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Souillard R, Allain V, Dufay-Lefort AC, Rousset N, Amalraj A, Spaans A, Zbikowski A, Piccirillo A, Sevilla-Navarro S, Kovács L, Le Bouquin S. Biosecurity implementation on large-scale poultry farms in Europe: A qualitative interview study with farmers. Prev Vet Med 2024; 224:106119. [PMID: 38335830 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Biosecurity is an essential tool for rearing healthy animals. Biosecurity measures (BMs) are well known in poultry production, but it is difficult to assess actual implementation on farms. The aims of this qualitative study were (1) to provide an overview of biosecurity implementation according to poultry farmers in Europe; and (2) to better understand the reported reasons and potential obstacles for not implementing the measures. In seven European Union Member States, 192 farmers (118 under contract with a company and 68 independents) working in seven different categories of poultry production were interviewed on 62 BMs to determine the frequency of implementation and the reasons for non-implementation. Most of the replies (n = 7791) concerning BM implementation were reported by the farmers as "always" implemented (81%), statistically higher for breeders (87%) and layers (82%) and lower for independent farms versus farms under contract with a company (79.5% and 82.5%, respectively). Regardless the poultry production category, the most frequently implemented BMs declared by the farmers were daily surveillance of birds, rodent control and feed storage protection. Standard hygiene practices were also mentioned as high-implementation measures for most production categories, with some deficiencies, such as rendering tank disinfection after each collection and, for meat poultry, disinfection of the feed silo and bacterial control of house cleaning and disinfection between each cycle. The entry of vehicles and individuals onto poultry farms, especially during critical points of eggs collection for breeders and layers, as well as the presence of other animals, such as the "all in/all out" practice, particularly in layers and ducks, were also reported as the least commonly practiced measures. The main reasons for not implementing the measures (n = 1683 replies) were low awareness and poor knowledge of the expected benefits of biosecurity ("no known advantages" 14%, and "not useful" 12%), the lack of training ("not enough training" 5% and "advice" 7%), lack of time (19%), and financial aspects (17%). Despite the good overall biosecurity mentioned by the farmers, these findings highlight certain deficiencies, suggesting room for improvement and the need for targeted and tailored support of poultry farmers in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozenn Souillard
- Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan, France.
| | - Virginie Allain
- Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan, France.
| | | | - Nathalie Rousset
- French Technical Institute of Poultry Farming, Rabbit Farming, and Aquaculture, Paris, France.
| | - Arthi Amalraj
- Unit of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Annick Spaans
- Southern Agriculture and Horticulture Organization, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands.
| | - Artur Zbikowski
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Alessandra Piccirillo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy.
| | | | - László Kovács
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Ploufragan, France.
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Scoizec A, Niqueux E, Schmitz A, Grasland B, Palumbo L, Huneau-Salaün A, Le Bouquin S. New Patterns for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Adjustment of Prevention, Control and Surveillance Strategies: The Example of France. Viruses 2024; 16:101. [PMID: 38257801 PMCID: PMC10819649 DOI: 10.3390/v16010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
From 2020 up to summer 2023, there was a substantial change in the situation concerning the high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in Europe. This change concerned mainly virus circulation within wildlife, both in wild birds and wild mammals. It involved the seasonality of HPAI detections, the species affected, excess mortality events, and the apparent increased level of contamination in wild birds. The knock-on effect concerned new impacts and challenges for the poultry sector, which is affected by repeated annual waves of HPAI arriving with wild migratory birds and by risks due to viral circulation within resident wild birds across the year. Indeed, exceeding expectations, new poultry sectors and production areas have been affected during the recent HPAI seasons in France. The HPAI virus strains involved also generate considerable concern about human health because of enhanced risks of species barrier crossing. In this article, we present these changes in detail, along with the required adjustment of prevention, control, and surveillance strategies, focusing specifically on the situation in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Scoizec
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology Health and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.H.-S.); (S.L.B.)
| | - Eric Niqueux
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian & Rabbit Virology, Immunology & Parasitology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (E.N.); (A.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Audrey Schmitz
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian & Rabbit Virology, Immunology & Parasitology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (E.N.); (A.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian & Rabbit Virology, Immunology & Parasitology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (E.N.); (A.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Loïc Palumbo
- Research and Scientific Support Department (DRAS), Wildlife Health and Agricultural Ecosystem Functioning Department (SantéAgri), National Biodiversity Office (OFB), 9 Av. Buffon, 45100 Orléans, France;
| | - Adeline Huneau-Salaün
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology Health and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.H.-S.); (S.L.B.)
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology Health and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.H.-S.); (S.L.B.)
