estimates varied both within and between cohorts, as well as over very long placental processing times. Interestingly, the ratio of cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast proportion decreased with increasing gestational age, and differed slightly by both maternal ethnicity (lower in white vs. non-white) and genetic ancestry (lower in higher probability European ancestry). The cohort of origin and cytotrophoblast proportion were the largest drivers of DNAme variation in this dataset, based on their associations with the first principal component. CONCLUSIONS This work confirms that cohort, array (technical) batch, cell type proportion, self-reported ethnicity, genetic ancestry, and biological sex are important variables to consider in any analyses of Illumina DNAme data. We further demonstrate the specific utility of epiphenotyping tools developed for use with placental DNAme data, and show that these variables (i) provide an independent check of clinically obtained data and (ii) provide a robust approach to compare variables across different datasets. Finally, we present a general framework for the processing and analysis of placental DNAme data, integrating the epiphenotype variables discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khan
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - A M Inkster
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - M S Peñaherrera
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - S King
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
- Psychosocial Research Division, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - S Kildea
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
- Molly Wardaguga Research Centre, Charles Darwin University, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - T F Oberlander
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - D M Olson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, 220 HMRC, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - C Vaillancourt
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie - INRS and University of Quebec Intersectorial Health Research Network, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - U Brain
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - E O Beraldo
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - A G Beristain
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - V L Clifton
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - G F Del Gobbo
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 5B2, Canada
| | - W L Lam
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - G A S Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - J W Y Ng
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - E M Price
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 5B2, Canada
| | - J M Schuetz
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - V Yuan
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - É Portales-Casamar
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - W P Robinson
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute (BCCHR), 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada.
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Jørgensen LN, Matzen N, Heick TM, O’Driscoll A, Clark B, Waite K, Blake J, Glazek M, Maumene C, Couleaud G, Rodemann B, Weigand S, Bataille C, R B, Hellin P, Kildea S, Stammler G. Shifting sensitivity of septoria tritici blotch compromises field performance and yield of main fungicides in Europe. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1060428. [PMID: 36483948 PMCID: PMC9723467 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1060428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Septoria tritici blotch (STB; Zymoseptoria tritici) is a severe leaf disease on wheat in Northern Europe. Fungicide resistance in the populations of Z. tritici is increasingly challenging future control options. Twenty-five field trials were carried out in nine countries across Europe from 2019 to 2021 to investigate the efficacy of specific DMI and SDHI fungicides against STB. During the test period, two single DMIs (prothioconazole and mefentrifluconazole) and four different SDHIs (fluxapyroxad, bixafen, benzovindiflupyr and fluopyram) along with different co-formulations of DMIs and SDHIs applied at flag leaf emergence were tested. Across all countries, significant differences in azole performances against STB were seen; prothioconazole was outperformed in all countries by mefentrifluconazole. The effects also varied substantially between the SDHIs, with fluxapyroxad providing the best efficacy overall, while the performance of fluopyram was inferior to other SDHIs. In Ireland and the UK, the efficacy of SDHIs was significantly lower compared with results from continental Europe. This reduction in performances from both DMIs and SDHIs was reflected in yield responses and also linked to decreased sensitivity of Z. tritici isolates measured as EC50 values. A clear and significant gradient in EC50 values was seen across Europe. The lower sensitivity to SDHIs in Ireland and the UK was coincident with the prevalence of SDH-C-alterations T79N, N86S, and sporadically of H152R. The isolates' sensitivity to SDHIs showed a clear cross-resistance between fluxapyroxad, bixafen, benzovindiflupyr and fluopyram, although the links with the latter were less apparent. Co-formulations of DMIs + SDHIs performed well in all trials conducted in 2021. Only minor differences were seen between fluxapyroxad + mefentrifluconazole and bixafen + fluopyram + prothioconazole; the combination of benzovindiflupyr + prothioconazole gave an inferior performance at some sites. Fenpicoxamid performed in line with the most effective co-formulations. This investigation shows a clear link between reduced field efficacy by solo SDHIs as a result of increasing problems with sensitivity shifting and the selection of several SDH-C mutations. The presented data stress the need to practice anti-resistance strategies to delay further erosion of fungicide efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels Matzen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claude Maumene
- Arvalis Institut du végétal, Station Expérimentale, Boigneville, France
| | - Gilles Couleaud
- Arvalis Institut du végétal, Station Expérimentale, Boigneville, France
| | | | - Stephan Weigand
- Institut für Pflanzenschutz, Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | | | - Bán R
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Pierre Hellin
- CRA-W, Plant and Forest Health Unit, Gembloux, Belgium
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5
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Kildea S, Hellin P, Heick TM, Hutton F. Baseline sensitivity of European Zymoseptoria tritici populations to the complex III respiration inhibitor fenpicoxamid. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:4488-4496. [PMID: 35797347 PMCID: PMC9796354 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fenpicoxamid is a recently developed fungicide belonging to the quinone inside inhibitor (QiI) group. This is the first fungicide within this group to be active against the Zymoseptoria tritici, which causes Septoria tritici blotch on wheat. The occurrence of pre-existing resistance mechanisms was monitored, using sensitivity assays and Illumina sequencing, in Z. tritici populations sampled in multiple European countries before the introduction of fenpicoxamid. RESULTS Although differences in sensitivity to all three fungicides tested (fenpicoxamid, fentin chloride and pyraclostrobin) existed between the isolate collections, no alterations associated with QiI resistance were detected. Among the isolates, a range in sensitivity to fenpicoxamid was observed (ratio between most sensitive/least sensitive = 53.1), with differences between the most extreme isolates when tested in planta following limited fenpicoxamid treatment. Sensitivity assays using fentin chloride suggest some of the observed differences in fenpicoxamid sensitivity are associated with multi-drug resistance. Detailed monitoring of the wider European population using Illumina-based partial sequencing of the Z. tritici also only detected the presence of G143A, with differences in frequencies of this alteration observed across the region. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a baseline sensitivity for European Z. tritici populations to fenpicoxamid. Target-site resistance appears to be limited or non-existing in European Z. tritici populations prior to the introduction of fenpicoxamid. Non-target site resistance mechanisms exist, but their impact in the field is predicted to be limited. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kildea
