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Norfolk M, Bielby J, Figueiredo Passos L, Reddon AR, Rendle M. Nutraceutical supplementation increases mobility in aged captive non-domesticated felids. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3797. [PMID: 38379254 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) are an increasing issue as the lifespan of captive animals increases. Extracts of green-lipped mussels have been linked to alleviation of MSDs in domestic carnivores. Understanding their efficacy in non-domestic felids could provide another tool to improve the welfare of aged individuals in collections. METHODS A within-subject study design quantified steps per minute in each of 18 cats of 13 species before and after the addition of a nutraceutical containing green-lipped mussel extract (Antinol) to their diets. The age structure of four commonly kept subspecies of non-domestic cats was quantified to provide a demographic context to the need for managing aged individuals. RESULTS Each of the 18 cats exhibited a higher number of steps per minute after the addition of Antinol to their diet. At the group level, a paired t-test showed that the step rate was significantly increased after the addition of Antinol to the diet. LIMITATIONS While our results showed a strong significant increase in step rate following Antinol supplementation, further studies that incorporate a placebo, more individuals and more detailed metrics of mobility would provide a more detailed evidence base for practitioners. CONCLUSION Nutraceuticals may yield benefits to aged individual felids, including species kept widely in European collections. Their use warrants further, detailed research in collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Norfolk
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jon Bielby
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Luiza Figueiredo Passos
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adam R Reddon
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Rendle
- Association of Zoo and Exotic Veterinary Nurses, Market Harborough, UK
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2
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Ji Y, Yang Y, Wu Z. Programming of metabolic and autoimmune diseases in canine and feline: linkage to the gut microbiome. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106436. [PMID: 37913827 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and autoimmune disorders have long represented challenging health problems because of their growing prevalence in companion animals. The gut microbiome, made up of trillions of microorganisms, is implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Similar to human beings, the complicated microbiome harbored in the gut of canines and felines emerges as a key factor determining a wide range of normal and disease conditions. Evidence accumulated from recent findings on canine and feline research uncovered that the gut microbiome is actively involved in host metabolism and immunity. Notably, the composition, abundance, activity, and metabolites of the gut microbiome are all elements that shape clinical outcomes concerning metabolism and immune function. This review highlights the implications of the gut microbiome for metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes, and hepatic lipidosis) and autoimmune diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis, asthma, and myasthenia gravis) in canine and feline animals, providing novel strategies and therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of pet diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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3
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Velie BD, Milden T, Miller H, Haase B. An estimation of osteochondrodysplasia prevalence in Australian Scottish Fold cats: a retrospective study using VetCompass Data. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:252. [PMID: 38031079 PMCID: PMC10685627 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND All Scottish Fold cats are believed to be affected by osteochondrodysplasia, a painful degenerative joint disorder. This retrospective study aimed to estimate the prevalence of osteochondrodysplasia in Scottish Fold and Scottish Straight cats in Australian veterinary clinics using electronic patient records (EPRs), collected between 1992 and 2018. RESULTS Consultation events (34,926) in EPRs from veterinary clinics located in New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria, were collected from 1,131 Scottish Fold and 117 Scottish Shorthair cats. A clinical diagnosis of osteochondrodysplasia was made in 12/1,131 Scottish Fold cats. Additionally, 69 cats were identified with suspected osteochondrodysplasia. Of these, 64 were Scottish Fold and 5 were Scottish Shorthair cats. Male and female cats were equally represented. However, a significant difference was observed for the age clinical signs were first recorded in the EPRs. Cats diagnosed clinically with osteochondrodysplasia were significantly younger (p < 0.0001) compared to cats identified as suspected SFOCD cases. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study suggest a relatively low prevalence of clinically diagnosed Scottish Fold osteochondrodysplasia (SFOCD) in the studied Australian Scottish Fold population, with cats generally diagnosed with SFOCD at less than 30 months of age. Further evidence is required to accurately assess the clinical relevance of SFOCD in the Scottish Fold population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Velie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Tracey Milden
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah Miller
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Bianca Haase
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2006 NSW, Australia.
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4
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Velloso Alvarez A, Wooldridge AA, Fuller J, Shrader SM, Mansour M, Boone LH. Culture Media Supplemented With 10% Equine Serum Provided Chondroprotection in an In Vitro Co-Culture of Cartilage and Synovial Membrane. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104865. [PMID: 37329926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
No studies have evaluated the effect of culture in serum-free media (SF) vs. media supplemented with equine serum (ES) on co-culture of synovial membrane and cartilage tissue explants. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of equine serum supplementation on induced production of inflammatory and catabolic mediators from articular cartilage and synovial explants while in co-culture. Articular cartilage and synovial membrane explants were harvested from femoropatellar joints of five adult horses. Cartilage and synovial explants were harvested from the stifle of five horses, placed in co-culture, stimulated with IL-1β (10 ng/ml) and maintained in culture for 3, 6 and 9 days in 10% ES or SF. At each time point, media was harvested for analysis of cellular viability (Lactate dehydrogenase) and elution of glycosaminoglycans (Dimethylene Blue Binding Assay). Tissue explants were harvested for histopathologic and gene expression analyses. No differences in cell viability were observed between SF and ES groups. SF culture produced an upregulation of TNF-α in synovial membrane and ADAMTS-4 and five in articular cartilage at 9 days of culture. ES produced an upregulation of aggrecan expression in cartilage at 9 days of culture. No differences in tissue viability were found between culture media, but SF media produced a higher glycosaminoglycan concentration in media at 3 days of culture. The addition of 10% ES produced a slight chondroprotective effect in an inflamed co-culture system. This effect should be considered when designing studies evaluating treatment of serum or plasma-based orthobiologic studies in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Velloso Alvarez
- Department of clinical sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL; Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Joseph Fuller
- Department of clinical sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | | | - Mahmoud Mansour
- Department of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Lindsey H Boone
- Department of clinical sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
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5
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Bonecka J, Skibniewski M, Zep P, Domino M. Knee Joint Osteoarthritis in Overweight Cats: The Clinical and Radiographic Findings. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2427. [PMID: 37570234 PMCID: PMC10417339 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a high prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) reported in the domesticated cat population, studies on feline knee joint OA are scarcer. Knee joint OA is a painful, age-related, chronic degenerative joint disease that significantly affects cats' activity and quality of life. In dogs and humans, one may consider overweight as a risk factor for the development and progression of knee joint OA; therefore, this study aims to assess the severity of knee joint OA in the body-weight-related groups of cats concerning clinical symptoms and radiographic signs. The study was conducted on sixty-four (n = 64) cats with confirmed OA. The demographic data on sex, neutering, age, and breed were collected. Then, the body condition score (BCS) was assessed, and each cat was allocated to the underweight, normal-weight, or overweight group. Within clinical symptoms, joint pain, joint swelling, joint deformities, lameness, reluctance to move, and apathy were graded. Based on the radiographic signs, minor OA, mild OA, moderate OA, and severe OA were scored. Prevalence and co-occurrence of the studied variables were then assessed. Joint pain was elicited in 20-31% of the OA-affected joints, joint deformities in 21-30%, and lameness in 20-54%, with no differences between weight-related groups. Severe OA was detected in 10-16% of the OA-affected joints, with no differences between weight-related groups. Severe OA in feline knee joints appears with similar frequency in overweight, underweight, and normal-weight cats. However, the general prevalence of clinical symptoms and radiographic signs is different in overweight cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bonecka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Skibniewski
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Zep
- OchWET Veterinary Clinic, 02-119 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Domino
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Maniaki E, Murrell J, Langley-Hobbs SJ, Blackwell EJ. Do owner-reported changes in mobility reflect measures of activity, pain and degenerative joint disease in cats? J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231178765. [PMID: 37382593 PMCID: PMC10811984 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231178765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this blinded, nested case-control study was to compare cats with and without early owner-reported mobility changes using subjective and objective outcome measures (owner-completed questionnaires, orthopaedic examination). METHODS A total of 57 cats with and without early owner-reported signs of impaired mobility were allocated to the case (n = 30) and control (n = 27) groups, respectively. Participating owners completed one inclusion and two pre-visit questionnaires (Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index, VetMetrica). Cats were then visited in their own homes, where they underwent an orthopaedic examination, an assessment of their body condition score and temperament, and the placement of an accelerometer on their collar for 2 weeks. RESULTS There was no significant difference between groups for age category, breed, sex, temperament and body condition score. Case cats scored significantly lower for the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (P = 0.003) and the VetMetrica domain of Comfort (P = 0.002), but not Vitality (P = 0.009) or Emotional Wellbeing (P = 0.018). Total pain (P <0.0001), crepitus (P = 0.002) and thickening (P = 0.003) scores were higher in case cats, as was the presence of bilateral disease (P = 0.005, odds ratio 14) and the number of bilaterally affected joints (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Both the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index and orthopaedic examination were able to differentiate cats with early owner-reported signs of impaired mobility from healthy cats. VetMetrica Comfort domain scores indicated a compromised quality of life for cats with early owner-reported signs of impaired mobility compared with healthy cats. Being able to recognise signs of mobility impairment earlier would allow interventions aimed at slowing disease progression, thereby improving feline health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo Murrell
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals, Bristol, UK
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7
