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Akif A, Staib L, Herman P, Rothman DL, Yu Y, Hyder F. In vivo neuropil density from anatomical MRI and machine learning. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae200. [PMID: 38771239 PMCID: PMC11107380 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain energy budgets specify metabolic costs emerging from underlying mechanisms of cellular and synaptic activities. While current bottom-up energy budgets use prototypical values of cellular density and synaptic density, predicting metabolism from a person's individualized neuropil density would be ideal. We hypothesize that in vivo neuropil density can be derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, consisting of longitudinal relaxation (T1) MRI for gray/white matter distinction and diffusion MRI for tissue cellularity (apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC) and axon directionality (fractional anisotropy, FA). We present a machine learning algorithm that predicts neuropil density from in vivo MRI scans, where ex vivo Merker staining and in vivo synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A Positron Emission Tomography (SV2A-PET) images were reference standards for cellular and synaptic density, respectively. We used Gaussian-smoothed T1/ADC/FA data from 10 healthy subjects to train an artificial neural network, subsequently used to predict cellular and synaptic density for 54 test subjects. While excellent histogram overlaps were observed both for synaptic density (0.93) and cellular density (0.85) maps across all subjects, the lower spatial correlations both for synaptic density (0.89) and cellular density (0.58) maps are suggestive of individualized predictions. This proof-of-concept artificial neural network may pave the way for individualized energy atlas prediction, enabling microscopic interpretations of functional neuroimaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Akif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Lawrence Staib
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Peter Herman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Yuguo Yu
- Research Institute of Intelligent and Complex Systems, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, 220 Handen Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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Dienel GA, Schousboe A, McKenna MC, Rothman DL. A tribute to Leif Hertz: The historical context of his pioneering studies of the roles of astrocytes in brain energy metabolism, neurotransmission, cognitive functions, and pharmacology identifies important, unresolved topics for future studies. J Neurochem 2024; 168:461-495. [PMID: 36928655 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Leif Hertz, M.D., D.Sc. (honōris causā) (1930-2018), was one of the original and noteworthy participants in the International Conference on Brain Energy Metabolism (ICBEM) series since its inception in 1993. The biennial ICBEM conferences are organized by neuroscientists interested in energetics and metabolism underlying neural functions; they have had a high impact on conceptual and experimental advances in these fields and on promoting collaborative interactions among neuroscientists. Leif made major contributions to ICBEM discussions and understanding of metabolic and signaling characteristics of astrocytes and their roles in brain function. His studies ranged from uptake of K+ from extracellular fluid and its stimulation of astrocytic respiration, identification, and regulation of enzymes specifically or preferentially expressed in astrocytes in the glutamate-glutamine cycle of excitatory neurotransmission, a requirement for astrocytic glycogenolysis for fueling K+ uptake, involvement of glycogen in memory consolidation in the chick, and pharmacology of astrocytes. This tribute to Leif Hertz highlights his major discoveries, the high impact of his work on astrocyte-neuron interactions, and his unparalleled influence on understanding the cellular basis of brain energy metabolism. His work over six decades has helped integrate the roles of astrocytes into neurotransmission where oxidative and glycogenolytic metabolism during neurotransmitter glutamate turnover are key aspects of astrocytic energetics. Leif recognized that brain astrocytic metabolism is greatly underestimated unless the volume fraction of astrocytes is taken into account. Adjustment for pathway rates expressed per gram tissue for volume fraction indicates that astrocytes have much higher oxidative rates than neurons and astrocytic glycogen concentrations and glycogenolytic rates during sensory stimulation in vivo are similar to those in resting and exercising muscle, respectively. These novel insights are typical of Leif's astute contributions to the energy metabolism field, and his publications have identified unresolved topics that provide the neuroscience community with challenges and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Mary C McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Radiology, Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
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Nisar S, Haris M. Neuroimaging genetics approaches to identify new biomarkers for the early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4995-5008. [PMID: 37069342 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Autism-spectrum disorders (ASDs) are developmental disabilities that manifest in early childhood and are characterized by qualitative abnormalities in social behaviors, communication skills, and restrictive or repetitive behaviors. To explore the neurobiological mechanisms in ASD, extensive research has been done to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers through a neuroimaging genetics approach. Neuroimaging genetics helps to identify ASD-risk genes that contribute to structural and functional variations in brain circuitry and validate biological changes by elucidating the mechanisms and pathways that confer genetic risk. Integrating artificial intelligence models with neuroimaging data lays the groundwork for accurate diagnosis and facilitates the identification of early diagnostic biomarkers for ASD. This review discusses the significance of neuroimaging genetics approaches to gaining a better understanding of the perturbed neurochemical system and molecular pathways in ASD and how these approaches can detect structural, functional, and metabolic changes and lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Nisar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Mineur YS, Picciotto MR. How can I measure brain acetylcholine levels in vivo? Advantages and caveats of commonly used approaches. J Neurochem 2023; 167:3-15. [PMID: 37621094 PMCID: PMC10616967 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) plays a central role in the regulation of multiple cognitive and behavioral processes, including attention, learning, memory, motivation, anxiety, mood, appetite, and reward. As a result, understanding ACh dynamics in the brain is essential for elucidating the neural mechanisms underlying these processes. In vivo measurements of ACh in the brain have been challenging because of the low concentrations and rapid turnover of this neurotransmitter. Here, we review a number of techniques that have been developed to measure ACh levels in the brain in vivo. We follow this with a deeper focus on use of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors coupled with fiber photometry, an accessible technique that can be used to monitor neurotransmitter release with high temporal resolution and specificity. We conclude with a discussion of methods for analyzing fiber photometry data and their respective advantages and disadvantages. The development of genetically encoded fluorescent ACh sensors is revolutionizing the field of cholinergic signaling, allowing temporally precise measurement of ACh release in awake, behaving animals. Use of these sensors has already begun to contribute to a mechanistic understanding of cholinergic modulation of complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann S. Mineur
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3 Floor Research, New Haven, CT 06508, USA
| | - Marina R. Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, 3 Floor Research, New Haven, CT 06508, USA
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Shirbandi K, Rikhtegar R, Khalafi M, Mirza Aghazadeh Attari M, Rahmani F, Javanmardi P, Iraji S, Babaei Aghdam Z, Rezaei Rashnoudi AM. Functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Lactate in Alzheimer Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Alzheimer Disease Pathology and the Role of Lactate. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 32:15-26. [PMID: 37093700 PMCID: PMC10121369 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Functional 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) is a derivative of dynamic MRS imaging. This modality links physiologic metabolic responses with available activity and measures absolute or relative concentrations of various metabolites. According to clinical evidence, the mitochondrial glycolysis pathway is disrupted in many nervous system disorders, especially Alzheimer disease, resulting in the activation of anaerobic glycolysis and an increased rate of lactate production. Our study evaluates fMRS with J-editing as a cutting-edge technique to detect lactate in Alzheimer disease. In this modality, functional activation is highlighted by signal subtractions of lipids and macromolecules, which yields a much higher signal-to-noise ratio and enables better detection of trace levels of lactate compared with other modalities. However, until now, clinical evidence is not conclusive regarding the widespread use of this diagnostic method. The complex machinery of cellular and noncellular modulators in lactate metabolism has obscured the potential roles fMRS imaging can have in dementia diagnosis. Recent developments in MRI imaging such as the advent of 7 Tesla machines and new image reconstruction methods, coupled with a renewed interest in the molecular and cellular basis of Alzheimer disease, have reinvigorated the drive to establish new clinical options for the early detection of Alzheimer disease. Based on the latter, lactate has the potential to be investigated as a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker for Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Shirbandi
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rikhtegar
- Department of Intracranial Endovascular Therapy, Alfried Krupp Krankenhaus Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Khalafi
- Medical Imaging Sciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Farzaneh Rahmani
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Pouya Javanmardi
- Radiologic Technology Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sajjad Iraji
- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei Aghdam