- Teagasc, The Agriculture and Food Development AuthorityCarlowIreland
| | - Pierre Hellin
- Plant and Forest Health Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research CenterGemblouxBelgium
| | - Thies M. Heick
- Department of AgroecologyAarhus UniversitySlagelseDenmark
| | - Fiona Hutton
- Teagasc, The Agriculture and Food Development AuthorityCarlowIreland
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Hellin P, Duvivier M, Heick TM, Fraaije BA, Bataille C, Clinckemaillie A, Legrève A, Jørgensen LN, Andersson B, Samils B, Rodemann B, Berg G, Hutton F, Garnault M, El Jarroudi M, Couleaud G, Kildea S. Spatio-temporal distribution of DMI and SDHI fungicide resistance of Zymoseptoria tritici throughout Europe based on frequencies of key target-site alterations. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:5576-5588. [PMID: 34392616 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade, demethylation inhibitor (DMI) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides have been extensively used to control to septoria tritici blotch, caused by Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat. This has led to the development and selection of alterations in the target-site enzymes (CYP51 and SDH, respectively). RESULTS Taking advantage of newly and previously developed qPCR assays, the frequency of key alterations associated with DMI (CYP51-S524T) and SDHI (SDHC-T79N/I, C-N86S and C-H152R) resistance was assessed in Z. tritici-infected wheat leaf samples collected from commercial crops (n = 140) across 14 European countries prior to fungicide application in the spring of 2019. This revealed the presence of a West to East gradient in the frequencies of the most common key alterations conferring azole (S524T) and SDHI resistance (T79N and N86S), with the highest frequencies measured in Ireland and Great Britain. These observations were corroborated by sequencing (CYP51 and SDH subunits) and sensitivity phenotyping (prothioconazole-desthio and fluxapyroxad) of Z. tritici isolates collected from a selection of field samples. Additional sampling made at the end of the 2019 season confirmed the continued increase in frequency of the targeted alterations. Investigations on historical leaf DNA samples originating from different European countries revealed that the frequency of all key alterations (except C-T79I) has been gradually increasing over the past decade. CONCLUSION Whilst these alterations are quickly becoming dominant in Ireland and Great Britain, scope still exists to delay their selection throughout the wider European population, emphasizing the need for the implementation of fungicide antiresistance measures. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hellin
- Plant and Forest Health Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Maxime Duvivier
- Plant and Forest Health Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Thies M Heick
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | | | - Charlotte Bataille
- Plant and Forest Health Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Anne Legrève
- Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Berit Samils
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bernd Rodemann
- Department of Mycology and Virology, Julius Kühn-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gunilla Berg
- Plant Protection Centre, Swedish Board of Agriculture, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Fiona Hutton
- Teagasc, The Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Maxime Garnault
- AgroParisTech, UMR BIOGER, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Moussa El Jarroudi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, University of Liège, Arlon Campus Environnement, Arlon, Belgium
| | | | - Steven Kildea
- Teagasc, The Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Carlow, Ireland
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Creissen HE, Jones PJ, Tranter RB, Girling RD, Jess S, Burnett FJ, Gaffney M, Thorne FS, Kildea S. Identifying the drivers and constraints to adoption of IPM among arable farmers in the UK and Ireland. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:4148-4158. [PMID: 33934504 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arable crops in temperate climatic regions such as the UK and Ireland are subject to a multitude of pests (weeds, diseases and vertebrate/invertebrate pests) that can negatively impact productivity if not properly managed. Integrated pest management (IPM) is widely promoted as a sustainable approach to pest management, yet there are few recent studies assessing adoption levels and factors influencing this in arable cropping systems in the UK and Ireland. This study used an extensive farmer survey to address both these issues. RESULTS Adoption levels of various IPM practices varied across the sample depending on a range of factors relating to both farm and farmer characteristics. Positive relationships were observed between IPM adoption and farmed area, and familiarity with IPM. Choice of pest control information sources was also found to be influential on farmer familiarity with IPM, with those who were proactive in seeking information from impartial sources being more engaged and reporting higher levels of adoption. CONCLUSION Policies that encourage farmers to greater levels of engagement with their pest management issues and more proactive information seeking, such as through advisory professionals, more experienced peers through crop walks, open days and discussion groups should be strongly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry E Creissen
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philip J Jones
- Centre for Agricultural Strategy, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Richard B Tranter
- Centre for Agricultural Strategy, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Robbie D Girling
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Stephen Jess
- Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Fiona J Burnett
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Gaffney
- Horticultural Development Department, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona S Thorne
- Agricultural Economics and Farm Surveys Department, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven Kildea
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc Oak Park Crops Research Centre, Carlow, Ireland