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Deabold K, Montalbano C, Miscioscia E. Feline Osteoarthritis Management. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:879-896. [PMID: 36964025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Feline osteoarthritis is common; despite vague clinical signs, it can result in mobility impairment and quality of life concerns. An integrative approach to management may include analgesic medications, dietary modifications, nutraceuticals, environmental modifications, physical rehabilitation, acupuncture, and regenerative medicine. Management of concurrent disease and consideration for patient tolerance and owner compliance are critical in formulating a treatment plan in cats with osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Deabold
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | | | - Erin Miscioscia
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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8
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Dowgray N, Pinchbeck G, Eyre K, Biourge V, Comerford E, German AJ. Aging in Cats: Owner Observations and Clinical Finding in 206 Mature Cats at Enrolment to the Cat Prospective Aging and Welfare Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859041. [PMID: 35445099 PMCID: PMC9014291 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred and six cats, aged between 7 and 10 years, from the North-west of the UK, were enrolled in a cat aging and welfare study to determine the frequency of age-related conditions and associations with husbandry, owner observations of physical appearance, activity and behavior. This is the largest study to date of mature cats that includes data from an owner questionnaire and clinical examinations. At enrolment, owners frequently reported physical changes (53%), behavioral changes (47%), changes to eating patterns (41%), and activity changes (40%) in their mature cats. On physical examination, 45% cats were in overweight condition and 12% were obese. A heart murmur was detected in 29% cats, whilst indirect systolic blood pressure (SBP) was >160 mmHg in 5% cats. Dental disease was present in 54% cats and was associated with a matted hair coat (P = 0.01), increased sleeping (P = 0.02), absence of gray hairs (P = 0.03), and increased irritability to other pets (P = 0.04). Abnormalities were evident in 58% of cats that allowed an orthopedic examination (OE) to be performed. These cats were older than cats with a normal OE (P = 0.01), and abnormal OE findings were associated with a matted coat (P = 0.03) and increased grooming (P = 0.04). Aazotaemia was present in 10% cats, and this was associated with cats being observed to “sniff their food and then walk away” (P = 0.04). Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 3% cats, who were older (P = 0.02), had a leaner BCS (P = 0.02) and lesser blood creatinine concentrations (P = 0.01). Hyperthyroid cats were also more likely to have increased liver enzyme activity and increased SBP (P = <0.001) compared with non-hyperthyroid cats. Of the 176 cats where all clinical assessments were conducted, only 12% had no evidence of any disease. Clinical abnormalities are commonly identified when thorough, clinical assessments are performed in mature pet cats visiting primary care practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dowgray
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,International Cat Care, Tisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Eyre
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eithne Comerford
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J German
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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9
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Enomoto M, Lascelles BDX, Robertson JB, Gruen ME. Refinement of the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI) and development of the short-form FMPI. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:142-151. [PMID: 34002643 PMCID: PMC10812168 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211011984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and responsiveness of the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI) using the collective results of multiple clinical studies and iteratively refine the FMPI for future use. METHODS Data were compiled from previously conducted studies involving client-owned cats with degenerative joint disease (DJD) and which used the FMPI. The reliability of the FMPI was assessed using the data from the initial visits of those studies. For the assessment of responsiveness of the FMPI, only placebo-controlled studies that used analgesic treatments were included. Treatment groups from each study were combined and categorized as 'placebo' group and 'analgesic' group. Then, the mean change from baseline in score of each FMPI item and across all items within and between these groups were assessed. Based on the results of the reliability and responsiveness of the FMPI, stepwise elimination was used to remove the items that were least able to distinguish between the placebo and analgesic groups. Finally, after the stepwise elimination, a proposed new FMPI-short form (FMPI-sf) was constructed and its reliability was reassessed using the data sets described above. Individual and combined data sets of the studies were also used to compare the responsiveness of the original FMPI and the FMPI-sf. RESULTS The data from 180 cats from four studies were included. The original FMPI had a reasonable reliability, but low/no responsiveness. The elimination process of FMPI items refined the responsiveness of the instrument while maintaining its reliability. When the responsiveness was compared between the original FMPI (17 items) and the FMPI-sf (nine items), the treatment effect between groups was always greater when the FMPI-sf was used. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The proposed FMPI-sf may be able to better distinguish between placebo and analgesic effects in cats with DJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Enomoto
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James B Robertson
- Biostatistician, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Margaret E Gruen
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Behavioral Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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10
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Voga M, Majdic G. Articular Cartilage Regeneration in Veterinary Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1401:23-55. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Computed tomography reveals hip dysplasia in the extinct Pleistocene saber-tooth cat Smilodon. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21271. [PMID: 34711910 PMCID: PMC8553773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing the behavior of extinct species is challenging, particularly for those with no living analogues. However, damage preserved as paleopathologies on bone can record how an animal moved in life, potentially reflecting behavioral patterns. Here, we assess hypothesized etiologies of pathology in a pelvis and associated right femur of a Smilodon fatalis saber-toothed cat, one of the best-studied species from the Pleistocene-age Rancho La Brea asphalt seeps, California, USA, using visualization by computed tomography (CT). The pelvis exhibits massive destruction of the right hip socket that was interpreted, for nearly a century, to have developed from trauma and infection. CT imaging reveals instead that the pathological distortions characterize chronic remodeling that began at birth and led to degeneration of the joint over the animal's life. These results suggest that this individual suffered from hip dysplasia, a congenital condition common in domestic dogs and cats. This individual reached adulthood but could not have hunted properly nor defended territory on its own, likely relying on a social group for feeding and protection. While extant social felids are rare, these fossils and others with similar pathologies are consistent with a spectrum of social strategies in Smilodon supported by a predominance of previous studies.
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12
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Ariffin SMZ, Bennett D, Ferrell WR, Lockhart JC, Dunning L, Clements DN, Lascelles BDX, Ibrahim TAT, Johnston P. Protease activated receptor 2 and matriptase expression in the joints of cats with and without osteoarthritis. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:794-803. [PMID: 33284033 PMCID: PMC10812195 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20977796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the presence of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and matriptase proteins and quantify PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression in the articular cartilage and synovial membrane of cats with and without osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS A total of 28 articular cartilage samples from adult cats (14 OA and 14 normal), 10 synovial membranes from adult cats (five OA and five normal) and three cartilage samples from 9-week-old fetal cats were used. The presence of PAR2 and matriptase in the cartilage and synovial membrane of the adult samples was detected by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, while real-time PCR was used for mRNA expression analyses in all samples. RESULTS PAR2 was detected in all OA and normal articular cartilage and synovial membrane samples but confined to only a few superficial chondrocytes in the normal samples. Matriptase was only detected in OA articular cartilage and synovial membrane samples. PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression were, however, detected in all cartilage and synovial membrane samples. PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression levels in OA articular cartilage were five (P <0.001) and 3.3 (P <0.001) times higher than that of the healthy group, respectively. There was no significant difference (P = 0.05) in the OA synovial membrane PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression compared with the normal samples. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Detection of PAR2 and matriptase proteins and gene expression in feline articular tissues is a novel and important finding, and supports the hypothesis that serine proteases are involved in the pathogenesis of feline OA. The consistent presence of PAR2 and matriptase protein in the cytoplasm of OA chondrocytes suggests a possible involvement of proteases in cartilage degradation. Further investigations into the PAR2 and matriptase pathobiology could enhance our understanding of the proteolytic cascades in feline OA, which might lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti M Zainal Ariffin
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - David Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William R Ferrell
- Institute of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John C Lockhart
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Lynette Dunning
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Dylan N Clements
- Royal (Dick) School for Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Centre for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tengku A Tengku Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pamela Johnston
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Ley CJ, Leijon A, Uhlhorn M, Marcelino L, Hansson K, Ley C. Computed tomography is superior to radiography for detection of feline elbow osteoarthritis. Res Vet Sci 2021; 140:6-17. [PMID: 34365276 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Elbow osteoarthritis (OA) is common in cats and radiography is typically used for diagnosis. However computed tomography (CT), with its multiplanar three-dimensional characteristics, could have significant advantages for assessment of OA compared to radiography, particularly early in the disease process. The study objectives were to compare radiography and CT to histologic OA changes, investigate the stage of OA that radiography and CT detect, and search for specific changes in CT images strongly predictive for feline elbow OA. Right elbows from 29 cats were evaluated by radiography and CT, and articular cartilage lesions graded histologically and macroscopically. Three further joints were sampled to specifically evaluate the morphology of the anconeal process. Macroscopic, radiographic and CT OA diagnosis were compared to the reference standard histologic OA that was divided into mild, moderate and severe. Osteophytic spurs on the lateral margin of the anconeal process could be reliably measured in CT images (intra-class correlation 0.79) and when ≥0.5 mm had high sensitivity for moderate/severe histologic OA, moderate sensitivity for mild histologic OA and high specificity for all stages of OA. In moderate/severe histologic OA both radiography and CT subjective OA diagnosis had moderate to very high sensitivity. However, in mild histologic OA CT grading had low sensitivity and radiography did not detect OA. In conclusion, CT of the feline elbow including measurement of osteophytes on the anconeal process lateral margin is superior to radiography for OA detection and should be considered for OA diagnosis, particularly when mild OA changes are of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Ley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden..