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Le Bouquin S, Lucas C, Souillard R, Le Maréchal C, Petit K, Kooh P, Jourdan-Da Silva N, Meurens F, Guillier L, Mazuet C. Human and animal botulism surveillance in France from 2008 to 2019. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1003917. [PMID: 36504929 PMCID: PMC9730534 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1003917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a human and animal neurological disease caused by the action of bacterial neurotoxins (botulinum toxins) produced by bacteria from the genus Clostridium. This disease induces flaccid paralysis that can result in respiratory paralysis and heart failure. Due to its serious potential impact on public health, botulism is a closely monitored notifiable disease in France through a case-based passive surveillance system. In humans, this disease is rare, with an average of 10 outbreaks reported each year, mainly due to the consumption of contaminated foods. Type B and to a lesser extend type A are responsible for the majority of cases of foodborne botulism. Each year, an average of 30 outbreaks are recorded on poultry farms, about 20 cases in wild birds and about 10 outbreaks in cattle, involving a large number of animals. Mosaic forms C/D and D/C in birds and cattle, respectively, are the predominant types in animals in France. Types C and D have also been observed to a lesser extent in animals. With the exception of botulinum toxin E, which was exceptionally detected throughout the period in wild birds, the types of botulism found in animal outbreaks are different from those identified in human outbreaks over the last ten years in France and no human botulism outbreaks investigated have been linked to animal botulism. In line with the One Health concept, we present the first integrative approach to the routine surveillance of botulism in humans and animals in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Le Bouquin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), National Reference Laboratory for Avian Botulism, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France,*Correspondence: Sophie Le Bouquin
| | - Camille Lucas
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), National Reference Laboratory for Avian Botulism, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Rozenn Souillard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), National Reference Laboratory for Avian Botulism, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Caroline Le Maréchal
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), National Reference Laboratory for Avian Botulism, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Karine Petit
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pauline Kooh
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nathalie Jourdan-Da Silva
- Sante Publique France (French Public Health Agency), Direction des Maladies Infectieuses, Saint Maurice, France
| | - François Meurens
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Oniris, Unit of Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in Animal Health (BIOEPAR), Nantes, France,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Christelle Mazuet
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Anaerobic Bacteria and Botulism, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Lambert S, Durand B, Andraud M, Delacourt R, Scoizec A, Le Bouquin S, Rautureau S, Bauzile B, Guinat C, Fourtune L, Guérin JL, Paul MC, Vergne T. Two major epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 and H5N1 in domestic poultry in France, 2020-2022. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3160-3166. [PMID: 36197436 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses worldwide has serious consequences for animal health and a major economic impact on the poultry production sector. Since 2014, Europe has been severely hit by several HPAI epidemics, with France being the most affected country. Most recently, France was again affected by two devastating HPAI epidemics in 2020-21 and 2021-22. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the 2020-21 and 2021-22 epidemics, as a first step towards identifying the poultry sector's remaining vulnerabilities regarding HPAI viruses in France. We examined the spatio-temporal distribution of outbreaks that occurred in France in 2020-21 and 2021-22, and we assessed the outbreaks' spatial distribution in relation to the 2016-17 epidemic and to the two 'high-risk zones' recently incorporated into French legislation to strengthen HPAI prevention and control. There were 468 reported outbreaks during the 2020-21 epidemic and 1375 outbreaks during the 2021-22 epidemic. In both epidemics, the outbreaks' distribution matched extremely well that of 2016-17, and most outbreaks (80.6% and 68.4%) were located in the two high-risk zones. The southwestern high-risk zone was affected in both epidemics, while the western high-risk zone was affected for the first time in 2021-22, explaining the extremely high number of outbreaks reported. As soon as the virus reached the high-risk zones, it started to spread between farms at very high rates, with each infected farm infecting between two and three other farms at the peaks of transmission. We showed that the spatial distribution model used to create the two high-risk zones was able to predict the location of outbreaks for the 2020-21 and 2021-22 epidemics. These zones were characterized by high poultry farm densities; future efforts should, therefore, focus on reducing the density of susceptible poultry in highly dense areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benoit Durand
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathieu Andraud
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Axelle Scoizec
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Billy Bauzile
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Guinat
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Fourtune
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Briand FX, Schmitz A, Scoizec A, Allée C, Busson R, Guillemoto C, Quenault H, Lucas P, Pierre I, Louboutin K, Guillou-Cloarec C, Martenot C, Cherbonnel-Pansart M, Thomas R, Massin P, Souchaud F, Blanchard Y, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Eterradossi N, Le Bouquin S, Niqueux E, Grasland B. Concomitant NA and NS deletion on avian Influenza H3N1 virus associated with hen mortality in France in 2019. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 104:105356. [PMID: 36038008 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An H3N1 avian influenza virus was detected in a laying hens farm in May 2019 which had experienced 25% mortality in Northern France. The complete sequencing of this virus showed that all segment sequences belonged to the Eurasian lineage and were phylogenetically very close to many of the Belgian H3N1 viruses detected in 2019. The French virus presented two genetic particularities with NA and NS deletions that could be related to virus adaptation from wild to domestic birds and could increase virulence, respectively. Molecular data of H3N1 viruses suggest that these two deletions occurred at two different times.
