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Helman SL, Zhou J, Fuqua BK, Lu Y, Collins JF, Chen H, Vulpe CD, Anderson GJ, Frazer DM. The biology of mammalian multi-copper ferroxidases. Biometals 2023; 36:263-281. [PMID: 35167013 PMCID: PMC9376197 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian multicopper ferroxidases (MCFs) ceruloplasmin (CP), hephaestin (HEPH) and zyklopen (ZP) comprise a family of conserved enzymes that are essential for body iron homeostasis. Each of these enzymes contains six biosynthetically incorporated copper atoms which act as intermediate electron acceptors, and the oxidation of iron is associated with the four electron reduction of dioxygen to generate two water molecules. CP occurs in both a secreted and GPI-linked (membrane-bound) form, while HEPH and ZP each contain a single C-terminal transmembrane domain. These enzymes function to ensure the efficient oxidation of iron so that it can be effectively released from tissues via the iron export protein ferroportin and subsequently bound to the iron carrier protein transferrin in the blood. CP is particularly important in facilitating iron release from the liver and central nervous system, HEPH is the major MCF in the small intestine and is critical for dietary iron absorption, and ZP is important for normal hair development. CP and HEPH (and possibly ZP) function in multiple tissues. These proteins also play other (non-iron-related) physiological roles, but many of these are ill-defined. In addition to disrupting iron homeostasis, MCF dysfunction perturbs neurological and immune function, alters cancer susceptibility, and causes hair loss, but, despite their importance, how MCFs co-ordinately maintain body iron homeostasis and perform other functions remains incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan L Helman
- Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
| | - Brie K Fuqua
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yan Lu
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
- Mucosal Immunology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James F Collins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
| | - Huijun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Christopher D Vulpe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
| | - Gregory J Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - David M Frazer
- Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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2
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Sokolov AV, Isakova-Sivak IN, Mezhenskaya DA, Kostevich VA, Gorbunov NP, Elizarova AY, Matyushenko VA, Berson YM, Grudinina NA, Kolmakov NN, Zabrodskaya YA, Komlev AS, Semak IV, Budevich AI, Rudenko LG, Vasilyev VB. Molecular mimicry of the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: from the interaction of spike-specific antibodies with transferrin and lactoferrin to the antiviral effects of human recombinant lactoferrin. Biometals 2022; 36:437-462. [PMID: 36334191 PMCID: PMC9638208 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection involves dysregulations of iron metabolism, and although the mechanism of this pathology is not yet fully understood, correction of iron metabolism pathways seems a promising pharmacological target. The previously observed effect of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection by ferristatin II, an inducer of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) degradation, prompted the study of competition between Spike protein and TfR1 ligands, especially lactoferrin (Lf) and transferrin (Tf). We hypothesized molecular mimicry of Spike protein as cross-reactivity of Spike-specific antibodies with Tf and Lf. Thus, strong positive correlations (R2 > 0.95) were found between the level of Spike-specific IgG antibodies present in serum samples of COVID-19-recovered and Sputnik V-vaccinated individuals and their Tf-binding activity assayed with peroxidase-labeled anti-Tf. In addition, we observed cross-reactivity of Lf-specific murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) towards the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. On the other hand, the interaction of mAbs produced to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the Spike protein with recombinant RBD protein was disrupted by Tf, Lf, soluble TfR1, anti-TfR1 aptamer, as well as by peptides RGD and GHAIYPRH. Furthermore, direct interaction of RBD protein with Lf, but not Tf, was observed, with affinity of binding estimated by KD to be 23 nM and 16 nM for apo-Lf and holo-Lf, respectively. Treatment of Vero E6 cells with apo-Lf and holo-Lf (1–4 mg/mL) significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication of both Wuhan and Delta lineages. Protective effects of Lf on different arms of SARS-CoV-2-induced pathogenesis and possible consequences of cross-reactivity of Spike-specific antibodies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sokolov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.