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Cucak M, de Andrade Moral R, Fealy R, Lambkin K, Kildea S. Opportunities for Improved Potato Late Blight Management in the Republic of Ireland: Field Evaluation of the Modified Irish Rules Crop Disease Risk Prediction Model. Phytopathology 2021; 111:1349-1360. [PMID: 33439033 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-20-0011-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potato late blight remains the most significant disease threat of potato cultivation globally, often requiring expensive, time-consuming, and environmentally unfriendly approaches to disease management. The goal of this research was to evaluate whether an estimation of potato late blight risk based on environmental factors can be reliably used to adjust the standard potato late blight management practices and the role of cultivar resistance under growing conditions and contemporary Phytophthora infestans populations in the Republic of Ireland. The modified Irish Rules model made it possible to reduce fungicide usage by 58.7% on average, compared with current standard practices used by growers and without adversely compromising disease control and yield, with similar results achieved by the half-dose program. Host resistance levels were found to be correlated with a delay in the initiation of the epidemics, final foliar disease levels, and reduction of fungicide usage. Disease levels on the highly resistant cultivars remained low, and a clear selection pattern toward the P. infestans genotypes EU_13_A2 and EU_6_A1 was observed. An increase in the frequency of strains belonging to genotypes EU_13_A2 and EU_6_A1 was also observed to occur in the latter part of the trial growing seasons. Because of the increasingly dynamic nature of the population structure, associated with the continued evolution of the P. infestans population and the arrival of EU_36_A2 in the Republic of Ireland, routine population monitoring is necessary to ensure that potato late blight control strategies remain effective.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Cucak
- Teagasc Crops Research Centre, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland
- Department of Geography, Maynooth University, Maynooth W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | | | - Rowan Fealy
- Department of Geography, Maynooth University, Maynooth W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Keith Lambkin
- The Irish Meteorological Service (Met Éireann), Glasnevin Hill, Dublin D09 Y921, Ireland
| | - Steven Kildea
- Teagasc Crops Research Centre, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland
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Samils B, Andersson B, Edin E, Elfstrand M, Rönneburg T, Bucur D, Hutton F, Heick TM, Hellin P, Kildea S. Development of a PacBio Long-Read Sequencing Assay for High Throughput Detection of Fungicide Resistance in Zymoseptoria tritici. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:692845. [PMID: 34234765 PMCID: PMC8256687 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.692845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungicide resistance has become a challenging problem in management of Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by Zymoseptoria tritici, the most destructive disease of winter wheat throughout western and northern Europe. To ensure the continued effectiveness of those fungicides currently used, it is essential to monitor the development and spread of such resistance in field populations of the pathogen. Since resistance to the key families of fungicides used for STB control (demethyalation inhibitors or azoles, succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors or SDHIs and Quinone outside Inhibitors or QoIs) is conferred through target-site mutations, the potential exists to monitor resistance through the molecular detection of alterations in the target site genes. As more efficient fungicides were developed and applied, the pathogen has continuously adapted through accumulating multiple target-site alterations. In order to accurately monitor these changes in field populations, it is therefore becoming increasingly important to completely sequence the targeted genes. Here we report the development of a PacBio assay that facilitates the multiplex amplification and long-read sequencing of the target gene(s) for the azole (CYP51), SDHI (Sdh B, C, and D), and QoI (cytochrome b) fungicides. The assay was developed and optimised using three Irish Z. tritici collections established in spring 2017, which capture the range of fungicide resistance present in modern European populations of Z. tritici. The sequences obtained through the PacBio assay were validated using traditional Sanger sequencing and in vitro sensitivity screenings. To further exploit the long-read and high throughput potential of PacBio sequencing, an additional nine housekeeping genes (act, BTUB, cal, cyp, EF1, GAPDH, hsp80-1, PKC, TFC1) were sequenced and used to provide comprehensive Z. tritici strain genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Samils
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Edin
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Elfstrand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tilman Rönneburg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diana Bucur
- TEAGASC, The Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Fiona Hutton
- TEAGASC, The Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Thies M. Heick
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pierre Hellin
- Plant and Forest Health Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Steven Kildea
- TEAGASC, The Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Carlow, Ireland
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10
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De Colli L, De Ruyck K, Abdallah MF, Finnan J, Mullins E, Kildea S, Spink J, Elliott C, Danaher M. Natural Co-Occurrence of Multiple Mycotoxins in Unprocessed Oats Grown in Ireland with Various Production Systems. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030188. [PMID: 33806558 PMCID: PMC7998419 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural co-occurrence of 42 mycotoxins was investigated in unprocessed oat grains grown in Ireland. The sample set included a total of 208 oat crops harvested during 2015–2016 and produced using conventional, organic, or gluten free farming systems. A range of different toxins was identified, including the major type A (neosolaniol, HT-2 and T-2 toxins, T-2 triol, and T-2-glucoside, co-occurring in 21 samples) and B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside), enniatins (B1, B, and A1, co-occurring in 12 samples), as well as beauvericin, alternariol, mycophenolic acid, and sterigmatocystin. The influences of sowing season, year, and production system were investigated, eventually indicating that the latter factor may have a higher impact than others on the production of certain mycotoxins in oats. The most frequently quantified compounds were HT-2 (51%) and T-2 (41%) toxins, with gluten free oats containing significantly lower concentrations of HT-2 compared to conventionally produced oats. Although the prevalence and concentrations of mycotoxin found in oat samples in this study should be substantially reduced by processing. However, as mycotoxin occurrence is clearly influenced by multiple factors, controlled field trials should be carried out to define optimal agronomic practices and mitigate mycotoxin production. Furthermore, this work highlights the need for regularly testing cereal-based foods with multi-residue analytical methods with wider specificities than the traditionally screened and regulated toxins, to generate knowledge on the occurrence of several mycotoxins that are, to date, rarely investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo De Colli
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK;
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - John Finnan
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Ewen Mullins
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Steven Kildea
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - John Spink
- Crops Science Department, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow R93 XE12, Ireland; (J.F.); (E.M.); (S.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK;
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; (K.D.R.); (M.D.)
