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Scoizec A, Niqueux E, Schmitz A, Grasland B, Palumbo L, Huneau-Salaün A, Le Bouquin S. New Patterns for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Adjustment of Prevention, Control and Surveillance Strategies: The Example of France. Viruses 2024; 16:101. [PMID: 38257801 PMCID: PMC10819649 DOI: 10.3390/v16010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
From 2020 up to summer 2023, there was a substantial change in the situation concerning the high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in Europe. This change concerned mainly virus circulation within wildlife, both in wild birds and wild mammals. It involved the seasonality of HPAI detections, the species affected, excess mortality events, and the apparent increased level of contamination in wild birds. The knock-on effect concerned new impacts and challenges for the poultry sector, which is affected by repeated annual waves of HPAI arriving with wild migratory birds and by risks due to viral circulation within resident wild birds across the year. Indeed, exceeding expectations, new poultry sectors and production areas have been affected during the recent HPAI seasons in France. The HPAI virus strains involved also generate considerable concern about human health because of enhanced risks of species barrier crossing. In this article, we present these changes in detail, along with the required adjustment of prevention, control, and surveillance strategies, focusing specifically on the situation in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Scoizec
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology Health and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.H.-S.); (S.L.B.)
| | - Eric Niqueux
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian & Rabbit Virology, Immunology & Parasitology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (E.N.); (A.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Audrey Schmitz
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian & Rabbit Virology, Immunology & Parasitology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (E.N.); (A.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian & Rabbit Virology, Immunology & Parasitology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (E.N.); (A.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Loïc Palumbo
- Research and Scientific Support Department (DRAS), Wildlife Health and Agricultural Ecosystem Functioning Department (SantéAgri), National Biodiversity Office (OFB), 9 Av. Buffon, 45100 Orléans, France;
| | - Adeline Huneau-Salaün
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology Health and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.H.-S.); (S.L.B.)
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology Health and Welfare Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.H.-S.); (S.L.B.)
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Wasik BR, Rothschild E, Voorhees IEH, Reedy SE, Murcia PR, Pusterla N, Chambers TM, Goodman LB, Holmes EC, Kile JC, Parrish CR. Understanding the divergent evolution and epidemiology of H3N8 influenza viruses in dogs and horses. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead052. [PMID: 37692894 PMCID: PMC10484056 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species virus transmission events can lead to dire public health emergencies in the form of epidemics and pandemics. One example in animals is the emergence of the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), first isolated in 1963 in Miami, FL, USA, after emerging among horses in South America. In the early 21st century, the American lineage of EIV diverged into two 'Florida' clades that persist today, while an EIV transferred to dogs around 1999 and gave rise to the H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), first reported in 2004. Here, we compare CIV in dogs and EIV in horses to reveal their host-specific evolution, to determine the sources and connections between significant outbreaks, and to gain insight into the factors controlling their different evolutionary fates. H3N8 CIV only circulated in North America, was geographically restricted after the first few years, and went extinct in 2016. Of the two EIV Florida clades, clade 1 circulates widely and shows frequent transfers between the USA and South America, Europe and elsewhere, while clade 2 was globally distributed early after it emerged, but since about 2018 has only been detected in Central Asia. Any potential zoonotic threat of these viruses to humans can only be determined with an understanding of its natural history and evolution. Our comparative analysis of these three viral lineages reveals distinct patterns and rates of sequence variation yet with similar overall evolution between clades, suggesting epidemiological intervention strategies for possible eradication of H3N8 EIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Evin Rothschild
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ian E H Voorhees
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stephanie E Reedy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas M Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Public and Ecosystems Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James C Kile
