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Antioxidant Potential of Adiponectin and Full PPAR- γ Agonist in Correcting Streptozotocin-Induced Vascular Abnormality in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. PPAR Res 2021; 2021:6661181. [PMID: 34691163 PMCID: PMC8531825 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6661181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, which is associated with metabolic and anthropometric perturbations, leads to reactive oxygen species production and decrease in plasma adiponectin concentration. We investigated pharmacodynamically the pathophysiological role and potential implication of exogenously administered adiponectin with full and partial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists on modulation of oxidative stress, metabolic dysregulation, and antioxidant potential in streptozotocin-induced spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Group I (WKY) serves as the normotensive control, whereas 42 male SHRs were randomized equally into 7 groups (n = 6); group II serves as the SHR control, group III serves as the SHR diabetic control, and groups IV, V, and VI are treated with irbesartan (30 mg/kg), pioglitazone (10 mg/kg), and adiponectin (2.5 μg/kg), whereas groups VII and VIII received cotreatments as irbesartan+adiponectin and pioglitazone+adiponectin, respectively. Diabetes was induced using an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg). Plasma adiponectin, lipid contents, and arterial stiffness with oxidative stress biomarkers were measured using an in vitro and in vivo analysis. Diabetic SHRs exhibited hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and increased arterial stiffness with reduced plasma adiponectin and antioxidant enzymatic levels (P < 0.05). Diabetic SHRs pretreated with pioglitazone and adiponectin separately exerted improvements in antioxidant enzyme activities, abrogated arterial stiffness, and offset the increased production of reactive oxygen species and dyslipidemic effects of STZ, whereas the blood pressure values were significantly reduced in the irbesartan-treated groups (all P < 0.05). The combined treatment of exogenously administered adiponectin with full PPAR-γ agonist augmented the improvement in lipid contents and adiponectin concentration and restored arterial stiffness with antioxidant potential effects, indicating the degree of synergism between adiponectin and full PPAR-γ agonists (pioglitazone).
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Hussein AM, Eid EA, Bin-Jaliah I, Taha M, Lashin LS. Exercise and Stevia Rebaudiana (R) Extracts Attenuate Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Rats: Possible Underlying Mechanisms. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:1117-1132. [PMID: 32310054 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200420084444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the current work, we studied the effects of exercise and stevia rebaudiana (R) extracts on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in type 2 diabetic rats and their possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups; a) normal control group, b) DM group, type 2 diabetic rats received 2 ml oral saline daily for 4 weeks, c) DM+ Exercise, type 2 diabetic rats were treated with exercise for 4 weeks and d) DM+ stevia R extracts: type 2 diabetic rats received methanolic stevia R extracts. By the end of the experiment, serum blood glucose, HOMA-IR, insulin and cardiac enzymes (LDH, CK-MB), cardiac histopathology, oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH and CAT), myocardial fibrosis by Masson trichrome, the expression of p53, caspase-3, α-SMA and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) by immunostaining in myocardial tissues were measured. RESULTS T2DM caused a significant increase in blood glucose, HOMA-IR index, serum CK-MB and LDH, myocardial damage and fibrosis, myocardial MDA, myocardial α-SMA, p53, caspase-3, Nrf2 and TH density with a significant decrease in serum insulin and myocardial GSH and CAT (p< 0.05). On the other hand, treatment with either exercise or stevia R extracts significantly improved all studied parameters (p< 0.05). Moreover, the effects of stevia R was more significant than exercise (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION Both exercise and methanolic stevia R extracts showed cardioprotective effects against DCM and Stevia R offered more cardioprotective than exercise. This cardioprotective effect of these lines of treatment might be due to attenuation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, sympathetic nerve density and fibrosis and upregulation of the antioxidant transcription factor, Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz M Hussein