| | - I N Isakova-Sivak
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - D A Mezhenskaya
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - V A Kostevich
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - N P Gorbunov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - A Yu Elizarova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - V A Matyushenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Yu M Berson
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - N A Grudinina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - N N Kolmakov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Y A Zabrodskaya
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, Prof. Popova Str. 15/17, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.,Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Ulitsa Polytechnicheskaya, 194064, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A S Komlev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - I V Semak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Belarusian State University, Nezavisimisty Ave. 4, 220030, Minsk, Belarus
| | - A I Budevich
- Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Animal Breeding, 11 Frunze Str., 222160, Zhodino, Belarus
| | - L G Rudenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - V B Vasilyev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academica Pavlova Str. 12, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
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3
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Sakajiri T, Nakatsuji M, Teraoka Y, Furuta K, Ikuta K, Shibusa K, Sugano E, Tomita H, Inui T, Yamamura T. Zinc mediates the interaction between ceruloplasmin and apo-transferrin for the efficient transfer of Fe(III) ions. Metallomics 2021; 13:6427378. [PMID: 34791391 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Fe(II) exported from cells is oxidized to Fe(III), possibly by a multi-copper ferroxidase (MCF) such as ceruloplasmin (CP), to efficiently bind with the plasma iron transport protein transferrin (TF). As unbound Fe(III) is highly insoluble and reactive, its release into the blood during the transfer from MCF to TF must be prevented. A likely mechanism for preventing the release of unbound Fe(III) is via direct interaction between MCF and TF; however, the occurrence of this phenomenon remains controversial. This study aimed to reveal the interaction between these proteins, possibly mediated by zinc. Using spectrophotometric, isothermal titration calorimetric, and surface plasmon resonance methods, we found that Zn(II)-bound CP bound to iron-free TF (apo-TF) with a Kd of 4.2 μM and a stoichiometry CP:TF of ∼2:1. Computational modeling of the complex between CP and apo-TF predicted that each of the three Zn(II) ions that bind to CP further binds to acidic amino acid residues of apo-TF to play a role as a cross-linker connecting both proteins. Domain 4 of one CP molecule and domain 6 of the other CP molecule fit tightly into the clefts in the N- and C-lobes of apo-TF, respectively. Upon the binding of two Fe(III) ions to apo-TF, the resulting diferric TF [Fe(III)2TF] dissociated from CP by conformational changes in TF. In human blood plasma, zinc deficiency reduced the production of Fe(III)2TF and concomitantly increased the production of non-TF-bound iron. Our findings suggest that zinc may be involved in the transfer of iron between CP and TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Sakajiri
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.,Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, the University of Morioka, 808 Sunakomi, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0694, Japan.,Qualtec Co. Ltd., 4-230 Sambo-cho, Sakai, Osaka 590-0906, Japan.,Department of Nutrition, Kyushu Nutrition Welfare University, 5-1-1 Shimoitozu, Kitakyushu Kokurakita-ku, Fukuoka 803-0846, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakatsuji
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Teraoka
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kosuke Furuta
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ikuta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.,Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido Blood Center, 2-1 Nijuyonken, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 063-0802, Japan
| | - Kotoe Shibusa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.,Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd., 2-1 Shinkawa Nishi, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0932, Japan
| | - Eriko Sugano
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Inui
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamamura
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.,Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, the University of Morioka, 808 Sunakomi, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0694, Japan
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4
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Looking for a partner: ceruloplasmin in protein-protein interactions. Biometals 2019; 32:195-210. [PMID: 30895493 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (CP) is a mammalian blood plasma ferroxidase. More than 95% of the copper found in plasma is carried by this protein, which is a member of the multicopper oxidase family. Proteins from this group are able to oxidize substrates through the transfer of four electrons to oxygen. The essential role of CP in iron metabolism in humans is particularly evident in the case of loss-of-function mutations in the CP gene resulting in a neurodegenerative syndrome known as aceruloplasminaemia. However, the functions of CP are not limited to the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron, which allows loading of the ferric iron into transferrin and prevents the deleterious reactions of Fenton chemistry. In recent years, a number of novel CP functions have been reported, and many of these functions depend on the ability of CP to form stable complexes with a number of proteins.