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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McDonald CA, Becker CG, Lambertini C, Toledo LF, Haddad CFB, Zamudio KR. Host immune responses to enzootic and invasive pathogen lineages vary in magnitude, timing, and efficacy. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:2252-2270. [PMID: 36799008 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases of wildlife continue to pose a threat to biodiversity worldwide, yet pathogens are far from uniform in virulence or host disease outcome. Within the same pathogen species, virulence can vary considerably depending on strain or lineage, in turn eliciting variable host responses. One pathogen that has caused extensive biodiversity loss is the amphibian-killing fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which is comprised of a globally widespread hypervirulent lineage (Bd-GPL), and multiple geographically restricted, enzootic lineages. Whereas host immunogenomic responses to Bd-GPL have been characterized in a number of amphibian species, immunogenomic responses to geographically restricted, enzootic Bd lineages are less clear. To examine lineage-specific host immune responses to Bd, we exposed a species of pumpkin toadlet, Brachycephalus pitanga, which is endemic to Brazil's Southern Atlantic Forest, to either the Bd-GPL or the enzootic Bd-Asia-2/Brazil (hereafter Bd-Brazil) lineage. Using temporal samples from early, mid, and late infection stages, we quantified functional immunogenomic responses over the course of infection using differential gene expression tests and coexpression network analyses. Host immune responses varied significantly with Bd lineage. Relative to controls, toadlet responses to Bd-Brazil were weak at early infection (25 genes significantly differentially expressed), peaked by mid-stage infection (414 genes), and were nearly fully resolved by late-stage infection (nine genes). In contrast, responses to Bd-GPL were magnified and delayed; toadlets significantly differentially expressed 111 genes early, 87 genes at mid-stage infection, and 726 genes by late-stage infection relative to controls. Given that infection intensity did not vary between mid- and late-stage disease in either Bd-Brazil or Bd-GPL treatments, this suggests that pumpkin toadlets may be at least partially tolerant to the enzootic Bd-Brazil lineage. In contrast, late-stage immune activation against Bd-GPL was consistent with immune dysregulation previously observed in other species. Our results demonstrate that both the timing of immune response and the particular immune pathways activated are specific to Bd lineage. Within regions where multiple Bd lineages co-occur, and given continued global Bd movement, these differential host responses may influence not only individual disease outcome, but transmission dynamics at the population and community levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coby A McDonald
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - C Guilherme Becker
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolina Lambertini
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Felipe Toledo
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célio F B Haddad
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Kelly R Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Pohlmann A, King J, Fusaro A, Zecchin B, Banyard AC, Brown IH, Byrne AMP, Beerens N, Liang Y, Heutink R, Harders F, James J, Reid SM, Hansen RDE, Lewis NS, Hjulsager C, Larsen LE, Zohari S, Anderson K, Bröjer C, Nagy A, Savič V, van Borm S, Steensels M, Briand FX, Swieton E, Smietanka K, Grund C, Beer M, Harder T. Has Epizootic Become Enzootic? Evidence for a Fundamental Change in the Infection Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Europe, 2021. mBio 2022;:e0060922. [PMID: 35726917 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00609-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic evidence from the recent resurgence of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b, observed in European wild birds and poultry since October 2021, suggests at least two different and distinct reservoirs. We propose contrasting hypotheses for this emergence: (i) resident viruses have been maintained, presumably in wild birds, in northern Europe throughout the summer of 2021 to cause some of the outbreaks that are part of the most recent autumn/winter 2021 epizootic, or (ii) further virus variants were reintroduced by migratory birds, and these two sources of reintroduction have driven the HPAI resurgence. Viruses from these two principal sources can be distinguished by their hemagglutinin genes, which segregate into two distinct sublineages (termed B1 and B2) within clade 2.3.4.4b, as well as their different internal gene compositions. The evidence of enzootic HPAI virus circulation during the summer of 2021 indicates a possible paradigm shift in the epidemiology of HPAI in Europe.
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Sytiuk MP, Bezymennyy MV, Halka IV, Uhovskyy VV, Muzykina LM, Lavalley M, Nychyk SA, Nedosekov VV, Howard MW, Bortz E. Seroprevalence of Enzootic Teschen Disease in the Wild Boar Population in Ukraine. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:138-147. [PMID: 35133885 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Teschen disease is an acute fatal enterovirus encephalomyelitis of pigs, characterized by a range of central nervous system disorders. The cause of porcine enterovirus encephalomyelitis is the picornavirus porcine teschovirus-1 (PTV-1). There are at least 12 disctinct serotypes of PTVs, where PTV-2 to PTV-12 serogroups are associated with other forms of disease (Talfan disease or poliomyelitis suum) or benign enzootic paresis. Combined, PTVs have been found to have a high seroprevalence, up to 65%, in healthy pig populations in Europe. PTVs have also been detected in wild boar, including the divergent PTV-13 serogroup; wild suids may represent a sylvatic reservoir capable of carrying the virus long distances. In Ukraine, Teschen disease is widespread and causes lethal disease in domestic pigs. To understand temporal and geographical distribution of Teschen disease virus (PTV-1) in wild boar in Ukraine (2001-2013), we analyzed seroprevalence of 6840 blood serum samples from hunted suids using a virus microneutralization assay. A total of 1364 samples (19.9%) were seropositive, with average antibody titer ratios 5.89 ± 0.03 log2 (range 5-12 log2). Teschen seroprevalence was temporally and geographically concentrated in the northern and western regions of Ukraine, corresponding to forested regions (polissya) and overlapping with wild boar populations and habitats, suggesting endemicity in wild boar. The virus sporadically emerged in central, southern, and eastern forested regions, suggesting long-distance movement of infected wild suids. Thus, wild boar should be monitored for potential transboundary spread in forested and mountain regions and spillover of PTVs to domestic swine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykola P Sytiuk
