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Dos Santos IR, Raiter J, Brunner CB, Molossi FA, Henker LC, Pont TPD, de Camargo LJ, Alves RS, Canal CW, da Silva Martins A, Silva TA, Borsanelli AC, Driemeier D. An outbreak of type C botulism in free-ranging Southern lapwing (Vanellus chilensis). Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1239-1243. [PMID: 38008781 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
In the fall of 2021, a significant mortality event in free-ranging Southern Lapwing (Vanellus chilensis) occurred on a soccer field in southern Brazil. Approximately 130 adult southern lapwings died after showing weakness and flaccid paralysis, characterized by the inability to move or fly and drooped wings. Due to the large number of animals affected, there was concern that they had been criminally poisoned. The affected birds were found to have ingested maggots in fresh poultry litter incorporated into the grass surface. Postmortem examinations of four southern lapwings revealed no significant gross and histological findings. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for influenza A virus, flavivirus, and paramyxovirus was negative. Based on the epidemiological and clinical findings and the negative viral results, a presumptive diagnosis of botulism was made. This diagnosis was confirmed through mouse bioassay and seroneutralization, which detected botulinum toxin type C. Maggots loaded with botulinum neurotoxins were the probable vehicle for intoxication in the outbreak. Considering the impact of avian botulism on wild bird populations, our results may help prevent similar outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Jacqueline Raiter
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carolina Buss Brunner
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Franciéli Adriane Molossi
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luan Cleber Henker
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Tainah Pereira Dal Pont
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Laura Junqueira de Camargo
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Raquel Silva Alves
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andressa da Silva Martins
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Tamires Ataides Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Borsanelli
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Disease surveillance in England and Wales, September 2022. Vet Rec 2022; 191:290-293. [DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Park HY, Lee K, Jung SC, Cho YS. Prevalent toxin types of Clostridium botulinum in South Korean cattle farms. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 15:100239. [PMID: 35243127 PMCID: PMC8885797 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C. botulinum types B, C/D, and D are prevalent in South Korean cattle farms. Botulinum toxin type B is dominant in cow feeds in South Korean cattle farms. Botulinum toxin type D is dominant in cow feces in South Korean cattle farms.
Clostridium botulinum produces neurotoxic substrates that can cause fatal flaccid paralysis called botulism. These neurotoxins are classified into types A–G. Several botulism cases were recorded in 2012–2013 in the Gyeonggi province, South Korea. We assessed the distribution of C. botulinum types B, C, and D in several South Korean farms. A total of 184 samples collected in 2012–2013, including feces (n = 72), hay and silage (n = 50), soil (n = 26), water trough (n = 21), and stomach contents (n = 15), were subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to screen for types B, C, and D. Twenty-four samples tested PCR-positive as follows: type B (n = 11), type C/D (n = 4), and type D (n = 18). Eight of the 11 type B samples were detected in hay and silage. Sixteen of the 18 type D samples were detected in fecal and stomach content samples. PCR-positivity was observed in fecal (n = 9, 12.5%), hay and silage (n = 10, 20.0%), water trough (n = 2, 9.5%), and stomach content (n = 12, 80.0%) samples. Fourteen (42.4%) C. botulinum-positive samples were isolated from the PCR-positive samples (type B [n = 8], type C/D [n = 1], and type D [n = 5]). Our findings demonstrate that C. botulinum types B, C/D, and D were prevalent in South Korean cattle farms between 2012 and 2013.