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5
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Skarżyńska E, Zborowska H, Jakimiuk AJ, Karlińska M, Lisowska-Myjak B. Variations in serum concentrations of C-reactive protein, ceruloplasmin, lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase and their interactions during normal human pregnancy and postpartum period. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 46:83-87. [PMID: 29413114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum proteins may provide information about homeostasis of redox status and inflammatory processes also during pregnancy. The aim of the study was to assess the dynamics of changes in serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), ceruloplasmin (CP), lactoferrin (LF) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and their interactions during normal pregnancy and the postpartum period. METHODS The concentrations of proteins were measured in serum (n=113) from pregnant in consecutive trimesters and in postpartum period (n=28) and in non-pregnant women (n=17), using immunoturbidimetric assays (CRP, CP) and ELISA Kits (LF, MPO). RESULTS The concentrations [mg/dl] CP and CRP (mean±SD respectively): second trimester (43.1±6.2; 0.49±0.57), third trimester (44.5±5.8; 0.41±0.37), postpartum (42.39±6.4; 4.15±3.6) were higher than in the first trimester (33.0.5±8.7; 0.31±0.36) or non-pregnant women (24.12±7.4; 0.12±0.13). The increases in concentrations of CP and CRP between the first and the second trimesters were by approximately 35% and 50% respectively and the correlation coefficients in the first trimester and in non-pregnant women were twice higher than in the second trimester and the postpartum period. The concentrations [μg/ml] LF and MPO were no significant differences (mean±SD respectively): first (6.19±4.54; 0.17±0.12), second (5.68±4.4; 0.14±0.08), third (6.34±6.98; 0.17±0.14), the postpartum (4.86±3.64; 0.25±0.4), and non-pregnant (3.9±2.56; 3.2; 0.14±0.05). However, significant correlations were established (p<0.05) between MPO and LF in all groups and between the following ratios CRP/LF vs CP/MPO and CRP/MPO vs CP/LF. CONCLUSIONS The concentrations of proteins synthesized by the liver (CP, CRP) dynamically increase during consecutive trimesters of pregnancy unlike neutrophil-derived proteins (LF, MPO). Statistically significant correlations between the proportions of the serum proteins may suggest their combined role for the maintenance of homeostasis during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Skarżyńska
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Hanna Zborowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur J Jakimiuk
- Institute of Mother and Child Reproductive Health Department, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Karlińska
- Department of Medical Informatics and Telemedicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lisowska-Myjak
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Cutone A, Polticelli F, Rosa L, Lepanto MS, Valenti P, Musci G. The ferroportin-ceruloplasmin system and the mammalian iron homeostasis machine: regulatory pathways and the role of lactoferrin. Biometals 2018; 31:399-414. [PMID: 29453656 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, several new genes and proteins involved in iron metabolism in eukaryotes, particularly related to pathological states both in animal models and in humans have been identified, and we are now starting to unveil at the molecular level the mechanisms of iron absorption, the regulation of iron transport and the homeostatic balancing processes. In this review, we will briefly outline the general scheme of iron metabolism in humans and then focus our attention on the cellular iron export system formed by the permease ferroportin and the ferroxidase ceruloplasmin. We will finally summarize data on the role of the iron binding protein lactoferrin on the regulation of the ferroportin/ceruloplasmin couple and of other proteins involved in iron homeostasis in inflamed human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, IS, Italy
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.,National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre Section, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, IS, Italy.