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maxim V Bezymennyy
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ihor V Halka
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vitaliy V Uhovskyy
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Larysa M Muzykina
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Myles Lavalley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Serhiy A Nychyk
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vitaliy V Nedosekov
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Eric Bortz
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
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Page-Karjian A, Whitmore L, Stacy BA, Perrault JR, Farrell JA, Shaver DJ, Walker JS, Frandsen HR, Rantonen E, Harms CA, Norton TM, Innis C, Yetsko K, Duffy DJ. Fibropapillomatosis and Chelonid Alphaherpesvirus 5 Infection in Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles ( Lepidochelys kempii). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113076. [PMID: 34827808 PMCID: PMC8614476 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Kemp’s ridley sea turtle is an endangered species that is susceptible to a tumor disease called fibropapillomatosis (FP) and its associated virus, chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5). The goal of our study was to describe FP in Kemp’s ridley turtles, including estimated disease prevalence and pathologyg, and case demographics and outcomes, to better understand the risk posed by FP to Kemp’s ridley population recovery. During 2006–2020, we identified 22 cases of Kemp’s ridley turtles with FP, including 12 adult turtles, a reproductively valuable age class. Molecular diagnostics were used to identify ChHV5 DNA in blood (7.8%) and tumor (91.7%) samples collected from free-ranging Kemp’s ridley turtles. Genomic sequencing was conducted to identify ChHV5 variants in tumor samples collected from Kemp’s ridley turtles with FP. Along with case data, phylogenetic analysis of resultant sequences suggests increasing, spatiotemporal spread of ChHV5 infections and FP among Kemp’s ridley turtles in coastal areas, including the Gulf of Mexico and the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, where they share habitat with green sea turtles (in which FP is enzootic). This is concerning because FP has an uncertain pathogenesis, is potentially related to anthropogenic environmental degradation, and can cause suffering and/or death in severely afflicted turtles. Abstract Fibropapillomatosis (FP), a debilitating, infectious neoplastic disease, is rarely reported in endangered Kemp’s ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii). With this study, we describe FP and the associated chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) in Kemp’s ridley turtles encountered in the United States during 2006–2020. Analysis of 22 case reports of Kemp’s ridley turtles with FP revealed that while the disease was mild in most cases, 54.5% were adult turtles, a reproductively valuable age class whose survival is a priority for population recovery. Of 51 blood samples from tumor-free turtles and 12 tumor samples from turtles with FP, 7.8% and 91.7%, respectively, tested positive for ChHV5 DNA via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Viral genome shotgun sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of six tumor samples show that ChHV5 sequences in Kemp’s ridley turtles encountered in the Gulf of Mexico and northwestern Atlantic cluster with ChHV5 sequences identified in green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles from Hawaii, the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, and the Caribbean. Results suggest an interspecific, spatiotemporal spread of FP among Kemp’s ridley turtles in regions where the disease is enzootic. Although FP is currently uncommon in this species, it remains a health concern due to its uncertain pathogenesis and potential relationship with habitat degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Page-Karjian
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Liam Whitmore
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (L.W.); (J.A.F.); (K.Y.); (D.J.D.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brian A. Stacy
- National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | | | - Jessica A. Farrell
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (L.W.); (J.A.F.); (K.Y.); (D.J.D.)
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Donna J. Shaver
- Division of Sea Turtle Science and Recovery, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, TX 78480, USA; (D.J.S.); (J.S.W.); (H.R.F.)
| | - J. Shelby Walker
- Division of Sea Turtle Science and Recovery, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, TX 78480, USA; (D.J.S.); (J.S.W.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Hilary R. Frandsen
- Division of Sea Turtle Science and Recovery, Padre Island National Seashore, Corpus Christi, TX 78480, USA; (D.J.S.); (J.S.W.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Elina Rantonen
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA;
| | - Craig A. Harms
- Center for Marine Science & Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA;
| | | | | | - Kelsey Yetsko
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (L.W.); (J.A.F.); (K.Y.); (D.J.D.)
| | - David J. Duffy
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA; (L.W.); (J.A.F.); (K.Y.); (D.J.D.)
