1
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Dodge MJ, MacNeil KM, Tessier TM, Weinberg JB, Mymryk JS. Emerging antiviral therapeutics for human adenovirus infection: Recent developments and novel strategies. Antiviral Res 2021; 188:105034. [PMID: 33577808 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are ubiquitous human pathogens that cause a significant burden of respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal illnesses. Although HAdV infections are generally self-limiting, pediatric and immunocompromised individuals are at particular risk for developing severe disease. Currently, no approved antiviral therapies specific to HAdV exist. Recent outbreaks underscore the need for effective antiviral agents to treat life-threatening infections. In this review we will focus on recent developments in search of potential therapeutic agents for controlling HAdV infections, with a focus on those targeting post-entry stages of the virus replicative cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn M MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tanner M Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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2
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Yousef AF, Fonseca GJ, Pelka P, Ablack JNG, Walsh C, Dick FA, Bazett-Jones DP, Shaw GS, Mymryk JS. Identification of a molecular recognition feature in the E1A oncoprotein that binds the SUMO conjugase UBC9 and likely interferes with polySUMOylation. Oncogene 2010; 29:4693-704. [PMID: 20543865 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hub proteins have central roles in regulating cellular processes. By targeting a single cellular hub, a viral oncogene may gain control over an entire module in the cellular interaction network that is potentially comprised of hundreds of proteins. The adenovirus E1A oncoprotein is a viral hub that interacts with many cellular hub proteins by short linear motifs/molecular recognition features (MoRFs). These interactions transform the architecture of the cellular protein interaction network and virtually reprogram the cell. To identify additional MoRFs within E1A, we screened portions of E1A for their ability to activate yeast pseudohyphal growth or differentiation. This identified a novel functional region within E1A conserved region 2 comprised of the sequence EVIDLT. This MoRF is necessary and sufficient to bind the N-terminal region of the SUMO conjugase UBC9, which also interacts with SUMO noncovalently and is involved in polySUMOylation. Our results suggest that E1A interferes with polySUMOylation, but not with monoSUMOylation. These data provide the first insight into the consequences of the interaction of E1A with UBC9, which was initially described in 1996. We further demonstrate that polySUMOylation regulates pseudohyphal growth and promyelocytic leukemia body reorganization by E1A. In conclusion, the interaction of the E1A oncogene with UBC9 mimics the normal binding between SUMO and UBC9 and represents a novel mechanism to modulate polySUMOylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Yousef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Sato Y, Ding A, Heimeier RA, Yousef AF, Mymryk JS, Walfish PG, Shi YB. The adenoviral E1A protein displaces corepressors and relieves gene repression by unliganded thyroid hormone receptors in vivo. Cell Res 2009; 19:783-92. [PMID: 19434099 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The human adenovirus type 5 early region 1A (E1A) is one of two oncogenes present in the adenovirus genome and functions by interfering with the activities of cellular regulatory proteins. The E1A gene is alternatively spliced to yield five products. Earlier studies have revealed that E1A can regulate the function of thyroid hormone (T3) receptors (TRs). However, analysis in yeast compared with transfection studies in mammalian cell cultures yields surprisingly different effects. Here, we have examined the effect of E1A on TR function by using the frog oocyte in vivo system, where the effects of E1A can be studied in the context of chromatin. We demonstrate that different isoforms of E1A have distinct effects on TR function. The two longest forms inhibit both the repression by unliganded TR and activation by T3-bound TR. We further show that E1A binds to unliganded TR to displace the endogenous corepressor nuclear receptor corepressor, thus relieving the repression by unliganded TR. On the other hand, in the presence of T3, E1A inhibits gene activation by T3-bound TR indirectly, through a mechanism that requires its binding domain for the general coactivator p300. Taken together, our results thus indicate that E1A affects TR function through distinct mechanisms that are dependent upon the presence or absence of T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiyasu Sato
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, PCRM, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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4