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Souillard R, Grosjean D, Le Gratiet T, Poezevara T, Rouxel S, Balaine L, Macé S, Martin L, Anniballi F, Chemaly M, Le Bouquin S, Le Maréchal C. Asymptomatic Carriage of C. botulinum Type D/C in Broiler Flocks as the Source of Contamination of a Massive Botulism Outbreak on a Dairy Cattle Farm. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:679377. [PMID: 34276611 PMCID: PMC8279769 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.679377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In winter 2018, a massive type D/C cattle botulism outbreak occurred on a mixed dairy and broiler farm in France. An investigation was conducted based on the hypothesis of asymptomatic carriage in poultry. We set out to identify the source of contamination of the dairy cattle and to monitor the contamination of broilers over time, including the hatchery delivering chicks to the farm. Environmental samples were collected on the farm during the cattle outbreak (n = 40), after the outbreak for three successive broiler flocks (n = 128), and once in the hatchery delivering the chicks (n = 58). These samples were analyzed using real-time PCR after an enrichment step to detect Clostridium botulinum type D/C. The results showed contamination in the manure from the broilers raised just before the onset of the cattle outbreak (5 + /5), as well as in some of the components of the cattle ration (3 + /17). This latter contamination is likely due to the use of the same tractor bucket to remove litter from the poultry house and to prepare the cattle ration on the same day. Contamination monitoring over several months revealed continuous asymptomatic carriage in the broilers (4 + /20 and 17 + /20 cloacal swabs in 2 successive flocks), a persistence of C. botulinum type D/C in the ventilation system of the poultry house (8 + /14), and contamination of the equipment coming from the hatchery used for delivering the chicks (3 + /18). Further investigations conducted in the hatchery demonstrated contamination in the hatchery by C. botulinum type D/C (6 + /58). Comparison of samples using a multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis showed the same profile for samples collected on broilers, cattle and in the hatchery. This study highlighted the crucial role of the implementation of biosecurity measures in mixed farms to avoid cross-contamination between production units given the potential asymptomatic carriage of poultry. This study also revealed the contamination of the poultry hatchery. Further investigations are required to better understand the role of hatcheries in the epidemiology of animal botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozenn Souillard
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Daniel Grosjean
- DDCSPP de la Meuse, Departmental Authority in Charge of Veterinary Services for Meuse Department, Bar-le-Duc, France
| | - Thibault Le Gratiet
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Typhaine Poezevara
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sandra Rouxel
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Loïc Balaine
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sabrina Macé
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Laure Martin
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Fabrizio Anniballi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, National Reference Centre for Botulism, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Caroline Le Maréchal
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
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5
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Disease surveillance in England and Wales, September 2019. Vet Rec 2020; 185:394-398. [PMID: 31582486 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l5848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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6
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Souillard R, LE Marechal C, Balaine L, Rouxel S, Poezevara T, Ballan V, Chemaly M, LE Bouquin S. Manure contamination with Clostridium botulinum after avian botulism outbreaks: management and potential risk of dissemination. Vet Rec 2020; 187:233. [PMID: 32586970 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistence of Clostridium botulinum in the environment is well known. Getting rid of it after animal botulism outbreaks is so tricky, especially as far as manure concerns. This study aimed at 1. describing manure management on 10 poultry farms affected by botulism and 2. assessing the persistence of C botulinum in poultry manure after the outbreak. METHODS Each farm was visited twice at two different manure storage times (two weeks after manure removal and two months later). Fifteen samples of manure were collected on each visit and C botulinum was detected using real-time PCR. RESULTS Management of manure varied among poultry farms (classical storage, addition of quicklime, bacterial flora or incineration). C botulinum was detected in the manure of all 10 farms, 56.5per cent of samples being positive. C botulinum was detected significantly more frequently at the second visit (65.8per cent vs 49.7per cent, P<0.01) and on the surface of the pile (63.1per cent vs 50per cent, P=0.025). CONCLUSION This study shows the persistence of C botulinum in poultry manure over time after a botulism outbreak and highlights manure management as a key health issue in preventing spore dissemination in the environment and recurrence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozenn Souillard
- Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Caroline LE Marechal
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Loic Balaine
- Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sandra Rouxel
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Typhaine Poezevara
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Valentine Ballan
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie LE Bouquin
- Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
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Otter A, Uzal FA. Clostridial diseases in farm animals: 2. Histotoxic and neurotoxic diseases. IN PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.m1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Moreira C, Ferreira MRA, Finger PF, Magalhães CG, Cunha CEP, Rodrigues RR, Otaka DY, Galvão CC, Salvarani FM, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR. Protective efficacy of recombinant bacterin vaccine against botulism in cattle. Vaccine 2020; 38:2519-2526. [PMID: 32037222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Botulism is a paralytic disease caused by the intoxication of neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. Among the seven immunologically distinct serotypes of neurotoxins (BoNTs A - G), serotypes C and D, or a chimeric fusion termed C/D or D/C, are responsible for animal botulism. The most effective way to prevent botulism in cattle is through vaccination; however, the commercially available vaccines produced by detoxification of native neurotoxins are time-consuming and hazardous. To overcome these drawbacks, a non-toxic recombinant vaccine was developed as an alternative. In this study, the recombinant protein vaccine was produced using an Escherichia coli cell-based system. The formaldehyde-inactivated E. coli is able to induce 7.45 ± 1.77 and 6.6 ± 1.28 IU/mL neutralizing mean titers against BoNTs C and D in cattle, respectively, determined by mouse neutralization bioassay, and was deemed protective by the Brazilian legislation. Moreover, when the levels of anti-BoNT/C and D were compared with those achieved by the recombinant purified vaccines, no significant statistical difference was observed. Cattle vaccinated with the commercial vaccine developed 1.33 and 3.33 IU/mL neutralizing mean titers against BoNT serotypes C and D, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report on recombinant E. coli bacterin vaccine against botulism. The vaccine was safe and effective in generating protective antibodies and, thus, represents an industry-friendly alternative for the prevention of cattle botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clóvis Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Marcos R A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Paula F Finger
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina G Magalhães
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Rodrigues
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Denis Y Otaka
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Cleideanny C Galvão
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Felipe M Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Ângela N Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Fabricio R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil.