- Medical Imaging Sciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Yu Y, Akif A, Herman P, Cao M, Rothman DL, Carson RE, Agarwal D, Evans AC, Hyder F. A 3D atlas of functional human brain energetic connectome based on neuropil distribution. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:3996-4012. [PMID: 36104858 PMCID: PMC10068297 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is energetically expensive, yet the key factors governing its heterogeneous energy distributions across cortical regions to support its diversity of functions remain unexplored. Here, we built up a 3D digital cortical energy atlas based on the energetic costs of all neuropil activities into a high-resolution stereological map of the human cortex with cellular and synaptic densities derived, respectively, from ex vivo histological staining and in vivo PET imaging. The atlas was validated with PET-measured glucose oxidation at the voxel level. A 3D cortical activity map was calculated to predict the heterogeneous activity rates across all cortical regions, which revealed that resting brain is indeed active with heterogeneous neuronal activity rates averaging around 1.2 Hz, comprising around 70% of the glucose oxidation of the cortex. Additionally, synaptic density dominates spatial patterns of energetics, suggesting that the cortical energetics rely heavily on the distribution of synaptic connections. Recent evidence from functional imaging studies suggests that some cortical areas act as hubs (i.e., interconnecting distinct and functionally active regions). An inverse allometric relationship was observed between hub metabolic rates versus hub volumes. Hubs with smaller volumes have higher synapse density, metabolic rate, and activity rates compared to nonhubs. The open-source BrainEnergyAtlas provides a granular framework for exploring revealing design principles in energy-constrained human cortical circuits across multiple spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Yu
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Research Institute of Intelligent and Complex Systems, Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Adil Akif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peter Herman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Miao Cao
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Research Institute of Intelligent and Complex Systems, Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Divyansh Agarwal
- Department of Surgery, MGH, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alan C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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7
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Distelmaier F, Klopstock T. Neuroimaging in mitochondrial disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 194:173-185. [PMID: 36813312 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821751-1.00016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The anatomic complexity of the brain in combination with its high energy demands makes this organ specifically vulnerable to defects of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, neurodegeneration is a hallmark of mitochondrial diseases. The nervous system of affected individuals typically shows selective regional vulnerability leading to distinct patterns of tissue damage. A classic example is Leigh syndrome, which causes symmetric alterations of basal ganglia and brain stem. Leigh syndrome can be caused by different genetic defects (>75 known disease genes) with variable disease onset ranging from infancy to adulthood. Other mitochondrial diseases are characterized by focal brain lesions, which is a core feature of MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes). Apart from gray matter, also white matter can be affected by mitochondrial dysfunction. White matter lesions vary depending on the underlying genetic defect and may progress into cystic cavities. In view of the recognizable patterns of brain damage in mitochondrial diseases, neuroimaging techniques play a key role in diagnostic work-up. In the clinical setting, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MR spectroscopy (MRS) are the mainstay of diagnostic work-up. Apart from visualization of brain anatomy, MRS allows the detection of metabolites such as lactate, which is of specific interest in the context of mitochondrial dysfunction. However, it is important to note that findings like symmetric basal ganglia lesions on MRI or a lactate peak on MRS are not specific, and that there is a broad range of disorders that can mimic mitochondrial diseases on neuroimaging. In this chapter, we will review the spectrum of neuroimaging findings in mitochondrial diseases and discuss important differential diagnoses. Moreover, we will give an outlook on novel biomedical imaging tools that may provide interesting insights into mitochondrial disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Distelmaier
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; German Network for mitochondrial disorders (mitoNET), Munich, Germany
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Aksenov DP, Rutila K, Li L, Miller MJ, Gascoigne DA, Serdyukova NA, Doubovikov ED, Linsenmeier RA, Drobyshevsky A. Brain Tissue Oxygen and BOLD fMRI Under Different Levels of Neuronal Activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1438:3-8. [PMID: 37845431 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42003-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Localized increases in neuronal activity are supported by the hemodynamic response, which delivers oxygen to the brain tissue to support synaptic functions, action potentials and other neuronal processes. However, it remains unknown if changes in baseline neuronal activity, which are expected to reflect neuronal metabolic demand, alter the relationship between the local hemodynamic and oxygen behaviour. In order to better characterize this system, we examine here the relationship between brain tissue oxygen (PO2) and hemodynamic responses (BOLD functional MRI) under different levels of neuronal activity. By comparing the stimulus-evoked responses during different levels of baseline neuronal activity, the awake state vs isoflurane anesthesia, we were able to measure how a known change in neuronal demand affected tissue PO2 as well as the hemodynamic response to stimulation. We observed a high correlation between stimulus-evoked PO2 and BOLD responses in the awake state. Moreover, we found that the evoked PO2 and BOLD responses were still present despite the elevated tissue oxygen baseline and decreased baseline of neuronal activity under low concentration isoflurane, and that the magnitudes of these responses decreased by similar proportions but the relationship between these signals was distorted. Our findings point to distortion of the BOLD-PO2 relationship due to anesthesia. The feedback mechanism to adjust the level of brain tissue oxygen, as well as the correlation between BOLD and PO2 responses, are impaired even by a small dose of anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Aksenov
- Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA.
- University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - K Rutila
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - L Li
- Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - M J Miller
- Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - D A Gascoigne
- Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - N A Serdyukova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - E D Doubovikov
- Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - R A Linsenmeier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - A Drobyshevsky
- University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
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Tran KH, Luki J, Hanstock S, Hanstock CC, Seres P, Aitchison K, Shandro T, Le Melledo JM. Decreased GABA+ Levels in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Perimenopausal Women: A 3T 1H-MRS Study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 26:32-41. [PMID: 36146906 PMCID: PMC9850658 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perimenopause is associated with an increased risk of developing a major depressive (MD) episode. A significant number of women develop their first MD episode during perimenopause, suggesting a unique pathophysiology of perimenopausal (PM) depression. Previous research has shown that depression is associated with decreased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) of MD patients. The objective of this study was to compare MPFC GABA+ levels in healthy reproductive-aged (RD) and PM women. METHODS A total of 18 healthy PM and 20 RD women were included in the study. MPFC GABA+ levels, which include homocarnosine and macromolecules, were measured via magnetic resonance spectroscopy using a 3 Tesla magnet. MPFC GABA+ levels were referenced to creatine + phosphocreatine (Cr+PCr). Absence of current or past psychiatric diagnosis was confirmed via a structured interview. RD participants were scanned during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. PM women were scanned outside of ovulatory cycles. RESULTS Mean MPFC GABA+ concentrations (relative to Cr+PCr) were decreased in the PM group compared with the RD group (PM mean = 0.08 ± 0.02, RD mean = 0.09 ± 0.02, t = -2.03, df = 36, P = .05) even after correcting for in percentage in gray matter (GM). Because PM women were inherently older than RD women (aged 48.8 ± 3.55 and 31.5 ± 9.66 years, respectively), the age difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (P < .001). When age was treated as an independent covariate and included in the model, the difference in GABA+ between PM and RD women was no longer significant (P = .092). CONCLUSION Perimenopause is associated with decreased MPFC GABA+/Cr+PCr levels, which may contribute to the increased risk of experiencing a MD episode during PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H Tran
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica Luki
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Hanstock
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada,University of Alberta, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher C Hanstock
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada,University of Alberta, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Peter Seres
- University of Alberta, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Katherine Aitchison
- University of Alberta, Department of Psychiatry, Edmonton, AB, Canada,University of Alberta, Department of Medical Genetics, Edmonton, AB, Canada,University of Alberta, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry Section, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Tami Shandro
- Lois Hole Hospital for Women, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Le Melledo
- Correspondence: Jean-Michel Le Melledo, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Room 1E7.14, 8440 112 Street, Walter Mackenzie Center, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2B7 ()
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10