| | - Alexandra Leijon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margareta Uhlhorn
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leticia Marcelino
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Hansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Ley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Shipley H, Flynn K, Tucker L, Wendt-Hornickle E, Baldo C, Almeida D, Allweiler S, Guedes A. Owner evaluation of quality of life and mobility in osteoarthritic cats treated with amantadine or placebo. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:568-574. [PMID: 33112193 PMCID: PMC10741303 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20967639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine if amantadine improves owner-identified mobility impairment and quality of life associated with osteoarthritis in cats. METHODS Using a blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover design, 13 healthy client-owned cats with clinical and radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis and owner-identified mobility impairment were studied. Cats received 5 mg/kg amantadine or placebo q24h PO for 3 weeks each with no washout period in between. Locomotor activity was continuously assessed with a collar-mounted activity monitor system, and owners chose and rated two mobility-impaired activities using a client-specific outcome measures (CSOM) questionnaire on a weekly basis. Locomotor activity on the third treatment week was analyzed with two-tailed paired t-tests. The CSOM scores were analyzed using a mixed-effect model and the Bonferroni post-hoc test. Owner-perceived changes in quality of life were compared between treatments using the χ2 test. Statistical significance was set at P <0.05. RESULTS Mean ± SD activity counts during the third week of each treatment were significantly lower with amantadine (240,537 ± 53,880) compared with placebo (326,032 ± 91,759). CSOM scores assigned by the owners were significantly better with amantadine on the second (3 ± 1) and third (3 ± 1) weeks compared with placebo (5 ± 2 and 5 ± 1, respectively). A significantly greater proportion of owners reported improvement in quality of life with amantadine compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Amantadine significantly decreased activity, but improved owner-identified impaired mobility and owner-perceived quality of life in cats with osteoarthritis. Amantadine appears to be an option for the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Shipley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN,
USA
- Wisconsin Veterinary Referral Center,
Waukesha, WI, USA
| | - Kristi Flynn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN,
USA
| | - Laura Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN,
USA
- Ontario Veterinary College, University
of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Erin Wendt-Hornickle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN,
USA
| | - Caroline Baldo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN,
USA
| | - Daniel Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Clinical
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN,
USA
| | - Sandra Allweiler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN,
USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Alonso Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN,
USA
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15
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Acetabular margin changes in feline hip joints - Implications for radiologic diagnosis and development of osteoarthritis. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:243-251. [PMID: 34049111 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development and early morphological features of feline hip osteoarthritis (OA) are largely unknown. Tears in the acetabular labrum and at the chondrolabral transition zone are suggested to be important in the pathogenesis of human hip OA, but in cats such lesions have not been described. We investigated associations between computed tomography (CT)-detected joint changes and microscopic articular cartilage lesions, the distribution of detected changes, and histologically evaluated the acetabular margin (AM) in hip joints from 20 cats. Histologic evaluation was undertaken on at least one joint from each cat. CT-detected joint changes and articular cartilage lesions were graded and the histological appearance of CT-detected osteophytes evaluated. The majority of CT-detected lesions and cartilage lesions were mild. Whole-joint CT scores and AM osteophyte CT scores showed moderate to strong correlation with cartilage scores. The odds were higher for presence of CT-detected osteophytes in craniodorsal, cranial, cranioventral, ventral and dorsal AM regions. Peripheral acetabular regions showed higher cartilage lesion grades than central regions. Tears, seen as fissures/clefts, in labral and perilabral tissues were common. CT-detected AM osteophytes morphologically presented as pointed sclerotic bone, spur-shaped bone or rounded chondro-osteophytes. The results suggest that CT is a valuable tool for diagnosing early feline hip OA. CT-detected osteophytes showed variable histologic morphologies, which may implicate different disease mechanisms and/or disease stages. Tears in the AM could represent an early event in feline hip OA and this warrants further investigation.
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16
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Maniaki E, Murrell J, Langley-Hobbs SJ, Blackwell EJ. Associations between early neutering, obesity, outdoor access, trauma and feline degenerative joint disease. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:965-975. [PMID: 33569999 PMCID: PMC8474300 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x21991456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this case-control study was to identify early-life risk factors associated with the occurrence of owner-reported mobility changes in 6-year-old cats by examining prospective data from a longitudinal cohort study of pet cats, the Bristol Cats study. METHODS Data on potential risk factors were obtained from seven sequential questionnaires completed between the ages of 2-4 months and 5 years. Mobility-related questions from the study questionnaire distributed at the age of 6 years were used to calculate each cat's mobility score. Cats with mobility scores of ⩾2 and 0 were allocated to the case and control groups, respectively, and the cat's status was the outcome variable. RESULTS Of the 799 cats included for analysis, 238 (29.8%) had owner-reported mobility changes. Binomial logistic regression using backwards elimination identified four risk factors for owner-reported mobility changes at 6 years of age: entire neuter status at 6 months of age (odds ratio [OR] 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-3.07), sustained trauma before 6 years of age (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.30-2.60), outdoor access at 6 years of age (OR 1.67; 95% CI 0.96-2.90) and overweight/obese status at 6 years of age (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.13-2.33). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Risk factor analysis demonstrated that obesity, outdoor access and a history of trauma may predispose cats to developing owner-reported mobility changes associated with degenerative joint disease, whereas neutering before 6 months of age appears to decrease that risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Maniaki
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Emily J Blackwell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, UK
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17
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KuKanich K, George C, Roush JK, Sharp S, Farace G, Yerramilli M, Peterson S, Grauer GF. Effects of low-dose meloxicam in cats with chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:138-148. [PMID: 32594827 PMCID: PMC10741344 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20935750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Meloxicam therapy may benefit cats with degenerative joint disease, and retrospective studies suggest it could slow kidney disease progression and increase survival. This study aimed to prospectively evaluate the renal effects of low-dose meloxicam treatment (0.02 mg/kg/day) over 6 months in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS Twenty-one cats with stable International Renal Interest Society stage 2 or 3 CKD were recruited and randomized to placebo or meloxicam groups. Cats were evaluated at baseline and at 1, 3 and 6 months, including blood pressure, chemistry, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinalysis, urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC), urine transforming growth factor-beta (β):creatinine ratio, urine clusterin, urine cystatin B and serum inosine. RESULTS No statistical difference was observed in systolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, SDMA, GFR, urine transforming growth factor-β:creatinine ratio, urine clusterin, urine cystatin B or serum inosine in cats receiving meloxicam vs placebo. Mean UPC was greater in the meloxicam group (0.33) than the placebo group (0.1) at 6 months (P = 0.006). Four cats had meloxicam discontinued owing to potential (mainly gastrointestinal) adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE No decline in renal excretory function was observed when meloxicam was administered to cats with CKD. However, gastrointestinal adverse effects were observed, and cats that received meloxicam had greater proteinuria at 6 months than cats that received placebo. As proteinuria is associated with negative outcomes (progression of azotemia and hypertension) in cats with CKD, this finding suggests that meloxicam should be used with caution in cats with CKD and UPC monitored. Until further research is available, clinicians should weigh the risk of potential increased proteinuria against quality of life benefits when considering meloxicam for analgesia in cats with renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate KuKanich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Christopher George
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Blue Pearl Veterinary Partners, Tacoma,
WA, USA
| | - James K Roush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sherry Sharp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory F Grauer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College
of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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18
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Johnson KA, Lee AH, Swanson KS. Nutrition and nutraceuticals in the changing management of osteoarthritis for dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:1335-1341. [PMID: 32459583 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.12.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Dowgray N, Comerford E. Feline musculoskeletal ageing: How are we diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal impairment? J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:1069-1083. [PMID: 33100170 PMCID: PMC10814220 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20965832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE An understanding of the process of musculoskeletal ageing - which all senior and geriatric cats will experience - is vital to maintaining the health and welfare of our ageing cat population. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Assessment of the feline musculoskeletal system is not always straightforward. Diagnosis of impairment relies on input from owners and veterinarians in terms of visual observation, and clinical and orthopaedic examination, in addition to diagnostic imaging. AUDIENCE This review is written for the primary care veterinary team. AIMS The goals are to raise awareness and improve clinical diagnosis of musculoskeletal impairment as a result of ageing. The article also reviews therapeutic options and considers the evidence available for the prevention/deceleration of musculoskeletal ageing and impairment. EVIDENCE BASE There is good evidence of a high prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) and degenerative joint disease (DJD) in older cats. There is also good evidence to indicate that functional impairment and chronic pain are sequelae of musculoskeletal disease. However, there is a paucity of information for what is best practice for the management and treatment of musculoskeletal impairment in a clinical situation. There is also a lack of evidence on how prevention of central stimulation of the nervous system caused by musculoskeletal impairment and, in turn the development of chronic pain, can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eithne Comerford
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, UK
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20
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Prevalence of Disease and Age-Related Behavioural Changes in Cats: Past and Present. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030085. [PMID: 32640581 PMCID: PMC7557453 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: age-related changes in behaviour and health may be thought of as “normal” ageing; however, they can reflect under-diagnosed, potentially treatable, conditions. This paper describes the prevalence of age-related behavioural changes and disease in two UK cat populations at separate time-points. (2) Methods: owners of cats aged ≥11 years completed questionnaires in 1995 (cohort 1: n = 1236), and from 2010–2015 (cohort 2: n = 883). (3) Results: the most important behavioural changes in these cats were increased affection towards their owners (reported by 51.9% in 1995; 35.8% in 2010–2015), increased vocalisation (63.5%; 58.9%, respectively), particularly at night (32%; 43.6%), and house-soiling (29.3%; 55.8%). Most (79.4%; 81%) of the cats had visited a veterinary surgeon since becoming 11 years old. The main reasons, aside from vaccinations, were dental disease, renal disease and lower urinary tract disorders in 1995, and dental disease, renal disease and hyperthyroidism in 2010–2015. All major diagnoses were reported significantly more frequently in 2010–2015 than in 1995; behavioural changes were variably associated with these diseases. (4) Conclusion: elderly cats display age-related behavioural changes and develop diseases that may be under-diagnosed. Veterinarians need to ask owners about these behavioural changes, as they may signify manageable conditions rather than reflect “normal” ageing.
