Investigation of alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes in canine aorta, using alkylating agents

Uroselectivity in male dogs of silodosin (KMD-3213), a novel drug for the obstructive component of benign prostatic hyperplasia

AIMS

Our main aim was to compare the prostatic selectivity of silodosin with that of other alpha(1)-adrenoceptor (AR) antagonists.

METHODS

We examined uroselectivities in two sets of experiments namely, in vitro and in vivo functional studies using male dogs. In the in vitro study, after evaluating the inhibitory effects of silodosin on noradrenaline (NA)-induced contractions in the isolated prostate and isolated carotid artery using the Magnus method, we calculated prostatic selectivity. In the in vivo study, we examined the effects of drugs on the hypogastric nerve stimulation (HNS)-induced increase in intraurethral pressure (IUP) and on blood pressure. The uroselectivity of silodosin was compared with those of tamsulosin and naftopidil.

RESULTS

In vitro, all drugs antagonized NA-induced contraction in both prostate and carotid artery. The prostatic selectivity of silodosin (79.4) was much higher than those of tamsulosin (1.78), naftopidil (0.55), BMY 7378 (0.115), and prazosin (0.01). In vivo, intravenously (i.v.) administered silodosin dose-dependently inhibited the HNS-induced increase in IUP with much less hypotensive effect than either tamsulosin or naftopidil, the uroselectivity (ED(15)/ID(50)) of silodosin (237) being significantly higher than those of tamsulosin (1.21) and naftopidil (2.65).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results clearly demonstrate that silodosin is a potent and highly selective alpha(1A)-AR antagonist. A selective alpha(1A)-AR antagonist such as silodosin may have good potential as a less-hypotensive drug for the treatment of urinary dysfunction in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients.

Heterogeneity of vascular smooth muscle alpha-adrenoceptors in canine blood vessels

1. For the past decade, using radioligand binding, contractility and immunohistochemical techniques, we have been characterizing vascular smooth muscle (VSM) adrenoceptors in four functionally different canine blood vessels, namely the dog aorta (DAO), dog mesenteric artery (DMA), dog mesenteric vein (DMV) and dog saphenous vein (DSV). 2. This communication briefly reviews our findings (with a special emphasis on alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes), which showed that none of the four canine vessels showed the same complement of alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes. 3. All four vessels elicited alpha 1-adrenoceptor contractile responses (antagonized by prazosin), but alpha 2-adrenoceptor responses (sensitive to rauwolscine), were found only in DMV and DSV. 4. Pharmacological characterization using alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype-selective antagonists showed that DAO contains mainly alpha 1B-adrenoceptors (some alpha 1D-adrenoceptors) and DMA has primarily alpha 1A/1L-adrenoceptors, alpha 1-Adrenoceptors in DMV are primarily of the alpha 1D subtype, but either a new or unusual alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype was revealed in the DSV.

Alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes of dog saphenous vein: another unusual property

The functional relationship between vascular smooth muscle alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptor (AR) subtypes was investigated by simultaneous measurement of contractile and fluorescence ratio in fura-2 loaded rings of dog saphenous vein (DSV). Prazosin, as well as rauwolscine, at 0.1 microM, substantially antagonized contractions and associated cytosolic [Ca2+] rises induced by UK 14304, while rauwolscine, as well as prazosin, antagonized similar effects of phenylephrine (PE). These antagonisms were characterized by a parallel rightward shift of the concentration-response curves. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, PE as well as UK 14304 caused simultaneous transient elevation of contractile force and cytosolic [Ca2+], although the UK 14304 responses were smaller than PE responses. We propose that DSV smooth muscle cells possess interacting alpha1- and alpha2-ARs which have overlapping functional domain sensitive to the agonists and antagonists of either alpha-AR subtype. Both alpha-AR subtypes appear to utilize similar signaling mechanisms via Ca2+ release from the same intracellular stores and Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane.