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11
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Reilly A, Karki SJ, Twamley A, Tiley AMM, Kildea S, Feechan A. Isolate-Specific Responses of the Nonhost Grass Brachypodium distachyon to the Fungal Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici Compared with Wheat. Phytopathology 2021; 111:356-368. [PMID: 32720875 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-20-0041-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Septoria tritici blotch (STB) is an important foliar disease of wheat that is caused by the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. The grass Brachypodium distachyon has been used previously as a model system for cereal-pathogen interactions. In this study, we examined the nonhost resistance (NHR) response of B. distachyon to two different Z. tritici isolates in comparison with wheat. These isolates vary in aggressiveness on wheat cultivar Remus, displaying significant differences in disease and pycnidia coverage. Using microscopy, we found that similar isolate-specific responses were observed for hydrogen peroxide accumulation and cell death in both wheat and B. distachyon. Despite this, induction of isolate-specific patterns of defense gene expression by Z. tritici did differ between B. distachyon and wheat. Our results suggest that expression of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase PAL gene may be important for NHR in B. distachyon, while pathogenesis-related PR genes and expression of genes regulating reactive oxygen species may be important to limit disease in wheat. Future studies of the B. distachyon-Z. tritici interaction may allow identification of conserved plant immunity targets that are responsible for the isolate-specific responses observed in both plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Reilly
- School of Agriculture and Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sujit Jung Karki
- School of Agriculture and Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anthony Twamley
- School of Agriculture and Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anna M M Tiley
- School of Agriculture and Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Steven Kildea
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc Crops Environment and Land Use Programme, Teagasc, Oak Park, County Carlow, Ireland
| | - Angela Feechan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Chen T, Laplante DP, Elgbeili G, Brunet A, Simcock G, Kildea S, King S. Coping During Pregnancy Following Exposure to a Natural Disaster: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study. J Affect Disord 2020; 273:341-349. [PMID: 32560927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated how coping strategies moderated the impact of disaster-related objective hardship on subjective distress in pregnant women. METHODS The objective hardship (exposure severity), subjective distress (Peritraumatic Distress Inventory, Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire and Impact of Event Scale-Revised) and coping styles (Brief COPE) of pregnant women (N = 226) exposed to the 2011 Queensland, Australia flood were assessed. Moderation analyses were used to assess how coping strategies moderated the relationship between objective hardship and subjective distress levels. RESULTS We found that the more severe the objective flood exposure, the greater the women's subjective distress. The moderation analyses were significant for the Brief COPE's three coping styles (i.e., problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and dysfunctional coping). For women experiencing high levels of objective hardship, problem-focused (∆R2 = 1.7%) and dysfunctional coping (∆R2 = 1.5%) elevated subjective distress levels. For women experiencing low or moderate levels of objective hardship, emotion-focused coping reduced levels of subjective distress (∆R2 = 1.3%). A three-way interaction between objective hardship, emotion-focused coping, and dysfunctional coping approached significance (∆R2 = 1.0%), indicating a protective role of emotion-focused coping under high levels of objective hardship, for women who frequently use maladaptive coping strategies. LIMITATIONS Sample was generally high SES and no measure of social support was available. CONCLUSION Results suggest that both problem-focused and dysfunctional coping strategies were maladaptive for women with relatively high exposure levels. Overall, emotion-focused coping strategies were more likely than problem-focused or dysfunctional strategies to reduce pregnant women's subjective distress following the flood.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chen
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Douglas Institute Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - D P Laplante
- Douglas Institute Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - G Elgbeili
- Douglas Institute Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - A Brunet
- Douglas Institute Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - G Simcock
- Mater Research, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - S Kildea
- Mater Research, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia; School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - S King
- Douglas Institute Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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13
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Creissen HE, Jones PJ, Tranter RB, Girling RD, Jess S, Burnett FJ, Gaffney M, Thorne FS, Kildea S. Measuring the unmeasurable? A method to quantify adoption of integrated pest management practices in temperate arable farming systems. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:3144-3152. [PMID: 30924262 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impetus to adopt integrated pest management (IPM) practices has re-emerged in the last decade, mainly as a result of legislative and environmental drivers. However, a significant deficit exists in the ability to practically monitor and measure IPM adoption across arable farms; therefore, the aim of the project reported here was to establish a universal metric for quantifying adoption of IPM in temperate arable farming. This was achieved by: (i) identifying a set of key activities that contribute to IPM; (ii) weighting these in terms of their importance to the achievement of IPM using panels of expert stakeholders to create the metric (scoring system from 0 to 100 indicating level of IPM practised); (iii) surveying arable farmers in the UK and Ireland about their pest management practices; and (iv) measuring level of farmer adoption of IPM using the new metric. RESULTS This new metric was found to be based on a consistent conception of IPM between countries and professional groups. The survey results showed that, although level of adoption of IPM practices varied over the sample, all farmers had adopted IPM to some extent (minimum 32.6 [corrected] points, mean score of 67.1), [corrected] but only 15 [corrected] of 225 farmers (5.8%) had adopted more than 67.1% [corrected] of what is theoretically possible, as measured by the new metric. CONCLUSION We believe that this new metric would be a viable and cost-effective system to facilitate the benchmarking and monitoring of national IPM programmes in temperate zone countries with large-scale arable farming systems. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry E Creissen
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, UK
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc Oak Park Crops Research Centre, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Philip J Jones
- Centre for Agricultural Strategy, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Richard B Tranter