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Höti N, Li Y, Chen CL, Chowdhury WH, Johns DC, Xia Q, Kabul A, Hsieh JT, Berg M, Ketner G, Lupold SE, Rodriguez R. Androgen receptor attenuation of Ad5 replication: implications for the development of conditionally replication competent adenoviruses. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1495-503. [PMID: 17565351 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditionally replication competent adenoviruses (CRAds) represent one of the most intensely studied gene therapy strategies for a variety of malignancies, including prostate cancer. These viruses can be generated by placing a tissue or cancer-specific promoter upstream of one or more of the viral genes required for replication (e.g., E1A, E1B). We report here that E1A inhibits androgen receptor (AR) target gene induction and, correspondingly, activated AR inhibits adenoviral replication. This mutual inhibition appears to be an indirect effect, possibly through competition for shared transcriptional co-activators. The net effect is that the oncolytic effect of prostate-specific CRAds is attenuated by these interactions. Fusion of the E1A to AR ameliorates this inhibition, while enhancing specificity. These findings have significant implications in the development of prostate-specific CRAd therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseruddin Höti
- James Buchanan Brady Urology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-2101, USA
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5
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Meng X, Webb P, Yang YF, Shuen M, Yousef AF, Baxter JD, Mymryk JS, Walfish PG. E1A and a nuclear receptor corepressor splice variant (N-CoRI) are thyroid hormone receptor coactivators that bind in the corepressor mode. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:6267-72. [PMID: 15849266 PMCID: PMC1088377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501491102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unliganded thyroid hormone (TH) receptors (TRs) and other nuclear receptors (NRs) repress transcription of hormone-activated genes by recruiting corepressors (CoRs), such as NR CoR (N-CoR) and SMRT. Unliganded TRs also activate transcription of TH-repressed genes. Some evidence suggests that these effects also involve TR/CoR contacts; however, the precise reasons that CoRs activate transcription in these contexts are obscure. Unraveling these mechanisms is complicated by the fact that it is difficult to decipher direct vs. indirect effects of TR-coregulator contacts in mammalian cells. In this study, we used yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which lack endogenous NRs and NR coregulators, to determine how unliganded TRs can activate transcription. We previously showed that adenovirus 5 early-region 1A coactivates unliganded TRs in yeast, and that these effects are blocked by TH. We show here that human adenovirus type 5 early region 1A (E1A) contains a short peptide (LDQLIEEVL amino acids 20-28) that resembles CoR-NR interaction motifs (CoRNR boxes), and that this motif is required for TR binding and coactivation. Although full-length N-CoR does not coactivate TR in yeast, a naturally occurring N-CoR variant (N-CoR(I)) and an artificial N-CoR truncation (N-CoR(C)) that retain CoRNR boxes but lack N-terminal repressor domains behave as potent and direct TH-repressed coactivators for unliganded TRs. We conclude that E1A and N-CoR(I) are naturally occurring TR coactivators that bind in the typical CoR mode and suggest that similar factors could mediate transcriptional activation by unliganded TRs in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwang Meng
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Division, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto Medical School, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5
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6
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Soeth E, Thurber DB, Smith CL. The viral transactivator E1A regulates the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter in an isoform- and chromatin-specific manner. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:19847-54. [PMID: 11909860 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200629200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins encoded by the adenovirus E1A gene regulate both cellular and viral genes to mediate effects on cell cycle, differentiation, and cell growth control. We have identified the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter as a target of E1A action and investigated the role nucleoprotein structure plays in its response to E1A. Both 12 and 13 S forms target the MMTV promoter when it has a disorganized and accessible chromatin configuration. However, whereas the 13 S form is stimulatory, the 12 S form is repressive. When the MMTV promoter adopts an organized and repressed chromatin structure, it is targeted only by the 13 S form, which stimulates it. Although evidence indicates that E1A interacts with the SWI/SNF remodeling complex, E1A had no effect on chromatin remodeling at the MMTV promoter in organized chromatin. Analysis of E1A mutants showed that stimulation of the MMTV promoter is mediated solely through conserved region 3 and does not require interaction with Rb, p300/CBP-associated factor, or CBP/p300. Imaging analysis showed that E1A colocalizes with MMTV sequences in vivo, suggesting that it functions directly at the promoter. These results indicate that E1A stimulates the MMTV promoter in a fashion independent of chromatin conformation and through a direct mechanism involving interaction with the basal transcription machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edlyn Soeth