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Rasetti-Escargueil C, Lemichez E, Popoff MR. Public Health Risk Associated with Botulism as Foodborne Zoonoses. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:E17. [PMID: 31905908 PMCID: PMC7020394 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a rare but severe neurological disease in man and animals that is caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by Clostridium botulinum and atypical strains from other Clostridium and non-Clostridium species. BoNTs are divided into more than seven toxinotypes based on neutralization with specific corresponding antisera, and each toxinotype is subdivided into subtypes according to amino acid sequence variations. Animal species show variable sensitivity to the different BoNT toxinotypes. Thereby, naturally acquired animal botulism is mainly due to BoNT/C, D and the mosaic variants CD and DC, BoNT/CD being more prevalent in birds and BoNT/DC in cattle, whereas human botulism is more frequently in the types A, B and E, and to a lower extent, F. Botulism is not a contagious disease, since there is no direct transmission from diseased animals or man to a healthy subject. Botulism occurs via the environment, notably from food contaminated with C. botulinum spores and preserved in conditions favorable for C. botulinum growth and toxin production. The high prevalence of botulism types C, D and variants DC and CD in farmed and wild birds, and to a lower extent in cattle, raises the risk of transmission to human beings. However, human botulism is much rarer than animal botulism, and botulism types C and D are exceptional in humans. Only 15 cases or suspected cases of botulism type C and one outbreak of botulism type D have been reported in humans to date. In contrast, animal healthy carriers of C. botulinum group II, such as C. botulinum type E in fish of the northern hemisphere, and C. botulinum B4 in pigs, represent a more prevalent risk of botulism transmission to human subjects. Less common botulism types in animals but at risk of transmission to humans, can sporadically be observed, such as botulism type E in farmed chickens in France (1998-2002), botulism type B in cattle in The Netherlands (1977-1979), botulism types A and B in horses, or botulism type A in dairy cows (Egypt, 1976). In most cases, human and animal botulisms have distinct origins, and cross transmissions between animals and human beings are rather rare, accidental events. But, due to the severity of this disease, human and animal botulism requires a careful surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michel R. Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Microbiologie, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, CNRS ERL6002, 75724 Paris, France; (C.R.-E.); (E.L.)