- Centre for Agricultural Strategy, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Robbie D Girling
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Stephen Jess
- Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Fiona J Burnett
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Gaffney
- Horticultural Development Department, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona S Thorne
- Agricultural Economics and Farm Surveys Department, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven Kildea
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc Oak Park Crops Research Centre, Carlow, Ireland
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14
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Blake JJ, Gosling P, Fraaije BA, Burnett FJ, Knight SM, Kildea S, Paveley ND. Changes in field dose-response curves for demethylation inhibitor (DMI) and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides against Zymoseptoria tritici, related to laboratory sensitivity phenotyping and genotyping assays. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:302-313. [PMID: 28881414 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insensitivity of Zymoseptoria tritici to demethylation inhibitor (DMI) and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides has been widely reported from laboratory studies, but the relationships between laboratory sensitivity phenotype or target site genotype and field efficacy remain uncertain. This article reports field experiments quantifying dose-response curves, and investigates the relationships between field performance and in vitro half maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) values for DMIs, and the frequency of the G143A substitution conferring QoI resistance. RESULTS Data were analysed from 83 field experiments over 21 years. Response curves were fitted, expressed as percentage control, rising towards an asymptote with increasing dose. Decline in DMI efficacy over years was associated with a decrease in the asymptote, and reduced curvature. Field ED50 values were positively related to in vitro EC50 values for isolates of Z. tritici collected over a 14-year period. Loss of QoI efficacy was expressed through a change in asymptote. Increasing frequency of G143A was associated with changes in field dose-response asymptotes. CONCLUSION New resistant strains are often detected by resistance monitoring and laboratory phenotyped/genotyped before changes in field performance are detected. The relationships demonstrated here between laboratory tests and field performance could aid translation between laboratory and field for other fungicide groups. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Gosling
- Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, Stoneleigh Park, Kenilworth, UK
| | - Bart A Fraaije
- Rothamsted Research, Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Harpenden, UK
| | - Fiona J Burnett
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Steven Kildea
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc, Carlow, Republic of Ireland
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15
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Phelan S, Barthe MS, Tobie C, Kildea S. Detection of the cytochrome b mutation G143A in Irish Rhynchosporium commune populations using targeted 454 sequencing. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:1154-1160. [PMID: 27615688 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhynchosporium commune is a major fungal pathogen of barley crops, and the application of fungicides, such as quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs), plays an important role in crop disease control. The genetic mechanisms linked to QoI resistance have been identified in the cytochrome b gene, with QoI resistance conferred by the G143A substitution. The objective of this study was to develop a high-throughput molecular assay to detect and identify mutations associated with QoI resistance within the Irish R. commune population. RESULTS Leaf lesions of R. commune sampled from 74 sites during 2009-2014 and isolates from 2006 and 2007 were screened for non-synonymous mutations of the cytochrome b gene using 454 targeted sequencing. The presence of the G143A substitution was confirmed in R. commune samples at one site in 2013 and at four sites in 2014; however, the frequency of the substitution in these samples was low (2-18%). The 454 sequencing results were confirmed by PCR-RFLP and Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSION The molecular assay that has been applied to this monitoring programme has shown that the application of 454 next-generation sequencing offers the potential for high throughput and accurate characterisation of non-synonymous mutations associated with fungicide resistance in a crop pathogen. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Phelan
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc Crops Environment and Land Use Programme, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Marie-Sophie Barthe
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc Crops Environment and Land Use Programme, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Camille Tobie
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc Crops Environment and Land Use Programme, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Steven Kildea
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc Crops Environment and Land Use Programme, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland
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16
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Dooley H, Shaw MW, Mehenni-Ciz J, Spink J, Kildea S. Detection of Zymoseptoria tritici SDHI-insensitive field isolates carrying the SdhC-H152R and SdhD-R47W substitutions. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:2203-2207. [PMID: 26941011 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides are important in the management of Zymoseptoria tritici in wheat. New active ingredients from this group of fungicides have been introduced recently and are widely used. Because the fungicides act at a single enzyme site, resistance development in Z. tritici is classified as medium-to-high risk. RESULTS Isolates from Irish experimental plots in 2015 were tested against the SDHI penthiopyrad during routine monitoring. The median of the population was approximately 2 times less sensitive than the median of the baseline population. Two of the 93 isolates were much less sensitive to penthiopyrad than the least sensitive of the baseline isolates. These isolates were also insensitive to most commercially available SDHIs. Analysis of the succinate dehydrogenase coding genes confirmed the presence of the substitutions SdhC-H152R and SdhD-R47W in the very insensitive isolates. CONCLUSION This is the first report showing that the SdhC-H152R mutation detected in laboratory mutagenesis studies also exists in the field. The function and relevance of this mutation, combined with SdhD-R47W, still needs to be determined. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Dooley
- Department of Crop Science, TEAGASC Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Carlow, Republic of Ireland
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Michael W Shaw
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Jeanne Mehenni-Ciz
- Department of Crop Science, TEAGASC Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Carlow, Republic of Ireland
| | - John Spink
- Department of Crop Science, TEAGASC Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Carlow, Republic of Ireland
| | - Steven Kildea
- Department of Crop Science, TEAGASC Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Carlow, Republic of Ireland.