- Signal Transduction Group, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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7
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Avvakumov N, Mymryk JS. New tools for the construction of replication-competent adenoviral vectors with altered E1A regulation. J Virol Methods 2002; 103:41-9. [PMID: 11906731 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have designed new vectors for the construction of recombinant adenoviruses containing the early region 1A (E1A) gene under the transcriptional control of heterologous promoters. The normal E1A regulatory elements have been replaced by a convenient set of unique restriction enzyme sites, allowing for introduction of gene regulatory cassettes with relative ease. Subsequent rescue generates recombinant conditionally replicating adenovirus in which the transcription of E1A is under alternative control. This allows potentially cell-type specific expression of E1A, restricting efficient virus replication to chosen target cells. It is shown that in several viruses rescued using these constructs, E1A expression is regulated by the heterologous promoters in the expected manner. Specifically, a virus with E1A under the control of the human Cytomegalovirus Immediate Early promoter produced constitutively high levels of E1A. A second virus, with E1A expression regulated by the glucocorticoid-responsive Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus promoter produced E1A expression in a dose-dependent manner upon dexamethasone treatment. Efficient growth of this second virus also required the presence of dexamethasone.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/growth & development
- Adenoviruses, Human/physiology
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- DNA Replication/genetics
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Defective Viruses/genetics
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/drug effects
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- KB Cells/virology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Organ Specificity
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Virus Cultivation
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Avvakumov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London Regional Cancer Center, 790 Commissioners Road East, Ont., N6A 4L6, London, Canada
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8
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Gallimore PH, Turnell AS. Adenovirus E1A: remodelling the host cell, a life or death experience. Oncogene 2001; 20:7824-35. [PMID: 11753665 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P H Gallimore
- CRC Institute for Cancer Studies, The Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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9
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Masselink H, Bernards R. The adenovirus E1A binding protein BS69 is a corepressor of transcription through recruitment of N-CoR. Oncogene 2000; 19:1538-46. [PMID: 10734313 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BS69 was first identified as a protein that interacts directly with the transactivation domain (conserved region 3) of the 289R adenovirus type 5 E1A protein. We show here that BS69 is a potent repressor of transcription. BS69 mediates repression, at least in part, through interaction with the co-repressor N-CoR. BS69 interacts with N-CoR through a MYND domain in its carboxyl terminus. A recently cloned splice variant of BS69, designated BRAM1, is also capable of interacting with N-CoR and E1A, but unlike BS69, is not able to repress transcription, indicating that N-CoR interaction is necessary but not sufficient for BS69 repression. Expression of E1A inhibits repression mediated by BS69. Our data suggest that BS69 participates in transcriptional repressor complexes and that E1A can modulate these complexes through interaction with BS69.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Masselink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Center for Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Garrison PM, Rogers JM, Brackney WR, Denison MS. Effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors on the Ah receptor gene promoter. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 374:161-71. [PMID: 10666294 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent basic helix-loop-helix-PAS-containing transcription factor which is activated by chemicals such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Constitutive expression of the AhR gene occurs in a tissue- and developmentally specific manner and appears to be altered by chemicals which affect histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in cells in culture. Here we have directly characterized the effects of two HDAC inhibitors, n-butyrate and trichostatin A, on the promoter activity of the murine AhR gene. HDAC inhibitors increased the constitutive activity of the AhR gene promoter in a luciferase reporter construct by five- to sevenfold in a dose- and time-dependent manner in several cell lines and was correlated with an increase in endogenous AhR activity in an AhR-deficient cell line. Deletion analysis of the upstream region of the AhR gene localized the HDAC inhibitor effect to a 167-bp region encompassing -77 to +90 of the AhR gene promoter. Cotransfection of an AhR promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid with a vector expressing the E1A(12s) oncoprotein, a negative regulator of p300, a protein with histone acetylase activity, decreased AhR promoter activity fivefold. Overall, our results support a role for histone acetylation in the transcriptional activity of the AhR gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Garrison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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11