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Ghuman A, McEwen A, Tran KH, Mitchell N, Hanstock C, Seres P, Jhangri G, Burgess D, Baker G, Le Melledo JM. Prospective Investigation of Glutamate Levels and Percentage Gray Matter in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Females at Risk for Postpartum Depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1988-2000. [PMID: 35236264 PMCID: PMC9886796 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220302101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The substantial female hormone fluctuations associated with pregnancy and postpartum have been linked to a greater risk of developing depressive symptoms, particularly in high-risk women (HRW), i.e. those with histories of mood sensitivity to female hormone fluctuations. We have shown that glutamate (Glu) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) decrease during perimenopause, a period of increased risk of developing a major depressive episode. Our team has also demonstrated that percentage gray matter (%GM), another neural correlate of maternal brain health, decreases in the MPFC during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE To investigate MPFC Glu levels and %GM from late pregnancy up to 7 weeks postpartum in HRW and healthy pregnant women (HPW). METHODS Single-voxel spectra were acquired from the MPFC of 41 HPW and 22 HRW using 3- Tesla in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at five different time points. RESULTS We observed a statistically significant interaction between time and group for the metabolite Glu, with Glu levels being lower for HRW during pregnancy and early postpartum (p<0.05). MPFC %GM was initially lower during pregnancy and then significantly increased over time in both groups (p<0.01). CONCLUSION This investigation suggests that the vulnerability towards PPD is associated with unique fluctuations of MPFC Glu levels during pregnancy and early postpartum period. Our results also suggest that the decline in MPFC %GM associated with pregnancy seems to progressively recover over time. Further investigations are needed to determine the specific role that female hormones play on the physiological changes in %GM during pregnancy and postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Ghuman
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Psychiatry, Room 1E7.14, 8440 112 street Walter Mackenzie Center, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2B7; Tel: 780-407-6578; Fax: 780-407-6672; E-mail:
| | - Alyssa McEwen
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Psychiatry, Room 1E7.14, 8440 112 street Walter Mackenzie Center, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2B7; Tel: 780-407-6578; Fax: 780-407-6672; E-mail:
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Bi Q, Li Q, Yang J, Yang J, Du J, Ding F, Wu Y, Wang S, Zhao Y. Preliminary Application of Magnetization Transfer Imaging in the Study of Normal Uterus and Uterine Lesions. Front Oncol 2022; 12:853815. [PMID: 35912262 PMCID: PMC9331739 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.853815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility of magnetization transfer (MT) imaging in the study of normal uterus and common uterine lesions. Methods This prospective study enrolled 160 consecutive patients with suspected uterine lesions. MT ratio (MTR) map was obtained by pelvic MT imaging on a 3.0T MRI scanner. Patients confirmed by pathology were divided into microscopic lesion group and lesion group, according to whether the maximum diameter of the lesion was less than 5 mm. After evaluating and eliminating patients with poor image quality by a three-point Likert scale, MTR values of lesions and normal endometrium, myometrium, and cervix were independently measured on the MTR map by two radiologists. Inter-reader agreement was evaluated. MTR values were compared among different uterine lesions and normal uterine structures using the Mann–Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction. Receiver operating characteristic curve was performed. The correlations between age and MTR values were explored by Pearson correlation analyses. Results A total of 96 patients with 121 uterine lesions in the lesion group and 41 patients in the microscopic lesion group were measured. The MTR values among normal endometrium, myometrium, and cervix were statistical significant differences (P < 0.05). There were significant differences between endometrial cancer and normal endometrium and between cervical cancer and normal cervix (both P ≤ 0.001). Area under the curve (AUC) for diagnosing endometrial and cervical cancer were 0.73 and 0.86. Myometrial lesions had significantly higher MTR values than endometrial lesions and cervical cancer (both P < 0.001), and the AUC for differentiating myometrial lesions from them were 0.89 and 0.94. MTR values of endometrial cancer were significantly higher than those of cervical cancer (P = 0.02). There was a critical correlation between age and MTR values in endometrial cancer (r = 0.81, P = 0.04). Conclusions MTR values showed significant differences among normal uterine structures. It was valuable for diagnosing and differentiating uterine cancer. MTR values could differentiate myometrial lesions from endometrial or cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Bi
- Department of MRI, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of MRI, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of MRI, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Junyu Yang
- Department of MRI, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ji Du
- Department of MRI, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Department of MRI, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yunzhu Wu
- MR Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthineers, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyu Wang
- MR Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthineers, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of MRI, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Zhao,
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12
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Chen JJ, Uthayakumar B, Hyder F. Mapping oxidative metabolism in the human brain with calibrated fMRI in health and disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1139-1162. [PMID: 35296177 PMCID: PMC9207484 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221077338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Conventional functional MRI (fMRI) with blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast is an important tool for mapping human brain activity non-invasively. Recent interest in quantitative fMRI has renewed the importance of oxidative neuroenergetics as reflected by cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2) to support brain function. Dynamic CMRO2 mapping by calibrated fMRI require multi-modal measurements of BOLD signal along with cerebral blood flow (CBF) and/or volume (CBV). In human subjects this "calibration" is typically performed using a gas mixture containing small amounts of carbon dioxide and/or oxygen-enriched medical air, which are thought to produce changes in CBF (and CBV) and BOLD signal with minimal or no CMRO2 changes. However non-human studies have demonstrated that the "calibration" can also be achieved without gases, revealing good agreement between CMRO2 changes and underlying neuronal activity (e.g., multi-unit activity and local field potential). Given the simpler set-up of gas-free calibrated fMRI, there is evidence of recent clinical applications for this less intrusive direction. This up-to-date review emphasizes technological advances for such translational gas-free calibrated fMRI experiments, also covering historical progression of the calibrated fMRI field that is impacting neurological and neurodegenerative investigations of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jean Chen
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Canada
| | - Biranavan Uthayakumar
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Research Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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13
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Tiwari AK, Adhikari A, Mishra LC, Srivastava A. Current Status of Our Understanding for Brain Integrated Functions and its Energetics. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2499-2512. [PMID: 35689788 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human/animal brain is a unique organ with substantially high metabolism but it contains no energy reserve that is the reason it requires continuous supply of O2 and energy fluxes through CBF. The main source of energy remains glucose as the other biomolecules do not able to cross the blood-brain barrier. The speed of glucose metabolism is heterogeneous throughout the brain. One of the major flux consumption is Neuron-astrocyte cycling of glutamate and glutamine in glutamatergic neurons (approximately 80% of glucose metabolism in brain). The quantification of cellular glucose and other related substrate in resting, activated state can be analyzed through [18 F]FDG -positron-emission tomography (studying CMRglc) and [13 C/31P -MRS: for neuroenergetics & neurotransmitter cycling &31P-MRS: for energy induction & redox state). Merging basic in vitro studies with these techniques will help to develop new treatment paradigms for human brain diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjani Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), 226025, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anupriya Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), 226025, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lokesh Chandra Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, North Campus, 110007, Delhi, India
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14
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Koush Y, Rothman DL, Behar KL, de Graaf RA, Hyder F. Human brain functional MRS reveals interplay of metabolites implicated in neurotransmission and neuroenergetics. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:911-934. [PMID: 35078383 PMCID: PMC9125492 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221076570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
While functional MRI (fMRI) localizes brain activation and deactivation, functional MRS (fMRS) provides insights into the underlying metabolic conditions. There is much interest in measuring task-induced and resting levels of metabolites implicated in neuroenergetics (e.g., lactate, glucose, or β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)) and neurotransmission (e.g., γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or pooled glutamate and glutamine (Glx)). Ultra-high magnetic field (e.g., 7T) has boosted the fMRS quantification precision, reliability, and stability of spectroscopic observations using short echo-time (TE) 1H-MRS techniques. While short TE 1H-MRS lacks sensitivity and specificity for fMRS at lower magnetic fields (e.g., 3T or 4T), most of these metabolites can also be detected by J-difference editing (JDE) 1H-MRS with longer TE to filter overlapping resonances. The 1H-MRS studies show that JDE can detect GABA, Glx, lactate, and BHB at 3T, 4T and 7T. Most recently, it has also been demonstrated that JDE 1H-MRS is capable of reliable detection of metabolic changes in different brain areas at various magnetic fields. Combining fMRS measurements with fMRI is important for understanding normal brain function, but also clinically relevant for mechanisms and/or biomarkers of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. We provide an up-to-date overview of fMRS research in the last three decades, both in terms of applications and technological advances. Overall the emerging fMRS techniques can be expected to contribute substantially to our understanding of metabolism for brain function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Koush
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin L Behar
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robin A de Graaf
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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15