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Lanci A, Rinnovati R, Anniballi F, Auricchio B, Scalfaro C, Menchetti M, Spadari A, Mariella J. The First Case of Botulism in a Donkey. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6020043. [PMID: 31096593 PMCID: PMC6631189 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism, a severe neuroparalytic disease that can affect humans, all warm-blooded animals, and some fishes, is caused by exotoxins produced by ubiquitous, obligate anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria belonging to the genus Clostridium and named botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-producing clostridia. This report presents the case of a 3-year-old donkey mare referred for progressive and worsening dysphagia of four days’ duration. Her voluntary effort in eating and drinking was conserved, and she was able to slow chew without swallowing. A complete neurological examination was performed, and botulism was strongly suspected. The ability to swallow feed and water returned on the tenth day of hospitalization and improved progressively. The jenny was discharged from the hospital after fifteen days. During the hospitalization, the Italian National Reference Centre for Botulism confirmed the diagnosis: mare’s feces were positive for BoNT/B and Clostridium botulinum type B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliai Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Rinnovati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Anniballi
- National Reference Centre for Botulism (NRCB), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Bruna Auricchio
- National Reference Centre for Botulism (NRCB), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Concetta Scalfaro
- National Reference Centre for Botulism (NRCB), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Marika Menchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Jole Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
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11
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Driehuis F, Wilkinson JM, Jiang Y, Ogunade I, Adesogan AT. Silage review: Animal and human health risks from silage. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4093-4110. [PMID: 29685279 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Silage may contain several agents that are potentially hazardous to animal health, the safety of milk or other animal food products, or both. This paper reviews published literature about microbial hazards, plant toxins, and chemical hazards. Microbial hazards include Clostridium botulinum, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium bovis, and various mold species. High concentrations of C. botulinum in silage have been associated with cattle botulism. A high initial concentration of C. botulinum spores in forage in combination with poor silage fermentation conditions can promote the growth of C. botulinum in silage. The elevated pH level that is generally associated with aerobic deterioration of silage is a major factor influencing concentrations of L. monocytogenes, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and molds in silage and may also encourage survival and growth of M. bovis, the bacterium that causes bovine tuberculosis. Soil is a major source of B. cereus spores in silage; growth of this bacterium in silage appears to be limited. Hazards from plant toxins include pyrrolizidine, tropane and tropolone alkaloids, phytoestrogens, prussic acid, and mimosine, compounds that exist naturally in certain plant species that may contaminate forages at harvesting. Another group of toxins belonging to this category are ergot alkaloids, which are produced by endophytic fungal species in forages such as tall fescue grass, sorghum, and ryegrass. Varying effects of ensiling on the degradation of these plant toxins have been reported. Chemical hazards include nitrate, nitrite, and toxic oxide gases of nitrogen produced from nitrate and high levels of butyric acid, biogenic amines, and ammonia. Chemical and microbiological hazards are associated with poorly fermented silages, which can be avoided by using proper silage-making practices and creating conditions that promote a rapid and sufficient reduction of the silage pH and prevent aerobic deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Driehuis
- NIZO Food Research, PO Box 20, NL-6710 BA Ede, the Netherlands.
| | - J M Wilkinson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - I Ogunade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
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12
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A large outbreak of bovine botulism possibly linked to a massive contamination of grass silage by type D/C Clostridium botulinum spores on a farm with dairy and poultry operations. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3477-3485. [PMID: 29094676 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Type D bovine botulism outbreaks associated with poultry litter are increasingly reported in European countries, but the circumstances of exposure to Clostridium botulinum toxins remain unclear. In spring 2015, a large type D/C bovine botulism outbreak affected a farm with dairy and poultry operations. Epidemiological and laboratory investigations strongly suggest that the outbreak was caused by feeding cattle with insufficiently acidified grass silage that was contaminated by type D/C C. botulinum spores. The source of the spores remains unclear, but could have been a stack of poultry litter stored in the grass silage pasture before harvesting. The presence of putrefied poultry carcasses mixed in with the litter is relatively unlikely considering the careful daily removal of poultry carcasses. These findings reinforce the importance of proper ensiling of feed materials and highlight the need for safe disposal of poultry litter, even in the case of good management of poultry deadstock, in order to prevent bovine botulism.
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A bovine botulism outbreak associated with a suspected cross-contamination from a poultry farm. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:212-216. [PMID: 28888640 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In October 2014, an outbreak of botulism type D/C occurred on two cattle farms in close proximity. A poultry farm located nearby with no history of botulism had transferred poultry manure to both bovine farms before the beginning of the outbreak. Given this context, epidemiological investigation was conducted to determine if the poultry farm was a reservoir of C. botulinum type D/C and to identify the source of contamination on the cattle farms. Environmental samples were collected at three houses on the poultry farm (boot swabs from the surroundings, swabs from the ventilation system, boot swabs from the poultry litter and darkling beetles samples), and on the two cattle farms (silage samples, boot swabs from the cattle stalls, boot swabs from the cattle pasture and poultry manure samples). These samples were analyzed using real-time PCR after an enrichment step to detect C. botulinum type D/C. On the poultry farm, three boot swabs from the surroundings, two swabs from the ventilation system, one boot swab from the litter and one sample of darkling beetles were detected positive. On one cattle farm, C. botulinum type D/C was identified in a sample of silage made from grass grown on a field on which the poultry manure had previously been stored and in a boot swab from a pasture. On the other cattle farm, C. botulinum type D/C was detected in a sample of poultry manure stored on the cattle farm and in a boot swab from a pasture. This investigation shows that the healthy poultry farm might have been the reservoir of C. botulinum type D/C and that cross-contamination between poultry and cattle likely occurred, resulting in the botulism outbreak on the two cattle farms.