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17
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Allen J, Kildea S, Stapleton H. How optimal caseload midwifery can modify predictors for preterm birth in young women: Integrated findings from a mixed methods study. Midwifery 2016; 41:30-38. [PMID: 27498186 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to identify possible mechanisms by which caseload midwifery reduces preterm birth for young childbearing women. DESIGN a mixed methods triangulation, convergence design was used to answer the research question 'How does the way maternity care is provided affect the health and well-being of young women and their babies?' The project generated quantitative and qualitative findings which were collected and analysed concurrently then separately analysed and published. The research design enabled integration of the quantitative and qualitative findings for further interpretation through a critical pragmatic lens. SETTING a tertiary maternity hospital in Australia providing care to approximately 500 pregnant young women (aged 21 years or less) each year. Three distinct models of care were offered: caseload midwifery, young women's clinic, and standard 'fragmented' care. PARTICIPANTS a cohort study included data from 1971 young women and babies during 2008-2012. An ethnographic study included analysis of focus group interviews with four caseload midwives in the young women's midwifery group practice; as well as ten pregnant and postnatal young women receiving caseload midwifery care. FINDINGS integrated analysis of the quantitative and qualitative findings suggested particular features in the model of care which facilitated young women turning up for antenatal care (at an earlier gestation and more frequently) and buying in to the process (disclosing risks, engaging in self-care activities and accepting referrals for assistance). We conceptualised that Optimal Caseload Midwifery promotes Synergistic Health Engagement between midwife and the young woman. KEY CONCLUSIONS optimal Caseload Midwifery (which includes midwives with specific personal attributes and philosophical commitments, along with appropriate institutional infrastructure and support) facilitates midwives and young clients to develop trusting relationships and engage in maternity care. Health engagement can modify predictors for preterm birth that are common amongst pregnant adolescents by promoting earlier maternity booking, sufficient antenatal care, greater emotional resilience, ideal gestational weight gain, less smoking/drug use, and fewer untreated genito-urinary infections. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE the institutional infrastructure and managerial support for caseload midwifery should value and prioritise the philosophical commitments and personal attributes required to optimise the model. Furthermore the location of visits, between appointment access to primary midwife, and back-up system should be organised to optimise the midwife-woman relationship in order to promote the young woman's engagement with maternity care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Allen
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Australian Catholic University, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland and School of Nursing and Midwifery University of Queensland, Level 2, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
| | - S Kildea
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland and School of Nursing and Midwifery University of Queensland, Level 1, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
| | - H Stapleton
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland and School of Nursing and Midwifery University of Queensland, Level 2, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
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18
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Lynch K, Zannini E, Guo J, Axel C, Arendt E, Kildea S, Coffey A. Control of Zymoseptoria tritici
cause of septoria tritici blotch of wheat using antifungal Lactobacillus
strains. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:485-94. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.M. Lynch
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - E. Zannini
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - J. Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown Cork Ireland
| | - C. Axel
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - E.K. Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - S. Kildea
- Crop Science Department; Teagasc Crops Environment and Land Use Programme; Carlow Ireland
| | - A. Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown Cork Ireland
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19
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Dooley H, Shaw MW, Spink J, Kildea S. The effect of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor/azole mixtures on selection of Zymoseptoria tritici isolates with reduced sensitivity. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:1150-1159. [PMID: 26269125 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining fungicides with different modes of action is regarded as one of the most effective means of slowing the selection of resistance. Field trials were used to study the effects of such mixtures on selection for Zymoseptoria tritici with reduced sensitivity to the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) and azole fungicides. The SDHI isopyrazam and the azole epoxiconazole were applied individually as solo products, and together in a preformulated mixture. All fungicide treatments were included at both full and half the recommended doses. RESULTS Compared with using epoxiconazole alone, mixing epoxiconazole with isopyrazam led to an increase in epoxiconazole-sensitive isolates. In contrast, all treatments containing isopyrazam reduced the sensitivity of Z. tritici to isopyrazam compared with those without. Reducing doses to half the recommended rate had no effect on sensitivity of isolates to either active ingredient. In a subgroup of isolates least sensitive to isopyrazam, non-synonymous mutations were found in the SdhC and SdhD subunits, but their presence was unrelated to sensitivity. CONCLUSION Mixing an azole and SDHI was clearly beneficial for the azole, but not for the SDHI component. This dynamic might change if strains conferring reduced sensitivity to the SDHIs were to arise. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Dooley
- Department of Crop Science, TEAGASC Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Carlow, Republic of Ireland
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, Berks, UK
| | - Michael W Shaw
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, Berks, UK
| | - John Spink
- Department of Crop Science, TEAGASC Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Carlow, Republic of Ireland
| | - Steven Kildea
- Department of Crop Science, TEAGASC Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Carlow, Republic of Ireland
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Allen J, Kildea S, Stapleton H. How does group antenatal care function within a caseload midwifery model? A critical ethnographic analysis. Midwifery 2015; 31:489-97. [PMID: 25698640 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND caseload midwifery and CenteringPregnancy™ (a form of group antenatal care) are two models of maternity care that are separately associated with better clinical outcomes, maternal satisfaction scores and positive experiences compared to standard care. One study reported exclusively on younger women׳s experiences of caseload midwifery; none described younger women׳s experiences of group antenatal care. We retrieved no studies on the experiences of women who received a combination of caseload midwifery and group antenatal care. OBJECTIVE examine younger women׳s experiences of caseload midwifery in a setting that incorporates group antenatal care. DESIGN a critical, focused ethnographic approach. SETTING the study was conducted in an Australian hospital and its associated community venue from 2011 to 2013. PARTICIPANTS purposive sampling of younger (19-22 years) pregnant and postnatal women (n=10) and the caseload midwives (n=4) who provided group antenatal care within one midwifery group practice. METHODS separate focus group interviews with women and caseload midwives, observations of the setting and delivery of group antenatal care, and examination of selected documents. Thematic analyses of the women׳s accounts have been given primary significance. Coded segments of the midwives interview data, field notes and documents were used to compare and contrast within these themes. FINDINGS we report on women׳s first encounters with the group, and their interactions with peers and midwives. The group setting minimised the opportunity for the women and midwives to get to know each other. CONCLUSIONS this study challenges the practice of combining group antenatal care with caseload midwifery and recommends further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Allen
- Midwifery Research Unit, Australian Catholic University and Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - S Kildea
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland and School of Nursing and Midwifery University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - H Stapleton
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland and School of Nursing and Midwifery University of Queensland, Australia.