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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7
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Awosanya EJ, Olugasa BO, Gimba FI, Sabri MY, Ogundipe GA. Detection of African swine fever virus in pigs in Southwest Nigeria. Vet World 2021; 14:1840-1845. [PMID: 34475707 PMCID: PMC8404123 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1840-1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Nigeria experienced repeated outbreaks of African swine fever (ASF) in pig herds between 1997 and 2005 in the southwest region of the country. ASF is believed to currently be enzootic in this region. The status of enzootic transmission of ASF virus strain to pigs is; however, unknown. Twenty-three genotypes of the ASF virus based on the p72 gene are found across Africa. This study aimed to identify the current circulating field strain(s) of the ASF virus in Southwest Nigeria and characterized evolutionary trends. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA samples were extracted from 144 pooled blood samples obtained from 2012 to 2013 following the manufacturer's instructions. DNA was used for conventional polymerase chain reaction using primers targeting the p72 gene and amplified products sequenced with Sanger's sequencing. Sequences were analyzed for homology and phylogenetic relationships. RESULTS Eleven of 144 samples (7.6%) showed bands at 950 bp. A new field strain of ASF virus of genotype I that shared ancestry with ASF virus strains or isolates from Spain and Brazil was identified among pig herds. The new strain differs phylogenetically in amino acid composition compared with previously identified ASF virus field strains. CONCLUSION The currently circulating field strain of ASF virus suggests a mutation responsible for decreased morbidity and mortality recorded in sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Jolaoluwa Awosanya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Babasola Oluseyi Olugasa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fufa Ido Gimba
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusoff Sabri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gabriel Adetunji Ogundipe
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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8
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Jervis P, Pintanel P, Hopkins K, Wierzbicki C, Shelton JMG, Skelly E, Rosa GM, Almeida-Reinoso D, Eugenia-Ordoñez M, Ron S, Harrison X, Merino-Viteri A, Fisher MC. Post-epizootic microbiome associations across communities of neotropical amphibians. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1322-1335. [PMID: 33411382 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microbiome-pathogen interactions are increasingly recognized as an important element of host immunity. While these host-level interactions will have consequences for community disease dynamics, the factors which influence host microbiomes at larger scales are poorly understood. We here describe landscape-scale pathogen-microbiome associations within the context of post-epizootic amphibian chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by the panzootic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. We undertook a survey of Neotropical amphibians across altitudinal gradients in Ecuador ~30 years following the observed amphibian declines and collected skin swab-samples which were metabarcoded using both fungal (ITS-2) and bacterial (r16S) amplicons. The data revealed marked variation in patterns of both B. dendrobatidis infection and microbiome structure that are associated with host life history. Stream breeding amphibians were most likely to be infected with B. dendrobatidis. This increased probability of infection was further associated with increased abundance and diversity of non-Batrachochytrium chytrid fungi in the skin and environmental microbiome. We also show that increased alpha diversity and the relative abundance of fungi are lower in the skin microbiome of adult stream amphibians compared to adult pond-breeding amphibians, an association not seen for bacteria. Finally, stream tadpoles exhibit lower proportions of predicted protective microbial taxa than pond tadpoles, suggesting reduced biotic resistance. Our analyses show that host breeding ecology strongly shapes pathogen-microbiome associations at a landscape scale, a trait that may influence resilience in the face of emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Jervis
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK.,Department of Chemistry, UCL, London, UK.,Laboratorio de Ecofisiología and Museo de Zoología (QCAZ), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pol Pintanel
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología and Museo de Zoología (QCAZ), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Kevin Hopkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Wierzbicki
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M G Shelton
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Emily Skelly
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Gonçalo M Rosa
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK.,Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diego Almeida-Reinoso
- Museo de Zoologίa (QCAZ), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Catόlica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,SARgrillo: Ex situ Management Program of Endangered Amphibians and Insect Breeding program, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Maria Eugenia-Ordoñez
- Fungario QCAM, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Ron
- Museo de Zoologίa (QCAZ), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Catόlica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Xavier Harrison
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Andrés Merino-Viteri
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología and Museo de Zoología (QCAZ), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Matthew C Fisher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