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Souillard R, Laurentie J, Kempf I, Le Caër V, Le Bouquin S, Serror P, Allain V. Increasing incidence of Enterococcus-associated diseases in poultry in France over the past 15 years. Vet Microbiol 2022; 269:109426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Huneau-Salaün A, Scoizec A, Thomas R, Martenot C, Schmitz A, Pierre I, Allée C, Busson R, Massin P, Briand FX, Guillemoto C, Louboutin K, Souchaud F, Cherbonnel-Pansart M, Niqueux E, Grasland B, Souillard R, Bouquin SL. Avian influenza outbreaks: evaluating the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection of vehicles and transport crates. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101569. [PMID: 34823166 PMCID: PMC8626697 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2021, France faced large avian influenza outbreaks, like in 2016 and 2017. Controlling these outbreaks required the preventive depopulation of a large number of duck farms. A previous study in 2017 showed that the quality of decontamination of trucks and transport crates used for depopulation was often insufficient. A new study was then set up to evaluate cleaning and disinfection (C&D) of trucks and crates used for duck depopulation and whether practices had changed since 2017. Three methods were used to assess decontamination: 1) detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) genome, 2) visual inspection of cleanliness, and 3) microbial counts, considering that 2 and 3 are commonly used in abattoirs. Another objective of the study was to evaluate the correlation between results obtained with the 3 methods. In 5 abattoirs, 8 trucks and their crates were sampled by swabbing to detect AIV genome by rRT-PCR before and after decontamination. Visual cleanliness scores and coliform counts were also determined on crates after C&D. Trucks and crates were decontaminated according to the abattoirs' protocols. Before C&D, 3 quarters of crates (59/79) and 7 of 8 trucks were positive for AIV genome. C&D procedures were reinforced in 2021 compared to 2017; use of detergent solution and warm water were more common. Nevertheless, 28% of the crates were positive for AIV genome after C&D, despite the fact that cleaning scores and microbiological counts were satisfactory for 84% and 91% of the crates, respectively. No correlation was observed between results for AIV genome detection and results from visual control or from coliform counts. Abattoirs are encouraged to use environmental sampling coupled with AIV genome detection to monitor the quality of cleaning and disinfection of trucks and crates during AI outbreaks. Reinforcement of biosecurity measures at abattoirs is still needed to avoid residual contamination of the equipment and cross-contamination during the decontamination process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Axelle Scoizec
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Rodolphe Thomas
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Claire Martenot
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Audrey Schmitz
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Isabelle Pierre
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Chantal Allée
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Rachel Busson
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Pascale Massin
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | | | - Carole Guillemoto
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Katell Louboutin
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Florent Souchaud
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | | | - Eric Niqueux
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Rozenn Souillard
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- ANSES - Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan 22440, France
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Baron S, Larvor E, Jouy E, Kempf I, Le Bouquin S, Chauvin C, Boitard PM, Jamin M, Le Breton A, Thuillier B, Smith P. Agreement between the categorization of isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida and Yersinia ruckeri by disc diffusion and MIC tests performed at 22℃. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:979-985. [PMID: 33749839 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Standard disc diffusion and MIC test procedure were used to investigate the susceptibility of two hundred and fifty-one isolates collected from infected fish in France to florfenicol, oxolinic acid and tetracycline. The tests were performed at 22 ± 2℃ and for the 177 Yersinia ruckeri they were read after 24-28 hr incubation and for the 74 Aeromonas salmonicida isolates they were read after 44-48 hr. Applying epidemiological cut-off values to the susceptibility data generated in these tests, the isolates were categorized as wild-type or non-wild-type. The agent-specific categories into each isolate were placed on the basis of the data generated by the two methods were in agreement in 98% of the determinations made. It is argued that, with respect to categorising isolates, disc diffusion and MIC methods can be considered as equally valid at this temperature and after both periods of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Baron
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Emeline Larvor
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Eric Jouy
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Isabelle Kempf
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | - Claire Chauvin
- Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Smith
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Huneau-Salaün A, Boucher S, Fontaine J, Le Normand B, Lopez S, Maurice T, Nouvel L, Bruchec A, Coton J, Martin G, Le Gall-Reculé G, Le Bouquin S. Retrospective studies on rabbit haemorrhagic disease outbreaks caused by RHDV GI.2 virus on farms in France from 2013 to 2018. World Rabbit Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2021.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a critical health threat to the rabbit industry in Europe. In 2018, the French rabbit industry adopted a voluntary control plan against this disease. In this context, two epidemiological studies were conducted on RHD outbreaks that occurred between 2013 and 2018 in France. The objectives were to describe the spread of RHD due to the new genotype RHDV GI.2 (rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus GI.2) and to identify rearing factors influencing the occurrence of the disease in order to guide the prevention measures recommended in the control plan. An analysis of cases on 295 farms between 2013 and 2017 showed that 32% of farms were affected at least once; the incidence of the disease increased in 2016-2017 compared to 2013-2015. Farms already affected in 2013-2015 had a higher risk of being infected in 2016-2017 than those that remained unaffected until 2015 (Relative Risk and 95% Confident Interval 1.7 [1.1-2.7]). A case-control study carried out between 2016 and 2018 on 37 outbreaks and 32 control farms revealed variability in biosecurity and decontamination practices between farms. The risk of being infected tends to be linked to these practices, but certain structural factors (e.g. the manure disposal system, transfer of rabbits at weaning) could also influence the risk of virus introduction into farms. In the context of a limited vaccination coverage of the farms (only females are vaccinated), these hypotheses will be studied further, using information from the RHD outbreak monitoring system implemented at the same time as the control plan in 2018.