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21
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Sharon KP, Thompson CM, Lascelles BDX, Parrish RS. Novel use of an activity monitor to model jumping behaviors in cats. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:334-343. [PMID: 32228255 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.4.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop methods to identify and characterize activity monitor (AM) data signatures for jumps performed by cats. ANIMALS 13 healthy, client-owned cats without evidence of osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease. PROCEDURES Each cat was fitted with the same AM, individually placed in an observation room, then simultaneously recorded by 3 video cameras during the observation period (5 to 8 hours). Each cat was encouraged to jump up (JU), jump down (JD), and jump across (JA) during the observation period. Output from the AM was manually annotated for jumping events, each of which was characterized by functional data analysis yielding relevant coefficients. The coefficients were then used in linear discriminant analysis to differentiate recorded jumps as JUs, JDs, or JAs. To assess the model's ability to distinguish among the 3 jump types, a leave-one-out cross-validation method was used, and the misclassification error rate of the overall categorization of the model was calculated. RESULTS Of 731 jumping events, 29 were misclassified. Overall, the mean misclassification error rate per cat was 5.4% (range, 0% to 12.5%), conversely indicating a correct classification rate per cat of 94.6%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the model was successful in correctly identifying JUs, JDs, and JAs in healthy cats. With advancements in AM technology and data processing, there is potential for the model to be applied in clinical settings as a means to obtain objective outcome measures.
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22
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Robertson SA. Moving forward with detecting osteoarthritis in cats. Vet Rec 2020; 185:754-756. [PMID: 31857401 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l6981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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23
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Abstract
This article reviews the current knowledge regarding osteoarthritis-related pain in cats as a structure in which to discuss the assessment of chronic pain in the research and clinical settings. The scientific evidence available for current and emerging drug therapies is described. The importance of environmental enrichment and positive emotions to reduce pain, stress, and anxiety as means to promote feline welfare and human-pet bond is discussed.
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24
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Gencoglu H, Orhan C, Sahin E, Sahin K. Undenatured Type II Collagen (UC-II) in Joint Health and Disease: A Review on the Current Knowledge of Companion Animals. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E697. [PMID: 32316397 PMCID: PMC7222752 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OA is quite common in companion animals, especially in large breed dogs and horses. Collagen, the most abundant protein of mammals, has specific connective tissue types for skin, bones, reticulate, basal lamina, bones, cell surfaces, while type II collagen (UC-II) forms the main structure of cartilage tissue. Even at the smaller dosages, UC-II has also been reported to be more effective than the glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate supplements, which are the supplements most frequently used in the market. In this review, we summarize the effects of UC-II on joint health and function in health and disease conditions in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Gencoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig (+90) 424, Turkey;
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig (+90) 424, Turkey; (C.O.); (E.S.)
| | - Emre Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig (+90) 424, Turkey; (C.O.); (E.S.)
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig (+90) 424, Turkey; (C.O.); (E.S.)
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25
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Boge GS, Engdahl K, Moldal ER, Bergström A. Cranial cruciate ligament disease in cats: an epidemiological retrospective study of 50 cats (2011-2016). J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:277-284. [PMID: 30896333 PMCID: PMC10814672 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19837436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and long-term outcome of surgically and conservatively treated cats with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD). METHODS A retrospective cohort study of cats with CCLD, diagnosed at two university animal hospitals between January 2011 and December 2016, was performed. Signalment, history, treatment and follow-up information were retrieved. Cat owners were contacted for additional long-term follow-up information. The cases were divided into two groups: one conservatively managed and one surgically treated with the lateral fabellotibial suture technique. A quality of life questionnaire, the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI), was distributed to the owners of cats alive at follow-up for assessment of chronic pain as a long-term outcome. Univariable statistical methods were used to evaluate the data. RESULTS Fifty cats were identified and were followed for a median of 41 months after diagnosis of CCLD. Seven cats (14%) developed bilateral CCLD. Twenty-eight cats (56%) were treated conservatively and 22 (44%) surgically. All surgically treated cats in which arthrotomy was performed (19/22) had total cranial cruciate ligament rupture and 9/19 (47%) had meniscal injuries. Postoperative surgical complications were recorded in 6/22 cats (27%). Owners of 24/29 (83%) cats still alive at follow-up completed the FMPI questionnaire. The conservatively treated cats had a lower FMPI score, indicating less chronic pain, than those cats treated surgically (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Conservatively treated cats with CCLD experienced less chronic pain at long-term follow-up than surgically treated cats. Bilateral disease is not uncommon in cats with CCLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun S Boge
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karolina Engdahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elena R Moldal
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika Bergström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Kimura T, Kimura S, Okada J, Suzuki S, Kitanaka T. Retrospective Radiographic Study of Degenerative Joint Disease in Cats: Prevalence Based on Orthogonal Radiographs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:138. [PMID: 32296718 PMCID: PMC7141235 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline degenerative joint disease (DJD) has been reported worldwide. Radiographic evidence, including that from single-plane radiographs, has been used for diagnosis in these reports, though orthogonal radiographs are generally required to diagnose DJD. However, more orthogonal radiographs are required for diagnosis. In this study, we investigated how many orthogonal radiographs are necessary to diagnose feline DJD among domestic short-haired cats. We analyzed the data from 101 cats for which the owners requested screening for arthritis. Orthogonal radiographs of appendicular and intervertebral joints were taken from the chest to the caudal side. Radiographs were then reviewed and graded by severity of DJD in each joint. Radiographic evidence of appendicular DJD was detected in 74.26% of 101 cats, of which 40.59% had intervertebral DJD (typically of the lumbosacral joint). Appendicular DJD was most common in elbow joints. Lameness was recognized by an owner of two cats and was diagnosed by a veterinarian in two cats. No obvious pain was detected on palpation in any cats with appendicular osteoarthritis, but lumbosacral DJD was associated with back pain in seven cases. Aging was associated with radiographic evidence of DJD: radiographic evidence of DJD was observed in most older domestic short-haired cats. Most cases without lumbosacral DJD had no obvious symptoms. As the lifespan of cats increases due to better lifestyles, diet, and medical treatment, lumbosacral DJD, which is more likely in older cats, may become an increasingly important clinical problem. In addition, orthogonal radiograph must be taken to make diagnosis for appendicular joint DJD especially hip and stifle joint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Taku Kitanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University, Kanagawa Ward, Japan
- *Correspondence: Taku Kitanaka
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Enomoto M, Lascelles BDX, Gruen ME. Development of a checklist for the detection of degenerative joint disease-associated pain in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:1137-1147. [PMID: 32122226 PMCID: PMC7736399 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20907424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop an evidence-based, clinically expedient checklist to identify cats likely to have degenerative joint disease (DJD)-associated pain. METHODS Data were compiled from previously conducted studies that employed a standardized subjective outcome measure consisting of a series of questions. These studies included a prevalence study (with DJD non-informed owners) and therapeutic trials (with DJD-informed owners). For each cat, and each question, response scores were converted to 'impaired' and 'unimpaired'. Cats were categorized as 'DJD pain' and 'non-DJD' based on orthopedic pain and radiographic DJD scores. These binary data were compared between cat phenotypes (non-DJD and DJD pain) for each question. Sensitivity and specificity of each question were calculated using the binary data; based on this, potential questions for the checklist were selected. Sensitivity and specificity across this group of questions were calculated, and questions sequentially removed to optimize length, sensitivity and specificity. Finally, the proposed checklist was applied to a novel data set to evaluate its ability to identify cats with DJD pain. RESULTS In total, 249 DJD pain cats and 53 non-DJD cats from five studies were included. Nine questions with adequate sensitivity and specificity were initially identified. Following sequential removal of questions, a checklist with six binary questions was proposed. Based on the data from the cohorts of DJD-informed and DJD non-informed owners, the sensitivity and specificity of the proposed checklist were approximately 99% and 100%, and 55% and 97%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The proposed checklist represents a data-driven approach to construct a screening checklist for DJD pain in cats. This checklist provides a clinically expedient tool likely to increase veterinarians' ability to screen for DJD pain in cats. The identified behaviors comprising the checklist may further provide a foundation for increasing awareness of DJD pain among cat owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Enomoto
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain (TRiP) Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Margaret E Gruen