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Azar SR, Campos RK, Bergren NA, Camargos VN, Rossi SL. Epidemic Alphaviruses: Ecology, Emergence and Outbreaks. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081167. [PMID: 32752150 PMCID: PMC7464724 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, the emergence/reemergence of arthropod-borne zoonotic agents has been a growing public health concern. In particular, agents from the genus Alphavirus pose a significant risk to both animal and human health. Human alphaviral disease presents with either arthritogenic or encephalitic manifestations and is associated with significant morbidity and/or mortality. Unfortunately, there are presently no vaccines or antiviral measures approved for human use. The present review examines the ecology, epidemiology, disease, past outbreaks, and potential to cause contemporary outbreaks for several alphavirus pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R. Azar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | - Rafael K. Campos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
| | | | - Vidyleison N. Camargos
- Host-Microorganism Interaction Lab, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA;
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +409-772-9033
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Mohammadi A, Sedaghat MM, Abai MR, Darvish J, Mobedi I, Mahmoudi A, Mostafavi E. Wild Rodents and Their Ectoparasites in an Enzootic Plague Focus, Western Iran. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:334-347. [PMID: 32077816 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Entomological surveys of ectoparasites and their hosts are an essential tool for assessing the risks of rodent-borne diseases transmitted to humans by arthropod vectors. Objectives: This study was carried out to update the epidemiological data of plague with respect to species compositions of the rodents and their ectoparasites at enzootic foci located in Kurdistan Province, Iran. Methods: The rodents' habitats were selected based on past records of plague and subclimates in each study district with especial attention to the vegetation type. The trapped rodents were anesthetized using a chloroform chamber, and the animals were then examined for ectoparasites by brushing their hair over a pan containing water. The ectoparasites were collected with a fine brush and preserved in 70% ethanol in screw cap tubes. Results: A total of 208 rodents were trapped from three districts. Taxonomic ranking of the rodents indicated that the specimens belonged to 2 suborders of Myomorpha and Sciuromorpha, 4 families (Muridae, Muscardinidae, Cricetidae, and Sciuridae), 7 genera, including Meriones, Apodemus, Mus, Sciurus, Microtus, and Dryomys, and 15 species. Out of 208 rodents, only 56 (26.9%) were infested with 22 species of ectoparasites. Totally, 312 ectoparasites were isolated from 56 rodents, including 12 flea species (54.5%), 6 mite species (27.3%), 3 tick species (13.6%), and one louse species (4.6%). Five species of fleas were recorded for the first time in Kurdistan Province, including Ctenophthalmus iranus persicus, Paraceras melis melis, Nosopsyllus iranus iranus, Paraceras sp., and Ctenophyllus spp. Conclusion: The finding revealed new records for rodents and ectoparasites in Kurdistan Province, as well as changes in dominant rodent species and their ectoparasites compared to previous studies. This phenomenon can influence the changes in the incidence of plague and its epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Darvish
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Iraj Mobedi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mahmoudi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Avery PB, Kumar V, Skvarch EA, Mannion CM, Powell CA, McKenzie CL, Osborne LS. An Ecological Assessment of Isaria fumosorosea Applications Compared to a Neonicotinoid Treatment for Regulating Invasive Ficus Whitefly. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:E36. [PMID: 31060257 DOI: 10.3390/jof5020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A pilot study was conducted on a weeping fig, Ficus benjamina shrub hedge in a Florida urban landscape to determine the efficacy of a fungal biopesticide, PFR-97™ which contains blastospores of Isaria fumosorosea, and a neonicotinoid treatment (Admire Pro™) applied against the invasive ficus whitefly pest, Singhiella simplex (Singh). Post treatment, an ecological assessment of the study was conducted by observing the impact of the fungal biopesticide and neonicotinoid treatment on natural enemies, e.g., predators, parasitoids and enzootic fungal pathogens occurring in the whitefly-infested hedge. Both treatments provided a significant reduction in the whitefly population compared to control and were compatible with the natural enemies present. Various natural enemies including fungal entomopathogens were identified associated with the whitefly population infesting the weeping fig hedge. The parasitoids, Encarsia protransvena Viggiani and Amitus bennetti Viggiani & Evans combined parasitized a similar mean number of whitefly nymphs in both treatments and control; however, the number parasitized decreased over time. Natural enzootic fungi isolated from the ficus whitefly nymphs were I. fumosorosea, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Lecanicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium species. Results from this pilot study suggest there is much potential for using repeated applications of the fungal biopesticide, PFR-97™ as a foliar spray compared to a neonicitionid as a soil drench for managing S. simplex on Ficus species for ≥28 days.
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12
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Abstract
Plague (caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis) is a deadly flea-borne disease that remains a threat to public health nearly worldwide and is particularly disruptive ecologically where it has been introduced. We review hypotheses regarding maintenance and transmission of Y. pestis, emphasizing recent data from North America supporting maintenance by persistent transmission that results in sustained non-epizootic (but variable) rates of mortality in hosts. This maintenance mechanism may facilitate periodic epizootic eruptions "in place" because the need for repeated reinvasion from disjunct sources is eliminated. Resulting explosive outbreaks that spread rapidly in time and space are likely enhanced by synergistic positive feedback (PFB) cycles involving flea vectors, hosts, and the plague bacterium itself. Although PFB has been implied in plague literature for at least 50 years, we propose this mechanism, particularly with regard to flea responses, as central to epizootic plague rather than a phenomenon worthy of just peripheral mention. We also present new data on increases in flea:host ratios resulting from recreational shooting and poisoning as possible triggers for the transition from enzootic maintenance to PFB cycles and epizootic explosions. Although plague outbreaks have received much historic attention, PFB cycles that result in decimation of host populations lead to speculation that epizootic eruptions might not be part of the adaptive evolutionary strategy of Y. pestis but might instead be a tolerated intermittent cost of its modus operandi. We also speculate that there may be mammal communities where epizootics, as we define them, are rare or absent. Absence of plague epizootics might translate into reduced public health risk but does not necessarily equate to inconsequential ecologic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean E. Biggins