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Souillard R, Grosjean D, Le Gratiet T, Poezevara T, Rouxel S, Balaine L, Macé S, Martin L, Anniballi F, Chemaly M, Le Bouquin S, Le Maréchal C. Asymptomatic Carriage of C. botulinum Type D/C in Broiler Flocks as the Source of Contamination of a Massive Botulism Outbreak on a Dairy Cattle Farm. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:679377. [PMID: 34276611 PMCID: PMC8279769 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.679377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In winter 2018, a massive type D/C cattle botulism outbreak occurred on a mixed dairy and broiler farm in France. An investigation was conducted based on the hypothesis of asymptomatic carriage in poultry. We set out to identify the source of contamination of the dairy cattle and to monitor the contamination of broilers over time, including the hatchery delivering chicks to the farm. Environmental samples were collected on the farm during the cattle outbreak (n = 40), after the outbreak for three successive broiler flocks (n = 128), and once in the hatchery delivering the chicks (n = 58). These samples were analyzed using real-time PCR after an enrichment step to detect Clostridium botulinum type D/C. The results showed contamination in the manure from the broilers raised just before the onset of the cattle outbreak (5 + /5), as well as in some of the components of the cattle ration (3 + /17). This latter contamination is likely due to the use of the same tractor bucket to remove litter from the poultry house and to prepare the cattle ration on the same day. Contamination monitoring over several months revealed continuous asymptomatic carriage in the broilers (4 + /20 and 17 + /20 cloacal swabs in 2 successive flocks), a persistence of C. botulinum type D/C in the ventilation system of the poultry house (8 + /14), and contamination of the equipment coming from the hatchery used for delivering the chicks (3 + /18). Further investigations conducted in the hatchery demonstrated contamination in the hatchery by C. botulinum type D/C (6 + /58). Comparison of samples using a multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis showed the same profile for samples collected on broilers, cattle and in the hatchery. This study highlighted the crucial role of the implementation of biosecurity measures in mixed farms to avoid cross-contamination between production units given the potential asymptomatic carriage of poultry. This study also revealed the contamination of the poultry hatchery. Further investigations are required to better understand the role of hatcheries in the epidemiology of animal botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozenn Souillard
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Daniel Grosjean
- DDCSPP de la Meuse, Departmental Authority in Charge of Veterinary Services for Meuse Department, Bar-le-Duc, France
| | - Thibault Le Gratiet
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Typhaine Poezevara
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sandra Rouxel
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Loïc Balaine
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sabrina Macé
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Laure Martin
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Fabrizio Anniballi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, National Reference Centre for Botulism, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Caroline Le Maréchal
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France
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11
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Briand FX, Niqueux E, Schmitz A, Martenot C, Cherbonnel M, Massin P, Kerbrat F, Chatel M, Guillemoto C, Guillou-Cloarec C, Ogor K, Le Prioux A, Allée C, Beven V, Hirchaud E, Blanchard Y, Scoizec A, Le Bouquin S, Eterradossi N, Grasland B. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus Spread by Short- and Long-Range Transmission, France, 2016-17. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:508-516. [PMID: 33496244 PMCID: PMC7853534 DOI: 10.3201/eid2702.202920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected 3 genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus in France during winter 2016–17. Genotype A viruses caused dramatic economic losses in the domestic duck farm industry in southwestern France. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that genotype A viruses formed 5 distinct geographic clusters in southwestern France. In some clusters, local secondary transmission might have been started by a single introduction. The intensity of the viral spread seems to correspond to the density of duck holdings in each production area. To avoid the introduction of disease into an unaffected area, it is crucial that authorities limit the movements of potentially infected birds.
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12
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Le Bouquin S, Bonifait L, Thépault A, Ledein T, Guillon F, Rouxel S, Souillard R, Chemaly M. Epidemiological and Bacteriological Investigations Using Whole-Genome Sequencing in a Recurrent Outbreak of Pullorum Disease on a Quail Farm in France. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010029. [PMID: 33375256 PMCID: PMC7823777 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although pullorum disease is endemic in many parts of the world, this avian disease responsible for high economic and commercial losses has been eliminated from organized poultry production in Europe and North America. However, it may still remain in backyards and reappear sporadically on conventional poultry farms. This study presents in detail a recurrent outbreak of pullorum disease on a quail farm. In this case report, we present how epidemiological and bacteriological investigations using molecular sequencing tools were carried out in order to identify the source of contamination. Finally, we identify high-risk sanitary practices, and propose recommendations to manage and control this poultry disease, which has become rare in European countries. Given the development of outdoor farms and the increase in self-consumption family farms, a resurgence of pullorum disease cannot be excluded in the coming years. It is essential to develop effective sanitary barriers to prevent transmission between the two coexisting populations of commercial and non-commercial poultry and to raise awareness among all those involved in the poultry industry to be able to detect any outbreak quickly. Abstract An outbreak of pullorum disease causing septicemia and high mortality was diagnosed in 2019 on a quail farm in western France. An initial episode had been detected in another building at the same site eight months earlier. Given the exceptional nature and the extent of the potential economic consequences of pullorum disease, epidemiological and bacteriological investigations using molecular sequencing tools were carried out. Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Infantis were isolated (using the NF U 47-101 reference method) from samples taken from birds at the infected site. A resurgence of the initial episode by horizontal transmission of S. Gallinarum is the most likely hypothesis, supported by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the strains isolated during the two episodes. Risk health practices have been identified, including the rearing of animals of different ages and species on the same site. Recurrence is explained by the probable persistence of reservoirs of the pathogen on the site (manure, lesser mealworm beetles). The article also highlights the importance of decontamination measures, including pest control, as a key element in the success of the disease control protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Le Bouquin
- ANSES, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-96-01-62-56
| | - Laetitia Bonifait
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (L.B.); (A.T.); (S.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Amandine Thépault
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (L.B.); (A.T.); (S.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Thomas Ledein
- SELARL AMI-VET, 57 rue Paul Painlevé, 35150 Janzé, France;
| | - François Guillon
- DGAL, SDSPA/BSA, 251 rue de Vaugirard, 75732 Paris CEDEX 15, France;
| | - Sandra Rouxel
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (L.B.); (A.T.); (S.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Rozenn Souillard
- ANSES, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Unit, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France;
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- ANSES, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (L.B.); (A.T.); (S.R.); (M.C.)