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Behavioral Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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28
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Stadig S, Lascelles BDX, Nyman G, Bergh A. Evaluation and comparison of pain questionnaires for clinical screening of osteoarthritis in cats. Vet Rec 2019; 185:757. [PMID: 31619513 PMCID: PMC6996100 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline osteoarthritis (OA) is a common cause of long-standing pain and physical dysfunction. Performing a physical examination of a cat is often challenging. There is a need for disease-specific questionnaires or the so-called clinical metrology instruments (CMIs) to facilitate diagnosis and evaluation of treatment of feline OA. The CMI provides the owners an assessment of the cat's behavioural and lifestyle changes in the home environment. The purpose of the study was to evaluate readability, internal consistency, reliability and discriminatory ability of four CMIs. METHODS This is a prospective, cross-sectional study with 142 client-owned cats. Feline OA was diagnosed based on medical history, orthopaedic examination and radiography. RESULTS The results indicate that all four instruments have sound readability, internal consistency, are reliable over time and have good discriminatory ability. Preliminary cut-off values with optimal sensitivity and specificity were suggested for each instrument. The osteoarthritic cats showed significant changes in behavioural response to pain during orthopaedic examination, compared with sound cats. CONCLUSION The results indicate that all four questionnaires make an important contribution in a clinical setting, and that the cat's behavioural response to pain during physical examination should be a parameter to take into account as a possible indication of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stadig
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gorel Nyman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Bergh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Adami C, Lardone E, Monticelli P. Inter-rater and inter-device reliability of mechanical thresholds measurement with the Electronic von Frey Anaesthesiometer and the SMALGO in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:979-984. [PMID: 30465615 PMCID: PMC11132251 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18813426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the Electronic von Frey Anaesthesiometer (EVF) and the Small Animal ALGOmeter (SMALGO), used to measure sensory thresholds in 13 healthy cats at both the stifle and the lumbosacral joint, in terms of inter-rater and inter-device reliability. METHODS Two independent observers carried out the sets of measurements in a randomised order, with a 45 min interval between them, in each cat. The inter-rater and inter-device reliability were evaluated by calculating the inter-rater correlation coefficient (ICC) for each pair of measurements. The Bland-Altman method was used as an additional tool to assess the level of agreement between the two algometers. RESULTS The mean ± SD sensory thresholds measured with the EVF were 311 ± 116 g and 378 ± 178 g for the stifle and for the lumbosacral junction, respectively, whereas those measured with the SMALGO were 391 ±172 g and 476 ± 172 g. The inter-rater reliability was fair (ICC >0.4) for each pair of measurements except those taken at the level of the stifle with the SMALGO, for which the level of agreement between observers A and B was poor (ICC = 0.01). The inter-device reliability was good (ICC = 0.73; P = 0.001). The repetition of the measurements affected reliability, as the thresholds obtained after the 45 min break were consistently lower than those measured during the first part of the trial (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The EVF and the SMALGO may be used interchangeably in cats, especially when the area to be tested is the lumbosacral joint. However, when the thresholds are measured at the stifle, the inter-observer reliability is better with the EVF than with the SMALGO. The reliability decreases when the measurements are repeated within a short time interval, suggesting a limited clinical applicability of quantitative sensory testing with both algometers in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Adami
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Elena Lardone
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Monticelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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Adrian DE, Rishniw M, Scherk M, Lascelles BDX. Prescribing practices of veterinarians in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:495-506. [PMID: 30033841 PMCID: PMC10814540 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18787910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the high prevalence and increasing awareness of chronic musculoskeletal pain in cats, approved treatment options are completely lacking in the USA, and few other options have sufficient safety and efficacy data. Knowledge of current prescribing practices should inform future research of putative therapies. We aimed to determine which drug and non-drug therapies were being used by general practitioners for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain in cats and to understand demographic influences on prescribing practices. METHODS We distributed a survey to 36,676 veterinarians who were members of the Veterinary Information Network in January 2017. Within 3 weeks, 1056 practitioners completed the survey. The survey included demographic and background information, questions on prescribing frequency and dosing regimen of 13 drug and non-drug therapies and questions on preferred medication formulations and dosing frequencies. Descriptive statistics were used, as well as χ2 testing to evaluate relationships between demographic variables and prescription practices. RESULTS Gabapentin was prescribed most frequently (71% of respondents), followed by joint supplements (67.8%), meloxicam (64.0%), opioids (62.6%), fish oil (62.1%) and polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (61.9%). Years in practice appeared to influence prescribing habits, with practitioners graduated for >20 years prescribing glucocorticoids more frequently than other age groups ( P = 0.0002), whereas recent graduates (<1 year) reported prescribing therapies less frequently across all categories. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results show a contrast between therapies prescribed by practitioners and what is supported by evidenced-based literature. Future research evaluating the safety and efficacy of gabapentin should be prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek E Adrian
- Comparative Pain Research Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Janssens LAA, Verheijen IKA, Serangeli J, van Kolfschoten T. Shoulder osteoarthritis in a European saber-toothed cat (Homotherium latidens) from the Lower Palaeolithic site of Schöningen (Germany). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2019; 24:279-285. [PMID: 30777196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of a right ventral scapula fragment from a mature Homotherium latidens from Schöningen, Germany (337-300 ka before present - MIS 9) revealed lesions consisting of an osteophyte at the caudal border of the glenoid cavity, and a large, multilobular, cystic feature in the medio-caudal glenoid cavity. Based on the type of lesions, their localization, their severity, and exclusion of several nutritional and other etiologies such as immune mediated disease, joint infection (septic arthritis), and joint tumors, we conclude that the lesion was caused by trauma or age-related shoulder osteoarthritis (or possibly both). We cannot speculate whether the condition was symptomatic, but if it was, the animal must have functioned well enough to hunt or scavenge, since it survived a significant period of lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc A A Janssens
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; Evidensia Clinic for Referral Surgery of Companion Animals, Eerste Zeine 112, 5144AM, Waalwijk, The Netherlands; Faculty of Archaeology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ivo K A Verheijen
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands; Universität Tübingen/Senckenberg HEP, paläon 1, 38364 Schöningen, Germany
| | - Jordi Serangeli
- Universität Tübingen/Senckenberg HEP, paläon 1, 38364 Schöningen, Germany
| | - Thijs van Kolfschoten
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Klinck MP, Monteiro BP, Lussier B, Guillot M, Moreau M, Otis C, Steagall PVM, Frank D, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, del Castillo JRE, Troncy E. Refinement of the Montreal Instrument for Cat Arthritis Testing, for Use by Veterinarians: detection of naturally occurring osteoarthritis in laboratory cats. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:728-740. [PMID: 28920533 PMCID: PMC11104144 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17730172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Feline osteoarthritis causes pain and disability. Detection and measurement is challenging, relying heavily on owner report. This study describes refinement of the Montreal Instrument for Cat Arthritis Testing, for Use by Veterinarians. Methods A video analysis of osteoarthritic (n = 6) and non-osteoarthritic (n = 4) cats facilitated expansion of scale items. Three successive therapeutic trials (using gabapentin, tramadol and oral transmucosal meloxicam spray) in laboratory cats with and without natural osteoarthritis (n = 12-20) permitted construct validation (assessments of disease status sensitivity and therapeutic responsiveness) and further scale refinements based on performance. Results Scale osteoarthritic sensitivity improved from phase I to phase III; phase III scale total score ( P = 0.0001) and 4/5 subcategories - body posture ( P = 0.0006), gait ( P = 0.0031), jumping (0.0824) and global distance examination ( P = 0.0001) - detected osteoarthritic cats. Total score inter-rater (intra-class correlation coefficients [ICC] = 0.64-0.75), intra-rater (ICC = 0.90-0.91) and overall internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85) reliability were good to excellent. von Frey anesthesiometer-induced paw withdrawal threshold increased with gabapentin in phase I, in osteoarthritic cats ( P <0.001) but not in non-osteoarthritic cats ( P = 0.075). Night-time activity increased during gabapentin treatment. Objective measures also detected tramadol and/or meloxicam treatment effects in osteoarthritic cats in phases II and III. There was some treatment responsiveness: in phase I, 3/10 subcategory scores improved ( P <0.09) in treated osteoarthritic cats; in phase II, 3/8 subcategories improved; and in phase III, 1/5 subcategories improved ( P <0.096). Conclusions and relevance The revised scale detected naturally occurring osteoarthritis, but not treatment effects, in laboratory cats, suggesting future potential for screening of at-risk cats. Further study is needed to confirm reliability, validity (disease sensitivity and treatment responsiveness) and clinical feasibility, as well as cut-off scores for osteoarthritic vs non-osteoarthritic status, in client-owned cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Klinck
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Central Hospital of the University of Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Beatriz P Monteiro