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Abstract
This article discusses the etiology, mechanism of action, clinical signs, and diagnostic tests used to identify toxic agents that affect the nervous system of ruminants. The article is not intended to be an exhaustive review of each agent, but a reference for establishing a differential diagnosis when toxic agents are suspected as the cause of central nervous system disease in ruminants. The initial focus of the article is on agents that cause brain lesions consistent with polioencephalomalacia. Other neurotoxic disease agents include bovine bonkers, urea, organophosphate, organochlorine, cyanobacteria, zinc, aluminum, phosphide, metaldehyde, strychnine, botulism, tetanus, clostridium perfringens, and poisonous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene A Niles
- Rocky Ford Branch, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, Colorado State University, 24847 CR 21, Rocky Ford, CO 81067, USA.
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15
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Pandian SJ, Subramanian M, Vijayakumar G, Balasubramaniam GA, Sukumar K. Therapeutic management of botulism in dairy cattle. Vet World 2015; 8:1305-9. [PMID: 27047034 PMCID: PMC4774742 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1305-1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To report the successful recovery of few dairy cattle from botulism in response to a modified therapeutic strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy four naturally-occurring clinical cases of bovine botulism encountered during the period of 2012-2014 which were confirmed by mouse lethality test became material for this study. Affected animals were made into three groups based on the treatment modifications made during the course of study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION With the modified therapeutic regimen, 17 animals recovered after 7-10 days of treatment. Clinical recovery took 2-30 days. Animals which were not given intravenous fluid and calcium recovered uneventfully. Cattle which were already treated with intravenous fluids, calcium borogluconate, and antibiotics did not recover. They were either died or slaughtered for salvage. CONCLUSION In cattle with botulism, administration of Vitamin AD3E and activated charcoal aid the clinical recovery. Besides, strictly avoiding anti-clostridial antibiotics, fluid therapy, and calcium therapy may facilitate the clinical recovery. Upon fluid administration, the pulmonary congestion existed in the ailing cattle might have worsened the anoxia. Administration of antibiotics like penicillin, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines further worsen the neuronal paralysis by increasing the availability of botulinum neurotoxin. Cattle in early botulism have fair chances of recovery with the modified therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jegaveera Pandian
- Division of Livestock and Fisheries Management, ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - M Subramanian
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal- 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Vijayakumar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal- 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G A Balasubramaniam
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal- 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Sukumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli- 627 001, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zeiller M, Rothballer M, Iwobi AN, Böhnel H, Gessler F, Hartmann A, Schmid M. Systemic colonization of clover (Trifolium repens) by Clostridium botulinum strain 2301. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1207. [PMID: 26583010 PMCID: PMC4628109 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cases of botulism in cattle and other farm animals and also in farmers increased dramatically. It was proposed, that these cases could be affiliated with the spreading of compost or other organic manures contaminated with Clostridium botulinum spores on farm land. Thus, soils and fodder plants and finally farm animals could be contaminated. Therefore, the colonization behavior and interaction of the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT D) producing C. botulinum strain 2301 and the non-toxin producing Clostridium sporogenes strain 1739 were investigated on clover (Trifolium repens) in a field experiment as well as in phytochamber experiments applying axenic and additionally soil based systems under controlled conditions. Plants were harvested and divided into root and shoot parts for further DNA isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays; subsamples were fixed for fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, we observed significant differences in the growth behavior of clover plants when inoculated with clostridial spores, indicating a plant growth promoting effect. Inoculated plants showed an increased growth index (shoot size, wet and dry weight) and an enlarged root system induced by the systemic colonization of clover by C. botulinum strain 2301. To target C. botulinum and C. sporogenes, 16S rDNA directed primers were used and to specifically detect C. botulinum, BoNT D toxin genes targeted primers, using a multiplex PCR approach, were applied. Our results demonstrate an effective colonization of roots and shoots of clover by C. botulinum strain 2301 and C. sporogenes strain 1739. Detailed analysis of colonization behavior showed that C. botulinum can occur as individual cells, in cell clusters and in microcolonies within the rhizosphere, lateral roots and within the roots tissue of clover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zeiller