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13
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Salines M, Allain V, Magras C, Le Bouquin S. Rethinking inspection in slaughterhouses: Opportunities and challenges arising from a shared risk management system in poultry slaughterhouses. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Scoizec A, Niqueux E, Thomas R, Daniel P, Schmitz A, Le Bouquin S. Airborne Detection of H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Genome in Poultry Farms, France. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:15. [PMID: 29487857 PMCID: PMC5816786 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In southwestern France, during the winter of 2016-2017, the rapid spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 outbreaks despite the implementation of routine control measures, raised the question about the potential role of airborne transmission in viral spread. As a first step to investigate the plausibility of that transmission, air samples were collected inside, outside and downwind from infected duck and chicken facilities. H5 avian influenza virus RNA was detected in all samples collected inside poultry houses, at external exhaust fans and at 5 m distance from poultry houses. For three of the five flocks studied, in the sample collected at 50-110 m distance, viral genomic RNA was detected. The measured viral air concentrations ranged between 4.3 and 6.4 log10 RNA copies per m3, and their geometric mean decreased from external exhaust fans to the downwind measurement point. These findings are in accordance with the possibility of airborne transmission and question the procedures for outbreak depopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Scoizec
- Avian and Rabbit Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Eric Niqueux
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Rodolphe Thomas
- Avian and Rabbit Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Patrick Daniel
- Laboratoire des Pyrénées et des Landes, Mont de Marsan, France
| | - Audrey Schmitz
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- Avian and Rabbit Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
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15
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Omer E, Cariou R, Huneau-Salaün A, Dervilly-Pinel G, Baéza É, Travel A, Le Bouquin S, Jondreville C, Le Bizec B. Enantiomer-specific accumulation and depuration of α-hexabromocyclododecane (α-HBCDD) in chicken (Gallus gallus) as a tool to identify contamination sources. Chemosphere 2017; 180:365-372. [PMID: 28415037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A LC-ESI(-)-HRMS method dedicated to the analysis of 6 HBCDD enantiomers at trace levels in animal matrices was developed, using a cellulose based stationary phase with a particle size of 2.5 μm. This method was applied to a sample set derived from a kinetic study of α-HBCDD previously conducted in fast- and slow-growing chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus, n = 49, plus controls), in order to study the enantiomer specific accumulation and depuration of α-HBCDD in various tissues. Regarding abdominal adipose tissue, muscle and liver, the average enantiomeric fractions of α-HBCDD (EFα) for continuously exposed groups ranged between 0.434 and 0.467, with standard deviations below 0.014, showing a significant enrichment in (-)α enantiomer even accentuated for slow growing individuals during depuration with EFα reduced by about 0.020. Similar trends were observed for pooled plasma. Then, EFα of circulating plasma α-HBCDD appeared to closely reflect EFα in storage tissues and liver, suggesting some equilibrium. The racemic elimination of α enantiomer in excreta during the contamination phase indicated that no preferential gastrointestinal absorption took place. By contrast, preferential excretion of (-)α-HBCDD from the circulating compartment to the intestinal lumen occurred during the depuration. Finally, the method was applied to samples collected in three chicken farms, selected for total HBCDD levels in muscle in the ng/g range, as a tool to determine whether the contamination occurred ante- or post-mortem, according to the chiral signature. Ante-mortem contamination was hypothesised for 2 farms, with feed being excluded as contamination source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Omer
- LABERCA, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, F-44300, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Ronan Cariou
- LABERCA, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, F-44300, Nantes Cedex, France.