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Tran KH, Luki J, Hanstock S, Hanstock CC, Seres P, Aitchison K, Shandro T, Le Melledo JM. A comparative magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of GABA+ and glutamate referenced to creatine and phosphocreatine in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of perimenopausal women and women of reproductive age. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:989050. [PMID: 36386999 PMCID: PMC9644378 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.989050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The perimenopause is associated with an increased risk of developing a major depressive (MD) episode. The biological changes occurring during perimenopause responsible for this increased risk of depression remain to be elucidated. Postmortem and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies have revealed decreased gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) levels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of MD patients. The objective of this study was to compare LDLPFC GABA+ and Glu ratios (referenced to creatine and phosphocreatine) in healthy reproductive-aged (RD) and perimenopausal (PM) women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen healthy PM and 20 RD women were included in the study. Our dependent variables, LDLPFC Glu and GABA+ ratios which include homocarnosine and macromolecules, were measured via MRS, using a 3 Tesla magnet. Absence of current or past psychiatric diagnosis was confirmed via a structured interview. RD participants were scanned during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (MC). PM women were scanned outside of ovulatory cycles. RESULTS Mean LDLPFC GABA+ and Glu ratios were not statistically different between the PM group and RD group (PM mean = 0.10 ± 0.06, RD mean = 0.11 ± 0.04, t = -0.383, df = 36, d = -0.13, p = 0.70) (PM mean = 0.56 ± 0.06, RD mean = 0.57 ± 0.05, t = -0.794, df = 36, d = -0.26, p = 0.43), respectively. The perimenopause demarcates the end of the reproductive life. Unsurprisingly PM women were older than RD women (PM women: 48.8 ± 3.55 years, range 41-53 years old; RD women: 31.5 ± 9.66 years, range 18-47 years old) (p < 0.001). This inherent entanglement of group and age is a limitation of our study. CONCLUSION Contrary to our previous findings of decreased GABA+ and Glu in the medial prefrontal cortex in perimenopausal women, the perimenopause is not associated with decreased GABA+ or Glu ratios in the LDLPFC. This suggests that brain areas playing a role in MD display different sensitivity to the female hormones fluctuations associated with perimenopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H Tran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica Luki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah Hanstock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Peter Seres
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Katherine Aitchison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Women and Children's Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry Section, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Tami Shandro
- Lois Hole Hospital for Women, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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16
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Hyder F, Khan MH. Dysregulated proton and sodium gradients highlight cancer invasion and proliferation. Transl Oncol 2021; 16:101310. [PMID: 34896853 PMCID: PMC8681017 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmarks of cancer all directly linked to proton and sodium imbalances, where reduced extracellular pH and salinity are both the resultant of oncogenic metabolic changes in the tumor microenvironment and are supported by upregulated cellular mechanisms like carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA IX) and sodium proton exchanger (NHE). The dysregulated proton and sodium gradients highlight cancer invasion and proliferation and can be imaged by merging of 23Na and 1H magnetic resonance techniques.
Acidity and salinity of the extracellular fluid, reflecting degrees of acid and sodium contents respectively, regulate essential cellular functions in health and disease, especially cancer. Tumor invasiveness is enhanced by the acidic extracellular milieu as a consequence of upregulated aerobic glycolysis. But recent discoveries also suggest that enhanced proliferative mitosis, which also hallmarks cancer, is impacted by interstitial salinity. Abnormal transmembrane proton/sodium gradients lead to pathophysiological alterations at the cellular level. These novel perspectives mandate pioneering imaging of extracellular acidity and salinity, preferably monitored simultaneously. By dissecting the interplay between dysregulated pH and electrolyte imbalance within the tumor habitat, these biomarkers hold promise for early cancer diagnosis and tracking therapies, from chemotherapy to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Quantitative Neuroimaging with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Research Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
| | - Muhammad H Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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17
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Duraj T, Carrión-Navarro J, Seyfried TN, García-Romero N, Ayuso-Sacido A. Metabolic therapy and bioenergetic analysis: The missing piece of the puzzle. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101389. [PMID: 34749013 PMCID: PMC8637646 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant metabolism is recognized as a hallmark of cancer, a pillar necessary for cellular proliferation. Regarding bioenergetics (ATP generation), most cancers display a preference not only toward aerobic glycolysis ("Warburg effect") and glutaminolysis (mitochondrial substrate level-phosphorylation) but also toward other metabolites such as lactate, pyruvate, and fat-derived sources. These secondary metabolites can assist in proliferation but cannot fully cover ATP demands. SCOPE OF REVIEW The concept of a static metabolic profile is challenged by instances of heterogeneity and flexibility to meet fuel/anaplerotic demands. Although metabolic therapies are a promising tool to improve therapeutic outcomes, either via pharmacological targets or press-pulse interventions, metabolic plasticity is rarely considered. Lack of bioenergetic analysis in vitro and patient-derived models is hindering translational potential. Here, we review the bioenergetics of cancer and propose a simple analysis of major metabolic pathways, encompassing both affordable and advanced techniques. A comprehensive compendium of Seahorse XF bioenergetic measurements is presented for the first time. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Standardization of principal readouts might help researchers to collect a complete metabolic picture of cancer using the most appropriate methods depending on the sample of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Duraj
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), CEU San Pablo University, 28668, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Josefa Carrión-Navarro
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Madrid, Spain; Brain Tumor Laboratory, Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas, 28043, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Thomas N Seyfried
- Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
| | - Noemí García-Romero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Madrid, Spain; Brain Tumor Laboratory, Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas, 28043, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Angel Ayuso-Sacido
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Madrid, Spain; Brain Tumor Laboratory, Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas, 28043, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Cleland NRW, Al-Juboori SI, Dobrinskikh E, Bruce KD. Altered substrate metabolism in neurodegenerative disease: new insights from metabolic imaging. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:248. [PMID: 34711251 PMCID: PMC8555332 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02305-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), are relatively common and devastating neurological disorders. For example, there are 6 million individuals living with AD in the United States, a number that is projected to grow to 14 million by the year 2030. Importantly, AD, PD and MS are all characterized by the lack of a true disease-modifying therapy that is able to reverse or halt disease progression. In addition, the existing standard of care for most NDs only addresses the symptoms of the disease. Therefore, alternative strategies that target mechanisms underlying the neuropathogenesis of disease are much needed. Recent studies have indicated that metabolic alterations in neurons and glia are commonly observed in AD, PD and MS and lead to changes in cell function that can either precede or protect against disease onset and progression. Specifically, single-cell RNAseq studies have shown that AD progression is tightly linked to the metabolic phenotype of microglia, the key immune effector cells of the brain. However, these analyses involve removing cells from their native environment and performing measurements in vitro, influencing metabolic status. Therefore, technical approaches that can accurately assess cell-specific metabolism in situ have the potential to be transformative to our understanding of the mechanisms driving AD. Here, we review our current understanding of metabolism in both neurons and glia during homeostasis and disease. We also evaluate recent advances in metabolic imaging, and discuss how emerging modalities, such as fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) have the potential to determine how metabolic perturbations may drive the progression of NDs. Finally, we propose that the temporal, regional, and cell-specific characterization of brain metabolism afforded by FLIM will be a critical first step in the rational design of metabolism-focused interventions that delay or even prevent NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R W Cleland
- Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Saif I Al-Juboori
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Kimberley D Bruce
- Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
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19
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Cheung J, Doerr M, Hu R, Sun PZ. Refined Ischemic Penumbra Imaging with Tissue pH and Diffusion Kurtosis Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:742-753. [PMID: 33159656 PMCID: PMC8102648 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Imaging has played a vital role in our mechanistic understanding of acute ischemia and the management of acute stroke patients. The most recent DAWN and DEFUSE-3 trials showed that endovascular therapy could be extended to a selected group of late-presenting stroke patients with the aid of imaging. Although perfusion and diffusion MRI have been commonly used in stroke imaging, the approximation of their mismatch as the penumbra is oversimplified, particularly in the era of endovascular therapy. Briefly, the hypoperfusion lesion includes the benign oligemia that does not proceed to infarction. Also, with prompt and effective reperfusion therapy, a portion of the diffusion lesion is potentially reversible. Therefore, advanced imaging that provides improved ischemic tissue characterization may enable new experimental stroke therapeutics and eventually further individualize stroke treatment upon translation to the clinical setting. Specifically, pH imaging captures tissue of altered metabolic state that demarcates the hypoperfused lesion into ischemic penumbra and benign oligemia, which remains promising to define the ischemic penumbra's outer boundary. On the other hand, diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) differentiates the most severely damaged and irreversibly injured diffusion lesion from the portion of diffusion lesion that is potentially reversible, refining the inner boundary of the penumbra. Altogether, the development of advanced imaging has the potential to not only transform the experimental stroke research but also aid clinical translation and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Cheung
- Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Yerkes Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Madeline Doerr
- Yerkes Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Ranliang Hu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton RD NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Phillip Zhe Sun
- Yerkes Imaging Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton RD NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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20
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Zhang S, Lachance BB, Mattson MP, Jia X. Glucose metabolic crosstalk and regulation in brain function and diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102089. [PMID: 34118354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Brain glucose metabolism, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogen turnover, produces ATP for energetic support and provides the precursors for the synthesis of biological macromolecules. Although glucose metabolism in neurons and astrocytes has been extensively studied, the glucose metabolism of microglia and oligodendrocytes, and their interactions with neurons and astrocytes, remain critical to understand brain function. Brain regions with heterogeneous cell composition and cell-type-specific profiles of glucose metabolism suggest that metabolic networks within the brain are complex. Signal transduction proteins including those in the Wnt, GSK-3β, PI3K-AKT, and AMPK pathways are involved in regulating these networks. Additionally, glycolytic enzymes and metabolites, such as hexokinase 2, acetyl-CoA, and enolase 2, are implicated in the modulation of cellular function, microglial activation, glycation, and acetylation of biomolecules. Given these extensive networks, glucose metabolism dysfunction in the whole brain or specific cell types is strongly associated with neurologic pathology including ischemic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. This review characterizes the glucose metabolism networks of the brain based on molecular signaling and cellular and regional interactions, and elucidates glucose metabolism-based mechanisms of neurological diseases and therapeutic approaches that may ameliorate metabolic abnormalities in those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Brittany Bolduc Lachance
- Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
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21
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Zago G, Saavedra PHV, Keshari KR, Perry JSA. Immunometabolism of Tissue-Resident Macrophages - An Appraisal of the Current Knowledge and Cutting-Edge Methods and Technologies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665782. [PMID: 34025667 PMCID: PMC8138590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages exist in unique environments, or niches, that inform their identity and function. There is an emerging body of literature suggesting that the qualities of this environment, such as the types of cells and debris they eat, the intercellular interactions they form, and the length of time spent in residence, collectively what we call habitare, directly inform their metabolic state. In turn, a tissue-resident macrophage’s metabolic state can inform their function, including whether they resolve inflammation and protect the host from excessive perturbations of homeostasis. In this review, we summarize recent work that seeks to understand the metabolic requirements for tissue-resident macrophage identity and maintenance, for how they respond to inflammatory challenges, and for how they perform homeostatic functions or resolve inflammatory insults. We end with a discussion of the emerging technologies that are enabling, or will enable, in situ study of tissue-resident macrophage metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zago
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pedro H V Saavedra
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Justin S A Perry
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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22
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Jaszczyk A, Juszczak GR. Glucocorticoids, metabolism and brain activity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:113-145. [PMID: 33727030 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The review integrates different experimental approaches including biochemistry, c-Fos expression, microdialysis (glutamate, GABA, noradrenaline and serotonin), electrophysiology and fMRI to better understand the effect of elevated level of glucocorticoids on the brain activity and metabolism. The available data indicate that glucocorticoids alter the dynamics of neuronal activity leading to context-specific changes including both excitation and inhibition and these effects are expected to support the task-related responses. Glucocorticoids also lead to diversification of available sources of energy due to elevated levels of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, mannose and hydroxybutyrate (ketone bodies), which can be used to fuel brain, and facilitate storage and utilization of brain carbohydrate reserves formed by glycogen. However, the mismatch between carbohydrate supply and utilization that is most likely to occur in situations not requiring energy-consuming activities lead to metabolic stress due to elevated brain levels of glucose. Excessive doses of glucocorticoids also impair the production of energy (ATP) and mitochondrial oxidation. Therefore, glucocorticoids have both adaptive and maladaptive effects consistently with the concept of allostatic load and overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Jaszczyk
- Department of Animal Behavior and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, 36a Postepu str., Poland
| | - Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, 36a Postepu str., Poland.
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23
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Hyder F, Coman D. Imaging Extracellular Acidification and Immune Activation in Cancer. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 18. [PMID: 33997581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism reveals pathways by which cells, in healthy and disease tissues, use nutrients to fuel their function and (re)growth. However, gene-centric views have dominated cancer hallmarks, relegating metabolic reprogramming that all cells in the tumor niche undergo as an incidental phenomenon. Aerobic glycolysis in cancer is well known, but recent evidence suggests that diverse symbolic traits of cancer cells are derived from oncogene-directed metabolism required for their sustenance and evolution. Cells in the tumor milieu actively metabolize different nutrients, but proficiently secrete acidic by-products using diverse mechanisms to create a hostile ecosystem for host cells, and where local immune cells suffer collateral damage. Since metabolic interactions between cancer and immune cells hold promise for future cancer therapies, here we focus on translational magnetic resonance methods enabling in vivo and simultaneous detection of tumor habitat acidification and immune activation - innovations for monitoring personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Quantitative Neuroimaging with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Research Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel Coman
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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24
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Zhu XH, Lee BY, Tuite P, Coles L, Sathe AG, Chen C, Cloyd J, Low WC, Steer CJ, Chen W. Quantitative Assessment of Occipital Metabolic and Energetic Changes in Parkinson's Patients, Using In Vivo 31P MRS-Based Metabolic Imaging at 7T. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030145. [PMID: 33804401 PMCID: PMC8000945 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal energy metabolism associated with mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be a major contributor to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent advancements in the field of magnetic resonance (MR) based metabolic imaging provide state-of-the-art technologies for non-invasively probing cerebral energy metabolism under various brain conditions. In this proof-of-principle clinical study, we employed quantitative 31P MR spectroscopy (MRS) imaging techniques to determine a constellation of metabolic and bioenergetic parameters, including cerebral adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and other phosphorous metabolite concentrations, intracellular pH and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) redox ratio, and ATP production rates in the occipital lobe of cognitive-normal PD patients, and then we compared them with age-sex matched healthy controls. Small but statistically significant differences in intracellular pH, NAD and ATP contents and ATPase enzyme activity between the two groups were detected, suggesting that subtle defects in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function are quantifiable before regional neurological deficits or pathogenesis begin to occur in these patients. Pilot data aiming to evaluate the bioenergetic effect of mitochondrial-protective bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) were also obtained. These results collectively demonstrated that in vivo 31P MRS-based neuroimaging can non-invasively and quantitatively assess key metabolic-energetic metrics in the human brain. This provides an exciting opportunity to better understand neurodegenerative diseases, their progression and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Zhu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Correspondence: (X.-H.Z.); (W.C.); Tel.: +1-(612) 626-2001 (X.-H.Z.); Fax: +1-(612) 626-2004 (X.-H.Z.)
| | - Byeong-Yeul Lee
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Paul Tuite
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Lisa Coles
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.C.); (A.G.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Abhishek G. Sathe
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.C.); (A.G.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Jim Cloyd
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.C.); (A.G.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Walter C. Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Clifford J. Steer
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Correspondence: (X.-H.Z.); (W.C.); Tel.: +1-(612) 626-2001 (X.-H.Z.); Fax: +1-(612) 626-2004 (X.-H.Z.)