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Jess S, Kildea S, Moody A, Rennick G, Murchie AK, Cooke LR. European Union policy on pesticides: implications for agriculture in Ireland. Pest Manag Sci 2014; 70:1646-54. [PMID: 24753219 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
European Community (EC) legislation has limited the availability of pesticide active substances used in effective plant protection products. The Pesticide Authorisation Directive 91/414/EEC introduced the principle of risk assessment for approval of pesticide active substances. This principle was modified by the introduction of Regulation (EC) 1107/2009, which applies hazard, the intrinsic toxicity of the active substance, rather than risk, the potential for hazard to occur, as the approval criterion. Potential impacts of EC pesticide legislation on agriculture in Ireland are summarised. While these will significantly impact on pesticide availability in the medium to long term, regulations associated with water quality (Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and Drinking Water Directive 1998/83/EC) have the potential to restrict pesticide use more immediately, as concerns regarding public health and economic costs associated with removing pesticides from water increase. This rationale will further reduce the availability of effective pesticide active substances, directly affecting crop protection and increasing pesticide resistance within pest and disease populations. In addition, water quality requirements may also impact on important active substances used in plant protection in Ireland. The future challenge for agriculture in Ireland is to sustain production and profitability using reduced pesticide inputs within a framework of integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Jess
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
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O'Driscoll A, Kildea S, Doohan F, Spink J, Mullins E. The wheat-Septoria conflict: a new front opening up? Trends Plant Sci 2014; 19:602-10. [PMID: 24957882 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the utopic absence of abiotic and/or biotic stressors, attaining the predicted increase (up to 70%) in wheat demand by 2050 in response to global population trends is a challenge. This objective becomes daunting, however, when one factors in the continuous constraint on global wheat production posed by Septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease. This is because, despite resistant loci being identified, a deficit of commercially relevant STB-resistant wheat germplasm remains. The issue is further compounded for growers by the emergence and prevalence of fungicide-resistant/insensitive strains of the causative pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici (formerly known as Mycosphaerella graminicola/Septoria tritici). However, biotechnology-based research is providing new opportunities in this struggle. As the exome response of wheat to STB attack begins to be deciphered, genes intrinsic to resistant and susceptible phenotypes will be identified. Combined with the application of genome-editing techniques and a growing appreciation of the complexity of wheat's and the dynamism of Z. tritici's genome, the generation of resulting STB-resistant wheat varieties will counter the prevalent threat of STB disease in wheat-production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife O'Driscoll
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland; UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Steven Kildea
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Fiona Doohan
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John Spink
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Ewen Mullins
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland.
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Hutton F, Kildea S, Griffin D, Spink J, Doherty G, Hunter A. First report of potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease associated with PVY recombinant strains in Ireland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5197/j.2044-0588.2013.028.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Hutton
- TeagascCrops Research CentreOak ParkCarlowIreland
| | - S. Kildea
- TeagascCrops Research CentreOak ParkCarlowIreland
| | - D. Griffin
- TeagascCrops Research CentreOak ParkCarlowIreland
| | - J. Spink
- TeagascCrops Research CentreOak ParkCarlowIreland
| | - G. Doherty
- Department of AgricultureFood and the MarineTops Potato CentreRaphoeCounty DonegalIreland
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Rumbold A, Kruske S, Boyle J, Weckert R, Putland S, Giles L, Barclay L, Kildea S. Can the fetal fibronectin test be used by remote dwelling pregnant women to predict the onset of labour at term and delay transfer for birth in regional settings? Rural Remote Health 2013; 13:2126. [PMID: 23351083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The closure of rural maternity units in Australia means an increasing number of women are transferred into major centres to await birth. Accurately excluding the onset of labour could delay relocation. The fetal fibronectin (fFN) test is used to predict preterm birth; however, the accuracy of this test for determining impending term birth is unclear. METHODS 75 women were recruited to this study from<strong> </strong>two remote maternity units. Eligibility criteria were: aged &#8805;18 years, singleton pregnancy, 37+0-40+3 weeks (37 weeks to 40 weeks and 3 days gestation) and no indication for induction of labour or caesarean section in next 7 days. The Quikcheck fFN® test was performed at 37 weeks and then repeated at 7 day intervals. Time-to-birth from test date was modelled using linear regression. Logistic regression models estimated odds of birth within 7 days. Separate models considered first and last test results and those at 38 weeks; adjusted for use of lubricant and gestational age. RESULTS A shorter time-to-birth was found in women with positive compared with negative fFN tests; significant at first fFN test (adjusted mean difference [AMD] 5.4 days, 95% CI 2.0-8.8) and 38 weeks (AMD 5.7 days, 95% CI 2.2-9.2 days). A positive test was also associated with a significant increase in the odds of birthing within 7 days: first fFN test adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 11.0 (95% CI 2.5-48.7), 38 weeks test AOR 14.4 (95% CI 3.4-60.2), last fFN test AOR 8.1 (95% CI 1.6-39.8). However, of women who gave birth within 7 days of testing a significant proportion had a negative fFN result; first fFN test 8/17(47.1%), 38 weeks test 4/14(28.6%) and last fFN test 29/58(50.0%). CONCLUSION The presence of fFN in cervical secretions was associated with impending term birth but its absence did not reliably exclude the onset of birth. Delaying transfer based on these findings would result in some women birthing in their home communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rumbold