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Sokolov AV, Voynova IV, Kostevich VA, Vlasenko AY, Zakharova ET, Vasilyev VB. Comparison of interaction between ceruloplasmin and lactoferrin/transferrin: to bind or not to bind. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:1073-1078. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Skarżyńska E, Żytyńska-Daniluk J, Lisowska-Myjak B. Correlations between ceruloplasmin, lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase in meconium. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 43:58-62. [PMID: 27903408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Oxidative stress and the generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species has a known significant impact on intrauterine fetal growth and the risk of metabolic diseases in adulthood. Compounds accumulated in fetal meconium may be a source of information about the oxidoreductive status during the intrauterine development. Three metal-containing proteins ceruloplasmin (CP), lactoferrin (LF) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) constitute the complementary panel modulating oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations of these proteins and their correlations in meconium from healthy neonates. METHODS The CP, LF and MPO concentrations were determined using ELISA Kits. All serial meconium portions (n=80) were collected from healthy full-term neonates (n=19). RESULTS The mean±SD concentrations [μg/g] in meconium samples were as follows: CP 312.4±229.7 (range 52.2-1076), LF 45.6±78.9 (range 1.7-511.4), MPO 1.8±1.7 (range 0.02-8.8) with statistically significant correlations between CP vs. LF (R=0.459, p=0.00009) and LF vs. MPO (R=0.354, p=0.0013). A statistically significant increase in the concentrations (p<0.05) between the first and the last meconium portions was found for LF (p=0.027) and for MPO (p=0.0006). CONCLUSIONS Strong correlations between the meconium concentrations of CP, LF and MPO indicate a possible role of these complementary proteins in maintaining homeostasis of the intrauterine environment of the fetus. CP, LF and MPO measured in meconium may serve as biomarkers for assessment of impairment of oxidative balance during intrauterine life with its potential impact on disease development in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Skarżyńska
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Żytyńska-Daniluk
- Clinical Department of Obstetrics, Female Diseases and Gynaecological Oncology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lisowska-Myjak
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Giełdoń A, Witt MM, Gajewicz A, Puzyn T. Rapid insight into C60 influence on biological functions of proteins. Struct Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-0957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Sokolov AV, Zakharova ET, Zakahrova ET, Kostevich VA, Samygina VR, Vasilyev VB. Lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, and ceruloplasmin: complementary gearwheels cranking physiological and pathological processes. Biometals 2014; 27:815-28. [PMID: 24966132 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Copper-containing plasma protein ceruloplasmin (Cp) forms a complex with lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding protein, and with the heme-containing myeloperoxidase (Mpo). In case of inflammation, Lf and Mpo are secreted from neutrophil granules. Among the plasma proteins, Cp seems to be the preferential partner of Lf and Mpo. After an intraperitoneal injection of Lf to rodents, the "Cp-Lf" complex has been shown to appear in their bloodstream. Cp prevents the interaction of Lf with protoplasts of Micrococcus luteus. Upon immunoprecipitation of Cp, the blood plasma becomes depleted of Lf and in a dose-dependent manner loses the capacity to inhibit the peroxidase activity of Mpo, but not the Mpo-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate in the (pseudo)halogenating cycle. Antimicrobial effect against E. coli displayed by a synergistic system that includes Lf and Mpo-H2O2-chloride, but not thiocyanate, as the substrate for Mpo is abrogated when Cp is added. Hence, Cp can be regarded as an anti-inflammatory factor that restrains the halogenating cycle and redirects the synergistic system Mpo-H2O2-chloride/thiocyanate to production of hypothiocyanate, which is relatively harmless for the human organism. Structure and functions of the "2Cp-2Lf-Mpo" complex and binary complexes Cp-Lf and 2Cp-Mpo in inflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Sokolov
- N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Pavlov Street 12, Saint Petersburg, 197376, Russia,
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11