| | - Adeline Huneau-Salaün
- ANSES-UMT Sanivol, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, F-22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LABERCA, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, F-44300, Nantes Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- ANSES-UMT Sanivol, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, F-22440, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LABERCA, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments, LUNAM Université, Oniris, INRA, F-44300, Nantes Cedex, France
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16
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Guillam MT, Martin S, Le Guelennec M, Puterflam J, Le Bouquin S, Huneau-Salaün A. Dust exposure and health of workers in duck hatcheries. Ann Agric Environ Med 2017; 24:360-365. [PMID: 28954471 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/75670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to investigate dust exposure and respiratory health of workers in duck hatcheries in western France. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety volunteer workers, who work in sorting rooms and/or incubation rooms, participated in exposure assessments and medical examinations. Medical examinations were performed by occupational health practitioners.They filled-in a questionnaire with the workers, followed by a lung function test on each worker. General characteristics and prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms were described in each type of working rooms. Associations between symptoms and exposure (working room or dust level) were studied in GEE multivariate models. RESULTS Overall prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm) and chronic bronchitis were similar or lower than in the reference population. However, prevalence of these symptoms was higher for those working in sorting rooms, that were associated with an increased risk of respiratory symptoms and decreased lung function. Respirable dust was also significantly associated with an increased risk of respiratory symptoms. The prevalence of asthma and rhinitis were well above those in the reference population, but did not vary among working rooms. Descriptive data suggested an occupational origin for some cases. CONCLUSIONS Hatchery workers were at increased risk of compromised respiratory health due to dust exposure, particularly those who work in sorting rooms. Asthma and rhinitis were in excess in this population of workers. Thorough clinical examination of these workers should be performed and all exposures assessed.
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17
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Baron S, Granier SA, Larvor E, Jouy E, Cineux M, Wilhelm A, Gassilloud B, Le Bouquin S, Kempf I, Chauvin C. Aeromonas Diversity and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Freshwater-An Attempt to Set Generic Epidemiological Cut-Off Values. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:503. [PMID: 28400760 PMCID: PMC5368242 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the role of environment in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is now well recognized. Thus, bacterial indicators to monitor the phenomena are required. The Aeromonas genus is autochthonous in the aquatic environment and easy to detect in any water type, such as freshwater, or wastewater. These microorganisms are also causing infections in humans and animals (including fish). Furthermore, as Aeromonas spp. is able to acquire antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, it is candidate for indicator bacteria to follow antimicrobial resistance dissemination in aquatic environments. Unfortunately, to date, interpretation criteria for Aeromonas spp. for antimicrobial susceptibility tests are scarce in the literature. No epidemiological cut-off values for Aeromonas are currently available at EUCAST to interpret Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC). The only interpretation criteria available are clinical breakpoints from CLSI that are adapted from Enterobacteriaceae. Based on the results of MIC distributions obtained for a collection of environmental isolates of Aeromonas, this study aimed at proposing tentative epidemiological cut-off values (COWT) for Aeromonas spp. assessing whether the genus is an acceptable level of definition. Thus, 233 isolates collected from 16 rivers were identified at species level using Maldi-Tof (Bruker). Eleven different species were identified, the most abundant were A. bestiarum (n = 54), A. salmonicida (n = 45), A. sobria (n = 41), and A. eucrenophila (n = 37). 96-well micro-plates containing different concentrations of 15 antimicrobials, namely cefotaxime, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, colistin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, florfenicol, flumequine, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, streptomycin, temocillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, were prepared. The broth micro-dilution method was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of each isolate. The estimation of COWT values was satisfactory obtained at genus level for all antimicrobials except cefotaxime and erythromycin. This first step is an invitation for other research teams to increase the amount of antimicrobial resistance data collected. Then, robustness of our proposed provisional generic epidemiological cut-off values could be assessed by testing antimicrobial susceptibility of various Aeromonas collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Baron
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses)Ploufragan, France; Bretagne-Loire UniversityRennes, France
| | - Sophie A Granier
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Paris-Est University Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emeline Larvor
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses)Ploufragan, France; Bretagne-Loire UniversityRennes, France
| | - Eric Jouy
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses)Ploufragan, France; Bretagne-Loire UniversityRennes, France
| | - Maelan Cineux
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses)Ploufragan, France; Bretagne-Loire UniversityRennes, France
| | - Amandine Wilhelm
- Laboratory for Hydrology, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses) Nancy, France
| | - Benoit Gassilloud
- Laboratory for Hydrology, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses) Nancy, France
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- Bretagne-Loire UniversityRennes, France; Epidemiology and Welfare in Poultry and Rabbit Farming, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses)Ploufragan, France
| | - Isabelle Kempf
- Mycoplasmology-Bacteriology Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses)Ploufragan, France; Bretagne-Loire UniversityRennes, France
| | - Claire Chauvin
- Bretagne-Loire UniversityRennes, France; Epidemiology and Welfare in Pigs, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses)Ploufragan, France
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18