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department for Environmental Sciences, German Research Center for Environmental Health - Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Rothballer
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department for Environmental Sciences, German Research Center for Environmental Health - Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Azuka N Iwobi
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Helge Böhnel
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology in the Tropics at the Georg-August University Goettingen Goettingen, Germany
| | - Frank Gessler
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology in the Tropics at the Georg-August University Goettingen Goettingen, Germany ; miprolab GmbH Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anton Hartmann
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department for Environmental Sciences, German Research Center for Environmental Health - Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmid
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department for Environmental Sciences, German Research Center for Environmental Health - Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg, Germany
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17
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Souillard R, Maréchal C, Hollebecque F, Rouxel S, Barbé A, Houard E, Léon D, Poëzévara T, Fach P, Woudstra C, Mahé F, Chemaly M, Bouquin S. Occurrence of C. botulinum in healthy cattle and their environment following poultry botulism outbreaks in mixed farms. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:142-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Seyboldt C, Discher S, Jordan E, Neubauer H, Jensen KC, Campe A, Kreienbrock L, Scheu T, Wichern A, Gundling F, DoDuc P, Fohler S, Abdulmawjood A, Klein G, Hoedemaker M. Occurrence of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin in chronic disease of dairy cows. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:398-402. [PMID: 25882532 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Botulism caused by neurotoxins of Clostridium (C.) botulinum is a rare, but serious life-threatening disease in humans and animals. Botulism in livestock is usually caused by the oral uptake of C. botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) via contaminated feed and is characterized by flaccid paralysis. In the recent past a new syndrome caused by BoNT in dairy cattle was postulated. It was supposed that C. botulinum is able to colonize the lower intestine and may subsequently produce neurotoxin. The continuous resorption of small amounts of these BoNT may then provoke the so called syndrome of "chronic" or "visceral" botulism involving unspecific clinical symptoms, reduced performance of dairy cows and massive animal losses in the affected herd. To test this hypothesis a case-control study was conducted involving 92 affected farms and 47 control farms located in Northern Germany. Fecal samples of 1388 animals were investigated for the presence of BoNT to verify the key requirement of the hypothesis of chronic botulism. BoNT was not detected in any of the fecal samples using the most sensitive standard method for BoNT detection, the mouse bioassay. Therefore, the existence of "chronic" or "visceral" botulism could not be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Seyboldt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Discher
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Eva Jordan
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Charlotte Jensen
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Amely Campe
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresa Scheu
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anika Wichern
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frieder Gundling
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Phuong DoDuc
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja Fohler
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Günter Klein
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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19
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Anniballi F, Fiore A, Löfström C, Skarin H, Auricchio B, Woudstra C, Bano L, Segerman B, Koene M, Båverud V, Hansen T, Fach P, Tevell Aberg A, Hedeland M, Olsson Engvall E, De Medici D. Management of animal botulism outbreaks: from clinical suspicion to practical countermeasures to prevent or minimize outbreaks. Biosecur Bioterror 2014; 11 Suppl 1:S191-9. [PMID: 23971806 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2012.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Botulism is a severe neuroparalytic disease that affects humans, all warm-blooded animals, and some fishes. The disease is caused by exposure to toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum and other botulinum toxin-producing clostridia. Botulism in animals represents a severe environmental and economic concern because of its high mortality rate. Moreover, meat or other products from affected animals entering the food chain may result in a public health problem. To this end, early diagnosis is crucial to define and apply appropriate veterinary public health measures. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings eliminating other causes of neuromuscular disorders and on the absence of internal lesions observed during postmortem examination. Since clinical signs alone are often insufficient to make a definitive diagnosis, laboratory confirmation is required. Botulinum antitoxin administration and supportive therapies are used to treat sick animals. Once the diagnosis has been made, euthanasia is frequently advisable. Vaccine administration is subject to health authorities' permission, and it is restricted to a small number of animal species. Several measures can be adopted to prevent or minimize outbreaks. In this article we outline all phases of management of animal botulism outbreaks occurring in wet wild birds, poultry, cattle, horses, and fur farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Anniballi