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A Eid
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Ismaeel Bin-Jaliah
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Medhat Taha
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Lashin S Lashin
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Afzal S, Sattar MA, Johns EJ, Eseyin OA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist (pioglitazone) with exogenous adiponectin ameliorates arterial stiffness and oxidative stress in diabetic Wistar Kyoto rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 907:174218. [PMID: 34111396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress causes hypoadiponectemia and reactive oxygen species production. This study investigates the pathophysiological role and potential effects of adiponectin with partial and full peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists on modulation of metabolic dysregulation and oxidative stress in diabetic model of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Forty two male WKY rats were randomized equally into 7 groups (n = 6), Group I serve as control, group II as WKY diabetic control, groups III, IV and V treated with irbesartan (30 mg/kg), pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) and adiponectin (2.5 μg/kg), groups VI and VII were co-treated as: irbesartan + adiponectin, pioglitazone + adiponectin, respectively. Streptozotocin @ 40 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. Plasma adiponectin, metabolic indices, pulse wave velocity, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymatic activities were measured. Streptozotocin induced WKYs expressed hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypoadiponectemia, increased arterial stiffness and decreased antioxidant enzymatic levels (P<0.05). Treatment with adiponectin or pioglitazone alone showed improvements in metabolic indices, antioxidant enzymes, and abrogated arterial stiffness, attenuated generation of reactive oxygen species and dyslipidaemic effects of streptozotocin better as compared to irbesartan sets of treatment (all P<0.05). Co-treatment of adiponectin with pioglitazone significantly amplified the improvement in plasma triglycerides, adiponectin concentration, pulse wave velocity and antioxidant enzymatic activities indicating synergistic effects of adiponectin with full PPAR-γ agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryar Afzal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | | | - Olorunfemi A Eseyin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
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Yehya YM, Hussein AM, Ezam K, Eid EA, Ibrahim EM, Sarhan MAFE, Elsayed A, Sarhan ME. Blockade of Renin Angiotensin System Ameliorates the Cardiac Arrhythmias and Sympathetic Neural Remodeling in Hearts of Type 2 DM Rat Model. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:464-478. [PMID: 31544705 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190809150921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to investigate the effects of renin angiotensin system (RAS) blockade on cardiac arrhythmias and sympathetic nerve remodelling in heart tissues of type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups; a) normal control group: normal rats, b) DM group; after type 2 diabetes induction, rats received 2ml oral saline daily for 4 weeks, c) DM+ ACEi: after type 2 diabetes induction, rats were treated with enalapril (10 mg/kg, orally for 4 weeks) and d) DM+ ARBs: after type 2 diabetes induction, rats were treated with losartan (30 mg/kg, orally for 4 weeks). RESULTS In type 2 diabetic rats, the results demonstrated significant prolongation in Q-T interval and elevation of blood sugar, HOMA-IR index, TC, TGs, LDL, serum CK-MB, myocardial damage, myocardial MDA, myocardial norepinephrine and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) density with significant reduction in serum HDL, serum insulin and myocardial GSH and CAT. On the other hand, blockade of RAS at the level of either ACE by enalapril or angiotensin (Ag) receptors by losartan resulted in significant improvement in ECG parameters (Q-T), cardiac enzymes (CK-MB), cardiac morphology, myocardial oxidative stress (low MDA, high CAT and GSH) and myocardial TH density. CONCLUSION RAS plays a role in the cardiac sympathetic nerve sprouting and cardiac arrhythmias induced by type 2 DM and its blockade might have a cardioprotective effect via attenuation of sympathetic nerve fibres remodelling, myocardial norepinephrine contents and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna M Yehya