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25
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Scholefield M, Unwin RD, Cooper GJ. Shared perturbations in the metallome and metabolome of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and dementia with Lewy bodies: A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 63:101152. [PMID: 32846222 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite differences in presentation, age-related dementing diseases such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and Huntington's diseases (HD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) may share pathogenic processes. This review aims to systematically assemble and compare findings in various biochemical pathways across these four dementias. PubMed and Google Scholar were screened for articles reporting on brain and biofluid measurements of metals and/or metabolites in AD, PD, HD, or DLB. Articles were assessed using specific a priori-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of 284 papers identified, 198 met criteria for inclusion. Although varying coverage levels of metals and metabolites across diseases and tissues made comparison of many analytes impossible, several common findings were identified: elevated glucose in both brain tissue and biofluids of AD, PD, and HD cases; increased iron and decreased copper in AD, PD and HD brain tissue; and decreased uric acid in biofluids of AD and PD cases. Other analytes were found to differ between diseases or were otherwise not covered across all conditions. These findings indicate that disturbances in glucose and purine pathways may be common to AD, PD, and HD. However, standardisation of methodologies and better coverage in some areas - notably of DLB - are necessary to validate and extend these findings.
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26
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Su C, Jiang J, Liu C, Shi J, Li S, Chen X, Ao Q. Comparison of amide proton transfer imaging and magnetization transfer imaging in revealing glioma grades and proliferative activities: a histogram analysis. Neuroradiology 2020; 63:685-693. [PMID: 32997164 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-020-02547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Comprehensive understanding glioma metabolic characters is of great help for patient management. We aimed to compare amide proton transfer imaging (APTw) and magnetization transfer imaging (MT) in predicting glioma malignancy and reflecting tumor proliferation. METHODS Thirty low-grade gliomas (LGGs) and 39 high-grade gliomas (HGGs) were prospectively included, of which 58 samples Ki-67 levels were quantified. Anatomical MRI, APTw, and MT were scanned, and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) and asymmetric magnetic transfer ratio at 3.5 ppm (MTRasym(3.5ppm)) were calculated. ROIs were semi-automatically drawn with ImageJ, from which histogram features, including 5th, 25th, 50th, mean, 70th, 90th, and 95th percentiles were extracted. The independent t test was used to test differences in LGGs and HGGs, and correlations between histogram features and tumor grades, Ki-67 were revealed by Spearman's rank or Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS The maximum correlation coefficient (R) values of APTw were 0.526 (p < 0.001) with tumor grades and 0.397 (p < 0.001) with Ki-67 at 90th percentiles, while only 5th and 25th percentiles of MT significantly correlated with tumor grades. Moreover, APTw features were significantly different in LGGs and HGGs, except 5th percentile. The most significantly different feature was 95th percentile, providing the excellent AUC of 0.808. However, the best feature in MTR was 5th percentiles with AUC of 0.703. Combing 5th and 95th of APTw achieved highest AUC Of 0.837. CONCLUSIONS Both APTw and MT provide quantitative information for tumor metabolite imaging. However, APTw supplys more specific information in reflecting glioma biological behaviors than MT, and well differentiates glioma malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changliang Su
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 JieFang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxia Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 JieFang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - JingJing Shi
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 JieFang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Li
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 JieFang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qilin Ao
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 JieFang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
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27
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Metabolomic and Imaging Mass Spectrometric Assays of Labile Brain Metabolites: Critical Importance of Brain Harvest Procedures. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2586-2606. [PMID: 32949339 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomic technologies including imaging mass spectrometry (IMS; also called mass spectrometry imaging, MSI, or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging, MALDI MSI) are important methods to evaluate levels of many compounds in brain with high spatial resolution, characterize metabolic phenotypes of brain disorders, and identify disease biomarkers. ATP is central to brain energetics, and reports of its heterogeneous distribution in brain and regional differences in ATP/ADP ratios reported in IMS studies conflict with earlier studies. These discordant data were, therefore, analyzed and compared with biochemical literature that used rigorous methods to preserve labile metabolites. Unequal, very low regional ATP levels and low ATP/ADP ratios are explained by rapid metabolism during postmortem ischemia. A critical aspect of any analysis of brain components is their stability during and after tissue harvest so measured concentrations closely approximate their physiological levels in vivo. Unfortunately, the requirement for inactivation of brain enzymes by freezing or heating is not widely recognized outside the neurochemistry discipline, and procedures that do not prevent postmortem autolysis, including decapitation, brain removal/dissection, and 'snap freezing' are commonly used. Strong emphasis is placed on use of supplementary approaches to calibrate metabolite abundance in units of concentration in IMS studies and comparison of IMS results with biochemical data obtained by different methods to help identify potential artifacts.