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Samygina VR, Sokolov AV, Bourenkov G, Petoukhov MV, Pulina MO, Zakharova ET, Vasilyev VB, Bartunik H, Svergun DI. Ceruloplasmin: macromolecular assemblies with iron-containing acute phase proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67145. [PMID: 23843990 PMCID: PMC3700992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-containing ferroxidase ceruloplasmin (Cp) forms binary and ternary complexes with cationic proteins lactoferrin (Lf) and myeloperoxidase (Mpo) during inflammation. We present an X-ray crystal structure of a 2Cp-Mpo complex at 4.7 Å resolution. This structure allows one to identify major protein-protein interaction areas and provides an explanation for a competitive inhibition of Mpo by Cp and for the activation of p-phenylenediamine oxidation by Mpo. Small angle X-ray scattering was employed to construct low-resolution models of the Cp-Lf complex and, for the first time, of the ternary 2Cp-2Lf-Mpo complex in solution. The SAXS-based model of Cp-Lf supports the predicted 1:1 stoichiometry of the complex and demonstrates that both lobes of Lf contact domains 1 and 6 of Cp. The 2Cp-2Lf-Mpo SAXS model reveals the absence of interaction between Mpo and Lf in the ternary complex, so Cp can serve as a mediator of protein interactions in complex architecture. Mpo protects antioxidant properties of Cp by isolating its sensitive loop from proteases. The latter is important for incorporation of Fe(3+) into Lf, which activates ferroxidase activity of Cp and precludes oxidation of Cp substrates. Our models provide the structural basis for possible regulatory role of these complexes in preventing iron-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya R. Samygina
- Institute of Crystallography RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Structural Biology Unit, CICbioGUNE, Derio, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Maria O. Pulina
- Institute of Experimental Medicine NWB RAMS, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Hans Bartunik
- Research Unit for Structural Molecular Biology, Max-Planck Institute, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Sokolov AV, Solovyov KV, Kostevich VA, Chekanov AV, Pulina MO, Zakharova ET, Shavlovski MM, Panasenko OM, Vasilyev VB. Protection of ceruloplasmin by lactoferrin against hydroxyl radicals is pH dependent1This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lactoferrin and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:397-404. [DOI: 10.1139/o2012-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Destruction of ceruloplasmin (Cp) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide is accompanied by the release of the protein’s copper ions that provoke formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH˙) and, consequently, further degradation of the protein. Under such conditions, degradation of Cp is hampered by a number of substances able to bind copper ions. Lactoferrin (Lf) is the most active protector of Cp, its protective effect depending on the pH of the medium. The best protection of Cp by Lf was detected at pH 7.4. In an acidic buffer (pH 5.5), Lf did not affect the destruction of Cp. The pH-dependent efficiency of copper binding by Lf is in good agreement with its capacity to protect Cp against degradation provoked by hydrogen peroxide. It seems likely that peroxide-dependent degradation of Cp stimulated by its own copper ions is a part of neutrophil-induced antimicrobial reactions and may take place properly at the foci of inflammation. Interaction of Lf with Cp may regulate the generation of OH˙ from hydrogen peroxide in the foci of inflammation and protect the adjacent tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Sokolov
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
- Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya str, 1a, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Kirill V. Solovyov
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
| | - Valeria A. Kostevich
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
- Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya str, 1a, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Chekanov
- Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya str, 1a, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Maria O. Pulina
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
| | - Elena T. Zakharova
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
| | - Mikhail M. Shavlovski
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
| | - Oleg M. Panasenko
- Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya str, 1a, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Vadim B. Vasilyev
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
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The transfer of iron between ceruloplasmin and transferrins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:411-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lambert LA. Molecular evolution of the transferrin family and associated receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:244-55. [PMID: 21693173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vertebrates, serum transferrins are essential iron transporters that have bind and release Fe(III) in response to receptor binding and changes in pH. Some family members such as lactoferrin and melanotransferrin can also bind iron while others have lost this ability and have gained other functions, e.g., inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (mammals), saxiphilin (frogs) and otolith matrix protein 1 (fish). SCOPE OF REVIEW This article provides an overview of the known transferrin family members and their associated receptors and interacting partners. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The number of transferrin genes has proliferated as a result of multiple duplication events, and the resulting paralogs have developed a wide array of new functions. Some homologs in the most primitive metazoan groups resemble both serum and melanotransferrins, but the major yolk proteins show considerable divergence from the rest of the family. Among the transferrin receptors, the lack of TFR2 in birds and reptiles, and the lack of any TFR homologs among the insects draw attention to the differences in iron transport and regulation in those groups. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The transferrin family members are important because of their clinical significance, interesting biochemical properties, and evolutionary history. More work is needed to better understand the functions and evolution of the non-vertebrate family members. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Molecular Mechanisms of Iron Transport and Disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Lambert
- Department of Biology, Chatham University, Woodland Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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15
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Ha-Duong NT, Eid C, Hémadi M, El Hage Chahine JM. In Vitro Interaction between Ceruloplasmin and Human Serum Transferrin. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10261-3. [DOI: 10.1021/bi1014503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyêt-Thanh Ha-Duong
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements et Organisation des Systèmes), Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Chantal Eid
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements et Organisation des Systèmes), Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Miryana Hémadi
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements et Organisation des Systèmes), Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Michel El Hage Chahine
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements et Organisation des Systèmes), Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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16
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Interactions of caeruloplasmin with other proteins participating in inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans 2010; 38:947-51. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0380947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The first detailed report of a specific interaction of CP (caeruloplasmin) with another protein described its complex with LF (lactoferrin) in 2000. Since then, several protein–protein interactions involving CP have been reported, mostly concerning iron-containing proteins. The CP–LF complex was studied thoroughly, and evidence of reciprocal effects of CP and LF was obtained. Another specific interaction investigated in detail occurs between CP and MPO (myeloperoxidase). CP–LF, CP–MPO and CP–LF–MPO complexes were found in sera of patients with inflammation. Modelling in vitro allowed understanding of which structural peculiarities of CP and partners allow the modification of their functions in a complex. The present paper reviews the latest data on complexes of CP with LF and MPO, and advances some suggestions about their role in health and disease.
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Pulina MO, Sokolov AV, Zakharova ET, Kostevich VA, Vasilyev VB. Effect of Lactoferrin on Consequences of Acute Experimental Hemorrhagic Anemia in Rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2010; 149:219-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-0911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Effect of lactoferrin on oxidative features of ceruloplasmin. Biometals 2009; 22:521-9. [PMID: 19189056 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In our previous report we first described a complex between lactoferrin (Lf) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) with K (d) approximately 1.8 microM. The presence of this complex in colostrum that never contains more than 0.3 microM Cp questions the reliability of K (d) value. We carefully studied Lf binding to Cp and investigated the enzymatic activity of the latter in the presence of Lf, which allowed obtaining a new value for K (d) of Cp-Lf complex. Lf interacting with Cp changes its oxidizing activity with various substrates, such as Fe(2+), o-dianisidine (o-DA), p-phenylenediamine (p-PD) and dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). The presence of at least two binding sites for Lf in Cp molecule is deduced from comparison of substrates' oxidation kinetics with and without Lf. When Lf binds to the first site affinity of Cp to Fe(2+) and to o-DA increases, but it decreases towards DOPA and remains unchanged towards p-PD. Oxidation rate of Fe(2+) grows, while that of o-DA, p-PD and DOPA goes down. Subsequent Lf binding to the second center has no effect on iron oxidation, hampers DOPA and o-DA oxidation, and reduces affinity towards p-PD. Scatchard plot for Lf sorbing to Cp-Sepharose allowed estimating K (d) for Lf binding to high-affinity (approximately 13.4 nM) and low-affinity (approximately 211 nM) sites. The observed effect of Lf on ferroxidase activity of Cp is likely to have physiological implications.