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lussier
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Central Hospital of the University of Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Guillot
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Central Hospital of the University of Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxim Moreau
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Central Hospital of the University of Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Colombe Otis
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Paulo VM Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Diane Frank
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Central Hospital of the University of Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Central Hospital of the University of Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jérôme RE del Castillo
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- Animal Pharmacology Research Group of Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Central Hospital of the University of Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Godfrey D, Vaughan L. Historical Prevalence of Radiological Appendicular Osteoarthritis in Cats (1972–1973). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:209-212. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Interest in feline osteoarthritis has grown recently; this might be due to increased prevalence or increased awareness. This study records the presence of appendicular osteoarthritis in a subset of the United Kingdom cat population in the 1970s and estimates its prevalence. One hundred cats euthanized in 1972–1973 had a series of skeletal radiographic images taken post mortem. Each joint was put into a set with or without osteoarthritis according to the presence or absence of a specified set of radiographic features. Limited historical data were analyzed. The prevalence of osteoarthritis in these cats was 74%. There is no evidence that feline osteoarthritis is a “novel” disease. The prevalence was similar to recent prospective radiological surveys. Recent interest in the condition may have derived from more attention being paid to feline medicine and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Godfrey
- From David & Rosie Godfrey Veterinary Services, Hockley Heath, United Kingdom (D.G.); and Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom (L.V.)
| | - Leslie Vaughan
- From David & Rosie Godfrey Veterinary Services, Hockley Heath, United Kingdom (D.G.); and Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom (L.V.)
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Gabner S, Ertl R, Velde K, Renner M, Jenner F, Egerbacher M, Hlavaty J. Cytokine-induced interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein expression in genetically engineered equine mesenchymal stem cells for osteoarthritis treatment. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3021. [PMID: 29608232 PMCID: PMC6001542 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A combination of tissue engineering methods employing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) together with gene transfer takes advantage of innovative strategies and highlights a new approach for targeting osteoarthritis (OA) and other cartilage defects. Furthermore, the development of systems allowing tunable transgene expression as regulated by natural disease-induced substances is highly desirable. METHODS Bone marrow-derived equine MSCs were transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene under the control of an inducible nuclear factor-kappa B-responsive promoter and IL-1Ra production upon pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-1β] was analysed. To assess the biological activity of the IL-1Ra protein that was produced and the therapeutic effect of IL-1Ra-expressing MSCs (MSC/IL-1Ra), cytokine-based two- and three-dimensional in vitro models of osteoarthritis using equine chondrocytes were established and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was used to measure the gene expression of aggrecan, collagen IIA1, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, matrix metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-13. RESULTS A dose-dependent increase in IL-1Ra expression was found in MSC/IL-1Ra cells upon TNFα administration, whereas stimulation using IL-1β did not lead to IL-1Ra production above the basal level observed in nonstimulated cells as a result of the existing feedback loop. Repeated cycles of induction allowed on/off modulation of transgene expression. In vitro analyses revealed that IL-1Ra protein present in the conditioned medium from MSC/IL-1Ra cells blocks OA onset in cytokine-treated equine chondrocytes and co-cultivation of MSC/IL-1Ra cells with osteoarthritic spheroids alleviates the severity of the osteoarthritic changes. CONCLUSIONS Thus, pro-inflammatory cytokine induced IL-1Ra protein expression from genetically modified MSCs might represent a promising strategy for osteoarthritis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gabner
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Working Group Histology and EmbryologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Reinhard Ertl
- VetCORE, Facility for ResearchUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Karsten Velde
- Equine University HospitalUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Matthias Renner
- Division of Medical BiotechnologyPaul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutLangenGermany
| | - Florien Jenner
- Equine University HospitalUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Monika Egerbacher
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Working Group Histology and EmbryologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Juraj Hlavaty
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Working Group Histology and EmbryologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
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Leijon A, Ley CJ, Corin A, Ley C. Cartilage lesions in feline stifle joints – Associations with articular mineralizations and implications for osteoarthritis. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:186-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Retrospective Case—Control Study of the Effects of Long-Term Dosing with Meloxicam on Renal Function in Aged Cats with Degenerative Joint Disease. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 13:752-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Medical records (2005–2009) of a feline-only practice were searched for cats with degenerative joint disease (DJD) treated using meloxicam. DJD was diagnosed by the presence of at least two of the following: (i) altered mobility (observed by the owner), (ii) abnormal physical findings, (iii) characteristic radiographic changes. The primary study cohort consisted of cats older than 7 years that had received meloxicam for variable intervals in excess of 6 months, and for which complete records were available. These cats were subdivided according to whether detectable chronic kidney disease (CKD) was present (‘renal group’), or not (‘non-renal group’), and, for the ‘renal group’, according to the cat's IRIS category. Serum biochemistry, urinalysis (including urine specific gravity [USG]), body mass and condition score were monitored regularly. Progression of CKD in the ‘renal group’ and ‘non-renal group’ of cats was compared to two groups of age- and IRIS-matched control cats not receiving meloxicam (from the same clinic, over the same time period). The study was thus a case—control design, with two study groups. Thirty-eight cats with DJD receiving long-term meloxicam therapy met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 22 cats had stable CKD at the start of treatment (stage 1, eight cats; stage 2, 13 cats; stage 3, one cat). No cats initially had an elevated urinary protein to creatinine ratio. The remaining 16 cats initially had normal renal analytes and adequately concentrated urine. The median age of the ‘renal’ and ‘non-renal’ meloxicam groups was 15.5 and 13.4 years, respectively. The median treatment duration was 467 days in the ‘renal group’ and 327 days in the ‘non-renal group’. After titration (to the lowest effective dose), the median maintenance dose was 0.02 mg/kg/day in both groups (range 0.015–0.033 mg/kg/day). There was no difference in sequential serum creatinine concentration or USG measurements between the ‘non-renal group’ treated with meloxicam compared to control cats not treated with meloxicam. There was less progression of renal disease in the ‘renal group’ treated with meloxicam compared to the age- and IRIS-matched cats with CKD not given meloxicam. These results suggest that a long-term maintenance dose of 0.02 mg/kg of meloxicam can be safely administered to cats older than 7 years even if they have CKD, provided their overall clinical status is stable. Long-term meloxicam therapy may slow the progression of renal disease in some cats suffering from both CKD and DJD. Prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Goldberg
- Academy of Laboratory Animal Veterinary Technicians and Nurses
- Organizing Committee Academy of Physical Rehabilitation Veterinary Technicians
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Stadig S, Lascelles BDX, Bergh A. Do cats with a cranial cruciate ligament injury and osteoarthritis demonstrate a different gait pattern and behaviour compared to sound cats? Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:70. [PMID: 27766970 PMCID: PMC5073862 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common cause of chronic pain and dysfunction in older cats. The majority of cats with OA do not show signs of overt lameness, yet cats with orthopaedic disease are known to redistribute their body weight from the affected limb. OA can cause changes in the cat’s behaviour, which is often misinterpreted as signs of aging. The aim of the present study was to investigate if cats with a previous cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injury perform differently on the pressure mat and exhibit different behaviour compared to sound cats according to the owner´s subjective assessment. Ten cats with a previous CCL injury were assessed with a pressure mat system and their owners were asked to complete an assessment questionnaire. The results were compared to those of 15 sound cats, matched to have the same weight and body condition score. Results The front/hind limb index for peak vertical force (PVF) was significantly higher for CCL cats, and there was a decreased PVF and vertical impulse (VI) on the affected hindlimb compared to the unaffected one. The results indicate that cats with a previous CCL injury put less weight, on the affected hindlimb but for a longer time. There was a significantly higher owner assessment questionnaire score for the group of cats with CCL injury compared to sound cats. Conclusions Cats with a previous CCL injury have a different gait pattern compared to sound cats and a different behaviour according to owner subjective assessment. It is of great importance that further studies are performed to investigate the long term effects of CCL injury as a cause of pain and physical dysfunction, and its role in the development of OA in cats. Improved assessment tools for chronic pain caused by OA in cats are needed, both to facilitate diagnosis and to evaluate pain-relieving treatment.