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz M Hussein
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Khaled Ezam
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A Eid
- Department of internal Medicine and endocrinology, Delta University, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Eman M Ibrahim
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A F E Sarhan
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Aya Elsayed
- Medical Experimental Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Sarhan
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Hesperidin ameliorates signs of the metabolic syndrome and cardiac dysfunction via IRS/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathway in a rat model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:833-848. [PMID: 32462317 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hesperidin has been reported to have biological activities such as antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant effects. This study investigated whether hesperidin could improve signs of the metabolic syndrome and cardiac function in a high-fat diet (HFD) induced metabolic syndrome (MS) in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed HFD and 15% fructose for 16 weeks and treated with hesperidin (15 or 30 mg/kg, based on signs of MS from a preliminary study) or metformin, a positive control agent, (100 mg/kg) for the final four weeks. Cardiac function, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, serum insulin, and lipid profiles were measured. Histomorphometrics of left ventricles, epidydimal fat pads and liver were evaluated. Expressions of phosphorylate insulin receptor substrate1(p-IRS1), p-Akt and GLUT4 in cardiac tissue were determined. RESULTS Hesperidin and metformin attenuated MS in HFD rats (p < 0.05). The accumulation of visceral fat pads and fatty liver associated with increases in liver lipid contents and liver enzymes were found in MS rats that were alleviated in hesperidin or metformin-treated groups (p < 0.05). Hesperidin and metformin improved cardiac dysfunction and hypertrophy observed in MS rats (p < 0.05). Restoration of the insulin signaling pathway, IRS/Akt/GLUT4 protein expression, was demonstrated in hesperidin and metformin-treated groups (p < 0.05). Hesperidin (30 mg/kg) was more effective than the lower dose. CONCLUSION Hesperidin was effective in reducing signs of MS and alterations of LV hypertrophy and function. These beneficial effects on the heart were associated with the restoration of the cardiac insulin signaling pathway in MS rats.
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Comparative Study of the Effects of GLP1 Analog and SGLT2 Inhibitor against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Rats: Possible Underlying Mechanisms. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8030043. [PMID: 32106580 PMCID: PMC7175346 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the possible cardioprotective effects of GLP1 and SGLT2i against diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in type 2 diabetic rats and the possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly subdivided into 4 equal groups: a) control group, b) DM group, type 2 diabetic rats with saline daily for 4 weeks, c) DM+ GLP1, as DM group with GLP1 analogue (liraglutide) at a dose of 75 µg/kg for 4 weeks, and d) DM+ SGLT2i as DM group with SGLT2 inhibitor (dapagliflozin) at a dose of 1mg/kg for 4 weeks. By the end of treatment (4 weeks), serum blood glucose, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin, and cardiac enzymes (LDH, CK-MB) were measured. Also, the cardiac histopathology, myocardial oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and CAT) and norepinephrine (NE), myocardial fibrosis, the expression of caspase-3, TGF-β, TNF-α, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in myocardial tissues were measured. RESULTS T2DM caused significant increase in serum glucose, HOMA-IR, serum CK-MB, and LDH (p < 0.05). Also, DM caused significant myocardial damage and fibrosis; elevation of myocardial MDA; NE with upregulation of myocardial caspase-3, TNF-α, TGF-β, and TH; and significant decrease in serum insulin and myocardial GSH and CAT (p < 0.05). Administration of either GLP1 analog or SGLT2i caused a significant improvement in all studied parameters (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We concluded that both GLP1 and SGLT2i exhibited cardioprotective effects against DCM in T2DM, with the upper hand for SGLT2i. This might be due to attenuation of fibrosis, oxidative stress, apoptosis (caspase-3), sympathetic nerve activity, and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and TGF-β).