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Sanchez-Prieto R, de Alava E, Palomino T, Guinea J, Fernandez V, Cebrian S, LLeonart M, Cabello P, Martin P, San Roman C, Bornstein R, Pardo J, Martinez A, Diaz-Espada F, Barrios Y, Ramon y Cajal S. An association between viral genes and human oncogenic alterations: the adenovirus E1A induces the Ewing tumor fusion transcript EWS-FLI1. Nat Med 1999; 5:1076-9. [PMID: 10470089 DOI: 10.1038/12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant transformation of human cells requires the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations, such as the activation of oncogenes and loss of function of tumor suppressor genes or those related to genomic instability. Among the genetic alterations most frequently found in human tumors are chromosomal translocations that may result in the expression of chimeric products with transforming capability or are able to change the expression of oncogenes. We show here that the adenovirus early region 1A (E1A) gene can induce a specific human fusion transcript (EWS-FLI1) that is characteristic of Ewing tumors. This fusion transcript was detected by RT-PCR in normal human fibroblasts and keratinocytes after expression of the adenovirus E1A gene, as well as in human cell lines immortalized by adenoviruses. Cloning and sequencing of the RT-PCR product showed fusion points between EWS and FLI1 cDNA identical to those detected in Ewing tumors. In addition, we detected a chimeric protein by western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation and a t(11,22) by fluorescent in situ hybridization. This association between a single viral gene and a specific human fusion transcript indicates a direct link between viral genes and chromosome translocations, one of the hallmarks of many human tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/genetics
- Adenovirus E1A Proteins/metabolism
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Fibroblasts
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Genes, Viral/physiology
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Keratinocytes
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Mutation
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogenes/genetics
- Oncogenes/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sanchez-Prieto
- Department of Pathology, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, San Martin de Porres 4, 28035 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Kropotov A, Sedova V, Ivanov V, Sazeeva N, Tomilin A, Krutilina R, Oei SL, Griesenbeck J, Buchlow G, Tomilin N. A novel human DNA-binding protein with sequence similarity to a subfamily of redox proteins which is able to repress RNA-polymerase-III-driven transcription of the Alu-family retroposons in vitro. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 260:336-46. [PMID: 10095767 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study we identified a novel protein which may contribute to the transcriptional inactivity of Alu retroposons in vivo. A human cDNA clone encoding this protein (ACR1) was isolated from a human expression library using South-western screening with an Alu subfragment, implicated in the regulation of Alu in vitro transcription and interacting with a HeLa nuclear protein down-regulated in adenovirus-infected cells. Bacterially expressed ACR1 is demonstrated to inhibit RNA polymerase III (Pol III)-dependent Alu transcription in vitro but showed no repression of transcription of a tRNA gene or of a reporter gene under control of a Pol II promoter. ACR1 mRNA is also found to be down-regulated in adenovirus-infected HeLa cells, consistent with a possible repressor function of the protein in vivo. ACR1 is mainly (but not exclusively) located in cytoplasm and appears to be a member of a weakly characterized redox protein family having a central, highly conserved sequence motif, PGAFTPXCXXXXLP. One member of the family identified earlier as peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP)20 is known to interact in a sequence-specific manner with a yeast homolog of mammalian cyclosporin-A-binding protein cyclophilin, and mammalian cyclophilin A (an abundant ubiquitously expressed protein) is known to interact with human transcriptional repressor YY1, which is a major sequence-specific Alu-binding protein in human cells. It appears, therefore, that transcriptional silencing of Alu in vivo is a result of complex interactions of many proteins which bind to its Pol III promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kropotov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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