- Life Course and Intergenerational Health Research Group, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Kildea S, Kruske S, Barclay L, Tracy S. 'Closing the Gap': how maternity services can contribute to reducing poor maternal infant health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women. Rural Remote Health 2010; 10:1383. [PMID: 20707592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The reproductive health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers and infants are significantly poorer than they are for other Australians; they worsen with increasing remoteness where the provision of services becomes more challenging. Australia has committed to 'Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage' and 'Closing the Gap' in health outcomes. ISSUES Fifty-five per cent of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander birthing women live in outer regional and remote areas and suffer some of the worst health outcomes in the country. Not all of these women are receiving care from a skilled provider, antenatally, in birth or postnatally while the role of midwives in reducing maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity is under-utilised. The practice of relocating women for birth does not address their cultural needs or self-identified risks and is contributing to these outcomes. An evidence based approach for the provision of maternity services in these areas is required. Australian maternal mortality data collection, analysis and reporting is currently insufficient to measure progress yet it should be used as an indicator for 'Closing the Gap' in Australia. LESSONS LEARNED A more intensive, coordinated strategy to improve maternal infant health in rural and remote Australia must be adopted. Care needs to address social, emotional and cultural health needs, and be as close to home as possible. The role of midwives can be enabled to provide comprehensive, quality care within a collaborative team that includes women, community and medical colleagues. Service provision should be reorganised to match activity to need through the provision of caseload midwives and midwifery group practices across the country. Funding to embed student midwives and support Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in this role must be realised. An evidence base must be developed to inform the provision of services in these areas; this could be through the testing of the Rural Birth Index in Australia. The provision of primary birthing services in remote areas, as has occurred in some Inuit and New Zealand settings, should be established. 'Birthing on Country' that incorporates local knowledge, on-site midwifery training and a research and evaluation framework, must be supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kildea
- Australian Catholic University and Mater Mothers Hospital, Women's Health and Newborn Services (Maternity), Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Kildea S, Bowden FJ. Reproductive health, infertility and sexually transmitted infections in indigenous women in a remote community in the Northern Territory. Aust N Z J Public Health 2000; 24:382-6. [PMID: 11011464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.2000.tb01598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate markers of reproductive health in a remote Indigenous community in Northern Australia. METHODS A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of case notes of 342 women between the ages of 20 and 45 years, living in one community in a remote region of the Northern Territory. RESULTS The total rate of current infertility in the community was 26.3%; 8.2% for primary infertility and 18.1% for secondary infertility. An additional 3.3% of women had resolved infertility. Only 43% of the women had sought medical help for the problem. A history of ectopic pregnancy was recorded in 2.6%, stillbirth in 1.8%, miscarriage in 14.3% and neonatal death in 12.3%. Depot steroidal contraception or tubal ligation were used by 50% of the women but 45.9% used no contraception. A history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), T. vaginalis N. gonorrhoeae, genital C. trachomatis infection, syphilis or bacterial vaginosis was noted in 32%, 46%, 27%, 30%, 41% and 9% respectively. Current alcohol consumption was reported in 23% and cigarette smoking in 76%. In multivariate analysis, infertility was strongly associated with PID (adjusted OR 8.5), alcohol consumption (AOR 3.1), T. vaginalis (AOR 2.5), N. gonorrhoeae (AOR 2.2) and bacterial vaginosis (AOR 2.9). CONCLUSION Reproductive health is poor in this community of Indigenous women, with endemic levels of STDs, PID and tobacco consumption. The absence of barrier contraception (e.g. condoms, diaphragms) has implications for HIV and STD control. Clinical and public health interventions are urgently required but the implementation of these is hindered by a number of structural, social and economic barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kildea
- Territory Health Services, Casuarina, Northern Territory.
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Kildea S, Kruske S. Back from the bush. Aust J Holist Nurs 1998; 5:47-8. [PMID: 10428886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Kildea S. Trial of scar--team midwifery makes a difference. Aust Coll Midwives Inc J 1996; 9:21-2. [PMID: 8920421 DOI: 10.1016/s1031-170x(96)80027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
'Once, and certainly twice, a caesar always a caesar.' Where is the evidence to support this often expressed belief? As discussed by Roberts (1991) this is simply an opinion and not based on any form of scientific inquiry. This article describes two women requesting a vaginal delivery, one having had two, and the other, three previous Caesarean Sections. The doctors they had approached were unwilling to support them in their request and they had been told they would be unable to have a vaginal delivery. Both women decided to utilise the hospital's Team Midwifery service for their antenatal and intrapartum care and found the team, together with one of the hospital Registrars, sympathetic to their wishes. Carefully coordinated communication between these groups, and a supportive working relationship, enabled both women to have their vaginal delivery, one of which involved a twin birth. These are the type of services and support that should be available to all women.
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