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Abstract
Practical relevance: The reported incidence of hip dysplasia (HD) in cats varies dramatically between studies, but the condition is likely more common than we realise. There is little doubt that cats with HD and associated osteoarthritis (OA) suffer pain, and this warrants appropriate therapy. Diagnostic challenges: Clinical signs of HD in cats are often gradual in onset, making them difficult to appreciate, but may include inactivity, pelvic limb lameness, difficulty jumping and climbing stairs, and reluctance to squat to defecate. Often lameness is bilateral, and can be particularly difficult to recognise. The most common radiographic finding is an abnormally shallow acetabulum. Subluxation, however, is not consistently associated with OA in cats and therefore the role that joint laxity plays in disease progression remains uncertain. Degenerative changes of the femoral head and neck seem to develop later than in the dog, and are less marked. Therapeutic challenges: The majority of cats respond to non-surgical management with environmental modulation, physical therapy, dietary modulation, weight loss, nutraceuticals and drug therapy. Should non-surgical management not provide sufficient relief, two salvage surgical options are available: femoral head and neck excision (FHNE) and total hip replacement (THR). While there is a risk of complications with micro-THR, the positive outcomes that have been reported indicate that it should be considered in the treatment of coxofemoral pathology in cats in the same way that THR is considered for larger dogs, especially given the inconsistent results associated with FHNE. Monitoring the effect of treatment is challenging as the assessment of pain in cats is complex and there is no validated scoring system or owner-completed questionnaire yet available for cats. Evidence base: There is a paucity of clinical reports focusing solely on HD in cats. The author draws on a combination of published studies, in cats, dogs and humans, as well as personal clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Perry
- Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824-1314, USA
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Johnson CI, Argyle DJ, Clements DN. In vitro models for the study of osteoarthritis. Vet J 2015; 209:40-9. [PMID: 26831151 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent disease of most mammalian species and is a significant cause of welfare and economic morbidity in affected individuals and populations. In vitro models of osteoarthritis are vital to advance research into the causes of the disease, and the subsequent design and testing of potential therapeutics. However, a plethora of in vitro models have been used by researchers but with no consensus on the most appropriate model. Models attempt to mimic factors and conditions which initiate OA, or dissect the pathways active in the disease. Underlying uncertainty as to the cause of OA and the different attributes of isolated cells and tissues used mean that similar models may produce differing results and can differ from the naturally occurring disease. This review article assesses a selection of the in vitro models currently used in OA research, and considers the merits of each. Particular focus is placed on the more prevalent cytokine stimulation and load-based models. A brief review of the mechanism of these models is given, with their relevance to the naturally occurring disease. Most in vitro models have used supraphysiological loads or cytokine concentrations (compared with the natural disease) in order to impart a timely response from the cells or tissue assessed. Whilst models inducing OA-like pathology with a single stimulus can answer important biological questions about the behaviour of cells and tissues, the development of combinatorial models encompassing different physiological and molecular aspects of the disease should more accurately reflect the pathogenesis of the naturally occurring disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig I Johnson
- The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - David J Argyle
- The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Dylan N Clements
- The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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Bruno EA, Guthrie JW, Ellwood SA, Mellanby RJ, Clements DN. Global positioning system derived performance measures are responsive indicators of physical activity, disease and the success of clinical treatments in domestic dogs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117094. [PMID: 25692761 PMCID: PMC4332864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the use of Global Positioning System receiver (GPS) derived performance measures for differentiating between: 1) different outdoor activities in healthy dogs; 2) healthy dogs and those with osteoarthritis; 3) osteoarthritic dogs before and after treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesia. Design Prospective study. Animals Ten healthy dogs and seven dogs with osteoarthritis of the elbow joint (OA dogs). Procedure Healthy dogs were walked on a standard route on-lead, off-lead and subjected to playing activity (chasing a ball) whilst wearing a GPS collar. Each dog was walked for five consecutive days. Dogs with OA were subjected to a single off-lead walk whilst wearing a GPS collar, and then administered oral Carprofen analgesia daily for two weeks. OA dogs were then subjected to the same walk, again wearing a GPS collar. Results GPS derived measures of physical performance could differentiate between on-lead activity, off-lead activity and playing activity in healthy dogs, and between healthy dogs and OA dogs. Variation in the performance measures analysed was greater between individual dogs than for individual dogs on different days. Performance measures could differentiate healthy dogs from OA dogs. OA Dogs treated with Carprofen analgesia showed improvements in their physical performance, which returned to values indistinguishable from those of healthy dogs on nearly all the measures assessed. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance GPS derived measures of physical performance in dogs are objective, easy to quantify, and can be used to gauge the effects of disease and success of clinical treatments. Specific stimuli can be used to modulate physical performance beyond the self-governed boundaries that dogs will naturally express when allowed to exercise freely without stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Bruno
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Guthrie
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Ellwood
- Wildlife Savvy Ltd, 25 Besselsleigh Road, Wootton, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan N. Clements
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Pelletier JP, Kapoor M, Martel-Pelletier J. Animal models of osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Tomas A, Pultorak EL, Gruen ME, Breitschwerdt EB, Lascelles BDX. Relationship between degenerative joint disease, pain, and Bartonella spp. seroreactivity in domesticated cats. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 29:21-7. [PMID: 25327962 PMCID: PMC4407694 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, a potential association was identified between Bartonella exposure and arthritides in mammalian species other than cats. Hypothesis/Objectives We hypothesized that Bartonella exposure is associated with more severe degenerative joint disease (DJD) and a greater burden of DJD‐associated pain in client‐owned cats. Animals Ninety‐four client‐owned cats (6 months to 20 years old), ranging from clinically unaffected to severely lame because of DJD. Methods Using physical examination and radiography, pain and radiographic scores were assigned to each part of the bony skeleton. Sera were tested for Bartonella henselae, B. koehlerae, and B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (genotypes I, II, and III) antibodies using immunofluorescence antibody assays. Variables were categorized and logistic regression used to explore associations. Results Seropositivity to Bartonella was identified in 33 (35.1%) cats. After multivariate analysis controlling for age, total DJD score (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.26–0.97; P = .042), appendicular pain score (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.17–0.65; P = .0011), and total pain score (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.17–0.72; P = .0045) were significantly inversely associated with Bartonella seroreactivity status, indicating that cats with higher DJD and pain scores were less likely to be Bartonella seropositive. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Based upon this preliminary study, Bartonella spp. seropositivity was associated with decreased severity of DJD and decreased DJD‐associated pain in cats. Additional studies are needed to verify these findings, and if verified, to explore potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tomas
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Forelimb and hindlimb ground reaction forces of walking cats: Assessment and comparison with walking dogs. Vet J 2014; 202:116-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Stadig SM, Bergh AK. Gait and jump analysis in healthy cats using a pressure mat system. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 17:523-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14551588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Physical orthopaedic examination in cats does not always reveal signs of lameness and no objective gait analysis method has yet been standardised for use in cats. The aims of the present study were to define appropriate parameters for pressure mat analyses during walk and jump, and to define reference values for gait parameters of healthy cats. Further, the distribution of the vertical force within the paws and the influence of a non-centred head position were investigated. The hypothesis was that cats have a symmetrical gait, a front/hindlimb asymmetry similar to dogs, and that peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) have high intraclass correlation coefficients, confirming the reliability of these parameters. Data for walking (n = 46) showed gait symmetry indices of close to 1.0, besides PVF front/hind (1.3 ± 0.2). The PVF front/hind for jumping cats (n = 16) was 1.7 ± 0.6. Results from the distribution of the vertical force within the paw (n = 39) showed that the main weight during a strike is transferred from the caudal towards the craniomedial part of the paw. The findings support the hypothesis that healthy cats have similar gait symmetry to healthy dogs and that PVF and VI are reliable gait parameters. In conclusion, the present study provides a reference interval for healthy cats. Further studies are needed to investigate gait parameters in cats with orthopaedic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Stadig
- SLU, Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Skara, Sweden