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Le Maréchal C, Rouxel S, Ballan V, Houard E, Poezevara T, Bayon-Auboyer MH, Souillard R, Morvan H, Baudouard MA, Woudstra C, Mazuet C, Le Bouquin S, Fach P, Popoff M, Chemaly M. Development and Validation of a New Reliable Method for the Diagnosis of Avian Botulism. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169640. [PMID: 28076405 PMCID: PMC5226734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is a reliable matrix for laboratory confirmation of avian botulism using real-time PCR. Here, we developed, optimized, and validated the analytical steps preceding PCR to maximize the detection of Clostridium botulinum group III in avian liver. These pre-PCR steps included enrichment incubation of the whole liver (maximum 25 g) at 37°C for at least 24 h in an anaerobic chamber and DNA extraction using an enzymatic digestion step followed by a DNA purification step. Conditions of sample storage before analysis appear to have a strong effect on the detection of group III C. botulinum strains and our results recommend storage at temperatures below -18°C. Short-term storage at 5°C is possible for up to 24 h, but a decrease in sensitivity was observed at 48 h of storage at this temperature. Analysis of whole livers (maximum 25 g) is required and pooling samples before enrichment culturing must be avoided. Pooling is however possible before or after DNA extraction under certain conditions. Whole livers should be 10-fold diluted in enrichment medium and homogenized using a Pulsifier® blender (Microgen, Surrey, UK) instead of a conventional paddle blender. Spiked liver samples showed a limit of detection of 5 spores/g liver for types C and D and 250 spores/g for type E. Using the method developed here, the analysis of 268 samples from 73 suspected outbreaks showed 100% specificity and 95.35% sensitivity compared with other PCR-based methods considered as reference. The mosaic type C/D was the most common neurotoxin type found in examined samples, which included both wild and domestic birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Le Maréchal
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan – Plouzané, Unité Hygiène et qualité des produits avicoles et porcins, Université Bretagne-Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sandra Rouxel
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan – Plouzané, Unité Hygiène et qualité des produits avicoles et porcins, Université Bretagne-Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - Valentine Ballan
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan – Plouzané, Unité Hygiène et qualité des produits avicoles et porcins, Université Bretagne-Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - Emmanuelle Houard
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan – Plouzané, Unité Hygiène et qualité des produits avicoles et porcins, Université Bretagne-Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - Typhaine Poezevara
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan – Plouzané, Unité Hygiène et qualité des produits avicoles et porcins, Université Bretagne-Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Rozenn Souillard
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan – Plouzané, Unité d’Epidémiologie et bien-être en aviculture et cuniculture, Université Bretagne-Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | | | | | - Cédric Woudstra
- ANSES, Laboratoire de sécurité des aliments, Maisons Alfort, France
| | | | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan – Plouzané, Unité d’Epidémiologie et bien-être en aviculture et cuniculture, Université Bretagne-Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- ANSES, Laboratoire de sécurité des aliments, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Michel Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan – Plouzané, Unité Hygiène et qualité des produits avicoles et porcins, Université Bretagne-Loire, Ploufragan, France
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19
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Le Maréchal C, Ballan V, Rouxel S, Bayon-Auboyer MH, Baudouard MA, Morvan H, Houard E, Poëzevara T, Souillard R, Woudstra C, Le Bouquin S, Fach P, Chemaly M. Livers provide a reliable matrix for real-time PCR confirmation of avian botulism. Anaerobe 2015; 38:7-13. [PMID: 26545739 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of avian botulism is based on clinical symptoms, which are indicative but not specific. Laboratory investigations are therefore required to confirm clinical suspicions and establish a definitive diagnosis. Real-time PCR methods have recently been developed for the detection of Clostridium botulinum group III producing type C, D, C/D or D/C toxins. However, no study has been conducted to determine which types of matrices should be analyzed for laboratory confirmation using this approach. This study reports on the comparison of different matrices (pooled intestinal contents, livers, spleens and cloacal swabs) for PCR detection of C. botulinum. Between 2013 and 2015, 63 avian botulism suspicions were tested and 37 were confirmed as botulism. Analysis of livers using real-time PCR after enrichment led to the confirmation of 97% of the botulism outbreaks. Using the same method, spleens led to the confirmation of 90% of botulism outbreaks, cloacal swabs of 93% and pooled intestinal contents of 46%. Liver appears to be the most reliable type of matrix for laboratory confirmation using real-time PCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Le Maréchal
- ANSES Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France.
| | - Valentine Ballan
- ANSES Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France
| | - Sandra Rouxel
- ANSES Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuelle Houard
- ANSES Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France
| | - Typhaine Poëzevara
- ANSES Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France
| | - Rozenn Souillard
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, France; ANSES Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, France; ANSES Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Patrick Fach
- ANSES, Food Safety Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- ANSES Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Ploufragan, France; Université Européenne de Bretagne, France
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20
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Guillam MT, Pédrono G, Le Bouquin S, Huneau A, Gaudon J, Leborgne R, Dewitte JD, Ségala C. Chronic respiratory symptoms of poultry farmers and model-based estimates of long-term dust exposure. Ann Agric Environ Med 2013; 20:307-311. [PMID: 23772582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The airborne contaminant exposure levels experienced by poultry farmers have raised concerns about the possible health hazards associated with them. Thus, a longitudinal project was instituted in France to monitor these exposures in poultry workers and to evaluate the long-term effect on health. METHOD Sixty-three workers in two different poultry housing systems were included (33 from floor-based systems and 30 from cage-based systems). Personal dust concentrations (over 2 days) and activity patterns (over 14 days) were collected and then modeled to obtain average long-term estimates. Health data were collected by questionnaire. RESULTS The mean daily time spent in the cage system was more than 2 hours longer than in the floor system. Two main common tasks accounted for ~70% of this time. Dust concentrations were higher in the floor system than in the cage system. The concentrations for the 14 days of known activity patterns estimated using the statistical model agreed well with the measured values. Several chronic respiratory symptoms were significantly associated with the high levels of long-term exposure estimated by the model. The highest risk was for chronic bronchitis symptoms (>4-fold higher for exposures of 0.1 mg/m(3) of respirable dust). CONCLUSION The presented modeling strategy can be used to estimate the long-term average personal exposure to respirable dust, and to study the association between dust exposure and chronic respiratory symptoms. This population of workers will be followed-up in subsequent examinations (3 years later) to determine whether the predictive model is valid, and whether long-term dust exposure is related to the incidence of respiratory symptoms and changes in pulmonary functions.