- Fabrizio Anniballi, CLT, is a Laboratory Technician; Alfonsina Fiore, PhD, is a Researcher; Bruna Auricchio, CLT, is a Laboratory Technician; and Dario De Medici, PhD, is Senior Researcher, all at Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Rome, Italy. Charlotta Löfström, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, and Trine Hansen, MSc, is a PhD student, both at the National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Søborg, Denmark. Hanna Skarin, MSc, is a Research Assistant; Bo Segerman, PhD, is is a Researcher; Viveca Båverud, PhD, is Associate Professor; Eva Olsson Engvall, PhD, is Associate Professor; all in the Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden. Cédric Woudstra, MSc, is an Engineer, and Patrick Fach, PhD, is Head of the High Throughput qPCR Platform IdentyPath, both at the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Food Safety Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France. Luca Bano, PhD, is Veterinary Officer, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory of Treviso, Treviso, Italy. Miriam Koene, DVM, is a Scientist, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre (CVI) , Lelystad, the Netherlands. Annica Tevell Åberg, PhD, is a Senior Researcher, and Mikael Hedeland, PhD, is Associate Professor and Deputy Head of the Department, Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Skarin H, Tevell Åberg A, Woudstra C, Hansen T, Löfström C, Koene M, Bano L, Hedeland M, Anniballi F, De Medici D, Olsson Engvall E. The workshop on animal botulism in Europe. Biosecur Bioterror 2014; 11 Suppl 1:S183-90. [PMID: 23971805 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2012.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A workshop on animal botulism was held in Uppsala, Sweden, in June 2012. Its purpose was to explore the current status of the disease in Europe by gathering the European experts in animal botulism and to raise awareness of the disease among veterinarians and others involved in biopreparedness. Animal botulism is underreported and underdiagnosed, but an increasing number of reports, as well as the information gathered from this workshop, show that it is an emerging problem in Europe. The workshop was divided into 4 sessions: animal botulism in Europe, the bacteria behind the disease, detection and diagnostics, and European collaboration and surveillance. An electronic survey was conducted before the workshop to identify the 3 most needed discussion points, which were: prevention, preparedness and outbreak response; detection and diagnostics; and European collaboration and surveillance. The main conclusions drawn from these discussions were that there is an urgent need to replace the mouse bioassay for botulinum toxin detection with an in vitro test and that there is a need for a European network to function as a reference laboratory, which could also organize a European supply of botulinum antitoxin and vaccines. The foundation of such a network was discussed, and the proposals are presented here along with the outcome of discussions and a summary of the workshop itself.
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21
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Gil LAF, da Cunha CEP, Moreira GMSG, Salvarani FM, Assis RA, Lobato FCF, Mendonça M, Dellagostin OA, Conceição FR. Production and evaluation of a recombinant chimeric vaccine against clostridium botulinum neurotoxin types C and D. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69692. [PMID: 23936080 PMCID: PMC3729698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine botulism is a fatal disease that is caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by Clostridium botulinum serotypes C and D and that causes great economic losses, with nearly 100% lethality during outbreaks. It has also been considered a potential source of human food-borne illness in many countries. Vaccination has been reported to be the most effective way to control bovine botulism. However, the commercially available toxoid-based vaccines are difficult and hazardous to produce. Neutralizing antibodies targeted against the C-terminal fragment of the BoNT heavy chain (HC) are known to confer efficient protection against lethal doses of BoNTs. In this study, a novel recombinant chimera, consisting of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB), a strong adjuvant of the humoral immune response, fused to the HC of BoNT serotypes C and D, was produced in E. coli. Mice vaccinated with the chimera containing LTB and an equivalent molar ratio of the chimera without LTB plus aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) developed 2 IU/mL of antitoxins for both serotypes. Guinea pigs immunized with the recombinant chimera with LTB plus Al(OH)3 developed a protective immune response against both BoNT/C (5 IU/mL) and BoNT/D (10 IU/mL), as determined by a mouse neutralization bioassay with pooled sera. The results achieved with guinea pig sera fulfilled the requirements of commercial vaccines for prevention of botulism, as determined by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food, Supply. The presence of LTB was essential for the development of a strong humoral immune response, as it acted in synergism with Al(OH)3. Thus, the vaccine described in this study is a strong candidate for the control of botulism in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana A. F. Gil