- United States Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - David A. Eads
- United States Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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13
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DiRenzo GV, Zipkin EF, Grant EHC, Royle JA, Longo AV, Zamudio KR, Lips KR. Eco-evolutionary rescue promotes host-pathogen coexistence. Ecol Appl 2018; 28:1948-1962. [PMID: 30368999 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious pathogens are responsible for some of the most severe host mass mortality events in wild populations. Yet, effective pathogen control strategies are notoriously difficult to identify, in part because quantifying and forecasting pathogen spread and disease dynamics is challenging. Following an outbreak, hosts must cope with the presence of the pathogen, leading to host-pathogen coexistence or extirpation. Despite decades of research, little is known about host-pathogen coexistence post-outbreak when low host abundances and cryptic species make these interactions difficult to study. Using a novel disease-structured N-mixture model, we evaluate empirical support for three host-pathogen coexistence hypotheses (source-sink, eco-evolutionary rescue, and spatial variation in pathogen transmission) in a Neotropical amphibian community decimated by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in 2004. During 2010-2014, we surveyed amphibians in Parque Nacional G. D. Omar Torríjos Herrera, Coclé Province, El Copé, Panama. We found that the primary driver of host-pathogen coexistence was eco-evolutionary rescue, as evidenced by similar amphibian survival and recruitment rates between infected and uninfected hosts. Average apparent monthly survival rates of uninfected and infected hosts were both close to 96%, and the expected number of uninfected and infected hosts recruited (via immigration/reproduction) was less than one host per disease state per 20-m site. The secondary driver of host-pathogen coexistence was spatial variation in pathogen transmission as we found that transmission was highest in areas of low abundance but there was no support for the source-sink hypothesis. Our results indicate that changes in the host community (i.e., through genetic or species composition) can reduce the impacts of emerging infectious disease post-outbreak. Our disease-structured N-mixture model represents a valuable advancement for conservation managers trying to understand underlying host-pathogen interactions and provides new opportunities to study disease dynamics in remnant host populations decimated by virulent pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella V DiRenzo
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20744, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Elise F Zipkin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Evan H Campbell Grant
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, SO Conte Anadromous Fish Research Lab, Turners Falls, Massachusetts, 01376, USA
| | - J Andrew Royle
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, 20708-4017, USA
| | - Ana V Longo
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20744, USA
| | - Kelly R Zamudio
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14583, USA
| | - Karen R Lips
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20744, USA
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14
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Abstract
Infectious diseases have serious impacts on human and wildlife populations, but the effects of a disease can vary, even among individuals or populations of the same host species. Identifying the reasons for this variation is key to understanding disease dynamics and mitigating infectious disease impacts, but disentangling cause and correlation during natural outbreaks is extremely challenging. This study aims to understand associations between symbiotic bacterial communities and an infectious disease, and examines multiple host populations before or after pathogen invasion to infer likely causal links. The results show that symbiotic bacteria are linked to fundamentally different outcomes of pathogen infection: host-pathogen coexistence (endemic infection) or host population extirpation (epidemic infection). Diversity and composition of skin-associated bacteria differed between populations of the frog, Rana sierrae, that coexist with or were extirpated by the fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Data from multiple populations sampled before or after pathogen invasion were used to infer cause and effect in the relationship between the fungal pathogen and symbiotic bacteria. Among host populations, variation in the composition of the skin microbiome was most strongly predicted by pathogen infection severity, even in analyses where the outcome of infection did not vary. This result suggests that pathogen infection shapes variation in the skin microbiome across host populations that coexist with or are driven to extirpation by the pathogen. By contrast, microbiome richness was largely unaffected by pathogen infection intensity, but was strongly predicted by geographical region of the host population, indicating the importance of environmental or host genetic factors in shaping microbiome richness. Thus, while both richness and composition of the microbiome differed between endemic and epidemic host populations, the underlying causes are most likely different: pathogen infection appears to shape microbiome composition, while microbiome richness was less sensitive to pathogen-induced disturbance. Because higher richness was correlated with host persistence in the presence of Bd, and richness appeared relatively stable to Bd infection, microbiome richness may contribute to disease resistance, although the latter remains to be directly tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Jani