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Hue O, Le Bouquin S, Lalande F, Allain V, Rouxel S, Petetin I, Quesne S, Laisney MJ, Gloaguen PY, Picherot M, Salvat G, Bougeard S, Chemaly M. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. on broiler chicken carcasses and risk factors at the slaughterhouse in France in 2008. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Aury-Hainry K, Le Bouquin S, Labbé A, Petetin I, Chemaly M. Listeria monocytogenes contamination in French breeding and fattening turkey flocks. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1096-103. [PMID: 21740711 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to collect data and create a database related to Listeria monocytogenes contamination in breeding and fattening turkey flocks. Seventy-five breeding turkey flocks and 86 fattening turkey flocks were sampled. Three hundred seventy-five and 428 samples were analyzed in breeding and fattening turkey flocks, respectively. L. monocytogenes was detected in 9 of 75 breeding flocks, leading to an estimated prevalence of 12% (95% confidence interval, 4.6-19.4). In fattening turkeys, the prevalence of L. monocytogenes-positive flocks was 9.3% (95% confidence interval, 3.1-15.5). The serotyping of L. monocytogenes strains highlighted the dominance of serovar 1/2a in breeding as well as in fattening turkeys. The relationship between rearing practices and L. monocytogenes status in turkey flocks was studied by using multiple correspondence analyses and then a hierarchical classification. Results were separated into two classes and revealed profiles that were associated with the presence or the absence of L. monocytogenes. This study highlighted the need to implement strict sanitary measures to reduce the risk of L. monocytogenes contamination in turkey production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristell Aury-Hainry
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Swine Products Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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Aury K, Le Bouquin S, Toquin MT, Huneau-Salaün A, Le Nôtre Y, Allain V, Petetin I, Fravalo P, Chemaly M. Risk factors for Listeria monocytogenes contamination in French laying hens and broiler flocks. Prev Vet Med 2011; 98:271-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hue O, Le Bouquin S, Laisney MJ, Allain V, Lalande F, Petetin I, Rouxel S, Quesne S, Gloaguen PY, Picherot M, Santolini J, Salvat G, Bougeard S, Chemaly M. Prevalence of and risk factors for Campylobacter spp. contamination of broiler chicken carcasses at the slaughterhouse. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:992-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hue O, Allain V, Laisney MJ, Le Bouquin S, Lalande F, Petetin I, Rouxel S, Quesne S, Gloaguen PY, Picherot M, Santolini J, Bougeard S, Salvat G, Chemaly M. Campylobacter contamination of broiler caeca and carcasses at the slaughterhouse and correlation with Salmonella contamination. Food Microbiol 2010; 28:862-8. [PMID: 21569927 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. on broiler chicken carcasses and the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in caeca, 58 French slaughterhouses were investigated in 2008. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was also performed in order to study the relation between caeca and carcass contamination. A pool of 10 caeca and one carcass were collected from 425 different batches over a 12-month period in 2008. Salmonella was isolated on 32 carcasses leading to a prevalence of 7.5% ([5.0-10.0](95%CI)). The prevalence of Campylobacter was 77.2% ([73.2-81.2](95%CI)) in caeca and 87.5% ([84.4-90.7](95%CI)) on carcasses. No significant correlation was found between Campylobacter and Salmonella. Positive values of Campylobacter were normally distributed and the average level was 8.05 log(10) cfu/g ([7.94-8.16](95%CI)) in caeca and 2.39 cfu/g ([2.30-2.48](95%CI)) on carcasses. A positive correlation (r = 0.59) was found between the mean of Campylobacter in caeca and on carcasses (p < 0.001). Thus, carcasses from batches with Campylobacter-positive caeca had significantly (p < 0.001) higher numbers of Campylobacter per gram than batches with negative caeca. These results show that Campylobacter can be present in both matrices and reduction in caeca could be a possible way to reduce the amount of bacteria on carcasses. Of the 2504 identifications performed, 3 species of Campylobacter (Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter lari) were identified. The main species recovered were C. jejuni and C. coli, which were isolated in 55.3% and 44.5% of positive samples, respectively. These two species were equally represented in caeca but C. jejuni was the most frequently isolated on carcasses with 57.1% and 42.5% of positive carcasses for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively. This study underlines that target a reduction of Campylobacter on final products requires a decrease of contamination in caeca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Hue
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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