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28
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Alambyan V, Pace J, Sukpornchairak P, Yu X, Alnimir H, Tatton R, Chitturu G, Yarlagadda A, Ramos-Estebanez C. Imaging Guidance for Therapeutic Delivery: The Dawn of Neuroenergetics. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:522-538. [PMID: 32240530 PMCID: PMC7283376 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern neurocritical care relies on ancillary diagnostic testing in the form of multimodal monitoring to address acute changes in the neurological homeostasis. Much of our armamentarium rests upon physiological and biochemical surrogates of organ or regional level metabolic activity, of which a great deal is invested at the metabolic-hemodynamic-hydrodynamic interface to rectify the traditional intermediaries of glucose consumption. Despite best efforts to detect cellular neuroenergetics, current modalities cannot appreciate the intricate coupling between astrocytes and neurons. Invasive monitoring is not without surgical complication, and noninvasive strategies do not provide an adequate spatial or temporal resolution. Without knowledge of the brain's versatile behavior in specific metabolic states (glycolytic vs oxidative), clinical practice would lag behind laboratory empiricism. Noninvasive metabolic imaging represents a new hope in delineating cellular, nigh molecular level energy exchange to guide targeted management in a diverse array of neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilakshan Alambyan
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Pace
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Persen Sukpornchairak
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hamza Alnimir
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan Tatton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gautham Chitturu
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anisha Yarlagadda
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ciro Ramos-Estebanez
- Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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29
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Coman D, Peters DC, Walsh JJ, Savic LJ, Huber S, Sinusas AJ, Lin M, Chapiro J, Constable RT, Rothman DL, Duncan JS, Hyder F. Extracellular pH mapping of liver cancer on a clinical 3T MRI scanner. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:1553-1564. [PMID: 31691371 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate feasibility of developing a noninvasive extracellular pH (pHe ) mapping method on a clinical MRI scanner for molecular imaging of liver cancer. METHODS In vivo pHe mapping has been demonstrated on preclinical scanners (e.g., 9.4T, 11.7T) with Biosensor Imaging of Redundant Deviation in Shifts (BIRDS), where the pHe readout by 3D chemical shift imaging (CSI) depends on hyperfine shifts emanating from paramagnetic macrocyclic chelates like TmDOTP5- which upon extravasation from blood resides in the extracellular space. We implemented BIRDS-based pHe mapping on a clinical 3T Siemens scanner, where typically diamagnetic 1 H signals are detected using millisecond-long radiofrequency (RF) pulses, and 1 H shifts span over ±10 ppm with long transverse (T2 , 102 ms) and longitudinal (T1 , 103 ms) relaxation times. We modified this 3D-CSI method for ultra-fast acquisition with microsecond-long RF pulses, because even at 3T the paramagnetic 1 H shifts of TmDOTP5- have millisecond-long T2 and T1 and ultra-wide chemical shifts (±200 ppm) as previously observed in ultra-high magnetic fields. RESULTS We validated BIRDS-based pH in vitro with a pH electrode. We measured pHe in a rabbit model for liver cancer using VX2 tumors, which are highly vascularized and hyperglycolytic. Compared to intratumoral pHe (6.8 ± 0.1; P < 10-9 ) and tumor's edge pHe (6.9 ± 0.1; P < 10-7 ), liver parenchyma pHe was significantly higher (7.2 ± 0.1). Tumor localization was confirmed with histopathological markers of necrosis (hematoxylin and eosin), glucose uptake (glucose transporter 1), and tissue acidosis (lysosome-associated membrane protein 2). CONCLUSION This work demonstrates feasibility and potential clinical translatability of high-resolution pHe mapping to monitor tumor aggressiveness and therapeutic outcome, all to improve personalized cancer treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Coman
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dana C Peters
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John J Walsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lynn J Savic
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Institute of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Huber
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Albert J Sinusas
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - MingDe Lin
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Visage Imaging, Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Julius Chapiro
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - R Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James S Duncan
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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30
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Bordone MP, Salman MM, Titus HE, Amini E, Andersen JV, Chakraborti B, Diuba AV, Dubouskaya TG, Ehrke E, Espindola de Freitas A, Braga de Freitas G, Gonçalves RA, Gupta D, Gupta R, Ha SR, Hemming IA, Jaggar M, Jakobsen E, Kumari P, Lakkappa N, Marsh APL, Mitlöhner J, Ogawa Y, Paidi RK, Ribeiro FC, Salamian A, Saleem S, Sharma S, Silva JM, Singh S, Sulakhiya K, Tefera TW, Vafadari B, Yadav A, Yamazaki R, Seidenbecher CI. The energetic brain - A review from students to students. J Neurochem 2019; 151:139-165. [PMID: 31318452 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past 20 years have resulted in unprecedented progress in understanding brain energy metabolism and its role in health and disease. In this review, which was initiated at the 14th International Society for Neurochemistry Advanced School, we address the basic concepts of brain energy metabolism and approach the question of why the brain has high energy expenditure. Our review illustrates that the vertebrate brain has a high need for energy because of the high number of neurons and the need to maintain a delicate interplay between energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and plasticity. Disturbances to the energetic balance, to mitochondria quality control or to glia-neuron metabolic interaction may lead to brain circuit malfunction or even severe disorders of the CNS. We cover neuronal energy consumption in neural transmission and basic ('housekeeping') cellular processes. Additionally, we describe the most common (glucose) and alternative sources of energy namely glutamate, lactate, ketone bodies, and medium chain fatty acids. We discuss the multifaceted role of non-neuronal cells in the transport of energy substrates from circulation (pericytes and astrocytes) and in the supply (astrocytes and microglia) and usage of different energy fuels. Finally, we address pathological consequences of disrupted energy homeostasis in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Paula Bordone
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haley E Titus
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elham Amini
- Department of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (HUKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Artem V Diuba
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatsiana G Dubouskaya
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Eric Ehrke
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andiara Espindola de Freitas
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Richa Gupta
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Sharon R Ha
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Isabel A Hemming
- Brain Growth and Disease Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Minal Jaggar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Emil Jakobsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Punita Kumari
- Defense Institute of Physiology and allied sciences, Defense Research and Development Organization, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Navya Lakkappa
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS college of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
| | - Ashley P L Marsh
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Mitlöhner
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yuki Ogawa
- The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Ahmad Salamian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Suraiya Saleem
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sorabh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Joana M Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Shripriya Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Kunjbihari Sulakhiya
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India
| | - Tesfaye Wolde Tefera
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Behnam Vafadari
- Institute of environmental medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Reiji Yamazaki
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze I Seidenbecher
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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31
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Abstract
Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions, including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and structural components. Neuronal glucose oxidation exceeds that in astrocytes, but both rates increase in direct proportion to excitatory neurotransmission; signaling and metabolism are closely coupled at the local level. Exact details of neuron-astrocyte glutamate-glutamine cycling remain to be established, and the specific roles of glucose and lactate in the cellular energetics of these processes are debated. Glycolysis is preferentially upregulated during brain activation even though oxygen availability is sufficient (aerobic glycolysis). Three major pathways, glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt, and glycogen turnover, contribute to utilization of glucose in excess of oxygen, and adrenergic regulation of aerobic glycolysis draws attention to astrocytic metabolism, particularly glycogen turnover, which has a high impact on the oxygen-carbohydrate mismatch. Aerobic glycolysis is proposed to be predominant in young children and specific brain regions, but re-evaluation of data is necessary. Shuttling of glucose- and glycogen-derived lactate from astrocytes to neurons during activation, neurotransmission, and memory consolidation are controversial topics for which alternative mechanisms are proposed. Nutritional therapy and vagus nerve stimulation are translational bridges from metabolism to clinical treatment of diverse brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas ; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico
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32
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Toljić Đ, Angelovski G. A low-molecular-weight ditopic MRI probe for ratiometric sensing of zwitterionic amino acid neurotransmitters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11924-11927. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06463j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The capability for cooperative binding of a ditopic Gd-based responsive MRI probe was used to advance the sensitivity towards the major excitatory (Glu) and inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitters over their physiological competitor hydrogencarbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đorđe Toljić
- MR Neuroimaging Agents
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
- Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Goran Angelovski
- MR Neuroimaging Agents
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
- Tübingen
- Germany
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33