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Roland A Knapp
- Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory, University of California, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546, USA
| | - Cheryl J Briggs
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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15
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Zhang SL, Yu SJ, Luan FG, Pu SC, Chen X, Li ZZ. [Population genetic structure of Isaria cicadae causing enzootic of cicadas nymphs]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2017; 28:1679-1686. [PMID: 29745207 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201705.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The population genetic structure of Isaria cicadae, which caused enzootic of cicadas nymphs in three regions, was analyzed by ISSR marker. The results showed that all three enzootic populations showed high genetic diversity with the highest in the Jingtingshan population and the lowest in the Shitai population. The UPGMA clustering analysis revealed that different enzootic populations did not have a predominant lineage but were polyphyletic and heterogeneous. Genetic lineages had nothing to do with geographical origin. However, two subpopulations of Jingtingshan from different sampling periods were gathered into different clades, which exhibited remarkable temporal heterogeneity. The genetic differentiation (Gst) among populations (subpopulations) was 0.2153 and the gene flow was low at 0.9110 (Nm<1), which indicated the low gene flow was one of the main reasons for the genetic variation in the population. Therefore, high heterogeneity and low dominance might be genetic structure characteristics of I. cicadae population causing enzootic of cicada nymphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li Zhang
- Institute of Biological Engineering, Bozhou College, Bozhou 236800, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shi Jun Yu
- Chuzhou College, Chuzhou 239000, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Gang Luan
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shun Chang Pu
- Institute of Biological Engineering, Bozhou College, Bozhou 236800, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zeng Zhi Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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16
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Elias SP, Keenan P, Kenney JL, Morris SR, Covino KM, Robinson S, Foss KA, Rand PW, Lubelczyk C, Lacombe EH, Mutebi JP, Evers D, Smith RP. Seasonal Patterns in Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Antibody in Songbirds in Southern Maine. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:325-330. [PMID: 28287934 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intent of this study was to assess passerine eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEv) seroprevalence during the breeding season in southern Maine by testing songbird species identified in the literature as amplifying hosts of this virus. In 2013 and 2014, we collected serum samples from songbirds at a mainland site and an offshore island migratory stopover site, and screened samples for EEEv antibodies using plaque reduction neutralization tests. We compared seasonal changes in EEEv antibody seroprevalence in young (hatched in year of capture) and adult birds at the mainland site, and also compared early season seroprevalence in mainland versus offshore adult birds. EEEv seroprevalence did not differ significantly between years at either site. During the early season (May), EEEv antibody seroprevalence was substantially lower (9.6%) in the island migrant adults than in mainland adults (42.9%), 2013-2014. On the mainland, EEEv antibody seroprevalence in young birds increased from 12.9% in midseason (June-August) to 45.6% in late season (September/October), 2013-2014. Seroprevalence in adult birds did not differ between seasons (48.8% vs. 53.3%). EEEv activity in Maine has increased in the past decade as measured by increased virus detection in mosquitoes and veterinary cases. High EEEv seroprevalence in young birds-as compared to that of young birds in other studies-corresponded with two consecutive active EEEv years in Maine. We suggest that young, locally hatched songbirds be sampled as a part of long-term EEEv surveillance, and provide a list of suggested species to sample, including EEEv "superspreaders."
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Elias
- 1 Vector-Borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute , Scarborough, Maine
| | | | - Joan L Kenney
- 3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Sara R Morris
- 4 Department of Biology, Canisius College , Buffalo, New York.,5 Shoals Marine Laboratory , Portsmouth, New Hampshire
| | - Kristen M Covino
- 4 Department of Biology, Canisius College , Buffalo, New York.,5 Shoals Marine Laboratory , Portsmouth, New Hampshire.,6 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg, Mississippi
| | - Sara Robinson
- 7 Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Augusta, Maine
| | | | - Peter W Rand
- 1 Vector-Borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute , Scarborough, Maine
| | - Charles Lubelczyk
- 1 Vector-Borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute , Scarborough, Maine
| | - Eleanor H Lacombe
- 1 Vector-Borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute , Scarborough, Maine
| | - John-Paul Mutebi
- 3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - David Evers
- 2 Biodiversity Research Institute , Portland, Maine
| | - Robert P Smith
- 1 Vector-Borne Disease Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute , Scarborough, Maine
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Hesson JC, Verner-Carlsson J, Larsson A, Ahmed R, Lundkvist Å, Lundström JO. Culex torrentium Mosquito Role as Major Enzootic Vector Defined by Rate of Sindbis Virus Infection, Sweden, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:875-8. [PMID: 25898013 PMCID: PMC4412225 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated Sindbis virus (SINV) from the enzootic mosquito vectors Culex torrentium, Cx. pipiens, and Culiseta morsitans collected in an area of Sweden where SINV disease is endemic. The infection rate in Cx. torrentium mosquitoes was exceptionally high (36 infections/1,000 mosquitoes), defining Cx. torrentium as the main enzootic vector of SINV in Scandinavia.