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19
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Hudson DM, Krisinger MJ, Griffiths TA, MacGillivray RT. Neither human hephaestin nor ceruloplasmin forms a stable complex with transferrin. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1849-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Sokolov AV, Pulina MO, Ageeva KV, Ayrapetov MI, Berlov MN, Volgin GN, Markov AG, Yablonsky PK, Kolodkin NI, Zakharova ET, Vasilyev VB. Interaction of ceruloplasmin, lactoferrin, and myeloperoxidase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:409-15. [PMID: 17511605 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
When lactoferrin (LF) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) are added to ceruloplasmin (CP), a CP-LF-MPO triple complex forms. The complex is formed under physiological conditions, but also in the course of SDS-free PAGE. Polyclonal antibodies to both LF and MPO displace the respective proteins from the CP-LF-MPO complex. Similar replacement is performed by a PACAP38 fragment (amino acids 29-38) and protamine that bind to CP. Interaction of LF and MPO with CP-Sepharose is blocked at ionic strength above 0.3 M NaCl and at pH below 4.1 (LF) and 3.9 (MPO). Two peptides (amino acids 50-109 and 929-1012) were isolated by affinity chromatography from a preparation of CP after its spontaneous proteolytic cleavage. These peptides are able to displace CP from its complexes with LF and MPO. Both human and canine MPO could form a complex when mixed with CP from seven mammalian species. Upon intravenous injection of human MPO into rats, the rat CP-human MPO complex could be detected in plasma. Patients with inflammation were examined and CP-LF, CP-MPO, and CP-LF-MPO complexes were revealed in 80 samples of blood serum and in nine exudates from purulent foci. These complexes were also found in 45 samples of serum and pleural fluid obtained from patients with pleurisies of various etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sokolov
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, ul. Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Sokolov AV, Pulina MO, Ageeva KV, Runova OL, Zakharova ET, Vasilyev VB. Identification of leukocyte cationic proteins that interact with ceruloplasmin. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:872-7. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907080093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Sabatucci A, Vachette P, Vasilyev VB, Beltramini M, Sokolov A, Pulina M, Salvato B, Angelucci CB, Maccarrone M, Cozzani I, Dainese E. Structural Characterization of the Ceruloplasmin: Lactoferrin Complex in Solution. J Mol Biol 2007; 371:1038-46. [PMID: 17597152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin is a copper protein found in vertebrate plasma, which belongs to the family of multicopper oxidases. Like transferrin of the blood plasma, lactoferrin, the iron-containing protein of human milk, saliva, tears, seminal plasma and of neutrophilic leukocytes tightly binds two ferric ions. Human lactoferrin and ceruloplasmin have been previously shown to interact both in vivo and in vitro forming a complex. Here we describe a study of the conformation of the human lactoferrin/ceruloplasmin complex in solution using small angle X-ray scattering. Our ab initio structural analysis shows that the complex has a 1:1 stoichiometry and suggests that complex formation occurs without major conformational rearrangements of either protein. Rigid-body modeling of the mutual arrangement of proteins in the complex essentially yields two families of solutions. Final discrimination is possible when integrating in the modeling process extra information translating into structural constraints on the interaction between the two partners.