Subtype-specific differences in subcellular localization of alpha1-adrenoceptors: chlorethylclonidine preferentially alkylates the accessible cell surface alpha1-adrenoceptors irrespective of the subtype

Selective inactivation of alpha1B-adrenoceptor (AR) by the site-directed alkylating agent chlorethylclonidine (CEC) has been used as one of major pharmacological criteria to subclassify alpha1-AR; however, the mechanism for the differential CEC sensitivity of the two subtypes is uncertain, and the extent of CEC inactivation varies depending on the treatment employed. In this study, we examined the correlation between the subcellular localization of alpha1-AR subtypes (alpha1A and alpha1B) and CEC sensitivity. Constructing alpha1-AR tagged with the FLAG epitope at the amino terminus and/or green fluorescent protein (GFP) at the carboxyl terminus, we examined the subcellular distribution of alpha1-ARs expressed in COS-7 cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that most populations of GFP-expressing alpha1B-AR cells, but very few GFP-expressing alpha1A-AR cells, were detected by the anti-amino terminus antibodies. The immunocytochemical and GFP-fluorescence confocal micrographs showed that alpha1A-ARs predominantly localize intracellularly, whereas alpha1B-ARs localize on the cell surface. Furthermore, CEC (10 microM) treatment of intact cells resulted in an inactivation of approximately 42% of alpha1A-ARs and 93% of alpha1B-ARs, whereas treatment of the membrane preparations resulted in an inactivation of approximately 83% of alpha1A-ARs and 88% of alpha1B-ARs, respectively. Together, the results showed that a hydrophilic alkylating agent CEC preferentially inactivates alpha1-AR on the cell surface irrespective of its subtype, and that the subtype-specific subcellular localization rather than the receptor structure is a major determinant for CEC inactivation of alpha1-AR. Subtype-specific subcellular localization suggests an additional class of functional properties that provide new insight into drug action.

Different alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes mediate contraction in rabbit aorta and urethra

The alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes mediating contraction of rabbit aorta and urethra were pharmacologically characterized using an isolated organ bath technique. Although aorta was as sensitive as urethra to the contractile action of methoxamine, phenylephrine was about 10 times more potent as a contractile agonist on aorta than on urethra. In aorta, the rank order of agonist sensitivity was norepinephrine > phenylephrine > clonidine > methoxamine whereas the rank order in urethra was clonidine > methoxamine > or = phenylephrine > norepinephrine. A lack of significant correlation between the potency of different alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists tested against the phenylephrine-induced contraction in aorta and in urethra indicated that different alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes mediated the contractile response in the two preparations. The potency of different alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists tested in rabbit urethra was significantly correlated with their affinity for the cloned human alpha1c-, but not alpha1a- or alpha1b-, adrenoceptor subtype. Such a clear correlation with the potency of different alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists tested in rabbit aorta and their affinity for one subtype of cloned human alpha1-adrenoceptor was not found. Chlorethylclonidine, which produced a 10 000-fold rightward shift in the phenylephrine concentration-response curve for rat aorta, had a weak inhibitory effect in rabbit aorta and urethra as well as in other rabbit tissues (spleen, fundus, renal artery, saphenous artery). The results indicate that significant heterogeneity exists among alpha1-adrenoceptor in rabbit aorta and urethra (alpha1c-adrenoceptor). However, chlorethylclonidine does not seem to be a suitable tool for the differentiation of alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes in the rabbit.

Vascular alpha-1 adrenergic receptor subtypes in the regulation of arterial pressure

Alpha 1 (alpha 1)-adrenoceptors can be found at numerous end organs in the autonomic nervous system, especially vascular smooth muscle. The tonic sympathetic activation of vascular alpha 1-adrenoceptors maintains vascular resistance and is vital to the regulation of arterial pressure. Recent evidence clearly demonstrates that alpha 1-adrenoceptors are a heterogenous class of receptors and that each subtype may subserve specific cardiovascular functions. Elucidation of the physiological role of each subtype in the regulation of vascular resistance and arterial pressure will enhance our understanding of the cardiovascular system and may facilitate the development of therapeutics with improved efficacy and tolerability.