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de Andrade NS, Chucata KLB, Magalhães WV, Nucci RAB, Da Costa-Santos N, Dias IR, de Souza Lima HD, Maifrino LBM, de Souza RR. Ultrastructural effects of diabetes in the right atrium cardiomyocytes of elderly Wistar rats. Cardiovasc Pathol 2019; 45:107181. [PMID: 31865268 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2019.107181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of diabetes on quantitative parameters of right atrial cardiomyocytes of elderly rats. Wistar rats (14 months of age) were divided into two groups: streptozotocin-diabetic rats (DG) and control rats (CG). The groups were sacrificed at 16 months. Ultrafine sections of the right atrium were analyzed by electron microscopy. In elderly diabetic animals, histograms of the frequency distribution of natriuretic peptides according to their size showed increased number of small and medium peptides in relation to large peptides, which increased its numerical density leading to a decrease in the mean diameter of both natriuretic peptides. However, elderly diabetic animals remained normotensive. No significant difference was observed between the groups for the volume density of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. In conclusion, elderly diabetic rats showed increased functional activity of atrial cardiomyocytes with greater production of natriuretic peptides in association with a quantitative maintenance of cytoplasmic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Souza de Andrade
- Laboratory of Morphological and Immunohistochemical Studies, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Uninove University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kemily Loren Barros Chucata
- Laboratory of Morphological and Immunohistochemical Studies, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Walkyria Villegas Magalhães
- Laboratory of Morphological and Immunohistochemical Studies, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aparecido Baptista Nucci
- Laboratory of Morphological and Immunohistochemical Studies, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nicolas Da Costa-Santos
- Laboratory of Morphological and Immunohistochemical Studies, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Roberto Dias
- Laboratory of Morphological and Immunohistochemical Studies, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Laura Beatriz Mesiano Maifrino
- Laboratory of Morphological and Immunohistochemical Studies, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Romeu Rodrigues de Souza
- Laboratory of Morphological and Immunohistochemical Studies, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Michel MC, Brunner HR, Foster C, Huo Y. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in animal models of vascular, cardiac, metabolic and renal disease. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:1-81. [PMID: 27130806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed the effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (ARBs) in various animal models of hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac function, hypertrophy and fibrosis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and renal function and morphology. Those of azilsartan and telmisartan have been included comprehensively whereas those of other ARBs have been included systematically but without intention of completeness. ARBs as a class lower blood pressure in established hypertension and prevent hypertension development in all applicable animal models except those with a markedly suppressed renin-angiotensin system; blood pressure lowering even persists for a considerable time after discontinuation of treatment. This translates into a reduced mortality, particularly in models exhibiting marked hypertension. The retrieved data on vascular, cardiac and renal function and morphology as well as on glucose and lipid metabolism are discussed to address three main questions: 1. Can ARB effects on blood vessels, heart, kidney and metabolic function be explained by blood pressure lowering alone or are they additionally directly related to blockade of the renin-angiotensin system? 2. Are they shared by other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, e.g. angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors? 3. Are some effects specific for one or more compounds within the ARB class? Taken together these data profile ARBs as a drug class with unique properties that have beneficial effects far beyond those on blood pressure reduction and, in some cases distinct from those of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The clinical relevance of angiotensin receptor-independent effects of some ARBs remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Dept. Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Dept. Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany.
| | | | - Carolyn Foster
- Retiree from Dept. of Research Networking, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Yong Huo
- Dept. Cardiology & Heart Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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Wang X, Li H, Fan Z, Liu Y. Effect of zinc supplementation on type 2 diabetes parameters and liver metallothionein expressions in Wistar rats. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:563-72. [PMID: 22585619 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is a trace metal and acts as an active component of various enzymes. Zinc deficiency has been suggested to be associated with the development of diabetes. The present study investigated the role of zinc supplementation on prevention of diabetic conditions. A double-disease model mimicking hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes was created by applying high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) to Wistar rats. We demonstrated that zinc supplementation improved symptoms of diabetes such as polydipsia and increased serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, indicating that zinc supplementation has a potential beneficial effect on diabetic conditions. The level of maldondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress marker, was reduced in liver by zinc supplementation in high fat-fed rats with or without STZ injection. Meanwhile, we observed an increase in the expression of metallothioneins (MTs) in liver of rats treated with zinc. This suggests that the induction of MTs in liver, which has been shown to be important in scavenging free radicals, could be one of the underlying mechanisms of zinc supplementation on reducing MDA levels in liver. Finally, we found that zinc levels in liver were increased while there was no change in serum zinc levels, indicating that local zinc level might be a critical factor for the induction of MTs. Also, the level of MTs could potentially be an index of zinc bioavailability. Taken together, these results suggest that both zinc and MT could play an important role in balancing nutrition and metabolism to prevent diabetic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- School of Republic Health, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China, 130021.
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