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GRAHAM CHRISTINEB, WOODS MICHAELE, VETTER SARAM, PETERSEN JEANNINEM, MONTENIERI JOHNA, HOLMES JENNIFERL, MAES SARAHE, BEARDEN SCOTTW, GAGE KENNETHL, EISEN REBECCAJ. Evaluation of the effect of host immune status on short-term Yersinia pestis infection in fleas with implications for the enzootic host model for maintenance of Y. pestis during interepizootic periods. J Med Entomol 2014; 51:1079-1086. [PMID: 25276941 PMCID: PMC4636331 DOI: 10.1603/me14080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plague, a primarily flea-borne disease caused by Yersinia pestis, is characterized by rapidly spreading epizootics separated by periods of quiescence. Little is known about how and where Y. pestis persists between epizootics. It is commonly proposed, however, that Y pestis is maintained during interepizootic periods in enzootic cycles involving flea vectors and relatively resistant host populations. According to this model, while susceptible individuals serve as infectious sources for feeding fleas and subsequently die of infection, resistant hosts survive infection, develop antibodies to the plague bacterium, and continue to provide bloodmeals to infected fleas. For Y. pestis to persist under this scenario, fleas must remain infected after feeding on hosts carrying antibodies to Y. pestis. Studies of other vector-borne pathogens suggest that host immunity may negatively impact pathogen survival in the vector. Here, we report infection rates and bacterial loads for fleas (both Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild) and Oropsylla montana (Baker)) that consumed an infectious bloodmeal and subsequently fed on an immunized or age-matched naive mouse. We demonstrate that neither the proportion of infected fleas nor the bacterial loads in infected fleas were significantly lower within 3 d of feeding on immunized versus naive mice. Our findings thus provide support for one assumption underlying the enzootic host model of interepizootic maintenance of Y. pestis.
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Abstract
Contrary to earlier established opinion that tumors in monkeys are found rarely, now the large material confirms that monkey tumors are frequent phenomenon. Tumor incidence clearly increases with age. Frequencies of benign and malignant tumors of various locations and histogenesis are slightly different. Tumors of hematopoietic system are the most frequent. Sporadic cases and enzootic outbreaks of lymphomas are described for different kinds of monkeys, including apes, and probably are caused by viruses. Two viruses were isolated by us from sick monkeys - the retrovirus C-type STLV-1 and the herpes virus papio HVP. Inoculation of virus cultures into monkeys and rabbits induces neoplasms. Monkey neoplasms can be induced by exposure to various chemical agents, and by oncogenic and non-oncogenic viruses. There is no strict species specificity of tumor viruses. The role of polyoma viruses in neoplasms etiology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Lapin
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology RAMS, Sochi-Adler, Russia
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20
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Forster P. Ten years on: generating innovative responses to avian influenza. Ecohealth 2013; 11:15-21. [PMID: 24337506 PMCID: PMC7087817 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-013-0887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Since 2006, the number of recorded H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks has declined globally, but at mid-2012 the disease was enzootic in six countries in Asia and Africa, and sporadic outbreaks continue over a wide area. It is now accepted that it will take decades to eliminate the H5N1 virus in poultry and 'unconventional' response approaches have been called for. Drawing on increased understandings of the epizoosis over the last 10 years, this paper investigates what conditions are required if such innovative approaches are to be generated. It argues that addressing the spread and persistence of avian influenza is primarily a political matter, and if approaches appropriate for enzooticity are to be devised, the social, political, and economic dynamics of the disease and responses to it need to be identified and prioritised. A dominant response strategy focused on outbreak events, containment and eradication has obscured these important dynamics. If innovative 'unconventional' responses are to be generated, a wider range of perspectives and expertise needs to be engaged. This will result in political processes of negotiation, which the technically led, development-orientated institutions directing and funding the global response are ill-equipped to facilitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Forster
- , 174 Battersea Park Road, London, SW11 4ND, UK,
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21
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Blackburn JK, Goodin DG. Differentiation of springtime vegetation indices associated with summer anthrax epizootics in west Texas, USA, deer. J Wildl Dis 2013; 49:699-703. [PMID: 23778625 DOI: 10.7589/2012-10-253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax outbreaks in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, are frequent in west Texas, USA, particularly across the Edwards Plateau. However, the outbreak severity varies among years. We summarize the outbreak history in white-tailed deer at a ranch north of Del Rio, Texas, from 2001 to 2010 and compare mortality rates to remotely sensed vegetation indices derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data. It has long been posited that the occurrence of mid- to high-latitude epizootics is associated with hot, dry summer conditions preceded by a wet spring, with cases occurring after summer rain events. Here we employed vegetation green-up indices as a proxy for such environmental conditions. Annual trajectories of vegetation indices identified a clear pattern of early green springs with dry summers in severe outbreak years. In contrast, later, less intense spring green-up with greener summers were associated with enzootic mortality years, when few cases occurred. There was a statistically significant difference in the annual timing and intensity of spring green-up from vegetation indices for epizootic and enzootic years. Years with epizootics have early, intense spring conditions, whereas enzootic years have low-intensity green-up. These results suggest that early green-up signatures may be useful in identifying epizootic climatic conditions ahead of the summer anthrax period. Such analyses are required to ultimately develop an early warning system for wildlife managers and veterinary public health officials.
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