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Masamoto K, Vazquez A. Optical imaging and modulation of neurovascular responses. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:2057-2072. [PMID: 30334644 PMCID: PMC6282226 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18803372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral microvasculature consists of pial vascular networks, parenchymal descending arterioles, ascending venules and parenchymal capillaries. This vascular compartmentalization is vital to precisely deliver blood to balance continuously varying neural demands in multiple brain regions. Optical imaging techniques have facilitated the investigation of dynamic spatial and temporal properties of microvascular functions in real time. Their combination with transgenic animal models encoding specific genetic targets have further strengthened the importance of optical methods for neurovascular research by allowing for the modulation and monitoring of neuro vascular function. Image analysis methods with three-dimensional reconstruction are also helping to understand the complexity of microscopic observations. Here, we review the compartmentalized cerebral microvascular responses to global perturbations as well as regional changes in response to neural activity to highlight the differences in vascular action sites. In addition, microvascular responses elicited by optical modulation of different cell-type targets are summarized with emphasis on variable spatiotemporal dynamics of microvascular responses. Finally, long-term changes in microvascular compartmentalization are discussed to help understand potential relationships between CBF disturbances and the development of neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Masamoto
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alberto Vazquez
- Departments of Radiology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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34
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Coggan JS, Calì C, Keller D, Agus M, Boges D, Abdellah M, Kare K, Lehväslaiho H, Eilemann S, Jolivet RB, Hadwiger M, Markram H, Schürmann F, Magistretti PJ. A Process for Digitizing and Simulating Biologically Realistic Oligocellular Networks Demonstrated for the Neuro-Glio-Vascular Ensemble. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:664. [PMID: 30319342 PMCID: PMC6171468 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One will not understand the brain without an integrated exploration of structure and function, these attributes being two sides of the same coin: together they form the currency of biological computation. Accordingly, biologically realistic models require the re-creation of the architecture of the cellular components in which biochemical reactions are contained. We describe here a process of reconstructing a functional oligocellular assembly that is responsible for energy supply management in the brain and creating a computational model of the associated biochemical and biophysical processes. The reactions that underwrite thought are both constrained by and take advantage of brain morphologies pertaining to neurons, astrocytes and the blood vessels that deliver oxygen, glucose and other nutrients. Each component of this neuro-glio-vasculature ensemble (NGV) carries-out delegated tasks, as the dynamics of this system provide for each cell-type its own energy requirements while including mechanisms that allow cooperative energy transfers. Our process for recreating the ultrastructure of cellular components and modeling the reactions that describe energy flow uses an amalgam of state-of the-art techniques, including digital reconstructions of electron micrographs, advanced data analysis tools, computational simulations and in silico visualization software. While we demonstrate this process with the NGV, it is equally well adapted to any cellular system for integrating multimodal cellular data in a coherent framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Coggan
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Calì
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Keller
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Agus
- Visual Computing Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,CRS4, Center of Research and Advanced Studies in Sardinia, Visual Computing, Pula, Italy
| | - Daniya Boges
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Abdellah
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kalpana Kare
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heikki Lehväslaiho
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,CSC - IT Center for Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Stefan Eilemann
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Renaud Blaise Jolivet
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,The European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Markus Hadwiger
- Visual Computing Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Felix Schürmann
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Koush Y, de Graaf RA, Jiang L, Rothman DL, Hyder F. Functional MRS with J-edited lactate in human motor cortex at 4 T. Neuroimage 2018; 184:101-108. [PMID: 30201463 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While functional MRI (fMRI) localizes regions of brain activation, functional MRS (fMRS) provides insights into metabolic underpinnings. Previous fMRS studies detected task-induced lactate increase using short echo-time non-edited 1H-MRS protocols, where lactate changes depended on accurate exclusion of overlapping lactate and lipid/macromolecule signals. Because long echo-time J-difference 1H-MRS detection of lactate is less susceptible to this shortcoming, we posited if J-edited fMRS protocol could reliably detect metabolic changes in the human motor cortex during a finger-tapping paradigm in relation to a reliable measure of basal lactate. Our J-edited fMRS protocol at 4T was guided by an fMRI pre-scan to determine the 1H-MRS voxel placement in the motor cortex. Because lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) follow similar J-evolution profiles we observed both metabolites in all spectra, but only lactate showed reproducible task-induced modulation by 0.07 mM from a basal value of 0.82 mM. These J-edited fMRS results demonstrate good sensitivity and specificity for task-induced lactate modulation, suggesting that J-edited fMRS studies can be used to investigate the metabolic underpinning of human cognition by measuring lactate dynamics associated with activation and deactivation fMRI paradigms across brain regions at magnetic field lower than 7T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Koush
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Robin A de Graaf
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lihong Jiang
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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36
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Dienel GA. Metabolomic Assays of Postmortem Brain Extracts: Pitfalls in Extrapolation of Concentrations of Glucose and Amino Acids to Metabolic Dysregulation In Vivo in Neurological Diseases. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:2239-2260. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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37
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Lee J, Yanckello LM, Ma D, Hoffman JD, Parikh I, Thalman S, Bauer B, Hartz AMS, Hyder F, Lin AL. Neuroimaging Biomarkers of mTOR Inhibition on Vascular and Metabolic Functions in Aging Brain and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:225. [PMID: 30140223 PMCID: PMC6094969 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a nutrient sensor of eukaryotic cells. Inhibition of mechanistic mTOR signaling can increase life and health span in various species via interventions that include rapamycin and caloric restriction (CR). In the central nervous system, mTOR inhibition demonstrates neuroprotective patterns in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) by preserving mitochondrial function and reducing amyloid beta retention. However, the effects of mTOR inhibition for in vivo brain physiology remain largely unknown. Here, we review recent findings of in vivo metabolic and vascular measures using non-invasive, multimodal neuroimaging methods in rodent models for brain aging and AD. Specifically, we focus on pharmacological treatment (e.g., rapamycin) for restoring brain functions in animals modeling human AD; nutritional interventions (e.g., CR and ketogenic diet) for enhancing brain vascular and metabolic functions in rodents at young age (5-6 months of age) and preserving those functions in aging (18-20 months of age). Various magnetic resonance (MR) methods [i.e., imaging (MRI), angiography (MRA), and spectroscopy (MRS)], confocal microscopic imaging, and positron emission tomography (PET) provided in vivo metabolic and vascular measures. We also discuss the translational potential of mTOR interventions. Since PET and various MR neuroimaging methods, as well as the different interventions (e.g., rapamycin, CR, and ketogenic diet) are also available for humans, these findings may have tremendous implications in future clinical trials of neurological disorders in aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lee
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Lucille M. Yanckello
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David Ma
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jared D. Hoffman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ishita Parikh
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Scott Thalman
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Bjoern Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Anika M. S. Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- F. Joseph Halcomb III, M.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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38
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Impact of Global Mean Normalization on Regional Glucose Metabolism in the Human Brain. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:6120925. [PMID: 30008742 PMCID: PMC6020504 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6120925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Because the human brain consumes a disproportionate fraction of the resting body's energy, positron emission tomography (PET) measurements of absolute glucose metabolism (CMRglc) can serve as disease biomarkers. Global mean normalization (GMN) of PET data reveals disease-based differences from healthy individuals as fractional changes across regions relative to a global mean. To assess the impact of GMN applied to metabolic data, we compared CMRglc with and without GMN in healthy awake volunteers with eyes closed (i.e., control) against specific physiological/clinical states, including healthy/awake with eyes open, healthy/awake but congenitally blind, healthy/sedated with anesthetics, and patients with disorders of consciousness. Without GMN, global CMRglc alterations compared to control were detected in all conditions except in congenitally blind where regional CMRglc variations were detected in the visual cortex. However, GMN introduced regional and bidirectional CMRglc changes at smaller fractions of the quantitative delocalized changes. While global information was lost with GMN, the quantitative approach (i.e., a validated method for quantitative baseline metabolic activity without GMN) not only preserved global CMRglc alterations induced by opening eyes, sedation, and varying consciousness but also detected regional CMRglc variations in the congenitally blind. These results caution the use of GMN upon PET-measured CMRglc data in health and disease.
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39
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Brain Tumor Diagnostics and Therapeutics with Superparamagnetic Ferrite Nanoparticles. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2017; 2017:6387217. [PMID: 29375280 PMCID: PMC5742516 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6387217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ferrite nanoparticles (F-NPs) can transform both cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Superparamagnetic F-NPs exhibit high magnetic moment and susceptibility such that in presence of a static magnetic field transverse relaxation rate of water protons for MRI contrast is augmented to locate F-NPs (i.e., diagnostics) and exposed to an alternating magnetic field local temperature is increased to induce tissue necrosis (i.e., thermotherapy). F-NPs are modified by chemical synthesis of mixed spinel ferrites as well as their size, shape, and coating. Purposely designed drug-containing nanoparticles (D-NPs) can slowly deliver drugs (i.e., chemotherapy). Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of D-NPs with MRI guidance improves glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment. MRI monitors the location of chemotherapy when D-NPs and F-NPs are coadministered with CED. However superparamagnetic field gradients produced by F-NPs complicate MRI readouts (spatial distortions) and MRS (extensive line broadening). Since extracellular pH (pHe) is a cancer hallmark, pHe imaging is needed to screen cancer treatments. Biosensor imaging of redundant deviation in shifts (BIRDS) extrapolates pHe from paramagnetically shifted signals and the pHe accuracy remains unaffected by F-NPs. Hence effect of both chemotherapy and thermotherapy can be monitored (by BIRDS), whereas location of F-NPs is revealed (by MRI). Smarter tethering of nanoparticles and agents will impact GBM theranostics.
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