| | - Anna K Bergh
- SLU, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Uppsala, Sweden
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Guillot M, Gravel P, Gauthier ML, Leblond H, Tremblay M, Rossignol S, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, de Guise JA, Troncy E. Coxofemoral joint kinematics using video fluoroscopic images of treadmill-walking cats: development of a technique to assess osteoarthritis-associated disability. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 17:134-43. [PMID: 24907140 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14537261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this pilot study were to develop a video fluoroscopy kinematics method for the assessment of the coxofemoral joint in cats with and without osteoarthritis (OA)-associated disability. Two non-OA cats and four cats affected by coxofemoral OA were evaluated by video fluoroscopy. Video fluoroscopic images of the coxofemoral joints were captured at 120 frames/s using a customized C-arm X-ray system while cats walked freely on a treadmill at 0.4 m/s. The angle patterns over time of the coxofemoral joints were extracted using a graphic user interface following four steps: (i) correction for image distortion; (ii) image denoising and contrast enhancement; (iii) frame-to-frame anatomical marker identification; and (iv) statistical gait analysis. Reliability analysis was performed. The cats with OA presented greater intra-subject stride and gait cycle variability. Three cats with OA presented a left-right asymmetry in the range of movement of the coxofemoral joint angle in the sagittal plane (two with no overlap of the 95% confidence interval, and one with only a slight overlap) consistent with their painful OA joint, and a longer gait cycle duration. Reliability analysis revealed an absolute variation in the coxofemoral joint angle of 2º-6º, indicating that the two-dimensional video fluoroscopy technique provided reliable data. Improvement of this method is recommended: variability would likely be reduced if a larger field of view could be recorded, allowing the identification and tracking of each femoral axis, rather than the trochanter landmarks. The range of movement of the coxofemoral joint has the potential to be an objective marker of OA-associated disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Guillot
- Québec Animal Pharmacology Research Group (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Osteoarthritis Research Unit, CRCHUM, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Gravel
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Lou Gauthier
- Québec Animal Pharmacology Research Group (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hugues Leblond
- Central Nervous System Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maurice Tremblay
- Central Nervous System Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Serge Rossignol
- Central Nervous System Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, CRCHUM, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, CRCHUM, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques A de Guise
- Imaging and Orthopedic Research Laboratory (LIO), Research Center of the University of Montréal Hospital Centre (CRCHUM), School of Superior Technology, Université de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- Québec Animal Pharmacology Research Group (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada Osteoarthritis Research Unit, CRCHUM, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Marino CL, Lascelles BDX, Vaden SL, Gruen ME, Marks SL. Prevalence and classification of chronic kidney disease in cats randomly selected from four age groups and in cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:465-72. [PMID: 24217707 PMCID: PMC4414065 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13511446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and degenerative joint disease are both considered common in older cats. Information on the co-prevalence of these two diseases is lacking. This retrospective study was designed to determine the prevalence of CKD in two cohorts of cats: cats randomly selected from four evenly distributed age groups (RS group) and cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies (DJD group), and to evaluate the concurrence of CKD and DJD in these cohorts. The RS group was randomly selected from four age groups from 6 months to 20 years, and the DJD group comprised cats recruited to four previous DJD studies, with the DJD group excluding cats with a blood urea nitrogen and/or serum creatinine concentration >20% (the upper end of normal) for two studies and cats with CKD stages 3 and 4 for the other two studies. The prevalence of CKD in the RS and DJD groups was higher than expected at 50% and 68.8%, respectively. CKD was common in cats between 1 and 15 years of age, with a similar prevalence of CKD stages 1 and 2 across age groups in both the RS and DJD cats, respectively. We found significant concurrence between CKD and DJD in cats of all ages, indicating the need for increased screening for CKD when selecting DJD treatments. Additionally, this study offers the idea of a relationship and causal commonality between CKD and DJD owing to the striking concurrence across age groups and life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Marino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Surgery Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Shelly L Vaden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Margaret E Gruen
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Surgery Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA Comparative Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Steven L Marks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Leptin, adiponectin and serotonin levels in lean and obese dogs. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:113. [PMID: 24886049 PMCID: PMC4030042 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serotonin (5-hydroytryptamine or 5HT) is associated with numerous behavioral and psychological factors and is a biochemical marker of mood. 5HT is involved in the hypothalamic regulation of energy consumption. 5HT controls appetite in the central nerve system (CNS) and stimulates intestinal mobility. There are few studies looking at the role of 5HT and the relationship between peripheral circulating serotonin and obesity. The aim of this study was to find any differences in leptin, adiponectin, and 5HT between lean and obese dogs and to identify correlations among these factors. Results Leptin, triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels were higher in the obese group (all p < 0.01). Adiponectin and 5HT levels were higher in the lean group compared to the obese group (p < 0.01). Leptin (r = 0.628, p < 0.01), TG (r = 0.491, p < 0.01) and cholesterol (r = 0.419, p < 0.01) were positively correlated with body condition score (BCS), and adiponectin (r = -0.446, p < 0.01) and 5HT (r = -0.490, p < 0.01) were negatively correlated with BCS. Leptin was negatively correlated with adiponectin (r = -0.294, p < 0.01) and 5HT (r = -0.343, p < 0.01). 5HT was negatively correlated with leptin (r = -0.343, p < 0.01), TG (r = -0.268, p < 0.05) and cholesterol (r = -0.357, p < 0.05). Conclusions 5HT is an important appetite control neurotransmitter, but there are limited studies for 5HT levels related to obesity in dogs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate peripheral 5HT levels in obese dogs. From this research, we can assume that 5HT may be correlated with canine obesity. Further studies will be needed to further elucidate the role of low serum 5HT levels in canine obesity.
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Pathology of Articular Cartilage and Synovial Membrane From Elbow Joints With and Without Degenerative Joint Disease in Domestic Cats. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:968-78. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813516648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The elbow joint is one of the feline appendicular joints most commonly and severely affected by degenerative joint disease. The macroscopic and histopathological lesions of the elbow joints of 30 adult cats were evaluated immediately after euthanasia. Macroscopic evidence of degenerative joint disease was found in 22 of 30 cats (39 elbow joints) (73.33% cats; 65% elbow joints), and macroscopic cartilage erosion ranged from mild fibrillation to complete ulceration of the hyaline cartilage with exposure of the subchondral bone. Distribution of the lesions in the cartilage indicated the presence of medial compartment joint disease (most severe lesions located in the medial coronoid process of the ulna and medial humeral epicondyle). Synovitis scores were mild overall and correlated only weakly with macroscopic cartilage damage. Intra-articular osteochondral fragments either free or attached to the synovium were found in 10 joints. Macroscopic or histologic evidence of a fragmented coronoid process was not found even in those cases with intra-articular osteochondral fragments. Lesions observed in these animals are most consistent with synovial osteochondromatosis secondary to degenerative joint disease. The pathogenesis for the medial compartmentalization of these lesions has not been established, but a fragmented medial coronoid process or osteochondritis dissecans does not appear to play a role.
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Ryan JM, Lascelles BDX, Benito J, Hash J, Smith SH, Bennett D, Argyle DJ, Clements DN. Histological and molecular characterisation of feline humeral condylar osteoarthritis. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:110. [PMID: 23731511 PMCID: PMC3681712 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a clinically important and common disease of older cats. The pathological changes and molecular mechanisms which underpin the disease have yet to be described. In this study we evaluated selected histological and transcriptomic measures in the articular cartilage and subchondral bone (SCB) of the humeral condyle of cats with or without OA. Results The histomorphometric changes in humeral condyle were concentrated in the medial aspect of the condyle. Cats with OA had a reduction in articular chondrocyte density, an increase in the histopathological score of the articular cartilage and a decrease in the SCB porosity of the medial part of the humeral condyle. An increase in LUM gene expression was observed in OA cartilage from the medial part of the humeral condyle. Conclusions Histopathological changes identified in OA of the feline humeral condyle appear to primarily affect the medial aspect of the joint. Histological changes suggest that SCB is involved in the OA process in cats. Differentiating which changes represent OA rather than the aging process, or the effects of obesity and or bodyweight requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ryan
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland
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