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Sokolov AV, Pulina MO, Zakharova ET, Susorova AS, Runova OL, Kolodkin NI, Vasilyev VB. Identification and isolation from breast milk of ceruloplasmin-lactoferrin complex. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:160-6. [PMID: 16489920 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a complex of the copper-containing protein ceruloplasmin (Cp) with lactoferrin (Lf) in breast milk (BM) is shown for the first time. In SDS-free polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), electrophoretic mobility of Cp in BM is lower than that of plasma Cp, coinciding with the mobility of the complex obtained upon mixing purified Cp and Lf. Affinity chromatography of delipidated BM on Cp-Sepharose resulted in retention of Lf. SDS-PAGE of the 0.3 M NaCl eluate revealed a single band with Mr approximately 78,000 that has the N-terminal amino acid sequence of Lf and reacts with antibodies to that protein. Synthetic peptides R-R-R-R (the N-terminal amino acid stretch 2-5 in Lf) and K-R-Y-K-Q-R-V-K-N-K (the C-terminal stretch 29-38 in PACAP 38) caused efficient elution of Lf from Cp-Sepharose. Cp-Lf complex from delipidated BM is not retained on the resins used for isolation of Cp (AE-agarose) and of Lf (CM-Sephadex). Anionic peptides from Cp--(586-597), (721-734), and (905-914)--provide an efficient elution of Cp from AE-agarose, but do not cause dissociation of Cp-Lf complex. When anti-Lf is added to BM flowed through CM-Sephadex, Cp co-precipitates with Lf. Cp-Lf complex can be isolated from BM by chromatography on CM-Sephadex, ethanol precipitation, and affinity chromatography on AE-agarose, yielding 98% pure complex. The resulting complex Cp-Lf (1 : 1) was separated into components by chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. Limited tryptic hydrolysis of Cp obtained from BM and from blood plasma revealed identical proteolytic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sokolov
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Sokolov AV, Pulina MO, Zakharova ET, Shavlovski MM, Vasilyev VB. Effect of Lactoferrin on the Ferroxidase Activity of Ceruloplasmin. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 70:1015-9. [PMID: 16266273 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of various forms of lactoferrin (Lf) interacting with ceruloplasmin (Cp, ferro-O2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.16.3.1) on oxidase activity of the latter were studied. Comparing the incorporation of Fe3+ oxidized by Cp into Lf and serum transferrin (Tf) showed that at pH 5.5 apo-Lf binds the oxidized iron seven times and at pH 7.4 four times faster than apo-Tf under the same conditions. Apo-Lf increased the oxidation rate of Fe2+ by Cp 1.25 times when Cp/Lf ratio was 1 : 1. Lf saturated with Fe3+ or Cu2+ increased the oxidation rate of iron 1.6 and 2 times when Cp to holo-Lf ratios were 1 : 1 and 1 : 2, respectively. Upon adding to Cp the excess amounts of apo-Lf (Cp/apo-Lf < 1 : 1) or of holo-Lf (Cp/holo-Lf < 1 : 2) the oxidation rate of iron no longer changed. Complex Cp-Lf demonstrating ferroxidase activity was discovered in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sokolov
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.
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Sokolov AV, Zakharova ET, Shavlovskiĭ MM, Vasil'ev VB. Isolation of Stable Human Ceruloplasmin and Its Interaction with Salmon Protamine. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005; 31:269-79. [PMID: 16004385 DOI: 10.1007/s11171-005-0033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An interaction was discovered between ceruloplasmin (CP, a ferro-O2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.16.3.1), a copper-containing protein of human blood plasma, and salmon protamine (PR), a cationic polypeptide of vertebrates that provides a compact structure of spermatozoid DNA. Addition of PR to CP at a molar ratio of 2: 1 decreases the CP electrophoretic mobility. Two types of CP binding centers for PR were determined: two centers with a high (Kd1 of 5.31 x 10(-7) M) and four centers with a low affinity (Kd2 of 1.56 x 10(-5) M). PR was shown to form complexes with CPs of various animal species. The CP-PR complex dissociates at an increased ionic strength (0.3 M NaCl), at pH decreased below 4.7, or in the presence of added polyanions (DNA, lipopolysaccharides, or heparin) and/or polylysine, which indicates the electrostatic nature of the interaction. The CP-PR interaction increased 1.5-fold the rate of CP-catalyzed oxidation of Fe2+. The preliminary treatment of blood plasma with arginine-Sepharose and heparin-Sepharose (to remove the blood coagulation factors) and affinity chromatography on PR-Sepharose helped isolate the practically unproteolyzed monomeric CP in 90% yield; it remained stable for more than two months at 37 degrees C. The English version of the paper: Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2005, vol. 31, no. 3; see also http://www.maik.ru.
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