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo P. da Cunha
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M. S. G. Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe M. Salvarani
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ronnie A. Assis
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Odir A. Dellagostin
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabricio R. Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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22
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Woudstra C, Skarin H, Anniballi F, Auricchio B, De Medici D, Bano L, Drigo I, Hansen T, Löfström C, Hamidjaja R, van Rotterdam BJ, Koene M, Bäyon-Auboyer MH, Buffereau JP, Fach P. Validation of a real-time PCR based method for detection of Clostridium botulinum types C, D and their mosaic variants C-D and D-C in a multicenter collaborative trial. Anaerobe 2013; 22:31-7. [PMID: 23669132 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two real-time PCR arrays based on the GeneDisc(®) cycler platform (Pall-GeneDisc Technologies) were evaluated in a multicenter collaborative trial for their capacity to specifically detect and discriminate Clostridium botulinum types C, D and their mosaic variants C-D and D-C that are associated with avian and mammalian botulism. The GeneDisc(®) arrays developed as part of the DG Home funded European project 'AnibioThreat' were highly sensitive and specific when tested on pure isolates and naturally contaminated samples (mostly clinical specimen from avian origin). Results of the multicenter collaborative trial involving eight laboratories in five European Countries (two laboratories in France, Italy and The Netherlands, one laboratory in Denmark and Sweden), using DNA extracts issued from 33 pure isolates and 48 naturally contaminated samples associated with animal botulism cases, demonstrated the robustness of these tests. Results showed a concordance among the eight laboratories of 99.4%-100% for both arrays. The reproducibility of the tests was high with a relative standard deviation ranging from 1.1% to 7.1%. Considering the high level of agreement achieved between the laboratories these PCR arrays constitute robust and suitable tools for rapid detection of C. botulinum types C, D and mosaic types C-D and D-C. These are the first tests for C. botulinum C and D that have been evaluated in a European multicenter collaborative trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Woudstra
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Food Safety Laboratory, 23 Av du Général De Gaulle, Fr-94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
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23
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Böhnel H, Gessler F. Presence of Clostridium botulinum
and botulinum toxin in milk and udder tissue of dairy cows with suspected botulism. Vet Rec 2013; 172:397. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Böhnel
- Department of Microbiology; Miprolab mikrobiologische Diagnostik GmbH; Marie-Curie-Str. 7 Göttingen 37079 Germany
| | - F. Gessler
- Department of Microbiology; Miprolab mikrobiologische Diagnostik GmbH; Marie-Curie-Str. 7 Göttingen 37079 Germany
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Neurotoxin gene profiling of clostridium botulinum types C and D native to different countries within Europe. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3120-7. [PMID: 22344654 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07568-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum types C and D, as well as their mosaic variants C-D and D-C, are associated with avian and mammalian botulism. This study reports on the development of low-density macroarrays based on the GeneDisc cycler platform (Pall-GeneDisc Technologies) applied to the simultaneous detection of the C. botulinum subtypes C, C-D, D, and D-C. The limit of detection of the PCR assays was 38 fg of total DNA, corresponding to 15 genome copies. Artificially contaminated samples of cecum showed a limit of detection below 50 spores/g. The tests were performed with a large variety of bacterial strains, including C. botulinum types C (n = 12), C-D (n = 29), D (n = 5), and D-C (n = 10), other botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-producing Clostridium strains (n = 20), non-BoNT-producing clostridia (n = 20), and other bacterial species (n = 23), and showed a high specificity. These PCR assays were compared to previously published real-time PCRs for the detection of C. botulinum in 292 samples collected from cases of botulism events in four European regions. The majority of the samples originated from wild birds (n = 108), poultry (n = 60), and bovines (n = 56). Among the 292 samples, 144 were positive for either the bont/C-D or the bont/D-C gene by using the GeneDisc arrays. The reliability of the results tallied to 97.94%. Interestingly, only BoNT mosaics, types C-D and D-C, were found in naturally contaminated samples whatever their animal origin and their geographical location. Further investigations should now be performed in order to check that mosaic types dominate in Europe and that acquisition of mosaic types helps in survival or adaptation to particular niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus Kennedy
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute; Newforge Lane, Malone Upper Belfast BT9 5PX
| | - Hywel Ball
- Veterinary Sciences Division; Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute; Stoney Road, Ballymiscaw, Stormont Belfast BT4 3SD
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